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Effects of sleep deprivation on pain-related factors in the temporomandibular joint. J Surg Res 2014; 192:103-11. [PMID: 25033706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of experimental sleep deprivation (SD) on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in rats by examining pain-related factors and to determine the possible involvement of estrogen and NF (nuclear factor) κB signaling in the TMJ synovial membrane. METHODS The influence of SD, conducted in rats using the modified multiple platform method, was estimated by observing behavioral manifestations and examining changes in serum hormone levels. The morphologic changes of synovial tissue were observed with light microscopy and the serum levels of estrogen were measured by radioimmunoassay. Activation of NF-κB in the synovial membrane was examined using an immunofluorescence technique, and the expression levels of interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α, cyclooxygenase 2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase were measured with real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The SD group showed evidence of elevated anxiety and stress, and increased plasma levels of estradiol compared with the control group. The activity of NF-κB was significantly enhanced and translocation of NF-κB p65 was evident in the synovial membrane after SD. The expression of pain-related factors IL-1β, IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the synovial membrane significantly increased after SD. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that SD increases serum levels of estrogen and induces alterations in pain-related factors in the TMJ. The NF-κB pathway has been associated with the regulation of these inflammatory cytokines and plays an important role in temporomandibular disorders.
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Wu F, Song Y, Li F, He X, Ma J, Feng T, Guan B, Wang L, Li S, Liu X, Liu Y, Mao M, Liu J, Bai S, Song C. Wen-dan decoction improves negative emotions in sleep-deprived rats by regulating orexin-a and leptin expression. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2014; 2014:872547. [PMID: 24864160 PMCID: PMC4016855 DOI: 10.1155/2014/872547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Wen-Dan Decoction (WDD), a formula of traditional Chinese medicine, has been clinically used for treating insomnia for approximately 800 years. However, the therapeutic mechanisms of WDD remain unclear. Orexin-A plays a key role in the sleep-wake cycle, while leptin function is opposite to orexin-A. Thus, orexin-A and leptin may be important factors in sleep disorders. In this study, 48 rats were divided into control, model, WDD-treated, and diazepam-treated groups. The model of insomnia was produced by sleep deprivation (SD) for 14 days. The expressions of orexin-A, leptin, and their receptors in blood serum, prefrontal cortex, and hypothalamus were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry, and real time PCR. Open field tests showed that SD increased both crossing movement (Cm) and rearing-movement (Rm) times. Orexin-A and leptin levels in blood serum increased after SD but decreased in brain compared to the control group. mRNA expressions of orexin receptor 1 and leptin receptor after SD were decreased in the prefrontal cortex but were increased in hypothalamus. WDD treatment normalized the behavior and upregulated orexin-A, leptin, orexin receptor 1 and leptin receptor in brain. The findings suggest that WDD treatment may regulate SD-induced negative emotions by regulating orexin-A and leptin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhi Wu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuehan Song
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Feng Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xin He
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jie Ma
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ting Feng
- Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Binghe Guan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Liye Wang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Sinai Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaolan Liu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Meng Mao
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shijing Bai
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Cai Song
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University and CMU Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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103
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Hurtado-Alvarado G, Pavón L, Castillo-García SA, Hernández ME, Domínguez-Salazar E, Velázquez-Moctezuma J, Gómez-González B. Sleep loss as a factor to induce cellular and molecular inflammatory variations. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:801341. [PMID: 24367384 PMCID: PMC3866883 DOI: 10.1155/2013/801341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A reduction in the amount of time spent sleeping occurs chronically in modern society. Clinical and experimental studies in humans and animal models have shown that immune function is impaired when sleep loss is experienced. Sleep loss exerts a strong regulatory influence on peripheral levels of inflammatory mediators of the immune response. An increasing number of research projects support the existence of reciprocal regulation between sleep and low-intensity inflammatory response. Recent studies show that sleep deficient humans and rodents exhibit a proinflammatory component; therefore, sleep loss is considered as a risk factor for developing cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis). Circulating levels of proinflammatory mediators depend on the intensity and duration of the method employed to induce sleep loss. Recognizing the fact that the concentration of proinflammatory mediators is different between acute and chronic sleep-loss may expand the understanding of the relationship between sleep and the immune response. The aim of this review is to integrate data from recent published reports (2002-2013) on the effects of sleep loss on the immune response. This review may allow readers to have an integrated view of the mechanisms involved in central and peripheral deficits induced by sleep loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Hurtado-Alvarado
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Colonia Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lenin Pavón
- Department of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry, “Ramón de la Fuente”, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Stephanie Ariadne Castillo-García
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Colonia Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Eugenia Hernández
- Department of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry, “Ramón de la Fuente”, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Emilio Domínguez-Salazar
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Colonia Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Velázquez-Moctezuma
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Colonia Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Gómez-González
- Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Colonia Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340 Mexico City, Mexico
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104
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Chen J, Wu G, Zhu G, Wang P, Chen H, Zhao H. Influence of sleep deprivation on expression of MKK4 and c-fos in the mandibular condylar cartilage of rats. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013; 51:e250-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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105
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Zubedat S, Freed Y, Eshed Y, Cymerblit-Sabba A, Ritter A, Nachmani M, Harush R, Aga-Mizrachi S, Avital A. Plant-derived nanoparticle treatment with cocc 30c ameliorates attention and motor abilities in sleep-deprived rats. Neuroscience 2013; 253:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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106
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Ota SM, Moreira KDM, Suchecki D, Oliveira MGM, Tiba PA. Lithium prevents REM sleep deprivation-induced impairments on memory consolidation. Sleep 2013; 36:1677-84. [PMID: 24179301 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.3126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-training rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) deprivation affects memory acquisition and/or consolidation. It also produces major REMS rebound at the cost of waking and slow wave sleep (SWS). Given that both SWS and REMS appear to be important for memory processes, REMS rebound after training may disrupt the organization of sleep cycles, i.e., excessive amount of REMS and/or little SWS after training could be harmful for memory formation. OBJECTIVE To examine whether lithium, a drug known to increase SWS and reduce REMS, could prevent the memory impairment induced by pre-training sleep deprivation. DESIGN Animals were divided in 2 groups: cage control (CC) and REMS-deprived (REMSDep), and then subdivided into 4 subgroups, treated either with vehicle or 1 of 3 doses of lithium (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg) 2 h before training on the multiple trial inhibitory avoidance task. Animals were tested 48 h later to make sure that the drug had been already metabolized and eliminated. Another set of animals was implanted with electrodes and submitted to the same experimental protocol for assessment of drug-induced sleep-wake changes. SUBJECTS Wistar male rats weighing 300-400 g. RESULTS Sleep deprived rats required more trials to learn the task and still showed a performance deficit during test, except from those treated with 150 mg/kg of lithium, which also reduced the time spent in REM sleep during sleep recovery. CONCLUSION Lithium reduced rapid eye movement sleep and prevented memory impairment induced by sleep deprivation. These results indicate that these phenomena may be related, but cause-effect relationship cannot be ascertained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone M Ota
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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107
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Dubiela FP, Queiroz CM, Moreira KDM, Nobrega JN, Sita LV, Tufik S, Hipolide DC. AMPA receptors mediate passive avoidance deficits induced by sleep deprivation. Behav Brain Res 2013; 257:189-96. [PMID: 24079994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study addressed the effects of sleep deprivation (SD) on AMPA receptor (AMPAR) binding in brain regions associated with learning and memory, and investigated whether treatment with drugs acting on AMPAR could prevent passive avoidance deficits in sleep deprived animals. [(3)H]AMPA binding and GluR1 in situ hybridization signals were quantified in different brain regions of male Wistar rats either immediately after 96 h of sleep deprivation or after 24h of sleep recovery following 96 h of sleep deprivation. Another group of animals were sleep deprived and then treated with either the AMPAR potentiator, aniracetam (25, 50 and 100mg/kg, acute administration) or the AMPAR antagonist GYKI-52466 (5 and 10mg/kg, acute and chronic administration) before passive avoidance training. Task performance was evaluated 2h and 24h after training. A significant reduction in [(3)H]AMPA binding was found in the hippocampal formation of SD animals, while no alterations were observed in GluR1 mRNA levels. The highest dose of aniracetam (100mg/kg) reverted SD-induced impairment of passive avoidance performance in both retention tests, whereas GYKI-52466 treatment had no effect. Pharmacological enhancement of AMPAR function may revert hippocampal-dependent learning impairments produced after SD. We argue that such effects might be associated with reduced AMPAR binding in the hippocampus of sleep deprived animals.
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108
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Kang WS, Park HJ, Chung JH, Kim JW. REM sleep deprivation increases the expression of interleukin genes in mice hypothalamus. Neurosci Lett 2013; 556:73-8. [PMID: 24080377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, evidence has suggested the possible involvement of inflammatory cytokines in sleep deprivation (SD). In this study, we assessed the patterns of inflammatory gene regulation in the hypothalamus of REM SD mice. C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to two groups, SD (n=15) and control groups (n=15). Mice in the SD group were sleep-deprived for 72h using modified multiple platforms. Microarray analysis on inflammatory genes was performed in mice hypothalamus. In addition, interleukin 1 beta (IL1β) protein expression was analyzed by the immunochemistry method. Through microarray analysis, we found that expressions of IL subfamily genes, such as IL1β (2.55-fold), IL18 (1.92-fold), IL11 receptor alpha chain 1 (1.48-fold), IL5 (1.41-fold), and IL17E genes (1.31-fold), were up-regulated in the hypothalamus of SD mice compared to the control. The increase in the expression of these genes was also confirmed by RT-PCR. Among these genes, the expression of IL1β was particularly increased in the hypothalamus of SD mice. Interestingly, we found that the protein expression of endogenous IL1β was also elevated in the hypothalamus of SD mice compared to the control mice. These results implicate that IL subfamily genes, and in particular, IL1β, may play a role in sleep regulation in the hypothalamus of REM SD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Sub Kang
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-702, Republic of Korea
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109
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Rothman SM, Herdener N, Frankola KA, Mughal MR, Mattson MP. Chronic mild sleep restriction accentuates contextual memory impairments, and accumulations of cortical Aβ and pTau in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2013; 1529:200-8. [PMID: 23856323 PMCID: PMC3779872 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Age-associated dysregulation of sleep can be worsened by Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD and sleep restriction both impair cognition, yet it is unknown if mild chronic sleep restriction modifies the proteopathic processes involved in AD. The goal of this work was to test the hypothesis that sleep restriction worsens memory impairments, and amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) and pTau accumulations in the brain in a mouse model of AD, with a focus on a role for circulating glucocorticoids (GC). Male 3xTgAD mice were subjected to sleep restriction (SR) for 6h/day for 6 weeks using the modified multiple platform technique, and behavioral (Morris water maze, fear conditioning, open field) and biochemical (immunoblot) outcomes were compared to mice undergoing daily cage transfers (large cage control; LCC) as well as control mice that remained in their home cage (control; CTL). At one week, both LCC and SR mice displayed significant elevations in plasma corticosterone compared to CTL (p<0.002). By four weeks, SR mice displayed a two-fold increase in circulating corticosterone levels compared to CTL. Behavioral data indicated deficits in contextual and cued memory in SR mice that were not present for LCC or CTL (p<0.04). Both Aβ and pTau levels increased in the cortex of SR mice compared to CTL and LCC; however these changes were not noted in the hippocampus. Significant positive correlations between cortical Aβ and pTau levels and circulating corticosterone indicate a potential role for GCs in mediating behavioral and biochemical changes observed after sleep restriction in a mouse model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Rothman
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Nathan Herdener
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Kathryn A. Frankola
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Mohamed R. Mughal
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd Baltimore, MD 21224
- US Army Public Health Command, Army Institute of Public Health 5158 Black Hawk Drive, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010
| | - Mark P. Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd Baltimore, MD 21224
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110
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Aerobic exercise attenuates inhibitory avoidance memory deficit induced by paradoxical sleep deprivation in rats. Brain Res 2013; 1529:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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111
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Ni LY, Zhu MJ, Song Y, Liu XM, Tang JY. Pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures are exacerbated by sleep deprivation through orexin receptor-mediated hippocampal cell proliferation. Neurol Sci 2013; 35:245-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-013-1495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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112
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Zagaar M, Dao A, Levine A, Alhaider I, Alkadhi K. Regular exercise prevents sleep deprivation associated impairment of long-term memory and synaptic plasticity in the CA1 area of the hippocampus. Sleep 2013; 36:751-61. [PMID: 23633758 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.2642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to investigate the effects of treadmill exercise on sleep deprivation (S-D)-induced impairment of hippocampal dependent long-term memory, late phase long-term potentiation (L-LTP) and its signaling cascade in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) area. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Animals were conditioned to run on treadmills for 4 weeks then deprived of sleep for 24 h using the columns-in-water method. We tested the effect of exercise and/or S-D on behavioral performance using a post-learning paradigm in the radial arm water maze (RAWM) and in vivo extracellular recording in the CA1 area. The levels of L-LTP-related molecules in the CA1 area were then assessed both before and after L-LTP induction. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS After 24 h of S-D, spatial long-term memory impairment in the RAWM and L-LTP suppression was prevented by 4 weeks of regular exercise. Regular exercise also restored the S-D-associated decreases in the basal levels of key signaling molecules such as: calcium/calmodulin kinase IV (CaMKIV), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK), phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (P-CREB) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in the CA1 area. After L-LTP induction, regular exercise also prevented the S-D-induced down regulation of BDNF and P-CREB protein levels. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that our exercise protocol may prevent 24-h S-D-induced impairments in long-term memory and LTP by preventing deleterious changes in the basal and post-stimulation levels of P-CREB and BDNF associated with S-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munder Zagaar
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, TX
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113
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Alkadhi K, Zagaar M, Alhaider I, Salim S, Aleisa A. Neurobiological consequences of sleep deprivation. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:231-49. [PMID: 24179461 PMCID: PMC3648777 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11311030001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the physiological function of sleep is not completely understood, it is well documented that it contributes significantly to the process of learning and memory. Ample evidence suggests that adequate sleep is essential for fostering connections among neuronal networks for memory consolidation in the hippocampus. Sleep deprivation studies are extremely valuable in understanding why we sleep and what are the consequences of sleep loss. Experimental sleep deprivation in animals allows us to gain insight into the mechanism of sleep at levels not possible to study in human subjects. Many useful approaches have been utilized to evaluate the effect of sleep loss on cognitive function, each with relative advantages and disadvantages. In this review we discuss sleep and the detrimental effects of sleep deprivation mostly in experimental animals. The negative effects of sleep deprivation on various aspects of brain function including learning and memory, synaptic plasticity and the state of cognition-related signaling molecules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Alkadhi
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Munder Zagaar
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ibrahim Alhaider
- College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Samina Salim
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Abdulaziz Aleisa
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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114
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Hu Y, Liu M, Liu P, Yan JJ, Liu MY, Zhang GQ, Zhou XJ, Yu BY. Effect of kai xin san on learning and memory in a rat model of paradoxical sleep deprivation. J Med Food 2013; 16:280-7. [PMID: 23514232 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of kai xin san (KXS, at doses of 500, 250, and 125 mg/kg body weight per day), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, on learning and memory in paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD)-induced cognition deficit rats. Two behavior tests (the Open Field test and the Morris water maze task) were used for testing the effects of KXS on a PSD-induced learning and memory deficit model. Furthermore, its effect on the glutamic acid (GLU) and γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) levels in the brain tissue, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB), and phosphorylated-CREB (p-CREB) expression in the hippocampus was also tested. KXS exerted the greatest cognition against the 48 h PSD-induced cognitive deficit and these effects may be mediated by decreasing the GLU and GABA levels and increasing the levels of BDNF, CREB, and p-CREB. This study indicates that the effect of KXS on learning and memory in a rat model of PSD could be associated with the modulation of neurotransmitter levels and the expression of some genes in the brain that contribute to memory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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115
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Pinho N, Moreira KM, Hipolide DC, Sinigaglia-Coimbra R, Ferreira TL, Nobrega JN, Tufik S, Oliveira MGM. Sleep deprivation alters phosphorylated CREB levels in the amygdala: Relationship with performance in a fear conditioning task. Behav Brain Res 2013; 236:221-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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116
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Xu RX, Grigoryev N, Li TL, Bian HS, Zhang R, Liu XY. Development of hexagonal maze procedure for evaluating memory in rat. Biomed Rep 2012; 1:134-138. [PMID: 24648909 DOI: 10.3892/br.2012.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory is known as a series of behavioral changes caused by an experience, while learning is a process for acquiring memory. In the present study, we suggested a new method (hexagonal maze) to evaluate the learning and memory of rats. For preliminary validation, the authors used the maze to carry out two classical experiments. At first, the performance of rats of various ages was observed in the maze. Additionally, after establishing the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation model using the modified multiple platform method (MMPM), the authors also utilized a new experimental device to analyze learning and memory responses to REM sleep deprivation in rats. Behavior of the rats in the maze was recorded by a video recorder and was then quantified. According to the behavioral characteristics, rats of various ages showed differences in memory. Middle-aged male rats exhibited a higher level compared to the young (P<0.05) and the old group (P<0.01). The results also indicated that the ability of learning and memory showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) after REM sleep deprivation. These findings were consistent with those of several similar studies using one of the adopted procedures (Morris water maze, radial arm maze and the Y-maze). Based on the above-mentioned preliminary experiments, the introduction of a hexagonal maze may provide an applicable method for analyzing learning and memory of rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xin Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Nikolay Grigoryev
- Department of Physiology, Amur State Medical Academy, Blagoveschensk 675000, Russia
| | - Ting-Li Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Sheng Bian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
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Everson CA, Folley AE, Toth JM. Chronically inadequate sleep results in abnormal bone formation and abnormal bone marrow in rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012; 237:1101-9. [PMID: 22946089 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2012.012043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Insufficient sleep over long durations of the lifespan is believed to adversely affect proper development and healthful aging, although how this might become manifested is unknown. In the present study, rats were repeatedly sleep-restricted during 72 days to permit maladaptations to evolve, thereby permitting study. Densitometric and histomorphometric analyses were performed on harvested bone. In sleep-restricted rats, bone lined by osteoid was reduced 45-fold and osteoid thickness was decreased, compared with controls. This corresponded to a decrease in osteoblast number and activity. The percentage of bone lined by osteoclasts did not differ from that of controls. Plasma concentrations of an osteoclast marker (TRACP 5b) were increased in sleep-restricted rats, indicating increased bone resorption. The low amount of new bone formation without a reduction in bone resorption is diagnostic of osteopenia. Bone mineral density was decreased in femurs from sleep-restricted rats compared with controls, indicating osteoporosis. Red marrow in sleep-restricted rats contained only 37% of the fat and more than twice the number of megakaryocytes compared with that of the control rats. These findings in marrow suggest changed plasticity and increased hematopoiesis. Plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1, a known, major mediator of osteoblast differentiation and the proliferation of progenitor cells, was decreased by 30% in sleep-restricted rats. Taken together, these findings suggest that chronically inadequate sleep affects bone metabolism and bone marrow composition in ways that have implications for development, aging, bone healing and repair, and blood cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Everson
- Department of Neurology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226-0509, USA.
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Rodríguez-Vázquez J, Camacho-Arroyo I, Velázquez-Moctezuma J. Differential impact of REM sleep deprivation on cytoskeletal proteins of brain regions involved in sleep regulation. Neuropsychobiology 2012; 65:161-7. [PMID: 22456537 DOI: 10.1159/000330010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is involved in memory consolidation, which implies synaptic plasticity. This process requires protein synthesis and the reorganization of the neural cytoskeleton. REM sleep deprivation (REMSD) has an impact on some neuronal proteins involved in synaptic plasticity, such as glutamate receptors and postsynaptic density protein 95, but its effects on cytoskeletal proteins is unknown. In this study, the effects of REMSD on the content of the cytoskeletal proteins MAP2 and TAU were analyzed. Adult female rats were submitted to selective REMSD by using the multiple platform technique. After 24, 48 or 72 h of REMSD, rats were decapitated and the following brain areas were dissected: pons, preoptic area, hippocampus and frontal cortex. Protein extraction and Western blot were performed. Results showed an increase in TAU content in the pons, preoptic area and hippocampus after 24 h of REMSD, while in the frontal cortex a significant increase in TAU content was observed after 72 h of REMSD. A TAU content decrease was observed in the hippocampus after 48 h of REMSD. Interestingly, a marked increase in TAU content was observed after 72 h of REMSD. MAP2 content only increased in the preoptic area at 24 h, and in the frontal cortex after 24 and 72 h of REMSD, without significant changes in the pons and hippocampus. These results support the idea that REM sleep plays an important role in the organization of neural cytoskeleton, and that this effect is tissue-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Rodríguez-Vázquez
- Área de Neurociencias, Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, México.
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Porter NM, Bohannon JH, Curran-Rauhut M, Buechel HM, Dowling ALS, Brewer LD, Popovic J, Thibault V, Kraner SD, Chen KC, Blalock EM. Hippocampal CA1 transcriptional profile of sleep deprivation: relation to aging and stress. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40128. [PMID: 22792227 PMCID: PMC3390348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many aging changes seem similar to those elicited by sleep-deprivation and psychosocial stress. Further, sleep architecture changes with age suggest an age-related loss of sleep. Here, we hypothesized that sleep deprivation in young subjects would elicit both stress and aging-like transcriptional responses. Methodology/Principal Findings F344 rats were divided into control and sleep deprivation groups. Body weight, adrenal weight, corticosterone level and hippocampal CA1 transcriptional profiles were measured. A second group of animals was exposed to novel environment stress (NES), and their hippocampal transcriptional profiles measured. A third cohort exposed to control or SD was used to validate transcriptional results with Western blots. Microarray results were statistically contrasted with prior transcriptional studies. Microarray results pointed to sleep pressure signaling and macromolecular synthesis disruptions in the hippocampal CA1 region. Animals exposed to NES recapitulated nearly one third of the SD transcriptional profile. However, the SD -aging relationship was more complex. Compared to aging, SD profiles influenced a significant subset of genes. mRNA associated with neurogenesis and energy pathways showed agreement between aging and SD, while immune, glial, and macromolecular synthesis pathways showed SD profiles that opposed those seen in aging. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that although NES and SD exert similar transcriptional changes, selective presynaptic release machinery and Homer1 expression changes are seen in SD. Among other changes, the marked decrease in Homer1 expression with age may represent an important divergence between young and aged brain response to SD. Based on this, it seems reasonable to conclude that therapeutic strategies designed to promote sleep in young subjects may have off-target effects in the aged. Finally, this work identifies presynaptic vesicular release and intercellular adhesion molecular signatures as novel therapeutic targets to counter effects of SD in young subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada M. Porter
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Julia H. Bohannon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Meredith Curran-Rauhut
- Department of Biology, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Heather M. Buechel
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Amy L. S. Dowling
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Lawrence D. Brewer
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jelena Popovic
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Veronique Thibault
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Susan D. Kraner
- Department of Neuroscience Cell Biology Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kuey Chu Chen
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Eric M. Blalock
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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121
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Zagaar M, Alhaider I, Dao A, Levine A, Alkarawi A, Alzubaidy M, Alkadhi K. The beneficial effects of regular exercise on cognition in REM sleep deprivation: behavioral, electrophysiological and molecular evidence. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:1153-62. [PMID: 22227452 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate sleep is prevalent in modern societies and is known to profoundly impair cognitive function. We examined the impact of 4 weeks of regular treadmill exercise on sleep deprivation induced spatial learning and memory, synaptic plasticity and related signaling molecules in area CA1 of the rat hippocampus. Rats were exercised on a treadmill and subsequently sleep-deprived for 24h using the modified multiple platform technique. Testing of learning and short-term memory performance in the radial arm water maze showed that although sedentary sleep deprived rats were severely impaired, exercised sleep deprived rats' performance was normal. Extracellular recording from area CA1 of anesthetized rats revealed that early phase LTP (E-LTP) was markedly impaired in the sedentary sleep deprived animals, but was normal in the exercised sleep deprived group. Additionally, immunoblot analysis of CA1 area before (basal) and after expression of E-LTP indicated that the significant down-regulation of the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylated calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (P-CaMKII) levels in sleep deprived animals was prevented by the regular exercise regimen. The results suggest that the regular exercise protocol prevents the sleep deprivation induced impairments in short-term memory and E-LTP by preventing deleterious changes in the basal and post-stimulation levels of P-CaMKII and BDNF associated with sleep deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munder Zagaar
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Texas, USA
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122
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Martins PJ, Fernandes L, de Oliveira AC, Tufik S, D'Almeida V. Type of diet modulates the metabolic response to sleep deprivation in rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2011; 8:86. [PMID: 22152222 PMCID: PMC3261100 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that sleep loss is associated with an increased risk of obesity and diabetes; however, animal models have failed to produce weight gain under sleep deprivation (SD). Previous studies have suggested that this discrepancy could be due to more extreme SD conditions in experimental animals, their higher resting metabolic rate than that of humans, and the decreased opportunity for animals to ingest high-calorie foods. Thus, our objective was to determine whether diets with different textures/compositions could modify feeding behavior and affect the metabolic repercussions in SD in rats. METHODS Three groups of male rats were used: one was designated as control, one was sleep deprived for 96 h by the platform technique (SD-96h) and one was SD-96h followed by a 24-h recovery (rebound). In the first experiment, the animals were fed chow pellets (CPs); in the second, they received high-fat diet and in the third, they were fed a liquid diet (LD). RESULTS We observed that SD induces energy deficits that were related to changes in feeding behavior and affected by the type of diet consumed. Regardless of the diet consumed, SD consistently increased animals' glucagon levels and decreased their leptin and triacylglycerol levels and liver glycogen stores. However, such changes were mostly avoided in the rats on the liquid diet. SD induces a wide range of metabolic and hormonal changes that are strongly linked to the severity of weight loss. CONCLUSIONS The LD, but not the CP or high-fat diets, favored energy intake, consequently lessening the energy deficit induced by SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Jf Martins
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-UNIFESP/São Paulo - Brazil.
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Oh MM, Kim JW, Jin MH, Kim JJ, Moon DG. Influence of paradoxical sleep deprivation and sleep recovery on testosterone level in rats of different ages. Asian J Androl 2011; 14:330-4. [PMID: 22157981 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2011.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to assess serum testosterone alterations induced by paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) and to verify their attenuation during sleep recovery (SR) based on different durations and ages. Wistar male rats aged 12 weeks for the younger group and 20 weeks for the elder group were randomly distributed into one of the following groups: a control group (cage and platform), 3-day SD, 5-day SD, 7-day SD, 1-day SR, 3-day SR and 5-day SR groups. For PSD, the modified multiple platform method was used to specifically limit rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Differences in the testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels between the younger group and the elder group according to duration of PSD and SR recovery were analysed. Testosterone continued to fall during the sleep deprivation period in a time-dependent manner in both the younger (P=0.001, correlation coefficient r=-0.651) and elder groups (P=0.001, correlation coefficient r=-0.840). The elder group showed a significantly lower level of testosterone compared with the younger group after PSD. Upon SR after 3 days of PSD, the testosterone level continued to rise for 5 days after sleep recovery in the younger group (P=0.013), whereas testosterone concentrations failed to recover until day 5 in the elder group. PSD caused a more detrimental effect on serum testosterone in the elder group compared to the younger group with respect to decreases in luteinizing hormone (LH) levels. The replenishment of serum testosterone level was prohibited in the elder group suggesting that the effects of SD/SR may be age-dependent. The mechanism by which SD affects serum testosterone and how age may modify the process are still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Mi Oh
- Department of Urology, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul 435-766, Korea
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124
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Everson CA, Szabo A. Repeated exposure to severely limited sleep results in distinctive and persistent physiological imbalances in rats. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22987. [PMID: 21853062 PMCID: PMC3154920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic sleep disruption in laboratory rats leads to increased energy expenditure, connective tissue abnormalities, and increased weights of major organs relative to body weight. Here we report on expanded findings and the extent to which abnormalities become long-lasting, potentially permanent changes to health status after apparent recuperation from chronic sleep disruption. Rats were exposed 6 times to long periods of disrupted sleep or control conditions during 10 weeks to produce adaptations and then were permitted nearly 4 months of undisturbed sleep. Measurements were made in tissues from these groups and in preserved tissue from the experimental and control groups of an antecedent study that lacked a lengthy recuperation period. Cycles of sleep restriction resulted in energy deficiency marked by a progressive course of hyperphagia and major (15%) weight loss. Analyses of tissue composition in chronically sleep-restricted rats indicated that protein and lipid amounts in internal organs were largely spared, while adipose tissue depots appeared depleted. This suggests high metabolic demands may have preserved the size of the vital organs relative to expectations of severe energy deficiency alone. Low plasma corticosterone and leptin concentrations appear to reflect low substrate availability and diminished adiposity. After nearly 4 months of recuperation, sleep-restricted rats were consuming 20% more food and 35% more water than did comparison control rats, despite normalized weight, normalized adipocytes, and elevated plasma leptin concentrations. Plasma cholesterol levels in recuperated sleep-restricted rats were diminished relative to those of controls. The chronically increased intake of nutriments and water, along with altered negative feedback regulation and substrate use, indicate that internal processes are modified long after a severe period of prolonged and insufficient sleep has ended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Everson
- Department of Neurology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America.
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125
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Walsh CM, Booth V, Poe GR. Spatial and reversal learning in the Morris water maze are largely resistant to six hours of REM sleep deprivation following training. Learn Mem 2011; 18:422-34. [PMID: 21677190 DOI: 10.1101/lm.2099011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This first test of the role of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep in reversal spatial learning is also the first attempt to replicate a much cited pair of papers reporting that REM sleep deprivation impairs the consolidation of initial spatial learning in the Morris water maze. We hypothesized that REM sleep deprivation following training would impair both hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and learning a new target location within a familiar environment: reversal learning. A 6-d protocol was divided into the initial spatial learning phase (3.5 d) immediately followed by the reversal phase (2.5 d). During the 6 h following four or 12 training trials/day of initial or reversal learning phases, REM sleep was eliminated and non-REM sleep left intact using the multiple inverted flowerpot method. Contrary to our hypotheses, REM sleep deprivation during four or 12 trials/day of initial spatial or reversal learning did not affect training performance. However, some probe trial measures indicated REM sleep-deprivation-associated impairment in initial spatial learning with four trials/day and enhancement of subsequent reversal learning. In naive animals, REM sleep deprivation during normal initial spatial learning was followed by a lack of preference for the subsequent reversal platform location during the probe. Our findings contradict reports that REM sleep is essential for spatial learning in the Morris water maze and newly reveal that short periods of REM sleep deprivation do not impair concurrent reversal learning. Effects on subsequent reversal learning are consistent with the idea that REM sleep serves the consolidation of incompletely learned items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Walsh
- Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Huang LZ, Wei L, Zhao HF, Huang BK, Rahman K, Qin LP. The effect of Eleutheroside E on behavioral alterations in murine sleep deprivation stress model. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 658:150-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Esumi LA, Palma BD, Gomes VL, Tufik S, Hipólide DC. Inflammatory markers are associated with inhibitory avoidance memory deficit induced by sleep deprivation in rats. Behav Brain Res 2011; 221:7-12. [PMID: 21356250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) causes detrimental effects to the body, such as memory impairment and weight loss. SD also changes the concentration of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, which, in turn, can affect cognitive functioning. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the involvement of these inflammatory mediators in inhibitory avoidance memory deficit in sleep-deprived rats. Male Wistar rats were deprived of sleep by the modified multiple platform method for 96 h, while their respective controls remained in their housing cages. To assess memory after SD, all animals underwent training, followed by the inhibitory avoidance task test 24h later. Also, the weight of each animal was recorded daily. In the first experiment, animals received an acute administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50 or 75 μg/kg i.p.) 3h before the inhibitory avoidance training. In the experiment 2, the animals received acute or chronic administration of anti-IL-6 antibody (Ab, 2 μg/kg i.p.). The acute administration was performed 3h before the inhibitory avoidance training, while the chronic treatment administrations were performed daily during the SD period. The 75 μg/kg dose of LPS, but not the 50 μg/kg dose, caused a significant attenuation of memory impairment in the sleep-deprived animals. Although the treatments with the anti-IL-6 Ab did not produce any significant changes in cognitive performance, the Ab attenuated weight loss in sleep-deprived animals. Taken together, these results suggest the involvement of inflammatory mediators in the modulation of memory deficit and weight loss that are observed in sleep-deprived rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Esumi
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paula, Rua Napoleão de Barros 925, São Paulo, Brazil
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128
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Dubiela FP, Messias MF, Moreira KDM, Zanlorenci LHF, Grassl C, Filho RF, Nobrega JN, Tufik S, Hipólide DC. Reciprocal interactions between MK-801, sleep deprivation and recovery in modulating rat behaviour. Behav Brain Res 2011; 216:180-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Moreira KM, Ferreira TL, Hipolide DC, Fornari RV, Tufik S, Oliveira MGM. Modafinil prevents inhibitory avoidance memory deficit induced by sleep deprivation in rats. Sleep 2010; 33:990-3. [PMID: 20614860 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/33.7.990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Evaluation of modafinil effects on the inhibitory avoidance task (IA). DESIGN Rats were trained on a multiple trial IA task after receiving modafinil or vehicle injections. In experiment 1 they were trained with a weak protocol under baseline condition and in experiment 2, with a stronger protocol under sleep-deprivation condition. RESULTS In experiment 1 modafinil improved rats' acquisition whereas the retention test remained unaffected. In Experiment 2 modafinil did not interfere with training performance, but the lower dose prevented the retention impairment in sleep-deprived animals. CONCLUSIONS Modafinil is able to improve acquisition in normal rats and reverse the long-term memory impairment induced by sleep-deprivation.
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130
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Machado RB, Tufik S, Suchecki D. Modulation of Sleep Homeostasis by Corticotropin Releasing Hormone in REM Sleep-Deprived Rats. Int J Endocrinol 2010; 2010:326151. [PMID: 20628511 PMCID: PMC2902042 DOI: 10.1155/2010/326151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that sleep recovery following different protocols of forced waking varies according to the level of stress inherent to each method. Sleep deprivation activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and increased corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) impairs sleep. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate how manipulations of the CRH system during the sleep deprivation period interferes with subsequent sleep rebound. Throughout 96 hours of sleep deprivation, separate groups of rats were treated i.c.v. with vehicle, CRH or with alphahelical CRH(9-41), a CRH receptor blocker, twice/day, at 07:00 h and 19:00 h. Both treatments impaired sleep homeostasis, especially in regards to length of rapid eye movement sleep (REM) and theta/delta ratio and induced a later decrease in NREM and REM sleep and increased waking bouts. These changes suggest that activation of the CRH system impact negatively on the homeostatic sleep response to prolonged forced waking. These results indicate that indeed, activation of the HPA axis-at least at the hypothalamic level-is capable to reduce the sleep rebound induced by sleep deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Borges Machado
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04024-002 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04024-002 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04024-002 São Paulo, Brazil
- *Deborah Suchecki:
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131
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Inverse benzodiazepine agonist β-CCM does not reverse learning deficit induced by sleep deprivation. Neurosci Lett 2010; 469:169-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Calcineurin contributes to spatial memory impairment induced by rapid eye movement sleep deprivation. Neuroreport 2009; 20:1172-6. [PMID: 19597374 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e32832f0772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation (REMSD) causes learning and memory deficits. However, the mechanism of REMSD-induced memory impairment remains unclear. Calcineurin (CaN) is involved in synaptic plasticity and is known as a negative constraint on learning and memory. Here we report that 72 h REMSD by the modified multiple platform method in rats resulted in spatial memory impairment in the Morris water maze and elevated hippocampal cytosolic CaN activity, both of which were reversed after 18 h sleep recovery. CaN expression in the whole-tissue homogenate of the hippocampus was not altered by REMSD. The results suggest that elevated hippocampal CaN activity is involved in REMSD-induced spatial memory impairment.
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133
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Galvão MDOL, Sinigaglia-Coimbra R, Kawakami SE, Tufik S, Suchecki D. Paradoxical sleep deprivation activates hypothalamic nuclei that regulate food intake and stress response. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34:1176-83. [PMID: 19346078 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A large body of evidence has shown that prolonged paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) results in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation, and in loss of body weight despite an apparent increase of food intake, reflecting increased energy expenditure. The flowerpot technique for PSD is an efficient paradigm for investigating the relationships among metabolic regulation and stress response. The purpose of the present study was to examine the mechanisms involved in the effects of 96 h of PSD on metabolism regulation, feeding behaviour and stress response by studying corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and orexin (ORX) immunoreactivity in specific hypothalamic nuclei. Once-daily assessments of body weight, twice-daily measurements of (spillage-corrected) food intake, and once-daily determinations of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone were made throughout PSD or at corresponding times in control rats (CTL). Immunoreactivity for CRH in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and for ORX in the hypothalamic lateral area was evaluated at the end of the experimental period. PSD resulted in increased diurnal, but not nocturnal, food intake, producing no significant changes in global food intake. PSD augmented the immunoreactivity for CRH and plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels, characterizing activation of the HPA axis. PSD also markedly increased the ORX immunoreactivity. The average plasma level of corticosterone correlated negatively with body weight gain throughout PSD. These results indicate that augmented ORX and CRH immunoreactivity in specific hypothalamic nuclei may underlie some of the metabolic changes consistently described in PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milene de Oliveira Lara Galvão
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Napoleão de Barros, 925, São Paulo, SP 04024-002, Brazil
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Tufik S, Andersen ML, Bittencourt LRA, Mello MTD. Paradoxical sleep deprivation: neurochemical, hormonal and behavioral alterations. Evidence from 30 years of research. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2009; 81:521-38. [DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652009000300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep comprises approximately one-third of a person's lifetime, but its impact on health and medical conditions remains partially unrecognized. The prevalence of sleep disorders is increasing in modern societies, with significant repercussions on people's well-being. This article reviews past and current literature on the paradoxical sleep deprivation method as well as data on its consequences to animals, ranging from behavioral changes to alterations in the gene expression. More specifically, we highlight relevant experimental studies and our group's contribution over the last three decades.
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135
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Palma BD, Hipolide DC, Tufik S. Effects on prolactin secretion and binding to dopaminergic receptors in sleep-deprived lupus-prone mice. Braz J Med Biol Res 2009; 42:299-304. [PMID: 19287910 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2009000300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbances have far-reaching effects on the neuroendocrine and immune systems and may be linked to disease manifestation. Sleep deprivation can accelerate the onset of lupus in NZB/NZWF(1) mice, an animal model of severe systemic lupus erythematosus. High prolactin (PRL) concentrations are involved in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus in human beings, as well as in NZB/NZWF(1) mice. We hypothesized that PRL could be involved in the earlier onset of the disease in sleep-deprived NZB/NZWF(1) mice. We also investigated its binding to dopaminergic receptors, since PRL secretion is mainly controlled by dopamine. Female NZB/NZWF(1) mice aged 9 weeks were deprived of sleep using the multiple platform method. Blood samples were taken for the determination of PRL concentrations and quantitative receptor autoradiography was used to map binding of the tritiated dopaminergic receptor ligands [3H]-SCH23390, [3H]-raclopride and [3H]-WIN35,428 to D(1) and D(2) dopaminergic receptors and dopamine transporter sites throughout the brain, respectively. Sleep deprivation induced a significant decrease in plasma PRL secretion (2.58 +/- 0.95 ng/mL) compared with the control group (25.25 +/- 9.18 ng/mL). The binding to D(1) and D(2) binding sites was not significantly affected by sleep deprivation; however, dopamine transporter binding was significantly increased in subdivisions of the caudate-putamen--posterior (16.52 +/- 0.5 vs 14.44 +/- 0.6), dorsolateral (18.84 +/- 0.7 vs 15.97 +/- 0.7) and ventrolateral (24.99 +/- 0.5 vs 22.54 +/- 0.7 microCi/g), in the sleep-deprived mice when compared to the control group. These results suggest that PRL is not the main mechanism involved in the earlier onset of the disease observed in sleep-deprived NZB/NZWF(1) mice and the reduction of PRL concentrations after sleep deprivation may be mediated by modifications in the dopamine transporter sites of the caudate-putamen.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Palma
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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136
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Kitka T, Katai Z, Pap D, Molnar E, Adori C, Bagdy G. Small platform sleep deprivation selectively increases the average duration of rapid eye movement sleep episodes during sleep rebound. Behav Brain Res 2009; 205:482-7. [PMID: 19665493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The single platform-on-water (flower pot) method is extensively used for depriving rapid eye movement sleep (REMS). Detailed comparison of sleep-wake architecture, recorded during the rebound period after spending three days on either a small or large platform, could separate the effects of REMS deficit from other stress factors caused by the procedure. A further aim of the study was to find the most characteristic REMS parameter of the rebound originating from REMS deficit. Rats were kept on a small or large platform for 72 h. Their fronto-parietal electroencephalogram, electromyogram and motility were recorded during the 24 h rebound at the beginning of the passive phase. A similar period of a home cage group was also recorded. The most typical differences between the two rebound groups were the increased cumulative time and longer average duration of REMS episodes without significant change in the number of these episodes of the small platform animals during the passive phase. Results obtained by cosinor analysis were in accordance with the findings above. Since we did not find any difference in the average duration of REMS episodes comparing the large platform rebound group and the home cage group, we concluded that the increased mean duration of REMS episodes is a selective marker for the rebound caused by small platform sleep deprivation, while other changes in sleep architecture may be the consequence of stress and also some sleep deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Kitka
- Semmelweis University, Department of Pharmacodynamics, Nagyvarad ter 4, Budapest 1089, Hungary
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137
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The effects of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation and recovery on spatial reference memory of young rats. Learn Behav 2009; 37:246-53. [DOI: 10.3758/lb.37.3.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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138
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Alvarenga TA, Patti CL, Andersen ML, Silva RH, Calzavara MB, Lopez GB, Frussa-Filho R, Tufik S. Paradoxical sleep deprivation impairs acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval of a discriminative avoidance task in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2008; 90:624-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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139
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Everson CA, Thalacker CD, Hogg N. Phagocyte migration and cellular stress induced in liver, lung, and intestine during sleep loss and sleep recovery. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 295:R2067-74. [PMID: 18945949 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90623.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is understood to possess recuperative properties and, conversely, sleep loss is associated with disease and shortened life span. Despite these critical attributes, the mechanisms and functions by which sleep and sleep loss impact health still are speculative. One of the most consistent, if largely overlooked, signs of sleep loss in both humans and laboratory rats is a progressive increase in circulating phagocytic cells, mainly neutrophils. The destination, if any, of the increased circulating populations has been unknown and, therefore, its medical significance has been uncertain. The purpose of the present experiment was to determine the content and location of neutrophils in liver and lung tissue of sleep-deprived rats. These are two principal sites affected by neutrophil migration during systemic inflammatory illness. The content of neutrophils in the intestine also was determined. Sleep deprivation in rats was produced for 5 and 10 days by the Bergmann-Rechtschaffen disk method, which has been validated for its high selectivity under freely moving conditions and which was tolerated and accompanied by a deep negative energy balance. Comparison groups included basal conditions and 48 h of sleep recovery after 10 days of sleep loss. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), an enzyme constituent of neutrophils, was extracted from liver, lung, and intestinal tissues, and its activity was determined by spectrophotometry. Leukocytes were located in vasculature and interstitial spaces in the liver and the lung by immunohistochemistry. Heme oxygenase-1, also known as heat shock protein-32 and a marker of cellular stress, and corticosterone also were measured. The results indicate neutrophil migration into extravascular liver and lung tissue concurrent with cell stress and consistent with tissue injury or infection induced by sleep loss. Plasma corticosterone was unchanged. Recovery sleep was marked by increased lung heme oxygenase-1, increased intestinal MPO activity, and abnormally low corticosterone, suggesting ongoing reactive processes as a result of prior sleep deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Everson
- Department of Neurology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Neurology Research 151, VAMC, 5000 West National Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53295, USA.
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140
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Tiba PA, Oliveira MGDM, Rossi VC, Tufik S, Suchecki D. Glucocorticoids are not responsible for paradoxical sleep deprivation-induced memory impairments. Sleep 2008; 31:505-15. [PMID: 18457238 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/31.4.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether paradoxical sleep deprivation-induced memory impairments are due to release of glucocorticoids, by means of corticosterone inhibition with metyrapone. DESIGN The design was a 2 (Groups [control, paradoxical sleep-deprived]) x 2 (Treatments [vehicle, metyrapone]) study, performed in 2 experiments: Acute treatment (single injection given immediately after 96 hours of sleep deprivation) and chronic treatment (8 injections, twice per day, throughout the sleep-deprivation period). Animals were either paradoxical sleep-deprived or remained in their home cages for 96 hours before training in contextual fear conditioning and received intraperitoneal injections of a corticosterone synthesis inhibitor, metyrapone. Memory performance was tested 24 hours after training. SUBJECTS Three-month old Wistar male rats. MEASUREMENTS Freezing behavior was considered as the conditioning index, and adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone plasma levels were determined from trunk blood of animals sacrificed in different time points. Animals were weighed before and after the paradoxical sleep-deprivation period. RESULTS Acute metyrapone treatment impaired memory in control animals and did not prevent paradoxical sleep deprivation-induced memory impairment. Likewise, in the chronic treatment, paradoxical sleep-deprived animals did not differ from control rats in their corticosterone or adrenocorticotropic hormone response to training, but still did not learn as well, and did not show any stress responses to the testing. Chronic metyrapone was, however, effective in preventing the weight loss typically observed in paradoxical sleep-deprived animals. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that glucocorticoids do not mediate memory impairments but might be responsible for the weight loss induced by paradoxical sleep deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ayako Tiba
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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141
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Shinomiya K, Takeda Y, Kamei C. [Evaluation of hypnotics in sleep-disturbed rats]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2008; 131:33-36. [PMID: 18187881 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.131.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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142
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Martins PJF, Nobrega JN, Tufik S, D'Almeida V. Sleep deprivation-induced gnawing—relationship to changes in feeding behavior in rats. Physiol Behav 2008; 93:229-34. [PMID: 17904170 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported that food spillage increases during sleep deprivation in rats, which may lead to an overestimation of food intake in this condition. The objective of this study was to verify whether sleep deprivation induces an increase in gnawing behavior that could account for increased food spillage and apparent increase in food intake. We introduced wood blocks as objects for gnawing and determined the effects of their availability on food consumption and food spillage during sleep deprivation. Wood block availability reduced the amount of food removed from hoppers and decreased the amount of food spilled. However, weight loss still occurred during the sleep deprivation period, especially in the first 24 h, and it was related to a reduction in food intake. Sleep deprivation causes an increase in stereotyped gnawing behavior which largely accounts for increased food spillage observed during deprivation. Specifically, the observed increase in food removed from feeders seems to be due to an increase in gnawing and not to increased hunger. However, even when appropriately corrected for spillage, food intake decreased in the first 24 h of sleep deprivation, which accounted for most of the body weight loss seen during the 96 h of sleep deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J F Martins
- Department of Psychobiology of Universidade Federal de São Paulo-UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP 04024-002, Brazil.
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143
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Palma BD, Suchecki D, Catallani B, Tufik S. Effect of sleep deprivation on the corticosterone secretion in an experimental model of autoimmune disease. Neuroimmunomodulation 2007; 14:72-7. [PMID: 17713353 DOI: 10.1159/000107421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sleep disturbances have been observed in a number of chronic inflammatory conditions, such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Previous results from our laboratory showed that when NZB/NZWF1 mice, an experimental model of lupus, are submitted to sleep deprivation (SD), they exhibit an earlier onset of the disease. Sleep disturbances have far-reaching effects on the endocrine and immune system, changes that may be linked to disease manifestation. Immunoendocrine communication via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis has been proposed as an important modulatory factor for the development of autoimmune disease. We hypothesized here that corticosterone (CORT) could be involved in earlier onset of the disease in sleep-deprived NZB/NZWF1 mice. METHODS The profile of CORT secretion was measured immediately after the end of SD (platform method) and during the development of the disease. Also, we analyzed the effects of SD on CORT secretion of Swiss albino mice, which do not present immune alterations. RESULTS The results showed that NZB/NZWF1 mice exhibited a CORT response to SD similar to Swiss albino mice. However, CORT levels remained elevated throughout the whole period of evaluation. There was an increase in circulating levels of CORT in the NZB/NZWF1 mice as the disease progressed, but this effect was more evident in the sleep-deprived mice. CONCLUSION According to these results, we suggest that elevated CORT levels are involved in the earlier onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Duarte Palma
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
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144
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Palma BD, Gabriel A, Colugnati FAB, Tufik S. Effects of sleep deprivation on the development of autoimmune disease in an experimental model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 291:R1527-32. [PMID: 16809486 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00186.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is hypothesized to play a restorative role on immune system. In addition, disturbed sleep is thought to impair host defense mechanisms. Chronic sleep deprivation is a common occurrence in modern society and has been observed in a number of chronic inflammatory conditions, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). New Zealand Black/New Zealand White (NZB/NZW) F1mice develop an autoimmune disease that strongly resembles SLE in humans, exhibiting high titers of antinuclear antibodies associated with the development of rapidly progressive and lethal glomerulonephritis. On the basis of this evidence, the present study examined the onset and progress of lupus in as-yet healthy female mice submitted to sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation was accomplished by two 96-h periods in the multiple-platform method when mice were 10 wk old, and they were observed until 28 wk of age. Blood samples were collected from the orbital plexus fortnightly to evaluate serum antinuclear antibodies and anti-double-stranded DNA. Proteinuria and longevity as well as body weight were also assessed. The results indicated that mice submitted to sleep deprivation exhibited an earlier onset of the disease, as reflected by the increased number of antinuclear antibodies. However, no statistical difference was found in the other parameters analyzed. According to these results, sleep deprivation could be considered as a risk factor for the onset but not for the evolution of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Duarte Palma
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862-1 andar, 04023-062 Vila Clementino, São Paulo, Brazil.
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145
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Machado RB, Suchecki D, Tufik S. Comparison of the sleep pattern throughout a protocol of chronic sleep restriction induced by two methods of paradoxical sleep deprivation. Brain Res Bull 2006; 70:213-20. [PMID: 16861105 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the sleep homeostasis of rats submitted to a protocol of chronic sleep restriction by two methods and to evaluate the sleep characteristics during the recovery period. The sleep restriction protocol was accomplished by sleep depriving rats for 18 h everyday for 21 days, using the single platform method (SPM) or the modified multiple platform method (MMPM) of paradoxical sleep (PS) deprivation. Rats were allowed to sleep for 6 h (from 10:00 to 16:00; starting 3 h after lights on) in their individual home-cages, during which their sleep was recorded. At the end of the sleep restriction protocol, rats were recorded in their home-cages for 4 days, where they could sleep freely. Both methods used to induce chronic sleep restriction were effective, in sofar as they resulted in augmented sleep time during the 6h-sleep period, with very few bouts of wakening. Although comparison between the methods did not reveal differences, sleep restriction under MMPM produced a more consistent daily rebound, mainly of paradoxical sleep, with longer episodes. These results showed distinct sleep recovery patterns, suggesting a possible role of the waking experiences (i.e. immobilization stress, social interaction) acting on sleep consolidation.
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146
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Hipólide DC, Suchecki D, Pimentel de Carvalho Pinto A, Chiconelli Faria E, Tufik S, Luz J. Paradoxical sleep deprivation and sleep recovery: effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, energy balance and body composition of rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2006; 18:231-8. [PMID: 16503918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies indicate that sleep deprivation alters energy expenditure. However, this conclusion is drawn from indirect measurements. In the present study, we investigated alterations of energy expenditure, body composition, blood glucose levels, plasma insulin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone levels immediately after 4 days of sleep deprivation or after 4 days of sleep recovery. Rats were sleep deprived or maintained in a control environment (groups sleep-deprived/deprivation and control/deprivation). One half of these animals were sacrificed at the end of the deprivation period and the other half was transported to metabolic cages, where they were allowed to sleep freely (groups sleep-deprived/recovery and control/recovery). At the end of the sleep recovery period, these rats were sacrificed. After sleep deprivation, sleep-deprived rats exhibited loss of body weight, augmented energy expenditure and reduced metabolic efficiency compared to control rats. These alterations were normalised during the sleep recovery period. The body composition of sleep-deprived rats was altered insofar as there was a loss of fat content and gain of protein content in the carcass compared to control rats. However, these alterations were not reversed by sleep recovery. Finally, plasma levels of insulin were reduced during the sleep deprivation period in both control and sleep deprived groups compared to the recovery period. After the deprivation period, plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels were increased in sleep-deprived rats compared to control rats, and although ACTH levels were similar between the groups after the sleep recovery period, corticosterone levels remained elevated in sleep-deprived rats after this period. By means of direct measurements of metabolism, our results showed that sleep deprivation produces increased energy expenditure and loss of fat content. Most of the alterations were reversed by sleep recovery, except for corticosterone levels and body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Hipólide
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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147
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Koban M, Le WW, Hoffman GE. Changes in hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone, neuropeptide Y, and proopiomelanocortin gene expression during chronic rapid eye movement sleep deprivation of rats. Endocrinology 2006; 147:421-31. [PMID: 16210372 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic rapid eye movement (paradoxical) sleep deprivation (REM-SD) of rats leads to two conspicuous pathologies: hyperphagia coincident with body weight loss, prompted by elevated metabolism. Our goals were to test the hypotheses that 1) as a stressor, REM-SD would increase CRH gene expression in the hypothalamus and that 2) to account for hyperphagia, hypothalamic gene expression of the orexigen neuropeptide Y (NPY) would increase, but expression of the anorexigen proopiomelanocortin (POMC) would decrease. Enforcement of REM-SD of adult male rats for 20 d with the platform (flowerpot) method led to progressive hyperphagia, increasing to approximately 300% of baseline; body weight steadily declined by approximately 25%. Consistent with changes in food intake patterns, NPY expression rapidly increased in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus by d 5 of REM-SD, peaking at d 20; by contrast, POMC expression decreased progressively during REM-SD. CRH expression was increased by d 5, both in mRNA and ability to detect neuronal perikaryal staining in paraventricular nucleus with immunocytochemistry, and it remained elevated thereafter with modest declines. Taken together, these data indicate that changes in hypothalamic neuropeptides regulating food intake are altered in a manner consistent with the hyperphagia seen with REM-SD. Changes in CRH, although indicative of REM-SD as a stressor, suggest that the anorexigenic actions of CRH are ineffective (or disabled). Furthermore, changes in NPY and POMC agree with current models of food intake behavior, but they are opposite to their acute effects on peripheral energy metabolism and thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Koban
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Richard N. Dixon Science Research Building Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland 21251, USA
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148
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Koban M, Swinson KL. Chronic REM-sleep deprivation of rats elevates metabolic rate and increases UCP1 gene expression in brown adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 289:E68-74. [PMID: 15727948 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00543.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A cluster of unique pathologies progressively develops during chronic total- or rapid eye movement-sleep deprivation (REM-SD) of rats. Two prominent and readily observed symptoms are hyperphagia and decline in body weight. For body weight to be lost despite a severalfold increase in food consumption suggests that SD elevates metabolism as the subject enters a state of negative energy balance. To test the hypothesis that mediation of this hypermetabolism involves increased gene expression of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1), which dissipates the thermodynamic energy of the mitochondrial proton-motive force as heat instead of ATP formation in brown adipose tissue (BAT), we 1) established the time course and magnitude of change in metabolism by measuring oxygen consumption, 2) estimated change in UCP1 gene expression in BAT by RT-PCR and Western blot, and 3) assayed serum leptin because of its role in regulating energy balance and food intake. REM-SD of male Sprague-Dawley rats was enforced for 20 days with the platform (flowerpot) method, wherein muscle atonia during REM sleep causes contact with surrounding water and awakens it. By day 20, rats more than doubled food consumption while losing approximately 11% of body weight; metabolism rose to 166% of baseline with substantial increases in UCP1 mRNA and immunoreactive UCP1 over controls; serum leptin decreased and remained suppressed. The decline in leptin is consistent with the hyperphagic response, and we conclude that one of the mediators of elevated metabolism during prolonged REM-SD is increased gene expression of UCP1 in BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Koban
- Laboratory of Physiology, Richard N. Dixon Science Research Bldg., Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 E. Cold Spring Ln., Baltimore, MD 21251, USA.
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149
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Dubiela FP, Oliveira MGMD, Moreira KDM, Nobrega JN, Tufik S, Hipólide DC. Learning deficits induced by sleep deprivation and recovery are not associated with altered [3H]muscimol and [3H]flunitrazepam binding. Brain Res 2005; 1037:157-63. [PMID: 15777764 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2004] [Revised: 12/21/2004] [Accepted: 01/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that sleep deprivation produces deficits in learning tasks, but mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. Other lines of evidence indicate an involvement of brain GABA systems in cognitive processes. Here, we investigated the possibility that alterations in GABA(A) or benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptor binding might underlie avoidance deficits induced by sleep deprivation. Rats were deprived of sleep for 96 h using the platform method and then trained in a step-through inhibitory avoidance task, or allowed to recover sleep for 24 h before training (sleep rebound group). Thirty minutes after training, animals were given a retention test. Both sleep-deprived and sleep-recovered animals showed a significant impairment in avoidance responding compared to cage controls, and the sleep-deprived group performed significant worse than the sleep-recovered group. A separate group of animals was sacrificed either immediately after 96 h of sleep deprivation or after 96 h of sleep deprivation followed by 24 h of sleep recovery. [(3)H]muscimol and [(3)H]flunitrazepam binding were examined by quantitative autoradiography in 42 brain regions, including areas involved in cognitive processes. No significant differences among groups were found in any brain region, except for a reduction in [(3)H]flunitrazepam binding in the frontal cortex of sleep-recovered animals. These results confirm the deleterious effects of sleep loss on inhibitory avoidance learning, but suggest that such deficits cannot be attributed to altered GABA(A) or BDZ binding in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Paulino Dubiela
- Psychobiology Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925 Vila Clementino, SP, 04024-002 São Paulo, Brazil
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150
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Silva RH, Kameda SR, Carvalho RC, Takatsu-Coleman AL, Niigaki ST, Abílio VC, Tufik S, Frussa-Filho R. Anxiogenic effect of sleep deprivation in the elevated plus-maze test in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004; 176:115-22. [PMID: 15160262 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-004-1873-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2003] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Several clinical studies demonstrate that the absence of periods of sleep is closely related to occurrence of anxiety symptoms. However, the basis of these interactions is poorly understood. Studies performed with animal models of sleep deprivation and anxiety would be helpful in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying this relationship, but some animal studies have not corroborated clinical data, reporting anxiolytic effects of sleep deprivation. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to verify the effects of different protocols of sleep deprivation in mice tested in the elevated plus-maze and to assess the effect of chlordiazepoxide and clonidine. METHODS Three-month-old male mice were sleep-deprived for 24 or 72 h using the methods of single or multiple platforms in water tanks. Mice kept in their home cages were used as controls. Plus-maze behavior was observed immediately after the deprivation period. RESULTS Mice that were sleep-deprived for 72 h spent a lower percent time in the open arms of the apparatus than control animals. This sleep deprivation-induced anxiety-like behavior was unaffected by treatment with chlordiazepoxide (5.0 and 7.5 mg/kg IP), but reversed by an administration of 5 or 10 microg/kg IP clonidine. CONCLUSION The results indicate that under specific methodological conditions sleep deprivation causes an increase in anxiety-like behavior in mice exposed to the elevated plus-maze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina H Silva
- Departamento de Farmacolgia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, Edifício Leal Prado, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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