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Tesori V, Puglisi MA, Lattanzi W, Gasbarrini GB, Gasbarrini A. Update on small intestinal stem cells. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:4671-8. [PMID: 23922464 PMCID: PMC3732839 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i29.4671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among somatic stem cells, those residing in the intestine represent a fascinating and poorly explored research field. Particularly, somatic stem cells reside in the small intestine at the level of the crypt base, in a constant balance between self-renewal and differentiation. Aim of the present review is to delve into the mechanisms that regulate the delicate equilibrium through which intestinal stem cells orchestrate intestinal architecture. To this aim, special focus will be addressed to identify the integrating signals from the surrounding niche, supporting a model whereby distinct cell populations facilitate homeostatic vs injury-induced regeneration.
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102
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Abstract
Paneth cells are highly specialized epithelial cells of the small intestine, where they coordinate many physiological functions. First identified more than a century ago on the basis of their readily discernible secretory granules by routine histology, these cells are located at the base of the crypts of Lieberkühn, tiny invaginations that line the mucosal surface all along the small intestine. Investigations over the past several decades determined that these cells synthesize and secrete substantial quantities of antimicrobial peptides and proteins. More recent studies have determined that these antimicrobial molecules are key mediators of host-microbe interactions, including homeostatic balance with colonizing microbiota and innate immune protection from enteric pathogens. Perhaps more intriguing, Paneth cells secrete factors that help sustain and modulate the epithelial stem and progenitor cells that cohabitate in the crypts and rejuvenate the small intestinal epithelium. Dysfunction of Paneth cell biology contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans C Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan, Utrecht 3584CT, The Netherlands.
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103
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Blanpain C, Simons BD. Unravelling stem cell dynamics by lineage tracing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 14:489-502. [PMID: 23860235 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic and postnatal development, the different cells types that form adult tissues must be generated and specified in a precise temporal manner. During adult life, most tissues undergo constant renewal to maintain homeostasis. Lineage-tracing and genetic labelling technologies are beginning to shed light on the mechanisms and dynamics of stem and progenitor cell fate determination during development, tissue maintenance and repair, as well as their dysregulation in tumour formation. Statistical approaches, based on proliferation assays and clonal fate analyses, provide quantitative insights into cell kinetics and fate behaviour. These are powerful techniques to address new questions and paradigms in transgenic mouse models and other model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Blanpain
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Brussels, Belgium.
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104
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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105
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Random chromosome segregation in mouse intestinal epithelial stem cells. Chromosome Res 2013; 21:213-24. [PMID: 23681655 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-013-9351-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian intestinal epithelium is endowed with a high cell turnover sustained by a few stem cells located in the bottoms of millions of crypts. Until recently, it was generally assumed that the extreme sensitivity to DNA damaging agents leading to cell death and the asymmetric mode of chromosome segregation of intestinal epithelial stem cells prevented the illicit survival of mutated stem cells and guarded against mistakes leading to aneuploidy and neoplastic transformation. Recent evidence points instead to a pool of mutipotent self-renewing stem cells capable of repairing DNA by homologous recombination significantly more efficiently than other crypt cells. Furthermore, the equilibrium between cell division and differentiation is achieved at the level of the cell population obeying to a random mode of chromosome segregation and a predominantly symmetric mode of cell division. This review summarizes the experimental findings on the mode of cell division adopted by intestinal epithelial stem cells.
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106
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Inflammation and immunity in radiation damage to the gut mucosa. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:123241. [PMID: 23586015 PMCID: PMC3614034 DOI: 10.1155/2013/123241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Erythema was observed on the skin of the first patients treated with radiation therapy. It is in particular to reduce this erythema, one feature of tissue inflammation, that prescribed dose to the tumor site started to be fractionated. It is now well known that radiation exposure of normal tissues generates a sustained and apparently uncontrolled inflammatory process. Radiation-induced inflammation is always observed, often described, sometimes partly explained, but still today far from being completely understood. The thing with the gut and especially the gut mucosa is that it is at the frontier between the external milieu and the organism, is in contact with a plethora of commensal and foreign antigens, possesses a dense-associated lymphoid tissue, and is particularly radiation sensitive because of a high mucosal turnover rate. All these characteristics make the gut mucosa a strong responsive organ in terms of radiation-induced immunoinflammation. This paper will focus on what has been observed in the normal gut and what remains to be done concerning the immunoinflammatory response following localized radiation exposure.
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107
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Barker N, van Oudenaarden A, Clevers H. Identifying the stem cell of the intestinal crypt: strategies and pitfalls. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 11:452-60. [PMID: 23040474 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Decades ago, two nonoverlapping crypt stem cell populations were proposed: Leblond's Crypt Base Columnar (CBC) cell and Potten's +4 cell. The identification of CBC markers including Lgr5 has confirmed Leblond's predictions that CBC cells are anatomically distinct, long-lived stem cells that permanently cycle. While Potten originally described +4 cells as proliferative and unusually radiation-sensitive, recent efforts to identify +4 stem cells have focused on the identification of cells that are quiescent and radiation-resistant. Here, we describe commonalities and discrepancies between the individual studies and discuss challenges of marker-based lineage tracing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Barker
- Institute of Medical Biology, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos 138648, Singapore
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108
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Hu Z, Fu YX, Greenberg AJ, Wu CI, Zhai W. Age-dependent transition from cell-level to population-level control in murine intestinal homeostasis revealed by coalescence analysis. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003326. [PMID: 23468655 PMCID: PMC3585040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In multi-cellular organisms, tissue homeostasis is maintained by an exquisite balance between stem cell proliferation and differentiation. This equilibrium can be achieved either at the single cell level (a.k.a. cell asymmetry), where stem cells follow strict asymmetric divisions, or the population level (a.k.a. population asymmetry), where gains and losses in individual stem cell lineages are randomly distributed, but the net effect is homeostasis. In the mature mouse intestinal crypt, previous evidence has revealed a pattern of population asymmetry through predominantly symmetric divisions of stem cells. In this work, using population genetic theory together with previously published crypt single-cell data obtained at different mouse life stages, we reveal a strikingly dynamic pattern of stem cell homeostatic control. We find that single-cell asymmetric divisions are gradually replaced by stochastic population-level asymmetry as the mouse matures to adulthood. This lifelong process has important developmental and evolutionary implications in understanding how adult tissues maintain their homeostasis integrating the trade-off between intrinsic and extrinsic regulations. In multi-cellular organisms, there is a static equilibrium maintaining cells of various forms. This homeostasis is achieved by an exquisite balance between stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Understanding how different species and organ types maintain this dynamic equilibrium has been an interesting question for both evolutionary and developmental biologists. Using population genetic theory together with previously published single-cell sequencing data collected from mouse intestinal crypts at two points in development, we have revealed a dynamic picture of stem cell renewal in intestinal crypts. We found that intestinal equilibrium is maintained at the single-cell level through predominantly asymmetric stem cell divisions at early life stages, but progressively switches to a population level homeostasis with only symmetric divisions as the mouse matures to adulthood. This dynamic process, likely to be conserved across species, has important developmental and evolutionary implications in understanding how adult tissues maintain their homeostasis integrating lifelong trade-offs between intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Hu
- Center for Computational Biology and Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Xin Fu
- Human Genetics Center and Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Greenberg
- Departments of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Chung-I Wu
- Center for Computational Biology and Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WZ); (C-IW)
| | - Weiwei Zhai
- Center for Computational Biology and Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Center for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WZ); (C-IW)
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109
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Bu Z, Zheng Z, Zhang L, Li Z, Sun Y, Dong B, Wu A, Wu X, Wang X, Cheng X, Xing X, Li Y, Du H, Ji J. LGR5 is a promising biomarker for patients with stage I and II gastric cancer. Chin J Cancer Res 2013; 25:79-89. [PMID: 23372345 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2013.01.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) expressions in gastric cancer and to evaluate its clinical significance. METHODS LGR5 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 257 gastric cancer patients after surgery. The relationships between LGR5 expression and clinicopathological features and patients prognosis were statistically analyzed. RESULTS The expression of LGR5 was significantly higher in gastric cancers as a cancer stem cell marker than in adjacent normal tissues (P<0.001), and more frequently in patients with intestinal type, well-moderate differentiation and stage I and II (P<0.05). Although we found gastric cancer patients with LGR5 positive expression had a poorer prognosis, it didn't meet statistical significance (P>0.05). LGR5 negative expression was significantly related to the favorable overall survival in stage I and II gastric cancer patients (P<0.05). Furthermore, patients with high LGR5 expression tended to be more likely to get progression and have poorer progress-free survival (P<0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that LGR5 expression was an independent factor of overall survival for the patients with stage I and II gastric cancer (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that LGR5 may play an important role in tumorigenesis and progression and would be a powerful marker to predict the prognosis of patients with stage I and II gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaode Bu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
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110
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Sasai Y, Eiraku M, Suga H. In vitro organogenesis in three dimensions: self-organising stem cells. Development 2013; 139:4111-21. [PMID: 23093423 DOI: 10.1242/dev.079590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organ formation during embryogenesis is a complex process that involves various local cell-cell interactions at the molecular and mechanical levels. Despite this complexity, organogenesis can be modelled in vitro. In this article, we focus on two recent examples in which embryonic stem cells can self-organise into three-dimensional structures - the optic cup and the pituitary epithelium; and one case of self-organising adult stem cells - the gut epithelium. We summarise how these approaches have revealed intrinsic programs that drive locally autonomous modes of organogenesis and homeostasis. We also attempt to interpret the results of previous in vivo studies of retinal development in light of the self-organising nature of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Sasai
- Neurogenesis and Organogenesis Group, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan.
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111
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Pedersen J, Ugleholdt RK, Jørgensen SM, Windeløv JA, Grunddal KV, Schwartz TW, Füchtbauer EM, Poulsen SS, Holst PJ, Holst JJ. Glucose metabolism is altered after loss of L cells and α-cells but not influenced by loss of K cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E60-73. [PMID: 23115082 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00547.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The enteroendocrine K and L cells are responsible for secretion of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon like-peptide 1 (GLP-1), whereas pancreatic α-cells are responsible for secretion of glucagon. In rodents and humans, dysregulation of the secretion of GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon is associated with impaired regulation of metabolism. This study evaluates the consequences of acute removal of Gip- or Gcg-expressing cells on glucose metabolism. Generation of the two diphtheria toxin receptor cellular knockout mice, TgN(GIP.DTR) and TgN(GCG.DTR), allowed us to study effects of acute ablation of K and L cells and α-cells. Diphtheria toxin administration reduced the expression of Gip and content of GIP in the proximal jejunum in TgN(GIP.DTR) and expression of Gcg and content of proglucagon-derived peptides in both proximal jejunum and terminal ileum as well as content of glucagon in pancreas in TgN(GCG.DTR) compared with wild-type mice. GIP response to oral glucose was attenuated following K cell loss, but oral and intraperitoneal glucose tolerances were unaffected. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance was impaired following combined L cell and α-cell loss and normal following α-cell loss. Oral glucose tolerance was improved following L cell and α-cell loss and supernormal following α-cell loss. We present two mouse models that allow studies of the effects of K cell or L cell and α-cell loss as well as isolated α-cell loss. Our findings show that intraperitoneal glucose tolerance is dependent on an intact L cell mass and underscore the diabetogenic effects of α-cell signaling. Furthermore, the results suggest that K cells are less involved in acute regulation of mouse glucose metabolism than L cells and α-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pedersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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112
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Sgambato A, Corbi M, Svelto M, Caredda E, Cittadini A. New Insights into the CD133 (Prominin-1) Expression in Mouse and Human Colon Cancer Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 777:145-66. [PMID: 23161081 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5894-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Following its discovery as a cancer stem cell marker, CD133 has been widely studied for its role in colorectal tumorigenesis. Indeed, colon cancer remains one of the major causes of cancer-related disease and death worldwide, and there is a strong need for an improvement of current diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies. Thus, efforts have been devoted to try to understand whether CD133 might play a role in human colorectal tumorigenesis and might contribute to a better management of colon cancer patients. This chapter reviews the current knowledge on CD133 expression in normal and cancer colon tissues, both in humans and mice, discussing apparently conflicting data reported in the two species. Moreover, a great attention is devoted to the available information regarding the functional role of CD133 in colon cancer cells. Finally, the proposed clinical applications of CD133, as a prognostic and/or predictive marker as well as a target for novel antineoplastic strategies in colorectal cancer, are discussed. Overall, the available data support a potential important role of CD133 as cancer stem cell marker in colon cancer cells and warrant future studies to verify its potential use in the routine clinical management of colon cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sgambato
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy,
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113
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Abstract
The small and large intestines are tubular organs composed of several tissue types. The columnar epithelium that lines the inner surface of the intestines distinguishes the digestive physiology of each region of the intestine and consists of several distinct cell types that are rapidly and continually renewed by intestinal stem cells that reside near the base of the crypts of Lieberkühn. Notch signaling controls the fate of intestinal stem cells by regulating the expression of Hes genes and by repressing Atoh1. Alternate models of Notch pathway control of cell fate determination are presented. Roles for Notch signaling in development of the intestine, including mesenchymal and neural cells, are discussed. The oncogenic activities of Notch in colorectal cancer, as well as the tumor suppressive activities of Atoh1, are reviewed. Therapeutic targeting of the Notch pathway in colorectal cancers is discussed, along with potential caveats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko K Noah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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114
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Yokoo T, Fukui A, Kobayashi E. Application of regenerative medicine for kidney diseases. Organogenesis 2012; 3:34-43. [PMID: 19279698 DOI: 10.4161/org.3.1.3961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Following recent advancements of stem cell research, the potential for organ regeneration using somatic stem cells as an ultimate therapy for organ failure has increased. However, anatomically complicated organs such as the kidney and liver have proven more refractory to stem cell-based regenerative techniques. At present, kidney regeneration is considered to require one of two approaches depending on the type of renal failure, namely acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic renal failure (CRF).The kidney has the potential to regenerate itself provided that the damage is not too severe and the kidney's structure remains intact. Regenerative medicine for ARF should therefore aim to activate or support this potent. In cases of the irreversible damage to the kidney, which is most likely in patients with CRF undergoing long-term dialysis, self-renewal is totally lost. Thus, regenerative medicine for CRF will likely involve the establishment of a functional whole kidney de novo. This article reviews the challenges and recent advances in both approaches and discusses the potential approach of these novel strategies for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yokoo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension; Department of Internal Medicine; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan
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115
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MacVittie TJ, Bennett A, Booth C, Garofalo M, Tudor G, Ward A, Shea-Donohue T, Gelfond D, McFarland E, Jackson W, Lu W, Farese AM. The prolonged gastrointestinal syndrome in rhesus macaques: the relationship between gastrointestinal, hematopoietic, and delayed multi-organ sequelae following acute, potentially lethal, partial-body irradiation. HEALTH PHYSICS 2012; 103:427-53. [PMID: 22929471 PMCID: PMC4140097 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e318266eb4c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The dose response relationship for the acute gastrointestinal syndrome following total-body irradiation prevents analysis of the full recovery and damage to the gastrointestinal system, since all animals succumb to the subsequent 100% lethal hematopoietic syndrome. A partial-body irradiation model with 5% bone marrow sparing was established to investigate the prolonged effects of high-dose radiation on the gastrointestinal system, as well as the concomitant hematopoietic syndrome and other multi-organ injury including the lung. Herein, cellular and clinical parameters link acute and delayed coincident sequelae to radiation dose and time course post-exposure. Male rhesus Macaca mulatta were exposed to partial-body irradiation with 5% bone marrow (tibiae, ankles, feet) sparing using 6 MV linear accelerator photons at a dose rate of 0.80 Gy min(-1) to midline tissue (thorax) doses in the exposure range of 9.0 to 12.5 Gy. Following irradiation, all animals were monitored for multiple organ-specific parameters for 180 d. Animals were administered medical management including administration of intravenous fluids, antiemetics, prophylactic antibiotics, blood transfusions, antidiarrheals, supplemental nutrition, and analgesics. The primary endpoint was survival at 15, 60, or 180 d post-exposure. Secondary endpoints included evaluation of dehydration, diarrhea, hematologic parameters, respiratory distress, histology of small and large intestine, lung radiographs, and mean survival time of decedents. Dose- and time-dependent mortality defined several organ-specific sequelae, with LD50/15 of 11.95 Gy, LD50/60 of 11.01 Gy, and LD50/180 of 9.73 Gy for respective acute gastrointestinal, combined hematopoietic and gastrointestinal, and multi-organ delayed injury to include the lung. This model allows analysis of concomitant multi-organ sequelae, thus providing a link between acute and delayed radiation effects. Specific and multi-organ medical countermeasures can be assessed for efficacy and interaction during the concomitant evolution of acute and delayed key organ-specific subsyndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J MacVittie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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116
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MacVittie TJ, Farese AM, Bennett A, Gelfond D, Shea-Donohue T, Tudor G, Booth C, McFarland E, Jackson W. The acute gastrointestinal subsyndrome of the acute radiation syndrome: a rhesus macaque model. HEALTH PHYSICS 2012; 103:411-426. [PMID: 22929470 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e31826525f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of medical countermeasures against the acute gastrointestinal subsyndrome of the acute radiation syndrome in humans requires well characterized and validated animal models. These models must adhere to the criteria of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Animal Rule and consider the natural history and clinical context of the human radiation response and treatment in the nuclear terrorist scenario. The models must define the radiation dose- and time-dependent relationships for mortality and major signs of morbidity, including concurrent damage in other organs, such as the bone marrow, that may contribute to the overall mortality and morbidity. There are no such models of the gastrointestinal syndrome in response to total-body irradiation in the nonhuman primate. Herein, these parameters are defined for the rhesus macaque exposed to potentially lethal doses of radiation and administered medical management. Rhesus macaques (n = 69) were exposed bilaterally to 6 MV linear accelerator-derived photon total body irradiation to midline tissue (thorax) doses ranging from 10.0 to 14.0 Gy at 0.80 Gy min(-1). Following irradiation, all animals were administered supportive care consisting of fluids, anti-emetics, anti-diarrheal medication, antibiotics, blood transfusions, analgesics, and nutrition. The primary endpoint was survival at 15 d post-irradiation. Secondary endpoints included indices of dehydration, diarrhea, weight loss, hematological parameters, cellular histology of the small and large intestine, and mean survival time of decedents. Mortality within the 15-d in vivo study defined the acute gastrointestinal syndrome and provided an LD30/15 of 10.76 Gy, LD50/15 of 11.33 Gy, and an LD70/15 of 11.90 Gy. Intestinal crypt and villus loss were dose- and time-dependent with an apparent nadir 7 d post-irradiation and recovery noted thereafter. Severe myelosuppression and thrombocytopenia were noted in all animals, requiring the administration of antibiotics and blood transfusions. The model defines the dose response relationship and time course of acute gastrointestinal syndrome-induced morbidity and mortality in the rhesus macaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J MacVittie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, MD, USA.
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117
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van Es JH, Sato T, van de Wetering M, Lyubimova A, Yee Nee AN, Gregorieff A, Sasaki N, Zeinstra L, van den Born M, Korving J, Martens ACM, Barker N, van Oudenaarden A, Clevers H. Dll1+ secretory progenitor cells revert to stem cells upon crypt damage. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:1099-1104. [PMID: 23000963 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells generate enterocytes and secretory cells. Secretory lineage commitment requires Notch silencing. The Notch ligand Dll1 is expressed by a subset of immediate stem cell daughters. Lineage tracing in Dll1(GFP-ires-CreERT2) knock-in mice reveals that single Dll1(high) cells generate small, short-lived clones containing all four secretory cell types. Lineage specification thus occurs in immediate stem cell daughters through Notch lateral inhibition. Cultured Dll1(high) cells form long-lived organoids (mini-guts) on brief Wnt3A exposure. When Dll1(high) cells are genetically marked before tissue damage, stem cell tracing events occur. Thus, secretory progenitors exhibit plasticity by regaining stemness on damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan H van Es
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research & University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research & University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marc van de Wetering
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research & University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anna Lyubimova
- Dept. of Physics & Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Alex Gregorieff
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Nobuo Sasaki
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research & University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Laura Zeinstra
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research & University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maaike van den Born
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research & University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Korving
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research & University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anton C M Martens
- UMC Utrecht, Dept. of Immunology and Cell Biology, PO BOX 85090, 3508AB Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nick Barker
- Institute of Medical Biology, 06-06 Immunos, Singapore
| | - Alexander van Oudenaarden
- Dept. of Physics & Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research & University Medical Centre Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, Netherlands
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118
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Van Keymeulen A, Blanpain C. Tracing epithelial stem cells during development, homeostasis, and repair. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 197:575-84. [PMID: 22641343 PMCID: PMC3365500 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201201041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epithelia ensure many critical functions of the body, including protection against the external environment, nutrition, respiration, and reproduction. Stem cells (SCs) located in the various epithelia ensure the homeostasis and repair of these tissues throughout the lifetime of the animal. Genetic lineage tracing in mice has allowed the labeling of SCs and their progeny. This technique has been instrumental in characterizing the origin and heterogeneity of epithelial SCs, their tissue location, and their differentiation potential under physiological conditions and during tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Van Keymeulen
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, B-1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
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Sirakov M, Skah S, Nadjar J, Plateroti M. Thyroid hormone's action on progenitor/stem cell biology: new challenge for a classic hormone? Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:3917-27. [PMID: 22890105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones are involved in developmental and homeostatic processes in several tissues. Their action results in different outcomes depending on the developmental stage, tissue and/or cellular context. Interestingly, their pleiotropic roles are conserved across vertebrates. It is largely documented that thyroid hormones act via nuclear receptors, the TRs, which are transcription factors and whose activity can be modulated by the local availability of the hormone T3. In the "classical view", the T3-induced physiological response depends on the expression of specific TR isoforms and the iodothyronine deiodinase selenoenzymes that control the local level of T3, thus TR activity. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW Recent data have clearly established that the functionality of TRs is coordinated and integrated with other signaling pathways, specifically at the level of stem/progenitor cell populations. Here, we summarize these data and propose a new and intriguing role for thyroid hormones in two selected examples. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS In the intestinal epithelium and the retina, TRα1 and TRβ2 are expressed at the level of the precursors where they induce cell proliferation and differentiation, respectively. Moreover, these different functions result from the integration of the hormone signal with other intrinsic pathways, which play a fundamental role in progenitor/stem cell physiology. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, the interaction of TRs with other signaling pathways, specifically in stem/progenitor cells, is a new concept that may have biological relevance in therapeutic approaches aimed to target stem cells such as tissue engineering and cancer. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Thyroid hormone signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sirakov
- Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
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120
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Bellis J, Duluc I, Romagnolo B, Perret C, Faux MC, Dujardin D, Formstone C, Lightowler S, Ramsay RG, Freund JN, De Mey JR. The tumor suppressor Apc controls planar cell polarities central to gut homeostasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 198:331-41. [PMID: 22851318 PMCID: PMC3413367 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201204086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric stem cell divisions controlled by Apc in the intestinal crypt result in regulated, anisotropic movement of daughter cells away from the niche. The stem cells (SCs) at the bottom of intestinal crypts tightly contact niche-supporting cells and fuel the extraordinary tissue renewal of intestinal epithelia. Their fate is regulated stochastically by populational asymmetry, yet whether asymmetrical fate as a mode of SC division is relevant and whether the SC niche contains committed progenitors of the specialized cell types are under debate. We demonstrate spindle alignments and planar cell polarities, which form a novel functional unit that, in SCs, can yield daughter cell anisotropic movement away from niche-supporting cells. We propose that this contributes to SC homeostasis. Importantly, we demonstrate that some SC divisions are asymmetric with respect to cell fate and provide data suggesting that, in some SCs, mNumb displays asymmetric segregation. Some of these processes were altered in apparently normal crypts and microadenomas of mice carrying germline Apc mutations, shedding new light on the first stages of progression toward colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bellis
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7213, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 67401 Illkirch, France
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121
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Roth S, Franken P, Sacchetti A, Kremer A, Anderson K, Sansom O, Fodde R. Paneth cells in intestinal homeostasis and tissue injury. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38965. [PMID: 22745693 PMCID: PMC3380033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cell niches are often co-inhabited by cycling and quiescent stem cells. In the intestine, lineage tracing has identified Lgr5(+) cells as frequently cycling stem cells, whereas Bmi1(+), mTert(+), Hopx(+) and Lrig1(+) cells appear to be more quiescent. Here, we have applied a non-mutagenic and cell cycle independent approach to isolate and characterize small intestinal label-retaining cells (LRCs) persisting in the lower third of the crypt of Lieberkühn for up to 100 days. LRCs do not express markers of proliferation and of enterocyte, goblet or enteroendocrine differentiation, but are positive for Paneth cell markers. While during homeostasis, LR/Paneth cells appear to play a supportive role for Lgr5(+) stem cells as previously shown, upon tissue injury they switch to a proliferating state and in the process activate Bmi1 expression while silencing Paneth-specific genes. Hence, they are likely to contribute to the regenerative process following tissue insults such as chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Roth
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Franken
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Sacchetti
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kurt Anderson
- Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Owen Sansom
- Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo Fodde
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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122
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Rizk P, Barker N. Gut stem cells in tissue renewal and disease: methods, markers, and myths. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 4:475-96. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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123
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Carlone DL, Breault DT. Tales from the crypt: the expanding role of slow cycling intestinal stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 10:2-4. [PMID: 22226346 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Similar to other highly self-renewing tissues, the intestinal epithelium contains both slowly and rapidly cycling progenitor/stem cells, though their relationship has been largely unexplored. Two recent reports in Nature (Tian et al., 2011) and Science (Takeda et al., 2011) shed new light on their dynamic interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Carlone
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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124
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The intestinal epithelium tuft cells: specification and function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2907-17. [PMID: 22527717 PMCID: PMC3417095 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0984-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium, composed of at least seven differentiated cell types, represents an extraordinary model to understand the details of multi-lineage differentiation, a question that is highly relevant in developmental biology as well as for clinical applications. This review focuses on intestinal epithelial tuft cells that have been acknowledged as a separate entity for more than 60 years but whose function remains a mystery. We discuss what is currently known about the molecular basis of tuft cell fate and differentiation and why elucidating tuft cell function has been so difficult. Finally, we summarize the current hypotheses on their potential involvement in diseases of the gastro-intestinal tract.
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125
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Schepers A, Clevers H. Wnt signaling, stem cells, and cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:a007989. [PMID: 22474007 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a007989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway was originally uncovered as one of the prototype developmental signaling cascades in invertebrates as well as in vertebrates. The first indication that Wnt signaling also plays a role in the adult animal came from the study of the intestine of Tcf-4 (Tcf7L2) knockout mice. The gastrointestinal epithelium continuously self-renews over the lifetime of an organism and is, in fact, the most rapidly self-renewing tissue of the mammalian body. Recent studies indicate that Wnt signaling plays a central role in the biology of gastrointestinal stem cells. Furthermore, mutational activation of the Wnt cascade is the principle cause of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnout Schepers
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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126
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Olsen AK, Boyd M, Danielsen ET, Troelsen JT. Current and emerging approaches to define intestinal epithelium-specific transcriptional networks. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G277-86. [PMID: 22094602 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00362.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Upon developmental or environmental cues, the composition of transcription factors in a transcriptional regulatory network is deeply implicated in controlling the signature of the gene expression and thereby specifies the cell or tissue type. Novel methods including ChIP-chip and ChIP-Seq have been applied to analyze known transcription factors and their interacting regulatory DNA elements in the intestine. The intestine is an example of a dynamic tissue where stem cells in the crypt proliferate and undergo a differentiation process toward the villus. During this differentiation process, specific regulatory networks of transcription factors are activated to target specific genes, which determine the intestinal cell fate. The expanding genomewide mapping of transcription factor binding sites and construction of transcriptional regulatory networks provide new insight into how intestinal differentiation occurs. This review summarizes the current overview of the transcriptional regulatory networks driving epithelial differentiation in adult intestine. The novel technologies that have been implied to study these networks are presented and their prospects for implications in future research are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Krüger Olsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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127
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Kato K. Stem cells in human normal endometrium and endometrial cancer cells: characterization of side population cells. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2012; 28:63-71. [PMID: 22313532 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2011.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, adult stem cells have been identified in several mature tissues. The human endometrium is responsive to sex steroid hormone. It undergoes extraordinary growth in a cyclic manner and is shed and regenerated throughout a woman's lifetime. It has been proposed that the human endometrium may contain a population of stem cells, which are responsible for its remarkable regenerative ability. It is also suggested that stem-like cells exist in cancer tissues. Stem-like cell subpopulations, referred to as "side population" (SP) cells, have been identified in several tissues and tumors based on their ability to efflux the fluorescent dye Hoechst 33342. Recently, we isolated and characterized the SP cells in normal human endometrium and in an endometrial cancer (EC) cell line. Endometrial SP cells can function as progenitor cells. EC SP cells show the following: (1) reductions in the expression levels of differentiation markers; (2) long-term repopulating properties; (3) self-renewal capacity; (4) enhancement of migration and podia formation; (5) enhancement of tumorigenicity; and (6) bipotent developmental potential (tumor cells and stroma-like cells), suggesting that these SP cells have cancer stem-like cell features. We review the articles that show the presence of stem cells in normal endometrium and EC cells and demonstrate the results of our studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoko Kato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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128
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Multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry quantifies stem cell division and metabolism. Nature 2012; 481:516-9. [PMID: 22246326 PMCID: PMC3267887 DOI: 10.1038/nature10734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry with stable isotope labels has been seminal in discovering the dynamic state of living matter, but is limited to bulk tissues or cells. We developed multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry (MIMS) that allowed us to view and measure stable isotope incorporation with submicrometre resolution. Here we apply MIMS to diverse organisms, including Drosophila, mice and humans. We test the 'immortal strand hypothesis', which predicts that during asymmetric stem cell division chromosomes containing older template DNA are segregated to the daughter destined to remain a stem cell, thus insuring lifetime genetic stability. After labelling mice with (15)N-thymidine from gestation until post-natal week 8, we find no (15)N label retention by dividing small intestinal crypt cells after a four-week chase. In adult mice administered (15)N-thymidine pulse-chase, we find that proliferating crypt cells dilute the (15)N label, consistent with random strand segregation. We demonstrate the broad utility of MIMS with proof-of-principle studies of lipid turnover in Drosophila and translation to the human haematopoietic system. These studies show that MIMS provides high-resolution quantification of stable isotope labels that cannot be obtained using other techniques and that is broadly applicable to biological and medical research.
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129
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Ootani A. The tortoise and the hare?: Two distinct intestinal stem cell populations. Inflamm Regen 2012. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.32.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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130
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Cordero JB, Sansom OJ. Wnt signalling and its role in stem cell-driven intestinal regeneration and hyperplasia. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 204:137-43. [PMID: 21439026 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells are crucial for normal tissue homeostasis and regeneration upon damage. Deregulated stem cell proliferation and/or differentiation have been linked to the formation and progression of tumours. Due to its high regenerative potential, the adult intestinal epithelium is an excellent system to study the mechanisms that underpin regeneration and transformation. Since the discovery of stem cell markers in the mammalian intestine - such as Lgr5 - and the presence of Drosophila intestinal stem cells there have been field-changing discoveries that have revolutionized our understanding of intestinal homeostasis, stem cells and transformation. We will thus present a brief overview of these advances with an emphasis on the role of canonical Wnt signalling and the lessons learned from genetic tractable model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Cordero
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
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131
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Bjerknes M, Khandanpour C, Möröy T, Fujiyama T, Hoshino M, Klisch TJ, Ding Q, Gan L, Wang J, Martín MG, Cheng H. Origin of the brush cell lineage in the mouse intestinal epithelium. Dev Biol 2011; 362:194-218. [PMID: 22185794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mix progenitors are short-lived multipotential cells formed as intestinal epithelial stem cells initiate a differentiation program. Clone dynamics indicates that various epithelial cell lineages arise from Mix via a sequence of progressively restricted progenitor states. Lateral inhibitory Notch signaling between the daughters of Mix (DOM) is thought to break their initial symmetry, thereby determining whether a DOM invokes a columnar (absorptive) or granulocytic (secretory) cell lineage program. This is supported by the absence of granulocytes following enforced Notch signaling or Atoh1 deletion. Conversely, granulocytes increase in frequency following inhibition of Notch signaling or Hes1 deletion. Thus reciprocal repression between Hes1 and Atoh1 is thought to implement a Notch signaling-driven cell-fate-determining binary switch in DOM. The brush (tuft) cells, a poorly understood chemosensory cell type, are not incorporated into this model. We report that brush cell numbers increase dramatically following conditional Atoh1-deletion, demonstrating that brush cell production, determination, differentiation and survival are Atoh1-independent. We also report that brush cells are derived from Gfi1b-expressing progenitors. These and related results suggest a model in which initially equivalent DOM progenitors have three metastable states defined by the transcription factors Hes1, Atoh1, and Gfi1b. Lateral inhibitory Notch signaling normally ensures that Hes1 dominates in one of the two DOMs, invoking a columnar lineage program, while either Atoh1 or Gfi1b dominates in the other DOM, invoking a granulocytic or brush cell lineage program, respectively, and thus implementing a cell fate-determining ternary switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bjerknes
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Science Division, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.
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132
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Takeda N, Jain R, LeBoeuf MR, Wang Q, Lu MM, Epstein JA. Interconversion between intestinal stem cell populations in distinct niches. Science 2011; 334:1420-4. [PMID: 22075725 PMCID: PMC3705713 DOI: 10.1126/science.1213214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 584] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial stem cell identity and location have been the subject of substantial research. Cells in the +4 niche are slow-cycling and label-retaining, whereas a different stem cell niche located at the crypt base is occupied by crypt base columnar (CBC) cells. CBCs are distinct from +4 cells, and the relationship between them is unknown, though both give rise to all intestinal epithelial lineages. We demonstrate that Hopx, an atypical homeobox protein, is a specific marker of +4 cells. Hopx-expressing cells give rise to CBCs and all mature intestinal epithelial lineages. Conversely, CBCs can give rise to +4 Hopx-positive cells. These findings demonstrate a bidirectional lineage relationship between active and quiescent stem cells in their niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi Takeda
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rajan Jain
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew R. LeBoeuf
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Dermatology Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Qiaohong Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Min Min Lu
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Epstein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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133
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Legraverend C, Jay P. Hierarchy and plasticity in the crypt: back to the drawing board. Cell Res 2011; 21:1652-4. [PMID: 22105487 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2011.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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134
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Noah TK, Donahue B, Shroyer NF. Intestinal development and differentiation. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:2702-10. [PMID: 21978911 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we present an overview of intestinal development and cellular differentiation of the intestinal epithelium. The review is separated into two sections: Section one summarizes organogenesis of the small and large intestines, including endoderm and gut tube formation in early embryogenesis, villus morphogenesis, and crypt formation. Section two reviews cell fate specification and differentiation of each cell type within the intestinal epithelium. Growth factor and transcriptional networks that regulate these developmental processes are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko K Noah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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135
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Delta1 expression, cell cycle exit, and commitment to a specific secretory fate coincide within a few hours in the mouse intestinal stem cell system. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24484. [PMID: 21915337 PMCID: PMC3168508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The stem cells of the small intestine are multipotent: they give rise, via transit-amplifying cell divisions, to large numbers of columnar absorptive cells mixed with much smaller numbers of three different classes of secretory cells - mucus-secreting goblet cells, hormone-secreting enteroendocrine cells, and bactericide-secreting Paneth cells. Notch signaling is known to control commitment to a secretory fate, but why are the secretory cells such a small fraction of the population, and how does the diversity of secretory cell types arise? Using the mouse as our model organism, we find that secretory cells, and only secretory cells, pass through a phase of strong expression of the Notch ligand Delta1 (Dll1). Onset of this Dll1 expression coincides with a block to further cell division and is followed in much less than a cell cycle time by expression of Neurog3 – a marker of enteroendocrine fate – or Gfi1 – a marker of goblet or Paneth cell fate. By conditional knock-out of Dll1, we confirm that Delta-Notch signaling controls secretory commitment through lateral inhibition. We infer that cells stop dividing as they become committed to a secretory fate, while their neighbors continue dividing, explaining the final excess of absorptive over secretory cells. Our data rule out schemes in which cells first become committed to be secretory, and then diversify through subsequent cell divisions. A simple mathematical model shows how, instead, Notch signaling may simultaneously govern the commitment to be secretory and the choice between alternative modes of secretory differentiation.
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136
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Gastrointestinal stem cells in self-renewal and cancer. J Gastroenterol 2011; 46:1039-55. [PMID: 21728000 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-011-0424-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal epithelium is a unique model for the study of mammalian stem cells. Not only does it have a highly stereotypical organization, its remarkable rate of self-renewal provides a daily readout of stem cell activity. The past decade has seen a major investment in developing technologies dedicated to revealing the identity of the long-elusive gastrointestinal stem cells. An array of purported stem cell biomarkers is now available for the mouse, including surface-expressed proteins that hold great promise as antibody targets for use in isolating human stem cells. Here we critically appraise the validity of these biomarkers and discuss their likely impact on our understanding of stem cell roles in self-renewal and cancer in the gastrointestinal tract.
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137
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Hyodo S, Matsubara K, Kameda K, Matsubara Y. Endometrial injury increases side population cells in the uterine endometrium: a decisive role of estrogen. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2011; 224:47-55. [PMID: 21551981 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.224.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Normal endometrial growth is essential for embryonic implantation and maintenance of pregnancy. The uterine endometrium contains stem cells that are involved in tissue regeneration. Side population cells (SP cells) are an emerging cell population that may be responsible for the regeneration process of uterine endometrium. In this study, we investigated the changes in the distribution of SP cells using a mouse model of uterine endometrial injury that was induced by peritoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The uterine horns were collected 0, 6, 12, and 18 hours after LPS injection. ATP-binding cassette and sub-family G member 2 (Abcg2) is highly expressed on the cellular membrane of some stem and progenitor cells, and was used as a marker for SP cells. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that Abcg2-positive cells were increased around the uterine endometrial glands from 6 to 12 h after LPS injection. The percentage of Abcg2-positive cells was calculated using flow cytometry. The percentage of stromal SP cells was significantly higher at 6 h after LPS injection, compared with the value before the injection (3.01 ± 0.41% vs. 1.63 ± 0.31%, P < 0.05). To evaluate the influence of ovarian hormones, we implanted pellets containing 17β-estradiol (0.1 mg), progesterone (10 mg), or a combination of 17β-estradiol and progesterone in the bilaterally ovariectomized mice. Ovariectomy abolished the increase in SP cells, which was restored by estradiol, but not by progesterone or the combination treatment. In conclusion, estrogen is required for the increase of SP cells, thereby leading to the regeneration of the uterine endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Hyodo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
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138
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VOOIJS MARC, LIU ZHENYI, KOPAN RAPHAEL. Notch: architect, landscaper, and guardian of the intestine. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:448-59. [PMID: 21689653 PMCID: PMC4050496 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, enormous progress has been made in understanding the role of stem cells in physiologic tissue renewal and in pathologic processes such as cancer. These findings have shed light on the identity and biological properties of such cells and the intrinsic and extrinsic signals that balance stem cell self-renewal with differentiation. With its astonishing self-renewal capacity, the intestinal epithelium has provided a unique model to study stem cell biology, lineage specification, and cancer. Here we review the role of Notch signaling in physiologic cell renewal and differentiation in the intestine as well as during its malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARC VOOIJS
- Department of Radiotherapy, Maastricht Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO)/GROW School for Developmental Biology and Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - ZHENYI LIU
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - RAPHAEL KOPAN
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
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139
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Chia LA, Kuo CJ. The intestinal stem cell. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 96:157-73. [PMID: 21075344 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381280-3.00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is one of the most rapidly proliferating organs in the body. A complete turnover of the epithelium occurs every 3-5 days in the mouse, a process that is maintained by a small population of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) that reside in the crypt bases. The signals that regulate the behavior of these ISCs are still unknown. This has been due, until recently, to the singular lack of definitive ISC markers. The recent identification of genes that mark functional stem cells has yielded insights into how ISCs are regulated and maintained by their surrounding niche. Herein, we examine the body of literature regarding the precise identity and location of the ISCs, the role of the surrounding niche in ISC maintenance and regulation, as well as the hypothesis that the ISCs are the cells of origin in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Chia
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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140
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Takao T, Asanoma K, Kato K, Fukushima K, Tsunematsu R, Hirakawa T, Matsumura S, Seki H, Takeda S, Wake N. Isolation and characterization of human trophoblast side-population (SP) cells in primary villous cytotrophoblasts and HTR-8/SVneo cell line. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21990. [PMID: 21760941 PMCID: PMC3131303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, numerous studies have identified that immature cell populations including stem cells and progenitor cells can be found among “side-population” (SP) cells. Although SP cells isolated from some adult tissues have been reported elsewhere, isolation and characterization of human trophoblast SP remained to be reported. In this study, HTR-8/SVneo cells and human primary villous cytotrophoblasts (vCTBs) were stained with Hoechst 33342 and SP and non-SP (NSP) fractions were isolated using a cell sorter. A small population of SP cells was identified in HTR-8/SVneo cells and in vCTBs. SP cells expressed several vCTB-specific markers and failed to express syncytiotrophoblast (STB) or extravillous cytotrophopblast (EVT)-specific differentiation markers. SP cells formed colonies and proliferated on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeder cells or in MEF conditioned medium supplemented with heparin/FGF2, and they also showed long-term repopulating property. SP cells could differentiate into both STB and EVT cell lineages and expressed several differentiation markers. Microarray analysis revealed that IL7R and IL1R2 were exclusively expressed in SP cells and not in NSP cells. vCTB cells sorted as positive for both IL7R and IL1R2 failed to express trophoblast differentiation markers and spontaneously differentiated into both STB and EVT in basal medium. These features shown by the SP cells suggested that IL7R and IL1R2 are available as markers to detect the SP cells and that vCTB progenitor cells and trophoblast stem cells were involved in the SP cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoka Takao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Asanoma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kiyoko Kato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Fukushima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tsunematsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Sueo Matsumura
- Department of Nutrition Management, Faculty of Health Science, Hyogo University, Kakogawa-shi, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Seki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satoru Takeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Wake
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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141
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Gerbe F, van Es JH, Makrini L, Brulin B, Mellitzer G, Robine S, Romagnolo B, Shroyer NF, Bourgaux JF, Pignodel C, Clevers H, Jay P. Distinct ATOH1 and Neurog3 requirements define tuft cells as a new secretory cell type in the intestinal epithelium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 192:767-80. [PMID: 21383077 PMCID: PMC3051826 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tuft cells represent a fourth type of intestinal secretory cell that constitutes the primary source of endogenous intestinal opioids and are the only epithelial cell that constitutively express cyclooxygenases. The unique morphology of tuft cells was first revealed by electron microscopy analyses in several endoderm-derived epithelia. Here, we explore the relationship of these cells with the other cell types of the intestinal epithelium and describe the first marker signature allowing their unambiguous identification. We demonstrate that although mature tuft cells express DCLK1, a putative marker of quiescent stem cells, they are post-mitotic, short lived, derive from Lgr5-expressing epithelial stem cells, and are found in mouse and human tumors. We show that whereas the ATOH1/MATH1 transcription factor is essential for their differentiation, Neurog3, SOX9, GFI1, and SPDEF are dispensable, which distinguishes these cells from enteroendocrine, Paneth, and goblet cells, and raises from three to four the number of secretory cell types in the intestinal epithelium. Moreover, we show that tuft cells are the main source of endogenous intestinal opioids and are the only epithelial cells that express cyclooxygenase enzymes, suggesting important roles for these cells in the intestinal epithelium physiopathology.
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142
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PW1 gene/paternally expressed gene 3 (PW1/Peg3) identifies multiple adult stem and progenitor cell populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:11470-5. [PMID: 21709251 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1103873108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of markers are invaluable for identifying and purifying stem/progenitor cells. Here we report the generation of a murine reporter line driven by Pw1 that reveals cycling and quiescent progenitor/stem cells in all adult tissues thus far examined, including the intestine, blood, testis, central nervous system, bone, skeletal muscle, and skin. Neurospheres generated from the adult PW1-reporter mouse show near 100% reporter-gene expression following a single passage. Furthermore, epidermal stem cells can be purified solely on the basis of reporter-gene expression. These cells are clonogenic, repopulate the epidermal stem-cell niches, and give rise to new hair follicles. Finally, we demonstrate that only PW1 reporter-expressing epidermal cells give rise to follicles that are capable of self-renewal following injury. Our data demonstrate that PW1 serves as an invaluable marker for competent self-renewing stem cells in a wide array of adult tissues, and the PW1-reporter mouse serves as a tool for rapid stem cell isolation and characterization.
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143
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Yeung TM, Chia LA, Kosinski CM, Kuo CJ. Regulation of self-renewal and differentiation by the intestinal stem cell niche. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2513-23. [PMID: 21509540 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal epithelium is a highly organised tissue that is constantly being renewed. In order to maintain homeostasis, the balance between intestinal stem cell (ISC) self-renewal and differentiation must be carefully regulated. In this review, we describe how the intestinal stem cell niche provides a unique environment to regulate self-renewal and differentiation of ISCs. It has traditionally been believed that the mesenchymal myofibroblasts play an important role in the crosstalk between ISCs and the niche. However, recent evidence in Drosophila and in vertebrates suggests that epithelial cells also contribute to the niche. We discuss the multiple signalling pathways that are utilised to regulate stemness within the niche, including members of the Wnt, BMP and Hedgehog pathways, and how aberrations in these signals lead to disruption of the normal crypt-villus axis. Finally, we also discuss how CDX1 and inhibition of the Notch pathway are important in specifying enterocyte and goblet cell differentiation respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Yeung
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Sciences Research 1155, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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144
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Wei B, Chen L, Li R, Tian J. Stem cells in gastrointestinal cancers: a matter of choice in cell fate determination. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2011; 10:1621-33. [PMID: 20942633 DOI: 10.1586/era.10.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancerous stem cells share the same properties of self-renewal and differentiation as normal stem cells, and have a similar phenotype to adult stem cells isolated from the same tissue. Some believe that cancer stem cells are derived from mutation of normal stem cells, whereas others suspect them to have different origins. Although complicated and controversial, the stem cell as the progenitor of cancer has found support in leukemia research, and subsequently in some solid tumors. It was first accepted that both stem and progenitor cells could acquire genetic abnormalities that would lead to uncontrolled replication and dysregulated differentiation, causing them to transform into cancerous stem cells that might then initiate and maintain a tumor. In this article, we discuss recent progress in the studies of stomach and intestinal cancer stem cells, while focusing on the complex molecular pathways underlying stem cell transformation and gastrointestinal tumorigenesis. This understanding provides a basis for promising new therapies that may specifically target gastrointestinal cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, Peoples Republic of China
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145
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Graham TA, Humphries A, Sanders T, Rodriguez-Justo M, Tadrous PJ, Preston SL, Novelli MR, Leedham SJ, McDonald SAC, Wright NA. Use of methylation patterns to determine expansion of stem cell clones in human colon tissue. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:1241-1250.e1-9. [PMID: 21192938 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS It is a challenge to determine the dynamics of stem cells within human epithelial tissues such as colonic crypts. By tracking methylation patterns of nonexpressed genes, we have been able to determine how rapidly individual stem cells became dominant within a human colonic crypt. We also analyzed methylation patterns to study clonal expansion of entire crypts via crypt fission. METHODS Colonic mucosa was obtained from 9 patients who received surgery for colorectal cancer. The methylation patterns of Cardiac-specific homeobox, Myoblast determination protein 1, and Biglycan were examined within clonal cell populations, comprising either part of, or multiple adjacent, normal human colonic crypts. Clonality was demonstrated by following cytochrome c oxidase-deficient (CCO⁻) cells that shared an identical somatic point mutation in mitochondrial DNA. RESULTS Methylation pattern diversity among CCO⁻ clones that occupied only part of a crypt was proportional to clone size; this allowed us to determine rates of clonal expansion. Analysis indicated a slow rate of niche succession within the crypt. The 2 arms of bifurcating crypts had distinct methylation patterns, indicating that fission can disrupt epigenetic records of crypt ancestry. Adjacent clonal CCO⁻ crypts usually had methylation patterns as dissimilar to one another as methylation patterns of 2 unrelated crypts. Mathematical models indicated that stem cell dynamics and epigenetic drift could account for observed dissimilarities in methylation patterns. CONCLUSIONS Methylation patterns can be analyzed to determine the rates of recent clonal expansion of stem cells, but determination of clonality over many decades is restricted by epigenetic drift. We developed a technique to follow changes in intestinal stem cell dynamics in human epithelial tissues that might be used to study premalignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor A Graham
- Histopathology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK.
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146
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Escobar M, Nicolas P, Sangar F, Laurent-Chabalier S, Clair P, Joubert D, Jay P, Legraverend C. Intestinal epithelial stem cells do not protect their genome by asymmetric chromosome segregation. Nat Commun 2011; 2:258. [PMID: 21448157 PMCID: PMC3072071 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The idea that stem cells of adult tissues with high turnover are protected from DNA replication-induced mutations by maintaining the same 'immortal' template DNA strands together through successive divisions has been tested in several tissues. In the epithelium of the small intestine, the provided evidence was based on the assumption that stem cells are located above Paneth cells. The results of genetic lineage-tracing experiments point instead to crypt base columnar cells intercalated between Paneth cells as bona fide stem cells. Here we show that these cells segregate most, if not all, of their chromosomes randomly, both in the intact and in the regenerating epithelium. Therefore, the 'immortal' template DNA strand hypothesis does not apply to intestinal epithelial stem cells, which must rely on other strategies to avoid accumulating mutations. It has been proposed that stem cells use nonrandom chromosome segregation to avoid the accumulation of replication-induced mutations. Here, the authors examine intestinal epithelial stem-cell division and show, using label exclusion and retention assays, that the cells segregate their chromosomes randomly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Escobar
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, F-34000 Montpellier, France
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147
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Barker N, Bartfeld S, Clevers H. Tissue-resident adult stem cell populations of rapidly self-renewing organs. Cell Stem Cell 2011; 7:656-70. [PMID: 21112561 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial lining of the intestine, stomach, and skin is continuously exposed to environmental assault, imposing a requirement for regular self-renewal. Resident adult stem cell populations drive this renewal, and much effort has been invested in revealing their identity. Reliable adult stem cell biomarkers would accelerate our understanding of stem cell roles in tissue homeostasis and cancer. Membrane-expressed markers would also facilitate isolation of these adult stem cell populations for exploitation of their regenerative potential. Here, we review recent advances in adult stem cell biology, highlighting the promise and pitfalls of the candidate biomarkers of the various stem cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Barker
- Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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148
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Epithelial phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signaling is required for β-catenin activation and host defense against Citrobacter rodentium infection. Infect Immun 2011; 79:1863-72. [PMID: 21343355 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01025-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium infection of mice induces cell-mediated immune responses associated with crypt hyperplasia and epithelial β-catenin signaling. Recent data suggest that phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling cooperates with Wnt to activate β-catenin in intestinal stem and progenitor cells through phosphorylation at Ser552 (P-β-catenin(552)). Our aim was to determine whether epithelial PI3K/Akt activation is required for β-catenin signaling and host defense against C. rodentium. C57BL/6 mice were infected with C. rodentium and treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (vehicle control) or with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or wortmannin. The effects of infection on PI3K activation and β-catenin signaling were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The effects of PI3K inhibition on host defense were analyzed by the quantification of splenic and colon bacterial clearance, and adaptive immune responses were measured by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Increased numbers of P-β-catenin(552)-stained epithelial cells were found throughout expanded crypts in C. rodentium colitis. We show that the inhibition of PI3K signaling attenuates epithelial Akt activation, the Ser552 phosphorylation and activation of β-catenin, and epithelial cell proliferative responses during C. rodentium infection. PI3K inhibition impairs bacterial clearance despite having no impact on mucosal cytokine (gamma interferon [IFN-γ], tumor necrosis factor [TNF], interleukin-17 [IL-17], and IL-1β) or chemokine (CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10) induction. The results suggest that the host defense against C. rodentium requires epithelial PI3K activation to induce Akt-mediated β-catenin signaling and the clearance of C. rodentium independent of adaptive immune responses.
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149
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Lundgren O, Jodal M, Jansson M, Ryberg AT, Svensson L. Intestinal epithelial stem/progenitor cells are controlled by mucosal afferent nerves. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16295. [PMID: 21347406 PMCID: PMC3036584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The maintenance of the intestinal epithelium is of great importance for the survival of the organism. A possible nervous control of epithelial cell renewal was studied in rats and mice. Methods Mucosal afferent nerves were stimulated by exposing the intestinal mucosa to capsaicin (1.6 mM), which stimulates intestinal external axons. Epithelial cell renewal was investigated in the jejunum by measuring intestinal thymidine kinase (TK) activity, intestinal 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA, and the number of crypt cells labeled with BrdU. The influence of the external gut innervation was minimized by severing the periarterial nerves. Principal Findings Luminal capsaicin increased all the studied variables, an effect nervously mediated to judge from inhibitory effects on TK activity or 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA by exposing the mucosa to lidocaine (a local anesthetic) or by giving four different neurotransmitter receptor antagonists i.v. (muscarinic, nicotinic, neurokinin1 (NK1) or calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) receptors). After degeneration of the intestinal external nerves capsaicin did not increase TK activity, suggesting the involvement of an axon reflex. Intra-arterial infusion of Substance P (SP) or CGRP increased intestinal TK activity, a response abolished by muscarinic receptor blockade. Immunohistochemistry suggested presence of M3 and M5 muscarinic receptors on the intestinal stem/progenitor cells. We propose that the stem/progenitor cells are controlled by cholinergic nerves, which, in turn, are influenced by mucosal afferent neuron(s) releasing acetylcholine and/or SP and/or CGRP. In mice lacking the capsaicin receptor, thymidine incorporation into DNA and number of crypt cells labeled with BrdU was lower than in wild type animals suggesting that nerves are important also in the absence of luminal capsaicin, a conclusion also supported by the observation that atropine lowered thymidine incorporation into DNA by 60% in control rat segments. Conclusion Enteric nerves are of importance in maintaining the intestinal epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ove Lundgren
- Section of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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150
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Abstract
The colonic crypt is home to several multipotent stem cells. These stem cells reside in a niche at the base of the crypt, which controls their behavior and maintains the stem cell's homeostasis through a variety of signaling pathways and interactions. Several attempts have been made to define markers that can identify colonic stem cells, the most useful of which is Lgr5, a Wnt target gene. Although the crypt base contains several stem cells, each colonic crypt comprises a single clone of cells. Investigators have attempted to reconcile these apparently contradictory observations by conducting research into stem cell division. The propagation of stem-cell-acquired mutations through a crypt results in a monocryptal adenoma that, through crypt fission, develops into a microadenoma. Some early adenomas become polyclonal through an as yet unknown mechanism. The discovery of subpopulations of cancer cells that can initiate tumors when implanted into mice has renewed interest in the existence of cancer stem cells, especially with regard to their implications for the use of chemotherapy. Various potential markers of cancer stem cells have been investigated, particularly CD133, but the cancer stem cell theory still has some limitations.
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