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Palman J, McDonagh JE. Young Minds: Mental Health and Transitional Care in Adolescent and Young Adult Rheumatology. Open Access Rheumatol 2020; 12:309-321. [PMID: 33324121 PMCID: PMC7732171 DOI: 10.2147/oarrr.s228083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Consideration of the mental health and emotional wellbeing is an important component of health care for all young people, irrespective of setting. Mental health disorders are common during adolescence and young adulthood and young people with rheumatic musculoskeletal diseases (RMD) are not exempt. For such young people, risks of poor outcomes are related to both mental health as well as their RMD. Times of change during adolescence and young adulthood-transitions-are potentially vulnerable life stages for young people with RMD and warrant specific attention in health care provision. Such transitions include those occurring at puberty, during education, training, and employment, socially with moves away from the parental home, as well as from child to adult-centered health services. There is great potential for rheumatology professionals to support young people with RMD at these transitions in view of their frequent encounters and ongoing therapeutic relationships. In this review, we aim to assess the impact of mental health on RMD during adolescence and young adulthood with particular reference to transitional care provision and how rheumatology professionals can be involved in addressing mental health issues during this time of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Palman
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Rheumatology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Trust, ManchesterM13 9WL, UK
| | - Janet E McDonagh
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Rheumatology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Trust, ManchesterM13 9WL, UK
- Versus Arthritis Centre for Epidemiology; Centre for MSK Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
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102
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Barendse ME, Simmons JG, Smith RE, Seal ML, Whittle S. Adrenarcheal hormone-related development of white matter during late childhood. Neuroimage 2020; 223:117320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Vard B, Adham A, Riahi R, Karimi G, Esmail Motlagh M, Heshmat R, Qorbani M, Kelishadi R. Association of early life factors with dyslipidemia in children and adolescents: The CASPIAN-V study. Health Promot Perspect 2020; 10:349-358. [PMID: 33312930 PMCID: PMC7722995 DOI: 10.34172/hpp.2020.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to investigate the association between prenatal/infancy factors and lipid profile in children and adolescents. Methods: This multicentric national study was conducted in 30 provinces in Iran. It comprised 4200 participants, aged 7-18 years, from the fifth survey of a national surveillance program. History regarding birth weight, as well as the type of consumed milk and food during infancy was obtained from parents. In addition to physical examinations, fasting blood samples were obtained to assess the lipid profile of these students. Results: Data from 3844 participants were available (91.5% participation rate), 52.4 % of students were boys. Mean (SD) age of participants was 12.3(3.2) years. Consuming cow milk in the first two years significantly increased the risk of high triglycerides (TG) (odds ratio [OR]:2.77, 95% CI: 1.32-5.85, P: 0.01), elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (P<0.05) and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (P <0.05). Students who had consumed commercially made food as complementary feeding were 93% more likely to have high LDL (OR: 1.93, 95% CI=1.19-3.13, P: 0.01) and 90% more likely to have high TG than students who had consumed homemade food (OR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.15-3.12, P: 0.01). The aforementioned figures were not significantly associated with an elevated total cholesterol (TC) level. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that the history of using human milk and home-made food as complementary feeding was associated with better lipid profile in childhood and early adolescence. Increasing public knowledge in this regard might be useful for encouragement of healthier life prevention of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Vard
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Pediatrics Department, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Arefeh Adham
- Pediatrics Department, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roya Riahi
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Golgis Karimi
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Ramin Heshmat
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Pediatrics Department, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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104
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Peer victimization and its impact on adolescent brain development and psychopathology. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:3066-3076. [PMID: 30542059 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic peer victimization has long-term impacts on mental health; however, the biological mediators of this adverse relationship are unknown. We sought to determine whether adolescent brain development is involved in mediating the effect of peer victimization on psychopathology. We included participants (n = 682) from the longitudinal IMAGEN study with both peer victimization and neuroimaging data. Latent profile analysis identified groups of adolescents with different experiential patterns of victimization. We then associated the victimization trajectories and brain volume changes with depression, generalized anxiety, and hyperactivity symptoms at age 19. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed time-by-victimization interactions on left putamen volume (F = 4.38, p = 0.037). Changes in left putamen volume were negatively associated with generalized anxiety (t = -2.32, p = 0.020). Notably, peer victimization was indirectly associated with generalized anxiety via decreases in putamen volume (95% CI = 0.004-0.109). This was also true for the left caudate (95% CI = 0.002-0.099). These data suggest that the experience of chronic peer victimization during adolescence might induce psychopathology-relevant deviations from normative brain development. Early peer victimization interventions could prevent such pathological changes.
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105
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van Buuren M, Walsh RJ, Sijtsma H, Hollarek M, Lee NC, Bos PA, Krabbendam L. Neural correlates of self- and other-referential processing in young adolescents and the effects of testosterone and peer similarity. Neuroimage 2020; 219:117060. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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106
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Heineman KR, Kuiper DB, Bastide-van Gemert S, Heineman MJ, Hadders-Algra M. Cognitive and behavioural outcome of children born after IVF at age 9 years. Hum Reprod 2020; 34:2193-2200. [PMID: 31711156 PMCID: PMC9185894 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do ovarian stimulation (OS) and the in vitro laboratory procedures affect offsprings' cognitive and behavioural outcome at 9 years? SUMMARY ANSWER OS and the in vitro laboratory procedures or the combination of both were not associated with cognitive and behavioural outcome at age 9 years. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY ART is not associated with an adverse short-term developmental outcome of the offspring, but limited knowledge is available on the offspring's long-term neurodevelopmental condition. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A 9-year longitudinal, assessor-blinded, prospective follow-up study of 169 out of 215 singletons (79%) born between March 2005 and December 2006 was performed. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Singletons born following IVF or ICSI with OS (n = 57), born after modified natural cycle IVF/ICSI (MNC-IVF/ICSI; n = 46) and born after natural conception to subfertile couples (Sub-NC; n = 66), were assessed at 9 years. This study design, with two ART groups and a subfertile reference group, allows for disentangling the effects of OS and ART procedures on developmental outcome. Cognitive outcome was evaluated with the Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence and the NEPSY-II. Behaviour was assessed with the child behaviour checklist (CBCL) and teacher report form (TRF). Univariable analyses and multiple linear regression models were used. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE There was no significant difference in intelligence quotient (IQ) scores between ART groups (mean IQ (95% CI): OS 114.8 (83.2-142.6); MNC 114.0 (90.2-140.8); Sub-NC 115.4 (87.9-141.2), P = 0.746). Multivariable analyses did not reveal a statistically significant association between ART group and total, verbal and performance IQ. CBCL and TRF scores did not differ significantly between ART groups (P = 0.090 and 0.507, respectively). Multivariable analyses did not demonstrate a statistically significant association between ART group and CBCL and TRF total, or internalising and externalising T-scores. No significant correlations between time to pregnancy (TTP)-a proxy for the severity of parental subfertility-and outcome measures were found (Spearman rho between -0.050 and 0.049, NS), which was confirmed with multivariable analyses. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The attrition rate of 21% may be considered as a limitation of the study; however, after a follow-up period of 9 years, this rate is generally considered acceptable, and there were no significant differences in background characteristics between children with and without follow-up, making an attrition-related selection bias less likely. Another limitation of the study is the relatively small sample size, which could contribute to selection bias, hamper generalizability to the ART population and lead to false negative findings as a result of underpowering. An a priori power analysis on total IQ indicated that the OS-IVF/ICSI and Sub-NC groups should contain 64 children, confirming that our study including 57 and 66 children, respectively, was slightly underpowered. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our study indicated that OS and the in vitro laboratory procedures or the combination of both and TTP were not associated with cognitive and behavioural outcome at 9 years. These are reassuring results for both parents and clinicians involved in ART. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The study was financially supported by the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), two graduate schools of the UMCG (BCN and SHARE) and the Cornelia Stichting. The sponsors of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation or writing of the report. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Heineman
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Developmental Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands.,SEIN, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Dr Denekampweg 20, 8025 BV Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - D B Kuiper
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Developmental Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Sla Bastide-van Gemert
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - M J Heineman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - M Hadders-Algra
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Developmental Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
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Cortical reorganization during adolescence: What the rat can tell us about the cellular basis. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 45:100857. [PMID: 32927244 PMCID: PMC7495017 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cortex, particularly the prefrontal cortex, decreases in volume during adolescence which indicates considerable pruning. There is consistent evidence from human, monkey and rat tissue that synapses, dendritic spines and dendrites are pruned during this time. However, our work with a rat model of adolescence shows that other cellular components are remodeling at this time as well. Neurons are also pruned and we have found that in female rats, puberty is a key signal for this process. Other critical developmental events occur that are not detectable in gross size changes including the growth of dopaminergic inputs. The changes in the inhibitory GABAergic system, especially the parvalbumin-expressing neuronal subtype, are an essential part of the maturation of the prefrontal cortex. This involves the formation of perineuronal nets around parvalbumin interneurons that allow mature fast spiking. We have found a large increase in perineuronal nets from early adolescence to adulthood in both sexes. We also have seen a temporary pause in this increase at the time of puberty in females. These complicated events cannot be deduced from MRI. The cellular reorganization that is indicated by size changes in the human cortex during adolescence can be informed by work from rodent models.
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108
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The adherence of adult trauma centers to American Pediatric Surgical Association guidelines on management of blunt splenic injuries. J Pediatr Surg 2020; 55:1748-1753. [PMID: 32035594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonoperative management (NOM) is commonly utilized in hemodynamically stable children with blunt splenic injuries (BSI). Guidelines published by the American Pediatric Surgical Association over the past 15 years support this approach. We sought to determine the rates and outcomes of NOM in pediatric BSI and compare trends between pediatric (PTC), mixed (MTC) and adult trauma centers (ATC). METHODS This was a retrospective database analysis of the NTDB data from 2011 to 2015 including pediatric patients with BSI, as described by ICD-9-CM Codes 865.00-865.09. Patients with head injuries with AIS > 2, multiple intraabdominal injuries, and transfers-out were excluded. According to ACS and/or state designation, trauma facilities were defined as PTC (level I/II pediatric only), MTC (level I/II adult and pediatric) and ATC (level I/II adult only). OM group was defined as presence of procedure codes reflecting exploratory laparotomy/laparoscopy and/or any splenic procedures. NOM group consisted of patients who were observed, transfused or had transarterial embolization (TAE). Variables analyzed were age, ISS, spleen AIS, amount and type of blood products transfused, and intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital (H) length of stay (LOS). RESULTS 5323 children met the inclusion criteria. 11.4% received care at PTC (NOM, 97%), 40.7% at MTC (NOM, 89.9%) and 47.8% at ATC (NOM, 83.8%) (P < 0.001). In NOM group, PTC patients had the highest spleen AIS (3.46 ± 0.95, P < 0.001). TAE was predominantly used at MTC and ATC (P = 0.001). MTC and ATC were more likely to transfuse than PTC (P = 0.002). MTC and ATC OM rates were lower in children aged ≤12 than in children aged >12 (P < 0.001). Splenectomy rate was 1.5% at PTC, 8.4% at MTC, and 14.4% at ATC (P < 0.001). In OM group, PTC patients had a higher ISS (P = 0.018) and spleen AIS (P = 0.048) than both MTC and ATC. The proportion of patients treated by NOM at ATC increased during the 5-year period studied (P = 0.015). Treatment at MTC or ATC increased the risk for OM by 3.89 and 5.36 times respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS PTCs still outperform ATCs in NOM success rates despite higher ISS and splenic injury grades. From 2011 to 2015, ATC OM rates dropped from 17% to 12.4% suggesting increased adoption of the APSA guidelines. Further educational initiatives may help augment this trend. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II TYPE OF STUDY: Retrospective.
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109
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Hodgson AR, Richmond C, Tello J, Brown GR. Suppression of ovarian hormones in adolescent rats has no effect on anxiety-like behaviour or c-fos activation in the amygdala. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12897. [PMID: 32935383 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In humans, sex differences in mood disorders emerge during adolescence, with prevalence rates being consistently higher in females than males. It has been hypothesised that exposure to endogenous ovarian hormones during adolescence enhances the susceptibility of females to mood disorders from this stage of life onwards. However, experimental evidence in favour of this hypothesis is lacking. In the present study, we examined the long-term effects of suppressing adolescent gonadal hormone levels in a group of female Lister-hooded rats via administration of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist (Antide; administered on postnatal day [PND] 28 and 42) compared to control females and males (n = 14 per group). We predicted that, in adulthood, Antide-treated female rats would exhibit more male-like behaviour than control females in novel environments (elevated-plus maze, open field and light-dark box), in response to novel objects and novel social partners, and in an acoustic startle task. Progesterone and luteinising hormone assays (which were conducted on blood samples collected on PND 55/56 and 69/70) confirmed that the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis was temporarily suppressed by Antide treatment. In addition, Antide-treated females were found to exhibit a modest pubertal delay, as measured by vaginal opening, which was comparable in length to the pubertal delay that has been induced by adolescent exposure to alcohol or stress in previous studies of female rats. However, Antide-treated females did not substantially differ from control females on any of the behavioural tests, despite the evidence for predicted sex differences in some measures. Following the acoustic startle response task, all subjects were culled and perfused, and c-Fos staining was conducted in the medial and basolateral amygdala, with the results showing no significant differences in cell counts between the groups. These findings suggest that ovarian hormone exposure during adolescence does not have long-term effects on anxiety-related responses in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Hodgson
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Claire Richmond
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Javier Tello
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Gillian R Brown
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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Rodrigo MJ, Martinez-Rincon T, Subias M, Mendez-Martinez S, Luna C, Pablo LE, Polo V, Garcia-Martin E. Effect of age and sex on neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration in the healthy eye: Longitudinal functional and structural study in the Long-Evans rat. Exp Eye Res 2020; 200:108208. [PMID: 32882213 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The processes involved in neurodevelopment and aging have not yet been fully discovered. This is especially challenging in premorbid or borderline situations of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's or glaucoma. The retina, as part of the central nervous system, can be considered the easiest and most accessible neural structure that can be analyzed using non-invasive methods. Animal studies of neuroretinal tissue in situations of health and under controlled conditions allow the earliest sex- and aging-induced changes to be analyzed so as to differentiate them from the first signs occurring in manifested disease. This study evaluates differences by age and sex based on intraocular pressure (IOP) and neuroretinal function and structure in healthy young and adult rats before decline due to senescence. For this purpose, eighty-five healthy Long-Evans rats (31 males and 54 females) were analyzed in this 6-month longitudinal study running from childhood to adulthood. IOP was measured by tonometer (Tonolab; Tiolat Oy Helsinki, Finland), neuroretinal function was recorded by flash scotopic and light-adapted photopic negative response electroretinography (ERG) (Roland consult® RETIanimal ERG, Germany) at 4, 16 and 28 weeks of age; and structure was evaluated by in vivo optical coherence tomography (OCT) (Spectralis, Heidelberg® Engineering, Germany). Analyzing both sexes together, IOP was below 20 mmHg throughout the study; retina (R), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) thicknesses measured by OCT decreased over time; an increase in ERG signal was recorded at week 16; and no differences were found between right and left eyes. However, analyzing differences by sex revealed that males had higher IOP (even reaching ocular hypertension [>20 mmHg] by the end of the study [7 months of age]), exhibited greater neuroretinal thickness but higher structural percentage loss, and had worse dark- and light-adapted function as measured by ERG than females. This study concludes that age and sex influenced neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. Different structural and functional degenerative patterns were observed by sex; these occurred earlier and more intensely in males than in age-matched females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jesus Rodrigo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), University of Zaragoza, Spain; RETICS: Thematic Networks for Co-operative Research in Health for Ocular Diseases, Spain.
| | - Teresa Martinez-Rincon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Manuel Subias
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Silvia Mendez-Martinez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Coral Luna
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis Emilio Pablo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), University of Zaragoza, Spain; RETICS: Thematic Networks for Co-operative Research in Health for Ocular Diseases, Spain
| | - Vicente Polo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Garcia-Martin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Research Group (GIMSO), Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), University of Zaragoza, Spain; RETICS: Thematic Networks for Co-operative Research in Health for Ocular Diseases, Spain
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111
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Belcher BR, Zink J, Azad A, Campbell CE, Chakravartti SP, Herting MM. The Roles of Physical Activity, Exercise, and Fitness in Promoting Resilience During Adolescence: Effects on Mental Well-Being and Brain Development. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 6:225-237. [PMID: 33067166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical yet vulnerable period for developing behaviors important for mental well-being. The existing literature suggests that physical activity (PA), exercise, and aerobic fitness promote well-being and reduce risk of mental health problems. In this review, we focus on PA, exercise, and fitness as modifiable resilience factors that may help promote self-regulation via strengthening of top-down control of bottom-up processes in the brain, thereby acting as a buffer against mental health problems during this period of vulnerability. First, we briefly review the link between PA, exercise, and aerobic fitness with mental well-being and reduced mental health problems in adolescence. Then we present how impairments in self-regulation, which involves top-down control to modulate bottom-up processes, are common across a wide range of mental health disorders. Finally, we use the extant neuroimaging literature to highlight how neural systems underlying top-down control continue to develop across adolescence, and propose that PA, exercise, and aerobic fitness may facilitate resilience through strengthening individual brain regions as well as large-scale neural circuits to improve emotional and behavioral regulation. Future neuroimaging studies assessing the effects of PA, exercise, and aerobic fitness at various developmental stages in each sex and studies considering the characteristics (e.g., frequency, intensity, type) and social context of PA and exercise are vital to better understand both macro- and microscale mechanisms by which these behaviors and attributes may facilitate mental health resilience during adolescent development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britni R Belcher
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine/Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer Zink
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine/Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anisa Azad
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine/Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Claire E Campbell
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine/Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sandhya P Chakravartti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine/Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Megan M Herting
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine/Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine/Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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112
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Dieleman J, Kleinjan M, Otten R, van Schie HT, Heuvelmans V, Luijten M. Effects of environmental tobacco smoke exposure on brain functioning in never-smoking adolescents. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01619. [PMID: 32608084 PMCID: PMC7428475 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain functioning, as indexed by event-related potentials (ERPs) representing smoking cue reactivity, inhibitory control, and reward processing, has been found to be compromised in smokers. However, whether environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in never smokers results in similar brain changes is unknown. This question is particularly relevant during adolescence, given ongoing brain maturation and a high risk of smoking initiation. The present study tested the associations between ETS exposure and ERPs reflecting cue reactivity (P3, LPP), inhibitory control (N2, P3), and reward processing (anticipation P3 (P3), feedback-related negativity (FRN)) among never-smoking adolescents. METHODS Eighty-four never-smoking adolescents (nonexposed = 32, exposed = 52) performed a smoking cue reactivity, a Go/NoGo, and a monetary incentive delay (MID) task while ERPs were measured. RESULTS Exposed and nonexposed groups did not differ in ERPs reflecting smoking cue reactivity, inhibitory control, and reward processing. A negative correlation between ETS exposure and the anticipatory P3 suggests reduced anticipatory reward sensitivity for nondrug rewards with increased levels of ETS exposure. However, since this effect was not consistent across analyses, no strong conclusions can be formulated. In the current study, few participants reported high levels of ETS exposure; therefore, further study is necessary. CONCLUSIONS Nevertheless, from this study, it can be concluded that low-to-moderate exposure to ETS during adolescence does not result in functional brain changes related to smoking cue reactivity, inhibitory control, and reward processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Dieleman
- Department of Epidemiology and Research Support, Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes Kleinjan
- Department of Epidemiology and Research Support, Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Otten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Pluryn, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Hein T van Schie
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian Heuvelmans
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje Luijten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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113
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Stenson AF, Nugent NR, van Rooij SJH, Minton ST, Compton AB, Hinrichs R, Jovanovic T. Puberty drives fear learning during adolescence. Dev Sci 2020; 24:e13000. [PMID: 32497415 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Risk for adverse outcomes, including the onset of mental illness, increases during adolescence. This increase may be linked to both new exposures, such as violence at home or in the community, or to physiological changes driven by puberty. There are significant sex differences in adolescent risk, for instance, anxiety disorders are significantly more prevalent in girls than boys. Fear learning is linked to mental health and may develop during adolescence, but the role of puberty in adolescent-specific change has not yet been systematically evaluated. We conducted a longitudinal study of fear learning that tested fear-potentiated startle (FPS) in 78 children (40 girls) aged 8-16 years. Participants completed two to three visits that included a differential fear conditioning task and self-report of both pubertal status and violence exposure. We tested for effects of sex, pubertal status, and violence exposure on FPS over time with latent growth curve models. We also examined the association between FPS and later anxiety symptoms. We found significant changes in FPS to the threat cue, but not the safety cue, across visits. Higher pubertal status was significantly associated with increased FPS to threat cues at each visit, whereas sex and violence exposure were not. FPS to threat during the baseline visit also predicted later anxiety symptoms. These findings suggest that puberty drives increased fear response to threat cues similarly for girls and boys, and that this effect may not be significantly impacted by individual differences in violence exposure during early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs F Stenson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicole R Nugent
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Pediatrics, and Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sanne J H van Rooij
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sean T Minton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alisha B Compton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca Hinrichs
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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114
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Fung MH, Taylor BK, Frenzel MR, Eastman JA, Wang YP, Calhoun VD, Stephen JM, Wilson TW. Pubertal Testosterone Tracks the Developmental Trajectory of Neural Oscillatory Activity Serving Visuospatial Processing. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:5960-5971. [PMID: 32577718 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Puberty is a period of substantial hormonal fluctuations that induce dramatic physical, neurological, and behavioral changes. Previous research has demonstrated that pubertal hormones modulate cortical development, as well as sex- and age-specific patterns of cognitive development during childhood and adolescence. However, the influence of pubertal hormones on the brain's functional development, specifically neural oscillatory dynamics, has yet to be fully examined. Thus, in the current study, we used magnetoencephalography to investigate the oscillatory dynamics serving visuospatial perception and attention, and testosterone levels and chronological age as measures of development. Within a sample of typically developing youth, age was associated with changes in alpha, theta, and gamma oscillatory activity. Novel testosterone-by-sex interactions in the gamma range were identified in critical areas of the visual and attention networks. Females had increased gamma activity with increasing testosterone in the right temporal-parietal junction and occipital cortices, while males showed increased gamma activity in the right insula with increasing testosterone. These findings reveal robust developmental alterations in the oscillatory dynamics serving visuospatial processing during childhood and adolescence and provide novel insight into the hormonal basis of sexually dimorphic patterns of functional brain development during the pubertal transition that is at least partially mediated by endogenous testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison H Fung
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Cognitive Neuroscience of Development & Aging (CoNDA) Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Brittany K Taylor
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Cognitive Neuroscience of Development & Aging (CoNDA) Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Michaela R Frenzel
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Cognitive Neuroscience of Development & Aging (CoNDA) Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jacob A Eastman
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Cognitive Neuroscience of Development & Aging (CoNDA) Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yu-Ping Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA.,Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | | | - Tony W Wilson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Cognitive Neuroscience of Development & Aging (CoNDA) Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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115
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Moore SR, Humphreys KL, Colich NL, Davis EG, Lin DTS, MacIsaac JL, Kobor MS, Gotlib IH. Distinctions between sex and time in patterns of DNA methylation across puberty. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:389. [PMID: 32493224 PMCID: PMC7268482 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06789-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are significant sex differences in human physiology and disease; the genomic sources of these differences, however, are not well understood. During puberty, a drastic neuroendocrine shift signals physical changes resulting in robust sex differences in human physiology. Here, we explore how shifting patterns of DNA methylation may inform these pathways of biological plasticity during the pubertal transition. In this study we analyzed DNA methylation (DNAm) in saliva at two time points across the pubertal transition within the same individuals. Our purpose was to compare two domains of DNAm patterns that may inform processes of sexual differentiation 1) sex related sites, which demonstrated differences between males from females and 2) time related sites in which DNAm shifted significantly between timepoints. We further explored the correlated network structure sex and time related DNAm networks and linked these patterns to pubertal stage, assays of salivary testosterone, a reliable diagnostic of free, unbound hormone that is available to act on target tissues, and overlap with androgen response elements. RESULTS Sites that differed by biological sex were largely independent of sites that underwent change across puberty. Time-related DNAm sites, but not sex-related sites, formed correlated networks that were associated with pubertal stage. Both time and sex DNAm networks reflected salivary testosterone levels that were enriched for androgen response elements, with sex-related DNAm networks being informative of testosterone levels above and beyond biological sex later in the pubertal transition. CONCLUSIONS These results inform our understanding of the distinction between sex- and time-related differences in DNAm during the critical period of puberty and highlight a novel linkage between correlated patterns of sex-related DNAm and levels of salivary testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rose Moore
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 938 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Kathryn Leigh Humphreys
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, 230 Appleton Pl, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Natalie Lisanne Colich
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington Seattle, Guthrie Hall (GTH), 119A 98195-1525, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Elena Goetz Davis
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - David Tse Shen Lin
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 938 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Julia Lynn MacIsaac
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 938 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Michael Steffen Kobor
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 938 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Ian Henry Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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116
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Lee FY, Larimore J, Faundez V, Dell'Angelica EC, Ghiani CA. Sex-dimorphic effects of biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 deficiency on mouse perinatal brain development. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:67-89. [PMID: 32436302 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The function(s) of the Biogenesis of Lysosome-related Organelles Complex-1 (BLOC-1) during brain development is to date largely unknown. Here, we investigated how its absence alters the trajectory of postnatal brain development using as model the pallid mouse. Most of the defects observed early postnatally in the mutant mice were more prominent in males than in females and in the hippocampus. Male mutant mice, but not females, had smaller brains as compared to sex-matching wild types at postnatal day 1 (P1), this deficit was largely recovered by P14 and P45. An abnormal cytoarchitecture of the pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus was observed in P1 pallid male, but not female, or juvenile mice (P45), along with severely decreased expression levels of the radial glial marker Glutamate-Aspartate Transporter. Transcriptomic analyses showed that the overall response to the lack of functional BLOC-1 was more pronounced in hippocampi at P1 than at P45 or in the cerebral cortex. These observations suggest that absence of BLOC-1 renders males more susceptible to perinatal brain maldevelopment and although most abnormalities appear to have been resolved in juvenile animals, still permanent defects may be present, resulting in faulty neuronal circuits, and contribute to previously reported cognitive and behavioral phenotypes in adult BLOC-1-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Y Lee
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Esteban C Dell'Angelica
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cristina A Ghiani
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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117
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King LS, Dennis EL, Humphreys KL, Thompson PM, Gotlib IH. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of family income-to-needs ratio with cortical and subcortical brain volume in adolescent boys and girls. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 44:100796. [PMID: 32479375 PMCID: PMC7525143 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-specific associations of SES with neurodevelopment may emerge in adolescence. We used a whole-brain approach to examine gray and white matter volume. Sex interacted with SES to explain variation in volume across adolescence. Sex is an important variable to consider in analyses of SES and brain volume.
Deviations in neurodevelopment may underlie the association between lower childhood socioeconomic status and difficulties in cognitive and socioemotional domains. Most previous investigations of the association between childhood socioeconomic status and brain morphology have used cross-sectional designs with samples that span wide age ranges, occluding effects specific to adolescence. Sex differences in the association between socioeconomic status and neurodevelopment may emerge or intensify during adolescence. In a sample representative of the San Francisco Bay Area, we used whole-brain tensor-based morphometry to examine sex differences in the cross-sectional association between variation in family income-to-needs ratio (INR) and cortical and subcortical gray and white matter volume during early adolescence (ages 9–13 years; N = 147), as well as in the longitudinal association between INR and change in volume from early to later adolescence (ages 11–16 years, N = 109). Biological sex interacted with INR to explain variation in volume in several areas cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Effects were primarily in cortical gray matter areas, including regions of the association cortex and sensorimotor processing areas. Effect sizes tended to be larger in boys than in girls. Biological sex may be an important variable to consider in analyses of the effects of family income on structural neurodevelopment during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy S King
- Stanford University, Department of Psychology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Emily L Dennis
- University of Southern California, Imaging Genetics Center, Mary and Mark Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA
| | - Kathryn L Humphreys
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Psychology and Human Development, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- University of Southern California, Imaging Genetics Center, Mary and Mark Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA
| | - Ian H Gotlib
- Stanford University, Department of Psychology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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118
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Zhang K, Wang M, Zhang J, Du X, Chen Z. Brain Structural Plasticity Associated with Maternal Caregiving in Mothers: A Voxel- and Surface-Based Morphometry Study. NEURODEGENER DIS 2020; 19:192-203. [PMID: 32396895 DOI: 10.1159/000506258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy constitutes a significant period in the lives of women, after which they often experience numerous crucial physiological and psychological changes. Functional neuroimaging studies have shown longitudinal changes in functional brain activity in mothers responding to infant-related stimuli. However, the structural changes that occur in the brains of mothers after delivery remain to be explored. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the structural changes in mothers during the postpartum phase. METHODS We recruited 35 primiparous mothers and 26 nonmothers to participate in this voxel- and surface-based morphometry study, and 22 mothers were scanned twice with a follow-up of approximately 2 years. RESULTS Compared to nonmothers, mothers exhibited reduced gray matter (GM) volumes and increased white matter (WM) volumes in regions associated with empathy and reward networks (supplementary motor area, precuneus, inferior parietal lobe, insula, and striatum), decreased cortical thickness in the precentral gyrus and increased gyrification index in the orbitofrontal cortex. Furthermore, mothers showed longitudinal changes in the GM and WM volumes and cortical thickness of several of these regions (including the superior and medial frontal gyrus, insula, limbic lobe, superior and middle temporal gyrus, and precentral gyrus), which have been associated with maternal networks during the postpartum period. Additionally, the changes in GM and WM volumes were related to changes in empathetic abilities in mothers. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the brains of mothers exhibit adaptive structural dynamic plasticity. These findings provide a neuroanatomical basis for understanding how mothers process emotional sensory information during the postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihua Zhang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxing Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jilei Zhang
- Clinical Science, Philips Healthcare, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxia Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China,
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119
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Sellinger EP, Kougias DG, Drzewiecki CM, Juraska JM. Behavioral effects in adult rats exposed to low doses of a phthalate mixture during the perinatal or adolescent period. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2020; 79:106886. [PMID: 32315766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2020.106886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hormones influence neurodevelopment which can result in vulnerability to endocrine disruptors such as phthalates during both the perinatal period and adolescence. Using a rat model, we have previously shown that perinatal exposure to an environmentally relevant phthalate mixture at low doses results in cognitive flexibility deficits in adults and a reduction in neuron and synapse number within the medial prefrontal cortex. Here, we further examined the behavioral effects of exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of phthalates at low doses during either perinatal development or adolescence. Using the elevated plus maze, adult females, not males, exposed to phthalates during adolescence showed indications of reduced anxiety-like behavior while perinatal exposed animals were unaffected. There was no effect of adolescent phthalate exposure on cognitive flexibility using the attentional set shift paradigm in either sex, unlike the impairments we have previously reported following perinatal exposure (Kougias et al., 2018b). Finally, there was no effect of phthalate exposure during either time frame on sensorimotor gating measured using prepulse inhibition. Environmentally relevant phthalate exposure during the perinatal period or during adolescence did not induce widespread changes in the adult behaviors measured here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli P Sellinger
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL 61820, United States of America
| | - Daniel G Kougias
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL 61820, United States of America
| | - Carly M Drzewiecki
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL 61820, United States of America
| | - Janice M Juraska
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL 61820, United States of America; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL 61820, United States of America.
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120
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Laube C, van den Bos W, Fandakova Y. The relationship between pubertal hormones and brain plasticity: Implications for cognitive training in adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 42:100753. [PMID: 32072931 PMCID: PMC7005587 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence may mark a sensitive period for the development of higher-order cognition through enhanced plasticity of cortical circuits. At the same time, animal research indicates that pubertal hormones may represent one key mechanism for closing sensitive periods in the associative neocortex, thereby resulting in decreased plasticity of cortical circuits in adolescence. In the present review, we set out to solve some of the existing ambiguity and examine how hormonal changes associated with pubertal onset may modulate plasticity in higher-order cognition during adolescence. We build on existing age-comparative cognitive training studies to explore how the potential for change in neural resources and behavioral repertoire differs across age groups. We review animal and human brain imaging studies, which demonstrate a link between brain development, neurochemical mechanisms of plasticity, and pubertal hormones. Overall, the existent literature indicates that pubertal hormones play a pivotal role in regulating the mechanisms of experience-dependent plasticity during adolescence. However, the extent to which hormonal changes associated with pubertal onset increase or decrease brain plasticity may depend on the specific cognitive domain, the sex, and associated brain networks. We discuss implications for future research and suggest that systematical longitudinal assessments of pubertal change together with cognitive training interventions may be a fruitful way toward a better understanding of adolescent plasticity. As the age of pubertal onset is decreasing across developed societies, this may also have important educational and clinical implications, especially with respect to the effects that earlier puberty has on learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Laube
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Yana Fandakova
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
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121
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Frere PB, Vetter NC, Artiges E, Filippi I, Miranda R, Vulser H, Paillère-Martinot ML, Ziesch V, Conrod P, Cattrell A, Walter H, Gallinat J, Bromberg U, Jurk S, Menningen E, Frouin V, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Stringaris A, Penttilä J, van Noort B, Grimmer Y, Schumann G, Smolka MN, Martinot JL, Lemaître H. Sex effects on structural maturation of the limbic system and outcomes on emotional regulation during adolescence. Neuroimage 2020; 210:116441. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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122
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Beltz AM, Moser JS. Ovarian hormones: a long overlooked but critical contributor to cognitive brain structures and function. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1464:156-180. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriene M. Beltz
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Jason S. Moser
- Department of PsychologyMichigan State University East Lansing Michigan
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123
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Predicting change trajectories of neuroticism from baseline brain structure using whole brain analyses and latent growth curve models in adolescents. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1207. [PMID: 31988389 PMCID: PMC6985226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a vulnerable time for personality development. Especially neuroticism with its link to the development of psychopathology is of interest concerning influential factors. The present study exploratorily investigates neuroanatomical signatures for developmental trajectories of neuroticism based on a voxel-wise whole-brain structural equation modelling framework. In 1,814 healthy adolescents of the IMAGEN sample, the NEO-FFI was acquired at three measurement occasions across five years. Based on a partial measurement invariance second-order latent growth curve model we conducted whole-brain analyses on structural MRI data at age 14 years, predicting change in neuroticism over time. We observed that a reduced volume in the pituitary gland was associated with the slope of neuroticism over time. However, no relations with prefrontal areas emerged. Both findings are discussed against the background of possible genetic and social influences that may account for this result.
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124
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Peper JS, Burke SM, Wierenga LM. Sex differences and brain development during puberty and adolescence. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 175:25-54. [PMID: 33008529 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64123-6.00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in behavior, and whether these behavioral differences are related to sex differences in brain development, has been a longstanding topic of debate. Presumably, sex differences can provide critically important leads for explaining the etiology of various illnesses that show (i) large sex differences in prevalence and (ii) have an origin before or during adolescence. The general aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of scientific studies on sex differences in normative brain and behavioral development across puberty and adolescence, including the (sex) hormone-driven transition phase of puberty. Moreover, we describe the literature on brain and behavioral development in gender dysphoria, a severe and persistent incongruence between the self-identified gender and the assigned sex at birth. From the literature it becomes clear there is evidence for a specific link between pubertal maturation and developmental changes in arousal, motivation, and emotion. However, this link is rather similar between boys and girls. Moreover, although there is substantial evidence for sex differences in mean brain structure, these have not always been linked to sex differences in behavior, cognition, or psychopathology. Furthermore, there is little evidence for sex differences in brain development and thus, studies so far have been unable to explain sex differences in cognition. Suggestions for future research and methodologic considerations are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiska S Peper
- Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Sarah M Burke
- Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lara M Wierenga
- Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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125
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Huang Y, Wu T, Gao Y, Luo Y, Wu Z, Fagan S, Leung S, Li X. The Impact of Callous-Unemotional Traits and Externalizing Tendencies on Neural Responsivity to Reward and Punishment in Healthy Adolescents. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1319. [PMID: 31920489 PMCID: PMC6923186 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Both externalizing behavior and callous-unemotional (CU) traits in youth are precursors to later criminal offending in adulthood. It is posited that disruptions in reward and punishment processes may engender problematic behavior, such that CU traits and externalizing behavior may be linked to a dominant reward response style (e.g., heightened responsivity to rewards) and deficient punishment-processing. However, prior research has generated mixed findings and work examining both the sole and joint contribution of CU traits and externalizing problems related to functional brain alterations is lacking. In this pilot functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we measured externalizing behavior and CU traits in a community sample of adolescents (n = 29) and examined their impacts on brain activity associated with anticipation and receipt of reward and punishment using the Modified Monetary Incentive Delay task. We found that CU traits were associated with greater activation of the ventral striatum (VST) during reward anticipation. However, this effect became non-significant after controlling for externalizing behavior, indicating substantial overlap between the CU and externalizing measures in explaining VST activation when anticipating reward. In addition, externalizing behavior (but not CU) was significantly negatively associated with amygdala activation during punishment receipt, even after controlling for CU traits. The present findings extend previous evidence of hyper-responsivity to reward and hypo-responsivity to punishment in relation to psychopathic traits and antisocial behavior to non-clinical, non-incarcerated youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglin Huang
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, The City University of New York, Queens, NY, United States
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tingting Wu
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, The City University of New York, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yuyang Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Ziyan Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Shawn Fagan
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Stephanie Leung
- Department of Psychology, Pace University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
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126
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Phansikar M, Ashrafi SA, Khan NA, Massey WV, Mullen SP. Active Commute in Relation to Cognition and Academic Achievement in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Future Recommendations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16245103. [PMID: 31847267 PMCID: PMC6950697 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16245103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Active commuting to school (ACS) is an important source of physical activity among children. Recent research has focused on ACS and its benefits on cognition and academic achievement (AA), factors important for success in school. This review aims to synthesize literature on the relationship between ACS and cognition or AA among children and adolescents. Peer-reviewed articles in PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library assessing ACS with cognition and/or AA among children, until February 2019, were selected. Twelve studies across nine countries (age range 4–18.5 years) were included. One study used accelerometers, whereas all others used self-report measures of ACS. A wide range of objective assessments of cognitive functioning and AA domains were used. Five among eight studies, and four among six found a positive relationship between ACS and cognitive or AA measure, respectively. Four studies found dose–response relationships, and some studies found sex differences. The quantitative analysis found that ACS was not significantly associated with mathematics score (odds ratio = 1.18; CI = 0.40, 3.48). Findings are discussed in terms of methodological issues, potential confounders, and the strength of the evidence. Future studies should conduct longitudinal studies and use objective measures of ACS to understand this relationship further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Phansikar
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA; (M.P.); (S.A.A.); (N.A.K.)
| | - Sadia Anjum Ashrafi
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA; (M.P.); (S.A.A.); (N.A.K.)
| | - Naiman A. Khan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA; (M.P.); (S.A.A.); (N.A.K.)
| | - William V. Massey
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Sean P. Mullen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA; (M.P.); (S.A.A.); (N.A.K.)
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-217-244-4502
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Cavaliere C, Vilades E, Alonso-Rodríguez MC, Rodrigo MJ, Pablo LE, Miguel JM, López-Guillén E, Morla EMS, Boquete L, Garcia-Martin E. Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis Using a Support Vector Machine and Optical Coherence Tomography Features. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19235323. [PMID: 31816925 PMCID: PMC6928765 DOI: 10.3390/s19235323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of diagnosing multiple sclerosis (MS) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) data and a support vector machine (SVM) as an automatic classifier. Forty-eight MS patients without symptoms of optic neuritis and forty-eight healthy control subjects were selected. Swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) was performed using a DRI (deep-range imaging) Triton OCT device (Topcon Corp., Tokyo, Japan). Mean values (right and left eye) for macular thickness (retinal and choroidal layers) and peripapillary area (retinal nerve fibre layer, retinal, ganglion cell layer—GCL, and choroidal layers) were compared between both groups. Based on the analysis of the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC), the 3 variables with the greatest discriminant capacity were selected to form the feature vector. A SVM was used as an automatic classifier, obtaining the confusion matrix using leave-one-out cross-validation. Classification performance was assessed with Matthew’s correlation coefficient (MCC) and the AUCCLASSIFIER. The most discriminant variables were found to be the total GCL++ thickness (between inner limiting membrane to inner nuclear layer boundaries), evaluated in the peripapillary area and macular retina thickness in the nasal quadrant of the outer and inner rings. Using the SVM classifier, we obtained the following values: MCC = 0.81, sensitivity = 0.89, specificity = 0.92, accuracy = 0.91, and AUCCLASSIFIER = 0.97. Our findings suggest that it is possible to classify control subjects and MS patients without previous optic neuritis by applying machine-learning techniques to study the structural neurodegeneration in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cavaliere
- Biomedical Engineering Group, Department of Electronics, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (C.C.); (J.M.M.); (E.L.-G.)
| | - Elisa Vilades
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (E.V.); (L.E.P.)
- Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Innovation and Research Group (GIMSO), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mª C. Alonso-Rodríguez
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
| | - María Jesús Rodrigo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (E.V.); (L.E.P.)
- Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Innovation and Research Group (GIMSO), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- RETICS-Oftared: Thematic Networks for Co-operative Research in Health for Ocular Diseases, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.J.R.); (L.B.); (E.G.-M.); Tel.: +34-976765558 (E.G.-M.); Fax: +34-97656623 (E.G.-M.)
| | - Luis Emilio Pablo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (E.V.); (L.E.P.)
- Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Innovation and Research Group (GIMSO), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Miguel
- Biomedical Engineering Group, Department of Electronics, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (C.C.); (J.M.M.); (E.L.-G.)
| | - Elena López-Guillén
- Biomedical Engineering Group, Department of Electronics, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (C.C.); (J.M.M.); (E.L.-G.)
| | - Eva Mª Sánchez Morla
- Department of Psychiatry, 12 Octubre University Hospital Research Institute (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain;
- Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- CIBERSAM: Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luciano Boquete
- Biomedical Engineering Group, Department of Electronics, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (C.C.); (J.M.M.); (E.L.-G.)
- RETICS-Oftared: Thematic Networks for Co-operative Research in Health for Ocular Diseases, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.J.R.); (L.B.); (E.G.-M.); Tel.: +34-976765558 (E.G.-M.); Fax: +34-97656623 (E.G.-M.)
| | - Elena Garcia-Martin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (E.V.); (L.E.P.)
- Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), Miguel Servet Ophthalmology Innovation and Research Group (GIMSO), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- RETICS-Oftared: Thematic Networks for Co-operative Research in Health for Ocular Diseases, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.J.R.); (L.B.); (E.G.-M.); Tel.: +34-976765558 (E.G.-M.); Fax: +34-97656623 (E.G.-M.)
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128
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Ferschmann L, Vijayakumar N, Grydeland H, Overbye K, Sederevicius D, Due-Tønnessen P, Fjell AM, Walhovd KB, Pfeifer JH, Tamnes CK. Prosocial behavior relates to the rate and timing of cortical thinning from adolescence to young adulthood. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 40:100734. [PMID: 31739096 PMCID: PMC6974908 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosocial behavior, or voluntary actions that intentionally benefit others, relate to desirable developmental outcomes such as peer acceptance, while lack of prosocial behavior has been associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders. Mapping the biological foundations of prosociality may thus aid our understanding of both normal and abnormal development, yet how prosociality relates to cortical development is largely unknown. Here, relations between prosociality, as measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (self-report), and changes in thickness across the cortical mantle were examined using mixed-effects models. The sample consisted of 169 healthy individuals (92 females) aged 12-26 with repeated MRI from up to 3 time points, at approximately 3-year intervals (301 scans). In regions associated with social cognition and behavioral control, higher prosociality was associated with greater cortical thinning during early-to-middle adolescence, followed by attenuation of this process during the transition to young adulthood. Comparatively, lower prosociality was related to initially slower thinning, followed by comparatively protracted thinning into the mid-twenties. This study showed that prosocial behavior is associated with regional development of cortical thickness in adolescence and young adulthood. The results suggest that the rate of thinning in these regions, as well as its timing, may be factors related to prosocial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Ferschmann
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Håkon Grydeland
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Knut Overbye
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Donatas Sederevicius
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Paulina Due-Tønnessen
- Department of Radiology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anders M Fjell
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kristine B Walhovd
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Christian K Tamnes
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Department of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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129
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Blanchard J, Van Wyk N, Ertel E, Alpous A, Longmuir PE. Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy in grades 7-9 (12-16 years): Preliminary validity and descriptive results. J Sports Sci 2019; 38:177-186. [PMID: 31703541 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1689076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: The Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy (CAPL) accurately and reliably assesses the physical literacy level of young children. However, in preliminary analyses ceiling effects were noted among 183 older children. The purposes of this study were to assess the validity of a modified CAPL designed for older children (CAPL 789) and to offer descriptive results.Methods: CAPL 789 assessed the physical literacy of Canadian children in grades 7-9. Data were collected from schools and recreation facilities in the provinces of Alberta and Ontario (Canada), yielding a new sample of 245 participants (129 girls, 13.7 ± 0.9 years). Descriptive statistics were calculated for all CAPL domains. Age and gender effects were examined to support the validity.Results: Physical competence score (/32) increased with age (F = 4.90, p < 0.05), the means in grades 7-9 being 18.9 ± 3.2, 20.9 ± 4.4 and 21.2 ± 3.4, respectively. Girls scored significantly higher (t = -2.29, p < 0.05) than boys (6.6 ± 1.2 vs 6.3 ± 1.3) in the knowledge assessment (/10).Conclusion: The CAPL 789 was feasible among children from grades 7-9. Additional research is required to establish the psychometric properties in children 12 to 16 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Blanchard
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Nadine Van Wyk
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Canada
| | - Emily Ertel
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Anastasia Alpous
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Patricia E Longmuir
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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130
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Marceau K, Kirisci L, Tarter RE. Correspondence of Pubertal Neuroendocrine and Tanner Stage Changes in Boys and Associations With Substance Use. Child Dev 2019; 90:e763-e782. [PMID: 29851020 PMCID: PMC6274631 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined correspondence between timing (onset) and tempo (rate) of sexual maturation prospectively (average ages 11-16 years) measured by gonadal hormones and secondary sex characteristics (Tanner stage) using dual-process models, and associations of these measures with substance use (SU) involvement in boys at age 16 years (N = 534, 77.5% White/22.5% Non-White). All measures of timing were highly associated. Early Tanner stage timing often predicted slower increases in gonadal steroids, but not the reverse; patterns varied by ethnicity. Hormone and Tanner stage measures were similar earlier in development but diverged later in development. In White boys only, early timing of the pubertal rise in testosterone was associated with increased SU involvement, suggesting a physiological rather than psychosocial mechanism of association.
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131
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van Meer F, van der Laan LN, Eiben G, Lissner L, Wolters M, Rach S, Herrmann M, Erhard P, Molnar D, Orsi G, Viergever MA, Adan RA, Smeets PA. Development and body mass inversely affect children’s brain activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during food choice. Neuroimage 2019; 201:116016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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132
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Chung YS, Poppe A, Novotny S, Epperson CN, Kober H, Granger DA, Blumberg HP, Ochsner K, Gross JJ, Pearlson G, Stevens MC. A preliminary study of association between adolescent estradiol level and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity during emotion regulation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 109:104398. [PMID: 31394491 PMCID: PMC6842698 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Non-human primate models have been useful in clarifying estradiol's role in cognitive processing. These animal studies indicate estradiol impacts cognitive processes supported by regions within dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Although human functional neuroimaging studies have begun to find similar relationships between estradiol in women for some forms of 'cold' cognitive control, to date no studies have examined the relationship between estradiol and DLPFC function in the context of active attempts to regulate one's emotions. Here, we asked whether peripheral 17-beta estradiol levels in adolescent girls in different pubertal developmental stages (age = 14.9 years ± 1.74) were related to engagement of DLPFC regions during the use of a cognitive strategy for regulating emotion known as reappraisal using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Findings indicated that higher estradiol levels predicted greater DLPFC activity during the down-regulation of negative emotion using reappraisal. This is the first report of an association between estradiol level and DLPFC activity during cognitive reappraisal of negative emotion. The study suggests a possibility that estradiol might positively contribute to regulatory function of a cortical system important for emotional experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun Chung
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, 200 Retreat Avenue, Whitehall Building- Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University.
| | - Andrew Poppe
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, 200 Retreat Avenue, Whitehall Building- Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University
| | - Stephanie Novotny
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, 200 Retreat Avenue, Whitehall Building- Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University
| | - C. Neill Epperson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hedy Kober
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Douglas A. Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California at Irvine, Irvine CA; School of Medicine, Bloomberg School of Public Health, and School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Kevin Ochsner
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - James J. Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Godfrey Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, 200 Retreat Avenue, Whitehall Building- Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael C. Stevens
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, 200 Retreat Avenue, Whitehall Building- Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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133
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Fish AM, Nadig A, Seidlitz J, Reardon PK, Mankiw C, McDermott CL, Blumenthal JD, Clasen LS, Lalonde F, Lerch JP, Chakravarty MM, Shinohara RT, Raznahan A. Sex-biased trajectories of amygdalo-hippocampal morphology change over human development. Neuroimage 2019; 204:116122. [PMID: 31470127 PMCID: PMC7485527 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The amygdala and hippocampus are two adjacent allocortical structures implicated in sex-biased and developmentally-emergent psychopathology. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics of amygdalo-hippocampal development remain poorly understood in healthy humans. The current study defined trajectories of volume and shape change for the amygdala and hippocampus by applying a multi-atlas segmentation pipeline (MAGeT-Brain) and semi-parametric mixed-effects spline modeling to 1,529 longitudinally-acquired structural MRI brain scans from a large, single-center cohort of 792 youth (403 males, 389 females) between the ages of 5 and 25 years old. We found that amygdala and hippocampus volumes both follow curvilinear and sexually dimorphic growth trajectories. These sex-biases were particularly striking in the amygdala: males showed a significantly later and slower adolescent deceleration in volume expansion (at age 20 years) than females (age 13 years). Shape analysis localized significant hot-spots of sex-biased anatomical development in sub-regional territories overlying rostral and caudal extremes of the CA1/2 in the hippocampus, and the centromedial nuclear group of the amygdala. In both sexes, principal components analysis revealed close integration of amygdala and hippocampus shape change along two main topographically-organized axes – low vs. high areal expansion, and early vs. late growth deceleration. These results (i) bring greater resolution to our spatiotemporal understanding of amygdalo-hippocampal development in healthy males and females, and (ii) uncover focal sex-differences in the structural maturation of the brain components that may contribute to differences in behavior and psychopathology that emerge during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari M Fish
- Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ajay Nadig
- Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jakob Seidlitz
- Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Paul K Reardon
- Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Catherine Mankiw
- Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Cassidy L McDermott
- Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jonathan D Blumenthal
- Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Liv S Clasen
- Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Francois Lalonde
- Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jason P Lerch
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada; Neurosciences and Mental Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A OG4; Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A OG4, Canada
| | - Russell T Shinohara
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Armin Raznahan
- Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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134
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Puberty and functional brain development in humans: Convergence in findings? Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 39:100690. [PMID: 31450015 PMCID: PMC6969369 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is a long history of studying the influence of pubertal hormones on brain function/structure in animals, this research in human adolescents is young but burgeoning. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of findings from neuroimaging studies investigating the relation between pubertal and functional brain development in humans. We quantified the findings from this literature in which statistics required for standard meta-analyses are often not provided (i.e., effect size in fMRI studies). To do so, we assessed convergence in findings within content domains (reward, facial emotion, social information, cognitive processing) in terms of the locus and directionality (i.e., positive/negative) of effects. Face processing is the only domain with convergence in the locus of effects in the amygdala. Social information processing is the only domain with convergence of positive effects; however, these effects are not consistently present in any brain region. There is no convergence of effects in either the reward or cognitive processing domains. This limited convergence in findings across domains is not the result of null findings or even due to the variety of experimental paradigms researchers employ. Instead, there are critical theoretical, methodological, and analytical issues that must be addressed in order to move the field forward.
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135
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Kuula L, Gradisar M, Martinmäki K, Richardson C, Bonnar D, Bartel K, Lang C, Leinonen L, Pesonen AK. Using big data to explore worldwide trends in objective sleep in the transition to adulthood. Sleep Med 2019; 62:69-76. [PMID: 31563008 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development induces changes in sleep, and its duration has been reported to change as a function of aging. Additionally, sleep timing is a marker of pubertal maturation, where during adolescence, the circadian rhythm shifts later. Typically, this is manifested in a later sleep onset in the evening and later awakening in the morning. These changes across development seem to be universal around the world but are unlikely to persist into adulthood. METHODS This study utilized accelerometer data from 17,355 participants aged 16-30 years (56% female) measured by validated Polar wearables over a 14-day period. We compared sleep duration, chronotype (sleep midpoint) and weekend catch-up (ie, social jetlag) sleep across ages and regions over 242,948 nights. RESULTS The data indicate a decline in sleep duration as well as a dramatic shift in sleep onset times throughout adolescence. This continues well into early adulthood and stabilizes nearer age 30. Differences in sleep duration across ages were significant, and ranged from 7:53 h at age 16 to 7:29 h at age 30 in the sample. Additionally, there was a clear difference between females and males throughout adolescence and young adulthood: girls had longer sleep duration and earlier timed sleep in the current study. Differences in sleep were found between regions across the world, and across European areas. CONCLUSIONS Both sleep duration and sleep timing go through a clear developmental pattern, particularly in early adulthood. Females had an earlier sleep midpoint and obtained more sleep. Regional differences in sleep occurred across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kuula
- SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - M Gradisar
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - K Martinmäki
- Polar Electro Oy, Research and Technology, Finland
| | - C Richardson
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - D Bonnar
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - K Bartel
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - C Lang
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Section Sport and Psychosocial Health, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - L Leinonen
- Polar Electro Oy, Research and Technology, Finland
| | - A K Pesonen
- SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Jansen TA, Korevaar TIM, Mulder TA, White T, Muetzel RL, Peeters RP, Tiemeier H. Maternal thyroid function during pregnancy and child brain morphology: a time window-specific analysis of a prospective cohort. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2019; 7:629-637. [PMID: 31262704 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(19)30153-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adequate thyroid hormone availability during pregnancy is necessary for optimal fetal brain development. During the first 18-20 weeks of gestation, fetal thyroid hormone availability largely depends on the placental transfer of maternal thyroxine. Although various studies have shown that maternal thyroid dysfunction is associated with suboptimal child neurodevelopmental outcomes, the most vulnerable time window remains to be identified. The aim of this study is to examine the association of maternal thyroid function with child brain morphology and to study whether any association depends on the timing of thyroid assessment. METHODS This prospective cohort study was part of the Generation R Study in Rotterdam, Netherlands, with a prospective population-based birth cohort. Pregnant women living in Rotterdam with an expected delivery date between April 1, 2002, and Jan 1, 2006, were eligible. Other inclusion criteria were maternal serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) measurement in early or mid-pregnancy (≤18 weeks) and available brain MRI data for child at age 10 years. Exclusion criteria were pre-existing thyroid disorder, thyroid disorder treatment, twin pregnancy, in-vitro fertilisation-induced pregnancy, and suboptimal-quality MRI data or major incidental finding on MRI. The main outcome was the association between maternal TSH and FT4 concentrations with brain MRI outcomes of children. Regression analyses accounted for gestational age at blood sampling, maternal age, ethnicity, education level, smoking, thyroid peroxidase antibody positivity, child sex, age at MRI, and total intracranial volume. Effect modification by gestational age at blood sampling was also investigated. FINDINGS Between Dec 1, 2001, and June 30, 2005, 7069 women were enrolled during early or mid-pregnancy (≤18 weeks of gestation), of whom 5088 were not included because they did not have available data on maternal serum TSH or FT4 concentrations (n=1175), their child did not have brain MRI done (n=3377), or they met exclusion criteria (n=536). Thus, 1981 mother-child pairs were included in the study, with TSH and FT4 concentrations measured during pregnancy at a median of 13·1 weeks of gestation (IQR 12·1-14·5) and offspring brain morphology assessed by MRI at a median age of 9·9 years (9·7-10·2). Maternal TSH had an inverted U-shaped association with offspring total grey matter volume (p=0·007) and with cortical grey matter volume (p=0·022). The association of maternal TSH with child total grey matter volume (pinteraction=0·053) and cortical volume (pinteraction=0·086) differed by the duration of gestation. Analyses stratified for gestational age at blood sampling showed an inverted U-shaped association of maternal TSH with child total grey matter volume and cortical grey matter volume, which was most evident at 8 weeks gestation. After about 14 weeks of gestation, TSH was no longer associated with child brain morphology. Maternal FT4 concentrations were not associated with child total grey matter volume after adjusting for total intracranial volume (p=0·75). INTERPRETATION Here, we show that both low and high maternal thyroid function are associated with smaller child total grey matter and cortical volume. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to show that an association with a neurodevelopmental outcome is most evident when maternal thyroid function is measured early in pregnancy. These novel findings suggest that embryonic brain development is particularly vulnerable to altered maternal thyroid function. FUNDING Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development and the Sophia Children's Hospital Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyah A Jansen
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Health Sciences, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tim I M Korevaar
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Health Sciences, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tessa A Mulder
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ryan L Muetzel
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health.
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137
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Abstract
At the onset of puberty, ovarian hormones increase inhibitory tone in the prefrontal cortex. Inhibitory maturation is a hallmark of the initiation of developmental windows of neural plasticity; pubertal hormones may trigger the opening of an adolescent critical period for experience-dependent rewiring of circuits underlying executive function.
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138
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Schumann CM, Scott JA, Lee A, Bauman MD, Amaral DG. Amygdala growth from youth to adulthood in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:3034-3045. [PMID: 31173365 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the human amygdala undergoes extensive growth through adolescence, coinciding with the acquisition of complex socioemotional learning. Our objective was to longitudinally map volumetric growth of the nonhuman primate amygdala in a controlled, naturalistic social environment from birth to adulthood. Magnetic resonance images were collected at five time-points in 24 male and female rhesus macaques from 6 months to adulthood at 5 years. We then compared amygdala growth to other brain regions, including newly collected isocortical gray and white matter volumes, and previously published data on the same cohort. We found that amygdala volume increases by nearly 50% from age 6 months to 5 years. This dramatic growth is in contrast to overall brain and hippocampal volume, which peak near 3 years, white matter, which slows from 3 to 5 years, and isocortical gray, which has a net decrease. Similar to isocortical gray and hippocampal volumes, amygdala volume is ~8% larger in males than females. Rate of growth does not differ by sex. Although the underlying neurobiological substrate for protracted amygdala growth into adulthood is unclear, we propose it may be due in part to the unique cellular development of immature neurons in paralaminar nucleus that mature in size and connectivity with age. Prolonged amygdala maturation raises the possibility that environmental and genetic perturbations that disrupt this trajectory may contribute to the emergence of psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and autism; all in which the amygdala is strongly implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Schumann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; and the MIND Institute, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Julia A Scott
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California
| | - Aaron Lee
- Center for Virtual Care, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Melissa D Bauman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; and the MIND Institute, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - David G Amaral
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; and the MIND Institute, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
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139
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Estrada E, Ferrer E, Román FJ, Karama S, Colom R. Time-lagged associations between cognitive and cortical development from childhood to early adulthood. Dev Psychol 2019; 55:1338-1352. [PMID: 30829509 PMCID: PMC6533129 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Throughout childhood and adolescence, humans experience marked changes in cortical structure and cognitive ability. Cortical thickness and surface area, in particular, have been associated with cognitive ability. Here we ask the question: What are the time-related associations between cognitive changes and cortical structure maturation. Identifying a developmental sequence requires multiple measurements of these variables from the same individuals across time. This allows capturing relations among the variables and, thus, finding whether (a) developmental cognitive changes follow cortical structure maturation, (b) cortical structure maturation follows cognitive changes, or (c) both processes influence each other over time. Four hundred and thiry children and adolescents (age range = 6.01-22.28 years) completed the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence battery and were MRI scanned at 3 time points separated by ≈2 years (Mage T1 = 10.60, SD = 3.58; Mage T2 = 12.63, SD = 3.62; Mage T3 = 14.49, SD = 3.55). Latent change score models were applied to quantify age-related relationships among the variables of interest. Our results indicate that cortical and cognitive changes related to each other reciprocally. Specifically, the magnitude or rate of the change in each variable at any occasion-and not the previous level-was predictive of later changes. These results were replicated for brain regions selected according to the coordinates identified in the Basten et al.'s (2015) meta-analysis, to the parieto-frontal integration theory (Jung & Haier, 2007) and to the whole cortex. Potential implications regarding brain plasticity and cognitive enhancement are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilio Ferrer
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
| | | | | | - Roberto Colom
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
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140
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Yang W, Guo Q, Li J, Wang X, Pan B, Wang Y, Wu L, Yan J, Cheng Z. microRNA-124 attenuates isoflurane-induced neurological deficits in neonatal rats via binding to EGR1. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:23017-23032. [PMID: 31131895 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Isoflurane anesthesia induces neuroapoptosis in the development of the brain. In this study, neonatal rats and hippocampal neurons were subjected to isoflurane exposure, in which the effect of miR-124 on the neurological deficits induced by isoflurane was evaluated. Isoflurane anesthesia models were induced in neonatal SD rats aged 7 days and then treated with miR-124 agomir, miR-124 antagomir, or LV-CMV-early growth response 1 (EGR1) plasmids. Then, the spatial learning and memory ability of rats were evaluated by Morris water maze. Furthermore, primary hippocampal neurons cultured 7 days were also exposed to isoflurane and transfected with miR-124 agomir, miR-124 antagomir, or LV-CMV-EGR1 plasmids. The targeting relationship of miR-124 and EGR1 was verified by the dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. To identify the effect of miR-124 on neuron activities, the viability and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons were assessed. In response to isoflurane exposure, miR-124 expression was reduced and EGR1 expression was increased in the hippocampal tissues and neurons. The isoflurane anesthesia damaged rats' spatial learning and memory ability, and reduced viability, and promoted apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. EGR1 was targeted and negatively regulated by miR-124. The treatment of miR-124 agomir improved rats' spatial learning and memory ability and notably increased hippocampal neuron viability and resistance to apoptosis, corresponding to an increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, inhibited expression of proapoptotic factors (cleaved-Caspase-3 and Bax), and enhanced the expression of antiapoptotic factor (Bcl-2). Upregulated miR-124 inhibited the expression of EGR1, by which mechanism miR-124 reduced the neurological deficits induced by isoflurane in neonatal rats through inhibiting apoptosis of hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Qulian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Ximei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Bingbing Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Yunjiao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Jianqin Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
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van Duijvenvoorde ACK, Westhoff B, de Vos F, Wierenga LM, Crone EA. A three-wave longitudinal study of subcortical-cortical resting-state connectivity in adolescence: Testing age- and puberty-related changes. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:3769-3783. [PMID: 31099959 PMCID: PMC6767490 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood, characterized by substantial changes in reward‐driven behavior. Although reward‐driven behavior is supported by subcortical‐medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) connectivity, the development of these circuits is not well understood. Particularly, while puberty has been hypothesized to accelerate organization and activation of functional neural circuits, the relationship between age, sex, pubertal change, and functional connectivity has hardly been studied. Here, we present an analysis of resting‐state functional connectivity between subcortical structures and the medial PFC, in 661 scans of 273 participants between 8 and 29 years, using a three‐wave longitudinal design. Generalized additive mixed model procedures were used to assess the effects of age, sex, and self‐reported pubertal status on connectivity between subcortical structures (nucleus accumbens, caudate, putamen, hippocampus, and amygdala) and cortical medial structures (dorsal anterior cingulate, ventral anterior cingulate, subcallosal cortex, frontal medial cortex). We observed an age‐related strengthening of subcortico‐subcortical and cortico‐cortical connectivity. Subcortical–cortical connectivity, such as, between the nucleus accumbens—frontal medial cortex, and the caudate—dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, however, weakened across age. Model‐based comparisons revealed that for specific connections pubertal development described developmental change better than chronological age. This was particularly the case for changes in subcortical–cortical connectivity and distinctively for boys and girls. Together, these findings indicate changes in functional network strengthening with pubertal development. These changes in functional connectivity may maximize the neural efficiency of interregional communication and set the stage for further inquiry of biological factors driving adolescent functional connectivity changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C K van Duijvenvoorde
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bianca Westhoff
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frank de Vos
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lara M Wierenga
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline A Crone
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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142
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Neural correlates of word learning in children. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 37:100649. [PMID: 31100507 PMCID: PMC6969309 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We measured brain activity patterns for recognizing newly trained words in children. Retrieval related activation in the hippocampus decreased a week after training. Lexical integration effect was not observed even after a delay of 1 week. Younger group used right hemisphere more whereas teens used left hemisphere more.
Memory representations of words are thought to undergo changes with consolidation: Episodic memories of novel words are transformed into lexical representations that interact with other words in the mental dictionary. Behavioral studies have shown that this lexical integration process is enhanced when there is more time for consolidation. Neuroimaging studies have further revealed that novel word representations are initially represented in a hippocampally-centered system, whereas left posterior middle temporal cortex activation increases with lexicalization. In this study, we measured behavioral and brain responses to newly-learned words in children. Two groups of Dutch children, aged between 8–10 and 14–16 years, were trained on 30 novel Japanese words depicting novel concepts. Children were tested on word-forms, word-meanings, and the novel words’ influence on existing word processing immediately after training, and again after a week. In line with the adult findings, hippocampal involvement decreased with time. Lexical integration, however, was not observed immediately or after a week, neither behaviorally nor neurally. It appears that time alone is not always sufficient for lexical integration to occur. We suggest that other factors (e.g., the novelty of the concepts and familiarity with the language the words are derived from) might also influence the integration process.
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143
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Tang Y, Shen J, Zhang F, Yang FY, Liu M. Human serum albumin attenuates global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury in a Wnt/β-Catenin/ROS signaling-dependent manner in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108871. [PMID: 31026729 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to clarify the role and underlying mechanisms of human serum albumin (HSA) therapy in global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (GCI/R)-induced brain damage in rats. Five groups of adult male Wistar rats (n = 12 per group) were created as follows: sham operation (Sham), global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (GCI/R), HSA treatment (GCI/R + HSA), Dickkopf-1 (DDK1) treatment (GCI/R + DDK1), and DDK1 plus HSA treatment (GCI/R + DKK1 + HSA). The GCI/R injury model was created using the modified Pusinelli four-vessel occlusion method. After 24 h, rats were evaluated using neurological scoring, Nissl staining, and brain tissue water content. The mRNA expression of Wnt, GSK3β, and β-Catenin in the brain were detected by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. The protein expression of β-Catenin and GSK-3β were investigated by western blot and immunohistochemical analysis in the presence and absence of the Wnt/β-Catenin antagonist, DKK-1. Complex I activity and ROS content were also measured. After 24 h of reperfusion, the behavior score and brain tissue water content in the GCI/R + HSA group were lower than that in the GCI/R group. In addition, the degree of neuronal injury was significantly reduced in the GCI/R + HSA group (P < 0.05). The ROS content was significantly decreased and Complex I activity was markedly raised in the GCI/R + HSA group compared to the GCI/R group (P < 0.05). Further, GSK-3β expression in the GCI/R + HSA group was lower than that in the GCI/R group, while the Wnt and β-catenin expression were increased. These effects were reversed by DKK1. Taken together, we showed that HSA attenuates GCI/R-induced brain damage and may be neuroprotective via regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin/ROS signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuedong Tang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Medical Center of Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Care, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Medical Research Centre for Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Care, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Medical Center of Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Care, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Medical Research Centre for Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Care, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Medical Center of Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Care, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Medical Research Centre for Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Care, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei-Yu Yang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Medical Center of Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Care, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Medical Research Centre for Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Care, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Respiration, Shanghai Punan Hospital, Shanghai, China
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144
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Nguyen TV, Jones SL, Gower T, Lew J, Albaugh MD, Botteron KN, Hudziak JJ, Fonov VS, Collins DL, Campbell BC, Booij L, Herba CM, Monnier P, Ducharme S, Waber D, McCracken JT. Age-specific associations between oestradiol, cortico-amygdalar structural covariance, and verbal and spatial skills. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12698. [PMID: 30776161 PMCID: PMC6482064 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oestradiol is known to play an important role in the developing human brain, although little is known about the entire network of potential regions that might be affected and how these effects may vary from childhood to early adulthood, which in turn can explain sexually differentiated behaviours. In the present study, we examined the relationships between oestradiol, cortico-amygdalar structural covariance, and cognitive or behavioural measures typically showing sex differences (verbal/spatial skills, anxious-depressed symptomatology) in 152 children and adolescents (aged 6-22 years). Cortico-amygdalar structural covariance shifted from positive to negative across the age range. Oestradiol was found to diminish the impact of age on cortico-amygdalar covariance for the pre-supplementary motor area/frontal eye field and retrosplenial cortex (across the age range), as well as for the posterior cingulate cortex (in older children). Moreover, the influence of oestradiol on age-related cortico-amygdalar networks was associated with higher word identification and spatial working memory (across the age range), as well as higher reading comprehension (in older children), although it did not impact anxious-depressed symptoms. There were no significant sex effects on any of the above relationships. These findings confirm the importance of developmental timing on oestradiol-related effects and hint at the non-sexually dimorphic role of oestradiol-related cortico-amygdalar structural networks in aspects of cognition distinct from emotional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuong-Vi Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A1A1
- Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada, H4A 3J1
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada, H4A 3J1
| | - Sherri Lee Jones
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H4A 3J1
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada, H4H 1R3
| | - Tricia Gower
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H4A 3J1
| | - Jimin Lew
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H4A 3J1
| | - Matthew D Albaugh
- Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA, 05405
| | - Kelly N Botteron
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA, 63110
- Brain Development Cooperative Group
| | - James J Hudziak
- Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA, 05405
- Brain Development Cooperative Group
| | - Vladimir S Fonov
- McConnell Brain imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC Canada H3A 2B4
| | - D. Louis Collins
- McConnell Brain imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Benjamin C Campbell
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA, 53211
| | - Linda Booij
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A1A1
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H4B 1R6
- CHU Sainte Justine Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3T1C5
| | - Catherine M. Herba
- CHU Sainte Justine Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3T1C5
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC,
Canada
| | - Patricia Monnier
- Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada, H4A 3J1
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada, H4A 3J1
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A1A1
- McConnell Brain imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC Canada H3A 2B4
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 1A1
| | - Deborah Waber
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 02115
| | - James T McCracken
- Brain Development Cooperative Group
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California in Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,
USA, 90024
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145
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Selmeczy D, Fandakova Y, Grimm KJ, Bunge SA, Ghetti S. Longitudinal trajectories of hippocampal and prefrontal contributions to episodic retrieval: Effects of age and puberty. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 36:100599. [PMID: 30553718 PMCID: PMC6969281 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated longitudinal change in hippocampal and prefrontal contribution to episodic retrieval. Functional neuroimaging data were collected during an item-context association memory task for children between the ages of 8 and 14 with individuals scanned 1-3 times over the course of 0.75-3.7 years (Timepoint 1 N = 90; Timepoint 2 N = 83, Timepoint 3 N = 75). We investigated developmental changes in functional activation associated with episodic retrieval (correct item-context > incorrect item-context contrast) and asked whether pubertal changes contributed to developmental changes in pattern of activation. Non-linear developmental trajectories were observed. In the hippocampus, activation decreased with age during childhood and then increased into early adolescence. In the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, activation was largely absent initially, but quickly accelerated over time. Independent of age, changes in pubertal status additionally predicted increases in item-context activation in initially older children, and decreases in initially younger children across both regions and two indicators of puberty: the Pubertal Development Scale and salivary testosterone. These findings suggest that changes in both age and pubertal status uniquely contribute to memory-related activation, and the timing of pubertal onset may play an important role in the neural mechanisms supporting memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Selmeczy
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Yana Fandakova
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin J Grimm
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Silvia A Bunge
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Simona Ghetti
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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146
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Young J, Xu C, Papadakis GE, Acierno JS, Maione L, Hietamäki J, Raivio T, Pitteloud N. Clinical Management of Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:669-710. [PMID: 30698671 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The initiation and maintenance of reproductive capacity in humans is dependent on pulsatile secretion of the hypothalamic hormone GnRH. Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare disorder that results from the failure of the normal episodic GnRH secretion, leading to delayed puberty and infertility. CHH can be associated with an absent sense of smell, also termed Kallmann syndrome, or with other anomalies. CHH is characterized by rich genetic heterogeneity, with mutations in >30 genes identified to date acting either alone or in combination. CHH can be challenging to diagnose, particularly in early adolescence where the clinical picture mirrors that of constitutional delay of growth and puberty. Timely diagnosis and treatment will induce puberty, leading to improved sexual, bone, metabolic, and psychological health. In most cases, patients require lifelong treatment, yet a notable portion of male patients (∼10% to 20%) exhibit a spontaneous recovery of their reproductive function. Finally, fertility can be induced with pulsatile GnRH treatment or gonadotropin regimens in most patients. In summary, this review is a comprehensive synthesis of the current literature available regarding the diagnosis, patient management, and genetic foundations of CHH relative to normal reproductive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Young
- University of Paris-Sud, Paris-Sud Medical School, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bicêtre Hôpital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM Unité 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Cheng Xu
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georgios E Papadakis
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - James S Acierno
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Maione
- University of Paris-Sud, Paris-Sud Medical School, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bicêtre Hôpital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM Unité 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Johanna Hietamäki
- Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taneli Raivio
- Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nelly Pitteloud
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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147
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Dir AL, Hummer TA, Aalsma MC, Hulvershorn LA. Pubertal influences on neural activation during risky decision-making in youth with ADHD and disruptive behavior disorders. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 36:100634. [PMID: 30889545 PMCID: PMC6560631 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Risk-taking during adolescence is a leading cause of mortality; Neuroscience research examining pubertal effects on decision-making is needed to better inform interventions, particularly among youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD) and disruptive behavior disorders (DBD), who are particularly prone to risky decision-making. We examined effects of pubertal development on risky decision-making and neural activation during decision-making among youth with ADHD/DBDs. METHOD Forty-six 11-12-year-olds (29.4% girls; 54.9% white; Tanner M(SD) = 2.08(1.32)) who met DSM-5 criteria for ADHD/DBD completed the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) during fMRI scanning. We examined effects of Tanner stage, sex, and age on risky decision-making (mean wager at which individuals stopped balloon inflation) and neural activation in the middle frontal gyrus and the ventral striatum during the choice and outcome phases of decision-making. RESULTS Those in earlier pubertal stages made riskier decisions during the BART compared to those in later Tanner stages (β=-0.62, p = .02). Later pubertal stage was associated with greater activation in the left middle frontal gyrus (β=0.61, p = .03) during the choice phase and in the right ventral striatum in response to rewards (β=0.59, p = .03). CONCLUSION Youth with ADHD/DBD in later stages of puberty, regardless of age, show greater ventral striatal activation in response to rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson L Dir
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Tom A Hummer
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Matthew C Aalsma
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Leslie A Hulvershorn
- Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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148
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De Meo E, Meani A, Moiola L, Ghezzi A, Veggiotti P, Filippi M, Rocca MA. Dynamic gray matter volume changes in pediatric multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2019; 92:e1709-e1723. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesTo assess, using MRI, the spatial patterns of gray matter (GM) atrophy in pediatric patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), their dynamic changes over time, and their clinical relevance.MethodsSixty-eight pediatric patients with MS (30 with a clinical and MRI follow-up after 3.5 years) and 26 healthy controls (HC) underwent clinical and MRI evaluation. To overcome difficulties in obtaining longitudinal scans in pediatric HC, a group of 317 pediatric HC from an NIH-funded MRI Study of Normal Brain Development was used to estimate GM developmental trajectories. In pediatric patients with MS, deviations from normative GM volume values at the voxel level were assessed at baseline and during the follow-up, using linear mixed-effects models. Correlations between GM volume deviations and disability, IQ, and white matter (WM) lesion volumes (LV) were estimated.ResultsPediatric patients with MS showed failures in GM development in several cortical and subcortical regions, as well as GM atrophy progression in most of these regions, which were only partially related to focal WM LV. Significant correlations were found between regional GM atrophy (particularly of deep GM regions) and disability, whereas higher IQ was associated with reduced deviations from age-expected GM volumes of specific GM regions at baseline and during the follow-up.ConclusionsImpaired GM maturation occurs in pediatric patients with MS, which is only partially driven by WM inflammation, suggesting that early neurodegenerative phenomena contribute to disability. High IQ, a measure of reserve, may offer protection by promoting remodeling of GM pruning in this young age.
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149
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Mendle J, Beltz AM, Carter R, Dorn LD. Understanding Puberty and Its Measurement: Ideas for Research in a New Generation. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2019; 29:82-95. [PMID: 30869839 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of puberty is an intricate and precise task, requiring a match between participants' developmental age and appropriate techniques to identify and capture variations in maturation. Much of the foundational work on puberty and its psychosocial correlates was conducted several decades ago. In this article, we review the biological foundation of puberty; the operationalization of puberty in statistical analyses; and strategies for considering diversity and social context in research to help researchers align measurement with meaningful conceptual questions. These three areas are particularly important, given new statistical techniques, greater awareness of individual variations in development, and key differences between past cohorts and youth coming of age today.
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150
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Goddings AL, Beltz A, Peper JS, Crone EA, Braams BR. Understanding the Role of Puberty in Structural and Functional Development of the Adolescent Brain. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2019; 29:32-53. [PMID: 30869842 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, there has been a tremendous increase in our understanding of structural and functional brain development in adolescence. However, understanding the role of puberty in this process has received much less attention. This review examines this relationship by summarizing recent research studies where the role of puberty was investigated in relation to brain structure, connectivity, and task-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The studies together suggest that puberty may contribute to adolescent neural reorganization and maturational advancement, and sex differences also emerge in puberty. The current body of work shows some mixed results regarding impact and exact direction of pubertal influence. We discuss several limitations of current studies and propose future directions on how to move the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiska S Peper
- Leiden University
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition
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