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Tsakmakidis Ι, Pavlou C, Tamvakis Α, Papadopoulos T, Christodoulou V, Angelopoulou K, Dovas CI, Antoniou Μ, Anastasakis C, Diakou Α. Leishmania infection in lagomorphs and minks in Greece. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 16:100279. [PMID: 31027609 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Greece is an endemic country for human and canine leishmaniosis. Studies about the role of lagomorphs and minks in the epidemiology of the diseases are, so far, limited. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of Leishmania infection in these animals, in different areas of the country. Samples from 393 domestic and wild rabbits, 90 hares and 200 minks were collected and examined by cytology (spleen imprints) and serology (ELISA), while spleen samples of 116, 56 and 95 of the rabbits, hares and minks, respectively, were examined by a PCR assay targeting the ITS1 region. For every animal examined a form was created, recording information like date, area, animal species, sex, etc. All imprint smears examined were negative, while serology revealed infection in 7.6% (C.I. 5.0-10.3%) rabbits, 6.7% (C.I. 1.5-11.8%) hares and 20% (C.I. 14.5-25.5%) minks. Infection was confirmed by molecular methods in 2.6% (C.I. 0.0-5.5%), 3.6% (C.I. 0.0-8.4%) and 2.1% (C.I. 0.0-5.0%) of the animals, respectively. The statistical analysis showed that minks are most likely to be seropositive and that in rabbits, the breeding method (i.e. homestead reared animals) was associated with infection. Because of the proximity of lagomorphs and minks to humans and dogs it is necessary to further elucidate their role in the epidemiology of leishmaniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ιoannis Tsakmakidis
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christoforos Pavlou
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Αndroniki Tamvakis
- Laboratory of Ecology and System Dynamics, Department of Marine Sciences, University of the Aegean, 811 00 Mytilene, Lesvos, Greece
| | - Theologos Papadopoulos
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Christodoulou
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Katerina Angelopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysostomos I Dovas
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Μaria Antoniou
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Christos Anastasakis
- Region of Western Macedonia, Regional Division of Kastoria, Department of Veterinary Services, 52100 Kastoria, Greece
| | - Αnastasia Diakou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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102
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Rêgo FD, Souza GD, Dornelles LFP, Andrade Filho JD. Ecology and Molecular Detection of Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908 (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatida) in Wild-Caught Sand Flies (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) Collected in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul: A New Focus of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:519-525. [PMID: 30321358 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies are hematophagous insect vectors of the protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania Ross, 1903 (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatida) that infect mammals, including humans, causing leishmaniasis. In Porto Alegre, Brazil, three autochthonous cases of human visceral leishmaniasis were reported in 2016 through 2017. We analyzed for the presence of Leishmania DNA in sand flies collected at the neighborhood of Agronomia, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Phlebotomine sand flies were collected at three sites from October 2014 to September 2015. Female sand flies were pooled in numbers from 1 to 20 depending upon species, locality, and date; all were screened for Leishmania infection by the amplification of the ITS1 region. In total 518 phlebotomine sand flies were collected: Psathyromyia lanei (Barretto and Coutinho, 1941) (Diptera: Psychodidae) (30.5%), Brumptomyia sp. (França and Parrrot, 1921) (Diptera: Psychodidae) (25.7%), Migonemyia migonei (Franca, 1920) (Diptera: Psychodidae) (21.4%), Pintomyia fischeri (Pinto, 1926) (Diptera: Psychodidae) (21.4%), and Nyssomyia neivai (Pinto, 1926) (Diptera: Psychodidae) (1.0%). Most sand flies were collected during the hot and rainy season from October 2014 to April 2015. Of the 113 pools analyzed, five pools of Pi. fischeri were PCR-positive with the amplicons possessing sequences similar (>95%) to that of Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908 (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatida). These results represent the first molecular detection of Le. infantum in Pi. fischeri. It is possible that Pi. fischeri is involved in the transmission cycle of Le. infantum in the studied area; however, further studies are needed to establish the true role of Pi. fischeri in the visceral leismaniasis cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Dutra Rêgo
- Grupo de Estudo em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Getúlio Dornelles Souza
- Núcleo de Flebotomíneos, Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Rio Grande do Sul, Secretaria de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Núcleo de Vigilância de Roedores e Vetores, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - José Dilermando Andrade Filho
- Grupo de Estudo em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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103
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First isolation of Leishmania infantum by blood culture in bovines from endemic area for canine visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitology 2019; 146:911-913. [PMID: 30782228 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is considered a parasitic disease that still causes serious consequences for mankind, because it presents a high mortality rate worldwide. Considered multi-hosts, the parasites of the genus Leishmania are able of infecting a wide variety of animal species. The dog was considered the main source of infection of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), in the urban area. However, the role of other animal species in the epidemiological cycle of the disease, such as cattle, remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of Leishmania spp. in 100 bovines (Bos taurus) from an area endemic for canine VL, using blood culture and molecular analysis. By the sequencing analysis, one sample showed 100% similarity with Leishmania infantum. The results provide the first case of L. infantum isolation in one bovine from the periurban areas of Bauru, state of São Paulo, Brazil.
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104
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Re-Emerging foci of visceral leishmaniasis in Armenia - first molecular diagnosis of clinical samples. Parasitology 2019; 146:857-864. [PMID: 30755288 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019000064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was firstly reported in Armenia in 1913. Following a considerable increase of the number of cases until the mid 1950s, the disease disappeared after 1969 and re-emerged in 1999. Scientific literature about VL in Armenia is available only in Russian or Armenian. This paper presents a historical overview about leishmaniasis in Armenia based on this literature as well as an epidemiological update since the re-emergence of the disease. In 1999-2016, 116 indigenous VL cases were recorded mainly in children in 8 of the 11 districts, however, VL is underreported because of lack of trained medical personal and diagnostic facilities. The aim of this work was to apply for the first time molecular diagnosis of VL in Armenia. Out of 25 VL suspected patients, 22 were positive by microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Genotyping using internal transcribed spacer 1-PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing identified the causative agent of VL in Armenia as Leishmania infantum. The present work is an important step towards the inclusion of molecular techniques in the current diagnosis of VL in Armenia and the establishment of local molecular diagnostic facilities.
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105
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Abstract
Phylogenetics is an important component of the systems biology approach. Knowledge about evolution of the genus Leishmania is essential to understand various aspects of basic biology of these parasites, such as parasite-host or parasite-vector relationships, biogeography, or epidemiology. Here, we present a comprehensive guideline for performing phylogenetic studies based on DNA sequence data, but with principles that can be adapted to protein sequences or other molecular markers. It is presented as a compilation of the most commonly used genetic targets for phylogenetic studies of Leishmania, including their respective primers for amplification and references, as well as details of PCR assays. Guidelines are, then, presented to choose the best targets in relation to the types of samples under study. Finally, and importantly, instructions are given to obtain optimal sequences, alignments, and datasets for the subsequent data analysis and phylogenetic inference. Different bioinformatics methods and software for phylogenetic inference are presented and explained. This chapter aims to provide a compilation of methods and generic guidelines to conduct phylogenetics of Leishmania for nonspecialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Kuhls
- Molekulare Biotechnologie und Funktionelle Genomik, Technische Hochschule Wildau, Wildau, Germany.
| | - Isabel Mauricio
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
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106
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Gunaratna G, Manamperi A, Böhlken-Fascher S, Wickremasinge R, Gunawardena K, Yapa B, Pathirana N, Pathirana H, de Silva N, Sooriyaarachchi M, Deerasinghe T, Mondal D, Ranasinghe S, Abd El Wahed A. Evaluation of rapid extraction and isothermal amplification techniques for the detection of Leishmania donovani DNA from skin lesions of suspected cases at the point of need in Sri Lanka. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:665. [PMID: 30577826 PMCID: PMC6303884 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by vector-borne protozoans. In Sri Lanka, the cutaneous form of the disease is predominant, which is usually diagnosed using Giemsa-stained slit skin smear examination and by histology. However, the sensitivity of slit skin smears and histology are reportedly low. Moreover, facilities for the highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are available only in a few highly-equipped parasitology laboratories. Therefore, there is a need for low cost, sensitive and specific screening tests for diagnosis of leishmaniasis at the point of need. RESULTS In this study, a mobile suitcase laboratory applying novel extraction (SpeedXtract) and isothermal amplification and detection (recombinase polymerase amplification assay, RPA) methods were evaluated for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka. First, the developed assay was applied to three different sample types (punch biopsy, slit skin smears and fine needle aspirates) at a local hospital. The results showed that the 2 mm punch biopsy sample produced the best exponential amplification curve and early fluorescence signal in the RPA assay. Secondly, punch biopsies were collected from 150 suspected cutaneous leishmaniasis cases and screened with SpeedXtract/RPA, RNAlater/PCR and ATL buffer/PCR, in addition to Giemsa-stained slit skin smears. Fifty-seven samples were negative in all detection methods. In total 93 samples were positive with assay sensitivities of 65.5% (SpeedXtract/RPA), 63.4% (RNAlater/PCR) and 92.4% (ATL buffer/PCR). The Giemsa-stained slit skin smear delivered the worst clinical sensitivity (32.2%). CONCLUSIONS The SpeedXtract/RPA method under field conditions took 35 min, while almost 8 h were needed to finalize the extraction and detection by PCR in the laboratory. The SpeedXtract/RPA method produced similar sensitivity to samples preserved in RNAlater and subjected to PCR amplification, but both were less sensitive than ATL-preserved samples subjected to PCR amplification. There is a need for a standardization of sample collection and nucleic acid extraction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayana Gunaratna
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | - Aresha Manamperi
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Renu Wickremasinge
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Kithsiri Gunawardena
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | - Bandujith Yapa
- Dermatology Unit, District General Hospital Matara, Matara, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Nilanthi de Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | - Monica Sooriyaarachchi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Theja Deerasinghe
- Dermatology Unit, District General Hospital Hambantota, Hambantota, Sri Lanka
| | - Dinesh Mondal
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shalindra Ranasinghe
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.
| | - Ahmed Abd El Wahed
- Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
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107
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Chargui N, Slama D, Haouas N, Rmadi L, Babba H. Transmission cycle analysis in a Leishmania infantum focus: Infection rates and blood meal origins in sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2018; 43:321-327. [PMID: 30408299 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An entomological study was conducted in a Leishmania infantum focus, including the identification of the sand fly species, the detection and the characterization of Leishmania DNA in female sand flies, and blood meal origins in engorged sand flies. A total of 643 sand flies (31% female, 69% male) was identified based on their morphological features or molecular markers. Ten different species were identified, with Phlebotomus perniciosus, the confirmed vector of L. infantum, being the most abundant (56%), P. papatasi in 25% of sand flies, the unique vector species of L. major, and P. longicuspis in 7% of cases, the suspected second vector of L. infantum. Moreover, the infection rate was 3.4% in P. perniciousus, P. papatasi, P. longicuspis, and Sergentomya minuta. Also, L. infantum was identified in five unfed P. perniciosus and two P. longicuspis. Our results suggest the vector role of P. perniciosus and P. longicuspis in the transmission cycle of L. infantum. The DNA of four mammalian species (human, rabbit, horse, and cow) was identified in the blood meals of sand flies, suggesting that these species are potential reservoirs of leishmaniasis, though it is not yet fully elucidated (especially for MON-24 and MON-80). We suggest the existence of different transmission cycles of L. infantum involving different species of sand flies and hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najla Chargui
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology (LP3M), Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Department of Clinical Biology, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Darine Slama
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology (LP3M), Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Department of Clinical Biology, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Najoua Haouas
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology (LP3M), Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Department of Clinical Biology, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Latifa Rmadi
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology (LP3M), Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Department of Clinical Biology, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hamouda Babba
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology (LP3M), Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Department of Clinical Biology, Monastir, Tunisia
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108
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Elucidating in vitro and in vivo phenotypic behaviour of L. infantum/L. major natural hybrids. Parasitology 2018; 146:580-587. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018001993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe clinical manifestation and course of Leishmania infections depend on factors such as species, virulence and host-immunity. Although trypanosomatids are considered to have clonal propagation, genetic hybridization has produced successful natural hybrid lineages. Hybrids displaying strong selective advantages may have an impact on pathogenesis and the eco-epidemiology of leishmaniasis. Thus, characterization of phenotypic properties of Leishmania hybrids could bring significant insight into the biology, infectivity, pathogenicity and transmission dynamics of these atypical strains. The present study focuses on phenotypic features and survival capacity of Leishmania infantum/Leishmania major hybrid isolates as compared with representative putative parental species, L. infantum and L. major. In vitro assays (growth kinetics, susceptibility to different conditions) and in vivo infection (parasite detection and histopathological alterations) showed that hybrids present higher growth capacity and decreased susceptibility to reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, evaluation of infected spleen tissue suggests that hybrids induce a stronger immune reaction than their putative parents, leading to the development of white pulp hyperplasia in B-lymphocyte compartments. Overall, these hybrids have shown high plasticity in terms of their general behaviour within the different phenotypic parameters, suggesting that they might have acquired genetic features conferring different mechanisms to evade host cells.
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109
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Rabbit trypanosome detection in Phlebotomus perniciosus sand flies from the leishmaniasis outbreak in Madrid, Spain. Acta Trop 2018; 187:201-206. [PMID: 30107150 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies are known vectors of several pathogens. In Spain, Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus ariasi are the proven vectors of Leishmania infantum. Since 2010 a human leishmaniasis outbreak has been notified in Madrid region, central Spain. Studies have shown that P. perniciosus is the only vector confirmed in the focus area and that rabbits and hares are the wild reservoirs incriminated in the cycle of the parasite in the outbreak. Trypanosoma nabiasi is a trypanosomatid found in wild rabbits and its presence has been reported in wild rabbits from southern Spain. Moreover, co-infection with L. infantum was found in some of these animals. However, in Madrid region, there is no information about the transmission of this trypanosome in rabbits. Hence, in this study we investigate if T. nabiasi could be circulating in the aforementioned leishmaniasis focus. Wild P. perniciosus female sand flies were captured in the affected area and analyzed using molecular methods. T. nabiasi DNA was detected in 20 out of 155 female sand flies fed on rabbits by amplification and subsequent sequencing of ITS1 and SSU rRNA fragments. Therefore, we describe for the first time the presence of T. nabiasi and its co-infection with L. infantum in P. perniciosus female sand flies. More investigation is needed in order to elucidate the role of P. perniciosus in the transmission of T. nabiasi among rabbits and its potential consequences.
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110
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Plant-feeding phlebotomine sand flies, vectors of leishmaniasis, prefer Cannabis sativa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11790-11795. [PMID: 30373823 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810435115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-sucking phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) transmit leishmaniasis as well as arboviral diseases and bartonellosis. Sand fly females become infected with Leishmania parasites and transmit them while imbibing vertebrates' blood, required as a source of protein for maturation of eggs. In addition, both females and males consume plant-derived sugar meals as a source of energy. Plant meals may comprise sugary solutions such as nectar or honeydew (secreted by plant-sucking homopteran insects), as well as phloem sap that sand flies obtain by piercing leaves and stems with their needle-like mouthparts. Hence, the structure of plant communities can influence the distribution and epidemiology of leishmaniasis. We designed a next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based assay for determining the source of sand fly plant meals, based upon the chloroplast DNA gene ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large chain (rbcL). Here, we report on the predilection of several sand fly species, vectors of leishmaniasis in different parts of the world, for feeding on Cannabis sativa We infer this preference based on the substantial percentage of sand flies that had fed on C. sativa plants despite the apparent "absence" of these plants from most of the field sites. We discuss the conceivable implications of the affinity of sand flies for C. sativa on their vectorial capacity for Leishmania and the putative exploitation of their attraction to C. sativa for the control of sand fly-borne diseases.
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111
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Paiz LM, Motoie G, Richini-Pereira VB, Langoni H, Menozzi BD, Tolezano JE, Donalisio MR. Antibodies and Molecular Detection of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in Samples of Free-Ranging Marmosets (Primates: Callitrichidae: Callithrix spp.) in an Area of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Southeastern Brazil. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 19:249-254. [PMID: 30335584 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic protozoan infection that affects mammals and involves a complex epidemiology. Although dogs are considered the main reservoir in zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the possible presence of other mammalian species acting as reservoirs has been associated as a possible cause of lack of success in the control of human VL in many endemic areas. The knowledge about natural infections of some species is still scarce, such as nonhuman primates (NHP), especially from the genus Callithrix (marmosets). We investigated the infection by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, the agent of VL in the Americas, in 26 marmosets captured monthly, from April 2014 to March 2015, in an environmentally protected area (EPA) in Southeastern Brazil. The EPA has undergone significant environmental changes and has a transmission focus of canine VL since 2009. Serology was performed through the direct agglutination test, which detected low antibody titers in seven marmosets (7/26; 26.9%, 95% confidence interval 9.9-44.0), being five Callithrix penicillata (black-tufted-ear marmoset) and two Callithrix jacchus (white-tufted-ear marmoset). The presence of the DNA of Leishmania was investigated in blood and skin samples by PCR and genetic sequencing. This is the first report of the detection of L. (L.) infantum in the skin of a marmoset, which was verified in a sample from one C. penicillata. The results demonstrate the natural infection of marmosets by L. (L.) infantum and may suggest the participation of these animals as hosts in the parasite's transmission cycle in the EPA. However, more comprehensive studies are needed to elucidate their role on the VL epidemiology in this area and also in different endemic areas, especially because these NHP are increasingly in contact with humans and domestic animals, particularly due to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Moraes Paiz
- 1 Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Motoie
- 2 Adolfo Lutz Institute, Center for Systemic Parasitic Diseases, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Helio Langoni
- 4 Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Benedito Donizete Menozzi
- 4 Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Rita Donalisio
- 1 Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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112
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Almazán MC, Hoyos CL, Krolewiecki AJ, Cajal SP, Copa GN, Fleitas PE, Barroso PA, Marco JD, Nasser JR, Gil JF. Molecular Identification of Leishmania spp. DNA from Archived Giemsa-Stained Slides of Patients from Salta, Argentina. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:1156-1161. [PMID: 30255828 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic in Salta province, which belongs to the northwest of Argentina. Leishmania spp. DNA from Giemsa-stained slides of up to 12 years in storage of patients from Salta was characterized through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). One hundred smears positive for microscopy, classified in a semiquantitative scale for amastigote density, were analyzed. Also, Leishmanin skin test (LST) results were included. DNA extraction was carried out applying lysis buffer with proteinase K, and then DNA was amplified with ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 primers. PCR products were digested with HaeIII enzyme. All PCR-positive smears (74/100) belonged to Viannia subgenus. A statistically significant, directly proportional relationship between semiquantitative microscopy and PCR results was detected. All patients had LST-positive results (induration ≥ 5 mm), and the smears of those with smaller induration (LST < 19 mm) gave a higher proportion of positive PCR results. This study determined that smear age did not affect PCR positivity, which allows retrospective analyzes and suggests smears might be useful for molecular complementary diagnosis. Because Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is the main circulating species in the study area, determining Viannia subgenus in all analyzed samples confirms previous findings. PCR positivity showed statistically significant differences according to semiquantitative microscopy, highlighting the importance of parasite burden in the diagnostic sensitivity of the method. Considering that smears of patients with smaller LST induration were more positive in PCR, a negative smear from patients with positive LST response, but < 19 mm, could actually represent a false-negative result.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cristina Almazán
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Salta, Argentina.,Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina
| | - Carlos Lorenzo Hoyos
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET, Salta, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Salta, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Javier Krolewiecki
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Salta, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina
| | - Silvana Pamela Cajal
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina
| | - Griselda Noemí Copa
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Salta, Argentina.,Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina
| | - Pedro Emanuel Fleitas
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Salta, Argentina.,Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina
| | - Paola Andrea Barroso
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET, Salta, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Salta, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina
| | - Jorge Diego Marco
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET, Salta, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Salta, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina
| | - Julio Rubén Nasser
- Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina
| | - José Fernando Gil
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía No Convencional, CONICET, Salta, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Salta, Argentina
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113
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Yasur-Landau D, Jaffe CL, David L, Doron-Faigenboim A, Baneth G. Resistance of Leishmania infantum to allopurinol is associated with chromosome and gene copy number variations including decrease in the S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (METK) gene copy number. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2018; 8:403-410. [PMID: 30173105 PMCID: PMC6122375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is one of the causative agents of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a widespread, life-threatening disease. This parasite is responsible for the majority of human VL cases in Brazil, the Middle East, China, Central Asia and the Mediterranean basin. Its main reservoir are domestic dogs which, similar to human patients, may develop severe visceral disease and die if not treated. The drug allopurinol is used for the long-term maintenance of dogs with canine leishmaniasis. Following our report of allopurinol resistance in treated relapsed dogs, we investigated the mechanisms and markers of resistance to this drug. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of clinical resistant and susceptible strains, and laboratory induced resistant parasites, was carried out in order to detect genetic changes associated with resistance. Significant gene copy number variation (CNV) was found between resistant and susceptible isolates at several loci, including a locus on chromosome 30 containing the genes LinJ.30.3550 through LinJ.30.3580. A reduction in copy number for LinJ.30.3560, encoding the S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (METK) gene, was found in two resistant clinical isolates and four induced resistant clonal strains. Using quantitative real time PCR, this reduction in METK copy number was also found in three additional resistant clinical isolates. Furthermore, inhibition of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase encoded by the METK gene in allopurinol susceptible strains resulted in increased allopurinol resistance, confirming its role in resistance to allopurinol. In conclusion, this study identified genetic changes associated with L. infantum resistance to allopurinol and the reduction in METK copy number identified may serve as a marker for resistance in dogs, and reduced protein activity correlated with increased allopurinol resistance. Allopurinol resistance was previously described in L. infantum isolated from dogs. This study aimed at defining the genetic differences between susceptible and resistant strains. Gene and chromosome copy numbers differed between susceptible and resistant L. infantum strains. Decrease in METK gene copies was associated with increased allopurinol resistance. Inhibition of the enzyme encoded by METK increased allopurinol resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles L Jaffe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lior David
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Doron-Faigenboim
- Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Science, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel.
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114
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Tateng AN, Kirstein OD, Ngouateu OB, Krüger A, von Stebut E, Maurer M, Payne VK, Warburg A, Dondji B. First detection of Leishmania donovani
in sand flies from Cameroon and its epidemiological implications. Trop Med Int Health 2018; 23:1014-1021. [DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aimé Ngouateu Tateng
- Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology; University of Dschang; Dschang Cameroon
- Laboratory of the Leishmaniasis Research Project; Mokolo District Hospital; Mokolo Cameroon
| | - Oscar David Kirstein
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Omer Bébé Ngouateu
- Laboratory of the Leishmaniasis Research Project; Mokolo District Hospital; Mokolo Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology; University of Yaoundé I; Yaoundé Cameroon
| | - Andreas Krüger
- Tropical Medicine Branch; Bundeswehr-Hospital Hamburg; Hamburg Germany
| | - Esther von Stebut
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Vincent Khan Payne
- Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology; University of Dschang; Dschang Cameroon
| | - Alon Warburg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Blaise Dondji
- Laboratory of the Leishmaniasis Research Project; Mokolo District Hospital; Mokolo Cameroon
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Parasitology; Central Washington University; Ellensburg WA USA
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115
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Kirstein OD, Skrip L, Abassi I, Iungman T, Horwitz BZ, Gebresilassie A, Spitzova T, Waitz Y, Gebre-Michael T, Volf P, Hailu A, Warburg A. A fine scale eco-epidemiological study on endemic visceral leishmaniasis in north ethiopian villages. Acta Trop 2018; 183:64-77. [PMID: 29621537 PMCID: PMC5956276 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
We conducted fine-scale eco-epidemiological analyses of factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis transmission. The population densities of Phlebotomus orientalis, the vector, were negatively correlated with distance from vertisols. Sero-positivity to Ph. orientalis saliva, was found in people living close to vertisol areas. Apparent clustering of infections indicates that transmission occurs around houses located close to vertisols. Our data suggest that asymptomatic individuals serve as reservoir hosts for anthroponotic transmission inside villages.
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a disseminated protozoan infection caused by Leishmania donovani that affects almost half a million people annually. In Northern Ethiopia, VL is common in migrant agricultural laborers returning from the lowland sesame fields of Metema and Humera. Recent VL foci have emerged in resident rural populations near the town. In the current study, we evaluate multilevel entomological, epidemiological and ecological factors associated with infection and disease through fine-scale eco-epidemiological analyses in three villages. Satellite images showed that villages constructed in or close to vertisols, were likely to become endemic for VL. Vertisols or black-cotton soil, are characterized by high contents of smectitic clay minerals, which swell when hydrated and shrink upon desiccation, causing extensive deep cracking during the dry season. The population densities of Phlebotomus orientalis, the vector, were negatively correlated with distance from vertisols and persons living close to vertisols were more likely to be bitten by sand flies, as evidenced by sero-positivity to Ph. orientalis saliva. Apparent (albeit non-significant) clustering of VL cases and abundant asymptomatic infections close to vertisols, suggest anthroponotic transmission around houses located close to vertisols. Comparable rates of male and female volunteers, mostly under 15 years of age, were infected with L. donovani but a significantly higher proportion of males succumbed to VL indicating a physiological gender-linked male susceptibility. Our data suggest that the abundant infected persons with high parasitemias who remain asymptomatic, may serve as reservoir hosts for anthroponotic transmission inside villages. Only limited insights on the transmission dynamics of L. donovani were gained by the study of environmental factors such as presence of animals, house structure and vegetation cover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar David Kirstein
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute of Medical Research, Israel-Canada [IMRIC], The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, Israel.
| | - Laura Skrip
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Yale University,60 College street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA, USA
| | - Ibrahim Abassi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute of Medical Research, Israel-Canada [IMRIC], The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, Israel
| | - Tamara Iungman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute of Medical Research, Israel-Canada [IMRIC], The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, Israel
| | - Ben Zion Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute of Medical Research, Israel-Canada [IMRIC], The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, Israel
| | - Araya Gebresilassie
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Ethiopia
| | - Tatiana Spitzova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Yoni Waitz
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel, Israel
| | - Teshome Gebre-Michael
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Ethiopia
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Asrat Hailu
- Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Ethiopia
| | - Alon Warburg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute of Medical Research, Israel-Canada [IMRIC], The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, Israel
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116
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Cassan C, Diagne CA, Tatard C, Gauthier P, Dalecky A, Bâ K, Kane M, Niang Y, Diallo M, Sow A, Brouat C, Bañuls AL. Leishmania major and Trypanosoma lewisi infection in invasive and native rodents in Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006615. [PMID: 29958273 PMCID: PMC6042788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioinvasion is a major public health issue because it can lead to the introduction of pathogens in new areas and favours the emergence of zoonotic diseases. Rodents are prominent invasive species, and act as reservoirs in many zoonotic infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the link between the distribution and spread of two parasite taxa (Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma lewisi) and the progressive invasion of Senegal by two commensal rodent species (the house mouse Mus musculus domesticus and the black rat Rattus rattus). M. m. domesticus and R. rattus have invaded the northern part and the central/southern part of the country, respectively. Native and invasive rodents were caught in villages and cities along the invasion gradients of both invaders, from coastal localities towards the interior of the land. Molecular diagnosis of the two trypanosomatid infections was performed using spleen specimens. In the north, neither M. m. domesticus nor the native species were carriers of these parasites. Conversely, in the south, 17.5% of R. rattus were infected by L. major and 27.8% by T. lewisi, while very few commensal native rodents were carriers. Prevalence pattern along invasion gradients, together with the knowledge on the geographical distribution of the parasites, suggested that the presence of the two parasites in R. rattus in Senegal is of different origins. Indeed, the invader R. rattus could have been locally infected by the native parasite L. major. Conversely, it could have introduced the exotic parasite T. lewisi in Senegal, the latter appearing to be poorly transmitted to native rodents. Altogether, these data show that R. rattus is a carrier of both parasites and could be responsible for the emergence of new foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis, or for the transmission of atypical human trypanosomiasis in Senegal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Cassan
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe A. Diagne
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Campus ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
- Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Caroline Tatard
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Gauthier
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Khalilou Bâ
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Campus ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mamadou Kane
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Campus ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Youssoupha Niang
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Campus ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mamoudou Diallo
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Campus ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Aliou Sow
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Campus ISRA/IRD de Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Carine Brouat
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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117
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Al-Jawabreh A, Dumaidi K, Ereqat S, Nasereddin A, Azmi K, Al-Jawabreh H, Al-Laham N, Abdeen Z. A comparison of the efficiency of three sampling methods for use in the molecular and conventional diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2018. [PMID: 29522706 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), the success of positive diagnoses and species identifications depends, primarily, on how biopsies are taken and then processed and examined. The efficiency of three methods of taking skin biopsies from suspect cases of CL was compared using the classical methods of microscopy of stained smears, in vitro culture of tissue aspirate, and internal transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS1)-polymerase chain reaction in diagnosing positive cases and identifying the species of Leishmania causing them. From 1994-2014, biopsy samples from the skin lesions of 2232 CL-suspected patients were collected as unstained smears, as smears stained with Giemsa's stain and on filter paper, and compared in the diagnostic tests employed. Matched comparison based on testing biopsy samples from 100 patients, microscopy, in vitro culture and ITS1-PCR were also conducted to assess the most suitable combination of methods for diagnosing leishmaniases. In the 100-case-matched comparison, the three different types of sample proved to be equally good with no significant difference (P > 0.05). However, skin tissue imprints on filter paper revealed most cases of CL. The kappa statistic for measuring the degree of agreement among the three samples was 89%, which is considered good. Agreement was highest between imprints on filter paper and unstained smears, and lowest was for stained smears. In the overall comparison between the ITS1-PCR and conventional methods, the ITS1-PCR using samples from filter papers was the most sensitive method but the difference was insignificant (P = 0.32). The combination of microscopy together with ITS1-PCR on samples from filter papers increased the sensitivity significantly to 46%, compared to using the methods individually (P = 0.003-0.0008). On comparing the results of the tests done on the samples from the 2232 patients after applying ITS1-PCRs to their samples from filter papers, unstained smears, in vitro culture, microscopy, and stained smears showed, respectively, test sensitivities of 81, 69, 64, 57 and 48%. Of the tests and samples adjudicated, ITS1-PCRs run on skin tissue samples from filter papers proved best for the routine laboratory diagnosis of CL. Adding microscopy of stained smears to it, improved its diagnostic value significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Al-Jawabreh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Arab American University, Jenin, Palestine; Leishmaniases Research Unit, Jericho, Palestine; Al-Quds Public Health Society, Jerusalem, Palestine,.
| | - Kamal Dumaidi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Arab American University, Jenin, Palestine
| | - Suheir Ereqat
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Abu Deis, East Jerusalem, Palestine,; Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Abdelmajeed Nasereddin
- Al-Quds Public Health Society, Jerusalem, Palestine,; Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Kifaya Azmi
- Al-Quds Public Health Society, Jerusalem, Palestine,; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Abu Deis, East Jerusalem, Palestine,; Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | | | - Nahed Al-Laham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine
| | - Ziad Abdeen
- Al-Quds Public Health Society, Jerusalem, Palestine,; Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine
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118
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Uchida S, Oiso N, Sanjoba C, Matsumoto Y, Yanagihara S, Annoura T, Kato Y, Shirano M, Goto Y, Kawada A. Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in Israel. J Dermatol 2018; 45:e240-e241. [PMID: 29569308 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Uchida
- Department of Dermatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Naoki Oiso
- Department of Dermatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Chizu Sanjoba
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeto Yanagihara
- Department of Dermatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Annoura
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kato
- Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michinori Shirano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kawada
- Department of Dermatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
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119
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Leishmania tropica isolates from non-healed and healed patients in Iran: A molecular typing and phylogenetic analysis. Microb Pathog 2018; 116:124-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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120
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Echchakery M, Nieto J, Boussaa S, El Fajali N, Ortega S, Souhail K, Aajly H, Chicharro C, Carrillo E, Moreno J, Boumezzough A. Asymptomatic carriers of Leishmania infantum in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Morocco. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1237-1244. [PMID: 29478175 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5805-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In Morocco, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a parasitic disease caused by the flagellated protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum. L. infantum is transmitted by the bite of female phlebotomine sandflies, and its main reservoir hosts are domestic dogs. Asymptomatic infection with L. infantum is more frequent than clinically apparent disease. In HIV-infected patients, the risk of clinical VL is increased due to immunosuppression that may reactivate latent infections. However, coinfected subjects do not necessarily develop VL and may remain as asymptomatic carriers depending on their immune status. The present study investigates the asymptomatic carriers of L. infantum in HIV-infected patients in central Morocco, where human cases of visceral leishmaniasis by L. infantum have been reported. A total of 200 HIV-infected patients attending the Infectious Diseases Unit of the Ibn Zohar Hospital of Marrakech participated in the study. Parasitological and serological blood analyses included a direct microscopic examination (DME), culture in Novy-McNeal-Nicolle (NNN) medium, and serology by indirect immunofluorescence (IFI). We found prevalence rates of 5% (10/200) by IFI, 3% (6/200) by DME, and 2.5% (5/200) by culture. The parasite was identified as L. infantum by PCR from positive cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Echchakery
- Laboratory of Medical Analysis, Ibn Zohr Regional Hospital Center, Marrakech, Morocco.,Ecology and the Environment Laboratory L2E (URAC 32, CNRST ERACNERS 06), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - J Nieto
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Parasitology Service, National Center of Microbiology Institute of Health Carlos III, Ctra Pozuelo-Majadahonda, km 2, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Boussaa
- Ecology and the Environment Laboratory L2E (URAC 32, CNRST ERACNERS 06), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco. .,ISPITS-Higher Institute of Nursing and Health Technology, Marrakech, Morocco.
| | - N El Fajali
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ibn Zohr Regional Hospital Center, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - S Ortega
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Parasitology Service, National Center of Microbiology Institute of Health Carlos III, Ctra Pozuelo-Majadahonda, km 2, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - K Souhail
- Laboratory of Medical Analysis, Ibn Zohr Regional Hospital Center, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - H Aajly
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ibn Zohr Regional Hospital Center, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - C Chicharro
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Parasitology Service, National Center of Microbiology Institute of Health Carlos III, Ctra Pozuelo-Majadahonda, km 2, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Carrillo
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Parasitology Service, National Center of Microbiology Institute of Health Carlos III, Ctra Pozuelo-Majadahonda, km 2, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Moreno
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Parasitology Service, National Center of Microbiology Institute of Health Carlos III, Ctra Pozuelo-Majadahonda, km 2, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Boumezzough
- Ecology and the Environment Laboratory L2E (URAC 32, CNRST ERACNERS 06), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
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121
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Mosleh IM, Schönian G, Kanani K, Shadfan B. Leishmania major cutaneous leishmaniasis outbreak in the Jordanian side of the Northern Jordan Valley. Pathog Glob Health 2018; 112:22-28. [PMID: 29392995 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2018.1431191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in many foci of Jordan and the Jordanian Mid Jordan Valley (JMJV) is the most affected and the incidence is quite high. The situation in the northern part of the Jordanian side of the Jordan Valley (NJJV) was different; before 2008, CL has rarely been reported from this area. From April 2008 to May 2009, passive detection followed by active detection was used to trace cases of CL from the NJJV. DNA was extracted from seven clinical isolates of Leishmania promastigotes and lesion scrapings spotted on filter papers obtained from 51 suspected CL patients living in the NJJV. The identity of the causative species of CL in the NJJV was investigated using ITS1-PCR followed by RFLP. In 2008/2009, 183 cases were clinically diagnosed of having CL in the NJJV. The parasites in five of the isolates and in 48 PCR-positive scrapings were classified as Leishmania major. In two isolates and in one PCR-positive scraping Leishmania tropica was identified. Investigations on the origin of CL cases revealed that the L. tropica cases were residents of two towns outside the NJJV. Herein, we report the clinical features, parasitological diagnosis, etiology, and the geographical distribution of CL cases from NJJV with the aim of documenting, for the first time, an outbreak in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Mosleh
- a Faculty of Science, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences , University of Jordan , Amman , Jordan
| | - Gabrielle Schönian
- b Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene , Charité University of Medicine , Berlin , Germany
| | - Khalil Kanani
- c Department of Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, Communicable Disease Directorate , Ministry of Health , Amman , Jordan
| | - Bassam Shadfan
- c Department of Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, Communicable Disease Directorate , Ministry of Health , Amman , Jordan
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Obwaller AG, Köhsler M, Poeppl W, Herkner H, Mooseder G, Aspöck H, Walochnik J. Leishmania infections in Austrian soldiers returning from military missions abroad: a cross-sectional study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 24:1100.e1-1100.e6. [PMID: 29339223 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The incidence of leishmaniasis is known to increase in conflict areas. The aims of this study were to determine the exposure to Leishmania species in Austrian soldiers returning from missions abroad and to assess possible risk factors. METHODS A retrospective explorative cross-sectional serologic study was conducted in 225 healthy Austrian soldiers returning from UN or EU peacekeeping missions in Syria, Lebanon and Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH). Sera were tested for anti-Leishmania antibodies using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All positive individuals were screened for Leishmania DNA by PCR targeting the ITS1 region using EDTA blood samples. RESULTS In total, 13.3% (30/225) of the individuals tested were either positive (8%, 18/225) or borderline (5.3%, 12/225) in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, with the highest seroprevalence in soldiers returning from Syria (17.8%, 18/101; 12 positive, six borderline), second from Lebanon (11.1%, 7/63; four positive, three borderline) and lowest from BIH (8.2%, 5/61; two positive, three borderline). Ten soldiers returning from Syria and one from BIH were also positive for Leishmania DNA. Six of these were identified as Leishmania donovani/infantum complex, two as L. tropica and another three as mixed infections by DNA sequencing. Epidemiologic data were collected via a questionnaire, and seropositivity was correlated with a history of insect bites that took a long time to heal (odds ratio, 5.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.23-23.04; p 0.025). CONCLUSIONS Although pretravel serologic data were not available in this study, the exposure of soldiers to Leishmania spp. during their missions can be assumed to be considerable. Because even asymptomatic infections may resurge in case of emerging immunodeficiencies, adequate prevention measures seem important.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Obwaller
- Federal Ministry of Defence, Division of Science, Research and Development, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Köhsler
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - W Poeppl
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Department of Dermatology and Tropical Medicine, Military Medical Cluster East, Austrian Armed Forces, Vienna, Austria
| | - H Herkner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Mooseder
- Department of Dermatology and Tropical Medicine, Military Medical Cluster East, Austrian Armed Forces, Vienna, Austria
| | - H Aspöck
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Walochnik
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Vienna, Austria.
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González C, León C, Paz A, López M, Molina G, Toro D, Ortiz M, Cordovez JM, Atencia MC, Aguilera G, Tovar C. Diversity patterns, Leishmania DNA detection, and bloodmeal identification of Phlebotominae sand flies in villages in northern Colombia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190686. [PMID: 29320544 PMCID: PMC5761875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are neglected tropical diseases exhibiting complex transmission cycles due to the number of parasite species circulating, sand fly species acting as vectors and infected mammals, including humans, which are defined in the New World as accidental hosts. However, current transmission scenarios are changing, and the disease is no longer exclusively related to forested areas but urban transmission foci occur, involving some species of domestic animals as suspected reservoirs. The aim of this study was to determine the transmission cycles in urban environments by evaluating sand fly diversity, detection of Leishmania DNA, and bloodmeal sources through intra and peridomestic collections. The study was carried out in Colombia, in 13 municipalities of Cordoba department, implementing a methodology that could be further used for the evaluation of vector-borne diseases in villages or towns. Our sampling design included 24 houses randomly selected in each of 15 villages distributed in 13 municipalities, which were sampled in two seasons in 2015 and 2016. Sand flies were collected using CDC light traps placed in intra and peridomestic habitats. In addition to the morphological identification, molecular identification through DNA barcodes was also performed. A total of 19,743 sand flies were collected and 13,848 of them (10,268 females and 3,580 males) were used in molecular procedures. Circulation of two known parasite species–Leishmania infantum and Leishmania panamensis was confirmed. Blood source analyses showed that sand flies fed on humans, particularly in the case of the known L. infantum vector, P. evansi; further analyses are advised to evaluate the reservoirs involved in parasite transmission. Our sampling design allowed us to evaluate potential transmission cycles on a department scale, by defining suspected vector species, parasite species present in different municipalities and feeding habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila González
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, CIMPAT, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- * E-mail:
| | - Cielo León
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, CIMPAT, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrea Paz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, CIMPAT, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marla López
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, CIMPAT, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gisell Molina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, CIMPAT, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana Toro
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, CIMPAT, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mario Ortiz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, CIMPAT, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan Manuel Cordovez
- Grupo de Biologia Matematica, BIOMAC, Departamento de Ingenieria Biomedica. Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Germán Aguilera
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, CIMPAT, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Catalina Tovar
- Grupo de Enfermedades Tropicales y Resistencia Bacteriana, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad del Sinú, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia
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Bilbao-Ramos P, Dea-Ayuela MA, Cardenas-Alegría O, Salamanca E, Santalla-Vargas JA, Benito C, Flores N, Bolás-Fernández F. Leishmaniasis in the major endemic region of Plurinational State of Bolivia: Species identification, phylogeography and drug susceptibility implications. Acta Trop 2017; 176:150-161. [PMID: 28751163 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The Plurinational State of Bolivia is one of the Latin American countries with the highest prevalence of leishmaniasis, highlighting the lowlands of the Department of La Paz where about 50% of the total cases were reported. The control of the disease can be seriously compromised by the intrinsic variability of the circulating species that may limit the efficacy of treatment while favoring the emergence of resistance. Fifty-five isolates of Leishmania from cutaneous and mucocutaneous lesions from patients living in different provinces of the Department of La Paz were tested. Molecular characterization of isolates was carried out by 3 classical markers: the rRNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1), the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt-b). These markers were amplified by PCR and their products digested by the restriction endonuclease enzymes AseI and HaeIII followed by subsequent sequencing of Cyt-b gene and ITS-1 region for subsequent phylogenetic analysis. The combined use of these 3 markers allowed us to assign 36 isolates (65.5%) to the complex Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, 4 isolates (7, 27%) to L. (Viannia) lainsoni. and the remaining 15 isolates (23.7%) to a local variant of L. (Leishmania) mexicana. Concerning in vitro drug susceptibility the amastigotes from all isolates where highly sensitive to Fungizone® (mean IC50 between 0.23 and 0.5μg/mL) whereas against Glucantime® the sensitivity was moderate (mean IC50 ranging from 50.84μg/mL for L. (V.) braziliensis to 18.23μg/mL for L. (L.) mexicana. L. (V.) lainsoni was not sensitive to Glucantime®. The susceptibility to miltefosine was highly variable among species isolates, being L. (L.) mexicana the most sensitive, followed by L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (V.) lainsoni (mean IC50 of 8.24μg/mL, 17.85μg/mL and 23.28μg/mL, respectively).
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De Silva G, Somaratne V, Senaratne S, Vipuladasa M, Wickremasinghe R, Wickremasinghe R, Ranasinghe S. Efficacy of a new rapid diagnostic test kit to diagnose Sri Lankan cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187024. [PMID: 29135995 PMCID: PMC5685575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Sri Lanka is caused by Leishmania donovani. This study assessed the diagnostic value of a new rapid diagnostic immunochromatographic strip (CL-Detect™ IC-RDT), that captures the peroxidoxin antigen of Leishmania amastigotes. Methodology/Principal findings We sampled 74 clinically suspected CL lesions, of which 59 (79.7%) were positive by PCR, 43 (58.1%) by Giemsa stained slit skin smear (SSS) and 21 (28.4%) by the new IC-RDT. All samples which were positive either by SSS or IC-RDT or both were positive by PCR. The sensitivities of the IC-RDT and SSS compared to PCR were 36% and 73%, respectively. Fifteen patients from this endemic region were negative by all three tests. Twenty two clinically non-CL skin lesions from a CL non-endemic region were also negative by all three methods. Specificity and PPV of both IC-RDT and SSS compared to PCR were 100%; the NPVs of IC-RDT and SSS were 37% and 58%, respectively. The median parasite grading of the 59 PCR positive samples was 2+ (1–10 parasites/100 HPFs) and IC-RDT positive lesions was 3+ (1–10 parasites /10HPFs). The duration of the lesion was not associated with IC-RDT positivity. Conclusions/Significance The median parasite grade of Sri Lankan CL lesions is low. The low sensitivities of SSS and CL Detect™ IC-RDT may be due to low parasite counts or low expression of peroxidoxin antigen in amastigotes of the Sri Lankan L. donovani strain. Our results indicate that negative SSS has to be combined with PCR for confirmation of CL in Sri Lanka. The current commercially available IC-RDT is not suitable to diagnose CL in Sri Lanka; an IC-RDT with improved sensitivity to detect L. donovani would be a valuable addition in the diagnostic tool kit for Sri Lanka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayani De Silva
- Department of Parasitology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Sujai Senaratne
- Department of Parasitology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Renu Wickremasinghe
- Department of Parasitology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Shalindra Ranasinghe
- Department of Parasitology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
- * E-mail:
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Machado TDO, Minuzzi-Souza TTC, Ferreira TDS, Freire LP, Timbó RV, Vital TE, Nitz N, Silva MN, Santos ADS, Sales NMC, Obara MT, Andrade AJD, Gurgel-Gonçalves R. The role of gallery forests in maintaining Phlebotominae populations: potential Leishmania spp. vectors in the Brazilian savanna. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:681-691. [PMID: 28953996 PMCID: PMC5607517 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge on synanthropic phlebotomines and their natural infection by Leishmania is necessary for the identification of potential areas for leishmaniasis occurrence. OBJECTIVE To analyse the occurrence of Phlebotominae in gallery forests and household units (HUs) in the city of Palmas and to determine the rate of natural infection by trypanosomatids. METHODS Gallery forests and adjacent household areas were sampled on July (dry season) and November (rainy season) in 2014. The total sampling effort was 960 HP light traps and eight Shannon traps. Trypanosomatids were detected in Phlebotominae females through the amplification of the SSU rDNA region, and the positive samples were used in ITS1-PCR. Trypanosomatid species were identified using sequencing. FINDINGS A total of 1,527 sand flies representing 30 species were captured in which 949 (28 spp.) and 578 (22 spp.) were registered in July and November, respectively. In July, more specimens were captured in the gallery forests than in the HUs, and Nyssomyia whitmani was particularly frequent. In November, most of the specimens were found in the HUs, and again, Ny. whitmani was the predominant species. Lutzomyia longipalpis was commonly found in domestic areas, while Bichromomyia flaviscutellata was most frequent in gallery forests. Molecular analysis of 154 pools of females (752 specimens) identified Leishmania amazonensis, L. infantum, and Crithidia fasciculata in Ny. whitmani, as well as L. amazonensis in Lu. longipalpis, Trypanosoma sp. and L. amazonensis in Pintomyia christenseni, and L. amazonensis in both Psathyromyia hermanlenti and Evandromyia walkeri. MAIN CONCLUSIONS These results show the importance of gallery forests in maintaining Phlebotominae populations in the dry month, as well as their frequent occurrence in household units in the rainy month. This is the first study to identify Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Crithidia species in Phlebotominae collected in Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tâmara Dias Oliveira Machado
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Área de Patologia, Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Brasília, DF, Brasil.,Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Tocantins, Coordenação de Ciências Matemáticas e Naturais, Palmas, TO, Brasil
| | - Thaís Tâmara Castro Minuzzi-Souza
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Área de Patologia, Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Brasília, DF, Brasil.,Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Área de Patologia, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Biociências, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Tauana de Sousa Ferreira
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Área de Patologia, Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Luciana Pereira Freire
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Área de Patologia, Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Renata Velôzo Timbó
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Área de Patologia, Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Tamires Emanuele Vital
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Área de Patologia, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Biociências, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Nadjar Nitz
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Área de Patologia, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Biociências, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Mariana Neiva Silva
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Área de Patologia, Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Alcinei de Souza Santos
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Tocantins, Coordenação de Ciências Matemáticas e Naturais, Palmas, TO, Brasil
| | - Nathyla Morgana Cunha Sales
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Tocantins, Coordenação de Ciências Matemáticas e Naturais, Palmas, TO, Brasil
| | | | - Andrey José de Andrade
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Área de Patologia, Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Brasília, DF, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Área de Patologia, Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Brasília, DF, Brasil
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León CM, Muñoz M, Hernández C, Ayala MS, Flórez C, Teherán A, Cubides JR, Ramírez JD. Analytical Performance of Four Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Real Time PCR (qPCR) Assays for the Detection of Six Leishmania Species DNA in Colombia. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1907. [PMID: 29046670 PMCID: PMC5632848 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis comprises a spectrum of parasitic diseases caused by protozoans of the genus Leishmania. Molecular tools have been widely employed for the detection of Leishmania due to its high sensitivity and specificity. However, the analytical performance of molecular platforms as PCR and real time PCR (qPCR) including a wide variety of molecular markers has never been evaluated. Herein, the aim was to evaluate the analytical performance of 4 PCR-based assays (designed on four different targets) and applied on conventional and real-time PCR platforms. We evaluated the analytical performance of conventional PCR and real time PCR, determining exclusivity and inclusivity, Anticipated Reportable Range (ARR), limit of detection (LoD) and accuracy using primers directed to kDNA, HSP70, 18S and ITS-1 targets. We observed that the kDNA was the most sensitive but does not meet the criterion of exclusivity. The HSP70 presented a higher LoD in conventional PCR and qPCR in comparison with the other markers (1 × 101 and 1 × 10-1 equivalent parasites/mL respectively) and had a higher coefficient of variation in qPCR. No statistically significant differences were found between the days of the test with the four molecular markers. The present study revealed that the 18S marker presented the best performance in terms of analytical sensitivity and specificity for the qPCR in the species tested (species circulating in Colombia). Therefore, we recommend to explore the analytical and diagnostic performance in future studies using a broader number of species across America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cielo M León
- Universidad del Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Programa de Biología, Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Bogotá, Colombia.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marina Muñoz
- Universidad del Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Programa de Biología, Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Hernández
- Universidad del Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Programa de Biología, Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Bogotá, Colombia.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas y Biológicas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Martha S Ayala
- Grupo de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Flórez
- Grupo de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Aníbal Teherán
- Residente de Medicina de Emergencias, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigación COMPLEXUS, Fundación Universitaria Juan N. Corpas, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan R Cubides
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas y Biológicas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan D Ramírez
- Universidad del Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Programa de Biología, Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Bogotá, Colombia
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Echchakery M, Chicharro C, Boussaa S, Nieto J, Carrillo E, Sheila O, Moreno J, Boumezzough A. Molecular detection of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania tropica in rodent species from endemic cutaneous leishmaniasis areas in Morocco. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:454. [PMID: 28969710 PMCID: PMC5625640 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis remains a major public health problem in African nations, including Morocco, where little is known about the vertebrate reservoirs involved in the causal parasites’ transmission cycles. The present study investigates the role of rodent species as potential reservoirs of Leishmania spp. in central Morocco, where both L. tropica and L. infantum have been reported. Methods Rodents were caught from 22 sites in central Morocco, by using Sherman metal traps, and identified morphologically. For each specimen, genomic DNA was extracted from different tissues using the Speed Tools DNA extraction Kit. Then, samples were PCR-analyzed, targeting the SSU rRNA gene to detect Leishmania spp. DNA, followed by amplification of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and its sequencing to identify the species. Results A total of 197 rodents belonging to ten species were captured and identified: Rattus rattus (40.61%), Mus musculus (25.38%), Apodemus sylvaticus (8.63%), Mus spretus (7.11%), Meriones shawi (5.58%), Rattus norvegicus (4.57%), Meriones libycus (3.05%), Mastomys erythroleucus (2.03%), Gerbillus campestris (2.03%) and Lemniscomys barbarus (1.01%). Molecular analysis revealed the presence of Leishmania species in 18 specimens: six R. rattus (out of 80 captured; 7.5%), 11 M. musculus (out of 50 captured; 22%), and one R. norvegicus (out of 9 captured; 11.11%). Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, L. infantum and L. tropica were identified in rodent species for the first time in Morocco. These findings suggest that rodent species may be involved in L. infantum and L. tropica transmission cycles in this country but that further studies are needed to confirm their role as reservoirs of Leishmania species in Morocco. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2398-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Echchakery
- Ecology and the Environment Laboratory L2E, (URAC 32, CNRST ERACNERS 06), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco.
| | - Carmen Chicharro
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Parasitology Service, National Center of Microbiology Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samia Boussaa
- Ecology and the Environment Laboratory L2E, (URAC 32, CNRST ERACNERS 06), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco.,ISPITS-Higher Institute of Nursing and Technical Health Occupations, Ministry of Health, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Javier Nieto
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Parasitology Service, National Center of Microbiology Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eugenia Carrillo
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Parasitology Service, National Center of Microbiology Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ortega Sheila
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Parasitology Service, National Center of Microbiology Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Moreno
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Parasitology Service, National Center of Microbiology Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ali Boumezzough
- Ecology and the Environment Laboratory L2E, (URAC 32, CNRST ERACNERS 06), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
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Amro A, Al-Dwibe H, Gashout A, Moskalenko O, Galafin M, Hamarsheh O, Frohme M, Jaeschke A, Schönian G, Kuhls K. Spatiotemporal and molecular epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Libya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005873. [PMID: 28880944 PMCID: PMC5605087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major public health problem in Libya. In this paper, we describe the eco-epidemiological parameters of CL during the armed conflict period from January 2011 till December 2012. Current spatiotemporal distributions of CL cases were explored and projected to the future using a correlative modelling approach. In addition the present results were compared with our previous data obtained for the time period 1995–2008. Methodology/Principal findings We investigated 312 CL patients who presented to the Dermatology Department at the Tripoli Central Hospital and came from 81 endemic areas distributed in 10 districts. The patients presented with typical localized lesions which appeared commonly on the face, arms and legs. Molecular identification of parasites by a PCR-RFLP approach targeting the ITS1 region of the rDNA was successful for 81 patients with two causative species identified: L. major and L. tropica comprised 59 (72.8%) and 22 (27.2%) cases, respectively. Around 77.3% of L. tropica CL and 57.7% of L. major CL caused single lesions. Five CL patients among our data set were seropositive for HIV. L. tropica was found mainly in three districts, Murqub (27.3%), Jabal al Gharbi (27.3%) and Misrata (13.7%) while L. major was found in two districts, in Jabal al Gharbi (61%) and Jafara (20.3%). Seasonal occurrence of CL cases showed that most cases (74.2%) admitted to the hospital between November and March, L. major cases from November till January (69.4%), and L. tropica cases mainly in January and February (41%). Two risk factors were identified for the two species; the presence of previously infected household members, and the presence of rodents and sandflies in patient’s neighborhoods. Spatiotemporal projections using correlative distribution models based on current case data and climatic conditions showed that coastal regions have a higher level of risk due to more favourable conditions for the transmitting vectors. Conclusion Future projection of CL until 2060 showed a trend of increasing incidence of CL in the north-western part of Libya, a spread along the coastal region and a possible emergence of new endemics in the north-eastern districts of Libya. These results should be considered for control programs to prevent the emergence of new endemic areas taking also into consideration changes in socio-economical factors such as migration, conflicts, urbanization, land use and access to health care. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a skin infection caused by a single-celled parasite that is transmitted by the bite of a phlebotomine sandfly. CL is the most common form of leishmaniasis characterized by localized lesions in the skin and mucous membranes. The disease is prevalent in all countries around the Mediterranean Basin. In this paper, we describe spatiotemporal and eco-epidemiological parameters of CL in Libya. Moreover, we explored current spatiotemporal distributions of CL cases and explored the future projection of the disease. Our study indicates the presence of higher risk of CL in the coastal regions of Libya. Future projection until 2060 showed a trend of increasing incidence of CL in the north-western part of Libya, a spread along the coastal region and a possible emergence of new endemics in the north-eastern districts of Libya. These scenarios should be considered by health authorities in order to develop appropriate intervention strategies and plan effective control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Amro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Abu-Dies, Jerusalem, Palestine
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Hamida Al-Dwibe
- Faculty of Medicine, Dermatology Department, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Aisha Gashout
- Faculty of Medical Technology—Pathology Department, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Olga Moskalenko
- Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics Department, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Wildau, Germany
| | - Marlena Galafin
- Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics Department, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Wildau, Germany
| | - Omar Hamarsheh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Quds University, Abu-Dies, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Marcus Frohme
- Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics Department, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Wildau, Germany
| | - Anja Jaeschke
- Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schönian
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Kuhls
- Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics Department, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Wildau, Germany
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Khanra S, Sarraf NR, Das AK, Roy S, Manna M. Miltefosine Resistant Field Isolate From Indian Kala-Azar Patient Shows Similar Phenotype in Experimental Infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10330. [PMID: 28871097 PMCID: PMC5583325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of resistance to drugs used to treat the Indian Kala-azar patients makes control strategy shattered. In this bleak situation, Miltefosine (MIL) was introduced to treat mainly antimonial unresponsive cases. Within years, resistance to MIL has been reported. While checking the MIL sensitivity of the recent KA clinical isolates (n = 26), we came across one isolate which showed four times more EC50 for MIL than that of MIL-Sensitive (MIL-S) isolates and considered as putative MIL-Resistant (MIL-R). The expressions of LdMT and LdRos3 genes of this isolate were found down regulated. Th1/Th2 cytokines, ROS and NO, FACS dot plots and mitochondrial trans membrane potential measurement were performed. In vivo hamster model with this MIL-R isolate showed much lesser reduction in liver weight (17.5%) compared to average reduction in liver weight (40.2%) of the animals infected with MIL-S isolates. The splenic and hepatic stamps smears of MIL-R infected hamsters revealed the retention of parasite load of about 51.45%. The splenocytes of these animals failed to proliferate anti leishmanial T-cells and lack of cell mediated immunity hampered recovery. Thus, these phenotypic expressions of experimental model may be considered similar to that of the MIL unresponsive patients. This is first such kind of report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Khanra
- Department of Zoology, Barasat Govt. College, 10, K.N.C Road, Kolkata, 700124, India.,Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700064, India
| | - Nibedeeta R Sarraf
- Department of Zoology, Barasat Govt. College, 10, K.N.C Road, Kolkata, 700124, India
| | - Anjan K Das
- Department of Pathology, Calcutta National Medical College, 32, Gorachand Road, Kolkata, 700014, India
| | - Syamal Roy
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India. .,Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Vivekananda Road, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, 736101, India.
| | - Madhumita Manna
- Department of Zoology, Barasat Govt. College, 10, K.N.C Road, Kolkata, 700124, India. .,Bidhannagar College, EB 2, Salt Lake, Sector I, Kolkata, 700064, India.
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Guimarães-e-Silva AS, Silva SDO, Ribeiro da Silva RC, Pinheiro VCS, Rebêlo JMM, Melo MN. Leishmania infection and blood food sources of phlebotomines in an area of Brazil endemic for visceral and tegumentary leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179052. [PMID: 28837565 PMCID: PMC5570267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the study were to determine the blood feeding preferences of sandflies and to identify species of Leishmania that infected phlebotomines in Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil, an area that is highly endemic for leishmaniasis. Sandflies were captured in light traps located in the peridomiciliary environments of randomly selected houses in urban and rural settings between 1800 and 0600 hours on new moon days between March 2013 and February 2015. DNA extracts from 982 engorged female sandflies were submitted to fragment length polymorphism analysis to identify infecting species of Leishmania, and blood sources were identified for 778 of these specimens. Infection by Leishmania infantum was detected in Lutzomyia longipalpis, Lu. whitmani and Lu. termitophila; L. infantum/L. braziliensis in Lu. longipalpis, Lu. whitmani and Lu. trinidadensis; L. shawi in Lu. longipalpis; L. mexicana in Lu. longipalpis; L. braziliensis in Lu. longipalpis and Lu. whitmani; L. guyanensis in Lu. longipalpis and Lu. termitophila; L. amazonensis in Lu. longipalpis and L. lainsoni or L. naiffi in Lu. longipalpis, while Lu. longipalpis and Lu. trinidadensis were infected with unidentified Leishmania sp. Blood sources were identified in 573 individual phlebotomines and the preferred hosts were, in decreasing order, chicken, dog, rodent and human with lower preferences for pig, horse, opossum and cattle. Lu. longipalpis and Lu. whitmani performed mixed feeding on man, dog and rodent, while Lu. longipalpis was the most opportunistic species, feeding on the blood of all hosts surveyed, but preferably on dog/chicken, dog/rodent and rodent/chicken. Our findings reveal the concomitant circulation of Leishmania species that cause visceral leishmaniasis and tegumentary leishmaniasis in the study area, and explain the occurrence of autochthonous human cases of both clinical forms of leishmaniasis in Caxias, Maranhão. The results support our hypothesis that, in the municipality of Caxias, transmission of Leishmania occurs in close proximity to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antônia Suely Guimarães-e-Silva
- Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias, Laboratório de Entomologia Médica (LABEM), Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Soraia de Oliveira Silva
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Laboratório de Biologia de Leishmania, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rosa Cristina Ribeiro da Silva
- Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias, Laboratório de Entomologia Médica (LABEM), Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Valéria Cristina Soares Pinheiro
- Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias, Laboratório de Entomologia Médica (LABEM), Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - José Manuel Macário Rebêlo
- Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Maria Norma Melo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Laboratório de Biologia de Leishmania, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
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Donalisio MR, Paiz LM, da Silva VG, Richini-Pereira VB, von Zuben APB, Castagna CL, Motoie G, Hiramoto RM, Tolezano JE. Visceral leishmaniasis in an environmentally protected area in southeastern Brazil: Epidemiological and laboratory cross-sectional investigation of phlebotomine fauna, wild hosts and canine cases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005666. [PMID: 28704391 PMCID: PMC5509102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a rapidly expanding zoonosis that shows increasing urbanization. Concern exists regarding the role of wildlife in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) transmission, due to frequent natural or anthropogenic environmental changes that facilitate contact between wildlife, humans and their pets. The municipality of Campinas, in southeastern Brazil, initially recorded VL in 2009, when the first autochthonous case was confirmed in a dog living in an upscale residential condominium, located inside an environmentally protected area (EPA). Since then, disease transmission remains restricted to dogs inhabiting two geographically contiguous condominiums within the EPA. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We conducted a cross-sectional study of the VL focus to investigate Leishmania spp. infection in domestic dogs, wild mammals and sand flies using molecular tools and recommended serological techniques. Canine seroprevalences of 1.5% and 1.2% were observed in 2013 and 2015, respectively. Six insect species, confirmed or suspected vectors or potential transmitters of Leishmania, were identified. Two specimens of the main L. (L.) infantum vector in Brazil, Lutzomyia longipalpis, were captured in the EPA. Natural infection by L. (L.) infantum was recorded in one Expapillata firmatoi specimen and two Pintomyia monticola. Natural infection by L. (L.) infantum and Leishmania subgenus Viannia was also detected in two white-eared opossums (Didelphis albiventris), a known reservoir of VL. Geographical coordinates of each sampling of infected animals were plotted on a map of the EPA, demonstrating proximity between these animals, human residences, including the dogs positive for VL, and forest areas. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The EPA, which is inhabited by humans, has an active VL focus. The risk of establishing and maintaining disease transmission foci in similar scenarios, i.e. wild areas that undergo environmental modifications, is evident. Moreover, different epidemiological profiles of VL must be included to elaborate prevention and control measures that consider the particularities of each transmission area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Donalisio
- Department of Public Health, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laís Moraes Paiz
- Department of Public Health, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Gabriela Motoie
- Center for Systemic Parasitic Diseases, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José Eduardo Tolezano
- Center for Systemic Parasitic Diseases, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Manna M, Khanra S. Molecular identification of an old clinical isolate of Indian Kala-azar. J Parasit Dis 2017; 41:336-344. [PMID: 28615836 PMCID: PMC5447576 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-016-0799-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular characterization is an important task for species identification of the isolates belonging to different Leishmania species. Clinical symptoms, tissue tropism, vector preference, reservoir and geographical distribution may act as distinguishing parameters but not always decisive. On the other hand, modern taxonomic tools employed to divulge characteristics of the genome or protein molecules of the parasite would be convincing and for Leishmania sp., they include nuclear and kDNA buoyant density, multi locus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE), RAPD, RFLP or use of monoclonal antibodies etc. In the present study, we intend to establish the identification of an old clinical isolate of Indian Kala-azar, familiarly known as 'UR6' by MLEE, RAPD, RFLP and species specific monoclonal antibodies. UR6 has been isolated from a confirmed Kala-azar patient admitted in Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata in 1978. From then it is being regularly used for various scientific studies by the Leishmania Research Group of India and abroad. The isozyme profile of UR6 showed similar electrophoretic mobility that of WHO reference strain for Leishmania tropica, K27. Similar findings were obtained in the RAPD and RFLP assays. Screening with species specific monoclonal antibodies showed its strong reactivity towards L. tropica. The Jaccard's Similarity Indices were calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Manna
- Department of Zoology, Barasat Govt. College, 10, K.N.C Road, Kolkata, 700124 India
| | - Supriya Khanra
- Department of Zoology, Barasat Govt. College, 10, K.N.C Road, Kolkata, 700124 India
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Benassi JC, Benvenga GU, Ferreira HL, Pereira VF, Keid LB, Soares R, Oliveira TMFDS. Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA in conjunctival swabs of cats by quantitative real-time PCR. Exp Parasitol 2017; 177:93-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Karaku Ş M, Pekağ Irba Ş M, Demir S, Eren H, Töz S, Özbel Y. Molecular screening of Leishmania spp. infection and bloodmeals in sandflies from a leishmaniasis focus in southwestern Turkey. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 31:224-229. [PMID: 27910105 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an arthropod-borne disease that affects approximately 2 million people worldwide annually. The aims of this study were to detect the presence of Leishmania (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) DNA and the feeding preferences of probable vector species in an endemic focus of Leishmania infantum in Turkey. Entomological sampling was performed in August and October 2015 in Aydın province, where cases of human and canine leishmaniasis have been reported previously. A total of 1059 sandfly specimens comprising nine species belonging to two genera, Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia (both: Diptera: Psychodidae), and five subgenera of the Phlebotomus genus (Phlebotomus, Paraphlebotomus, Larroussius, Adlerius and Transphlebotomus) were collected in five villages. Among all Phlebotomus specimens, Phlebotomus neglectus (39%) was noted as the most abundant species, followed by Phlebotomus tobbi (18%). Leishmania DNA was detected in pools from P. neglectus, P. tobbi and Sergentomyia dentata by kDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Leishmania DNA from Phlebotomus specimens was identified as L. infantum, but Leishmania DNA from Sergentomyia spp. could not be identified to species level by ITS-1 real-time PCR. The detection of Leishmania DNA in wild-caught P. neglectus and the high percentage (24.2%) of human DNA in engorged specimens suggests that P. neglectus is probably an important vector species for L. infantum in Aydın province.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karaku Ş
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - M Pekağ Irba Ş
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Parasitology, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - S Demir
- Faculty of Science, Zoology Section, Department of Biology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - H Eren
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Parasitology, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - S Töz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Y Özbel
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Kirstein OD, Abbasi I, Horwitz BZ, Skrip L, Hailu A, Jaffe C, Li LL, Prow TW, Warburg A. Minimally invasive microbiopsies: a novel sampling method for identifying asymptomatic, potentially infectious carriers of Leishmania donovani. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:609-616. [PMID: 28455239 PMCID: PMC5596977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Microbiopsy devices were designed to assess the infectiousness of asymptomatic Leishmania donovani carriers. The microbiopsy devices sample both skin tissues and blood, as do pool-feeding phlebotomine sand flies. Devices were tested on human volunteers in Ethiopia and proven effective, surpassing the sensitivity of finger-pricks.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a potentially lethal, sand fly-borne disease caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the Leishmania donovani species complex. There are several adequate methods for diagnosing VL, but the majority of infected individuals remain asymptomatic, comprising potential parasite reservoirs for transmission of the disease. The gold standard for assessing host infectiousness to biting vector insects is xenodiagnosis (i.e. scoring infection rates among insectary-reared insects that had fed on humans suspected of being infected). However, when it comes to sand flies and leishmaniasis, xenodiagnosis is an intricate operation burdened by logistical hurdles and ethical concerns that prevent its effective application for mass screening of widely dispersed communities, particularly in rural regions of underdeveloped countries. Minimally invasive microbiopsy (MB) devices were designed to penetrate the skin to a depth of ∼200 µm and absorb blood as well as skin cell lysates, mimicking the mode by which phlebotomine sand flies acquire blood meals, as well as their composition. MBs taken from 137 of 262 volunteers, living in endemic VL foci in Ethiopia, detected Leishmania parasites that could potentially be imbibed by feeding sand flies. Although the volume of MBs was 10-fold smaller than finger-prick blood samples, Leishmania DNA detection rates from MBs were significantly higher, implying that skin, more often than blood, was the source of parasites. Volunteers with histories of VL were almost as likely as healthy volunteers to test positive by MBs (southern Ethiopian focus: 95% CI: 0.35–2.59, P = 1.0. northern Ethiopian focus 0.87: 95% CI: 0.22–3.76, P = 1), suggesting the importance of asymptomatic patients as reservoirs of L. donovani. Minimally invasive, painless MBs should be considered for reliably and efficiently evaluating both L. donovani infection rates among large numbers of asymptomatic carriers and their infectiousness to blood-feeding sand flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar David Kirstein
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Ibrahim Abbasi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Ben Zion Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Laura Skrip
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Yale University, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Asrat Hailu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Charles Jaffe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Lynlee L Li
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4012, Australia
| | - Tarl W Prow
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4012, Australia
| | - Alon Warburg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
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Mitková B, Hrazdilová K, D'Amico G, Duscher GG, Suchentrunk F, Forejtek P, Gherman CM, Matei IA, Ionică AM, Daskalaki AA, Mihalca AD, Votýpka J, Hulva P, Modrý D. Eurasian golden jackal as host of canine vector-borne protists. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:183. [PMID: 28410591 PMCID: PMC5391582 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2110-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Jackals are medium-sized canids from the wolf-like clade, exhibiting a unique combination of ancestral morphotypes, broad trophic niches, and close phylogenetic relationships with the wolf and dog. Thus, they represent a potential host of several pathogens with diverse transmission routes. Recently, populations of the Eurasian golden jackal Canis aureus have expanded into the Western Palaearctic, including most of Europe. The aim of our study was to examine Eurasian golden jackals from Romania, Czech Republic and Austria for a wide spectrum of vector-borne protists and to evaluate the role of this species as a reservoir of disease for domestic dogs and/or humans. Results Diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) DNA amplifications revealed 70% of jackals to be positive for Hepatozoon, 12.5% positive for piroplasms, and one individual positive for Leishmania infantum. Phylogenetic analyses of partial 18S rDNA sequences invariably placed sequenced isolates of Hepatozoon into the H. canis clade. For piroplasms, both the 18S and cox1 sequences obtained confirmed the presence of Babesia canis and “Theileria annae” in 5 and 2 individuals, respectively, providing the first records of these two piroplasmids in Eurasian golden jackals. A single animal from Dolj County (Romania) was PCR-positive for L. infantum, as confirmed also by sequencing of ITS1-5.8S. Conclusions Apparently, expanding populations of jackals can play a significant role in spreading and maintaining new Babesia canis foci in Central Europe. The role of jackals in the epidemiology of “Theileria annae” and H. canis is probably similar to that of red foxes and should be taken into account in further research on these parasites. Also the presence of L. infantum deserves attention. Our study confirms that once established, the populations of Eurasian golden jackals constitute natural reservoirs for many canine vector-borne diseases, analogous to the role of the coyotes in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Mitková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého tr. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic. .,CEITEC-VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého tr. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Kristýna Hrazdilová
- CEITEC-VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého tr. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gianluca D'Amico
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Georg Gerhard Duscher
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Suchentrunk
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavel Forejtek
- Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého tr. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Game Ecology, Šumavská 416/15, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Călin Mircea Gherman
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Adriana Matei
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Angela Monica Ionică
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Aikaterini Alexandra Daskalaki
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Daniel Mihalca
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic.,Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hulva
- Department of Zoology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, Dvořákova 7, 701 03, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého tr. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC-VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého tr. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.,Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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139
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Harrison N, Walochnik J, Ramsebner R, Veletzky L, Lagler H, Ramharter M. Progressive Perforation of the Nasal Septum Due to Leishmania major: A Case of Mucosal Leishmaniasis in a Traveler. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:653-655. [PMID: 28138053 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes a case of mucosal leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major with destructive perforation of the nasal septum illustrating the diagnostic challenges of a rare clinical presentation of L. major infection in a traveler. The atypical presentation may have been associated with the use of cortisone as a potential trigger for the progressive destruction of the nasal septum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Harrison
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Walochnik
- Institute for Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Ramsebner
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luzia Veletzky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heimo Lagler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Ramharter
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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140
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Beldi N, Mansouri R, Bettaieb J, Yaacoub A, Souguir Omrani H, Saadi Ben Aoun Y, Saadni F, Guizani I, Guerbouj S. Molecular Characterization of Leishmania Parasites in Giemsa-Stained Slides from Cases of Human Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniasis, Eastern Algeria. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:416-424. [PMID: 28301305 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.2071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Algeria, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is due to Leishmania (L.) infantum, while three cutaneous forms (CL) are caused by Leishmania major, Leishmania tropica and Leishmania infantum. In this study, the use of Giemsa-stained slides was evaluated with two PCR techniques, in Eastern Algeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 136 samples corresponding to 100 CL smears (skin scrapings) and 36 VL slides (bone marrow aspirates) collected from 2008 to 2014 were tested. Upon DNA extraction, two PCRs were used to amplify the ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) and mini-exon genes. Amplified products were digested (PCR-RFLP) and profiles analyzed for Leishmania species identification. A statistical analysis was also performed. RESULTS ITS1-PCR was found significantly more sensitive than mini-exon-PCR (77.95% positives vs. 67.65%; p = 0.001). Comparison of PCR positivity showed statistically significant differences between old and recently prepared slides suggesting a better use of recent slides in PCR analyses. For species identification, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) results of ITS1 and mini-exon were concordant. L. infantum was identified from VL cases and L. infantum, L. major, and L. tropica from CL ones. According to geographical origin, L. infantum was found in North-Eastern provinces, while L. major was distributed from the North to the Center-East of Algeria. Interestingly, two L. tropica samples were identified in Annaba, located far North-East Algeria. CONCLUSION Distribution of leishmaniasis in Eastern parts of Algeria, besides finding of L. tropica in the far North, is in this study described for the first time using molecular tools, thus confirming the usefulness of slides for PCR identification of Leishmania parasites in retrospective epidemiological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Beldi
- 1 Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée aux Maladies Infectieuses (LR11IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar , Tunis, Tunisia .,2 Laboratoire de Parasitologie , CHU Annaba, Algeria .,3 Département de Biochimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Badji Mokhtar , Annaba, Algeria
| | - Roukaya Mansouri
- 2 Laboratoire de Parasitologie , CHU Annaba, Algeria .,4 Faculté de Médecine de Annaba, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Jihene Bettaieb
- 5 Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Tunis , Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Alia Yaacoub
- 1 Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée aux Maladies Infectieuses (LR11IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar , Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hejer Souguir Omrani
- 1 Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée aux Maladies Infectieuses (LR11IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar , Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yusr Saadi Ben Aoun
- 1 Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée aux Maladies Infectieuses (LR11IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar , Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Farida Saadni
- 2 Laboratoire de Parasitologie , CHU Annaba, Algeria .,4 Faculté de Médecine de Annaba, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Ikram Guizani
- 1 Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée aux Maladies Infectieuses (LR11IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar , Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Souheila Guerbouj
- 1 Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée aux Maladies Infectieuses (LR11IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar , Tunis, Tunisia
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141
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Albuquerque A, Campino L, Cardoso L, Cortes S. Evaluation of four molecular methods to detect Leishmania infection in dogs. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:57. [PMID: 28285595 PMCID: PMC5346836 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine leishmaniasis, a zoonotic disease caused by Leishmania infantum vectored by phlebotomine sand flies, is considered a relevant veterinary and public health problem in various countries, namely in the Mediterranean basin and Brazil, where dogs are considered the main reservoir hosts. Not only diseased dogs but also those subclinically infected play a relevant role in the transmission of L. infantum to vectors; therefore, early diagnosis is essential, under both a clinical and an epidemiological perspective. Molecular tools can be a more accurate and sensitive approach for diagnosis, with a wide range of protocols currently in use. The aim of the present report was to compare four PCR based protocols for the diagnosis of canine Leishmania infection in a cohort of dogs from the Douro region, Portugal. RESULTS A total of 229 bone marrow samples were collected from dogs living in the Douro region, an endemic region for leishmaniasis. Four PCR protocols were evaluated for Leishmania DNA detection in canine samples, three single (ITS1-PCR, MC-PCR and Uni21/Lmj4-PCR) and one nested (nested SSU rRNA-PCR). Two of the protocols were based on nuclear targets and the other two on kinetoplastid targets. The higher overall percentage of infected dogs was detected with the nested SSU rRNA-PCR (37.6%), which also was able to detect Leishmania DNA in a higher number of samples from apparently healthy dogs (25.3%). The ITS1-PCR presented the lowest level of Leishmania detection. CONCLUSIONS Nested SSU rRNA-PCR is an appropriate method to detect Leishmania infection in dogs. Accurate and early diagnosis in clinically suspect as well as apparently healthy dogs is essential, in order to treat and protect animals and public health and contribute to the control and awareness of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Albuquerque
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal.,Present address: Institut für Zelluläre Chemie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lenea Campino
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Campus Gambelas, Universidade de Faro, Faro, Portugal
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Sofia Cortes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal
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142
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Falcão de Oliveira E, Oshiro ET, Fernandes WDS, Murat PG, de Medeiros MJ, Souza AI, de Oliveira AG, Galati EAB. Experimental infection and transmission of Leishmania by Lutzomyia cruzi (Diptera: Psychodidae): Aspects of the ecology of parasite-vector interactions. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005401. [PMID: 28234913 PMCID: PMC5342273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several parameters should be addressed before incriminating a vector for Leishmania transmission. Those may include its ability to become infected by the same Leishmania species found in humans, the degree of attractiveness for reservoirs and humans and capacity to sustain parasite infection under laboratory conditions. This study evaluated the vectorial capacity of Lutzomyia cruzi for Leishmania infantum and gathered information on its ability to harbor L. amazonensis. Laboratory-reared Lu. cruzi were infected experimentally by feeding them on dogs infected naturally with L. infantum and hamsters infected with L. amazonensis. Sand fly attractiveness to dogs and humans was determined using wild caught insects. The expected daily survival of infected Lu. cruzi, the duration of the gonotrophic cycle, and the extrinsic incubation period were also investigated for both parasites. Vector competence was investigated for both Leishmania species. The mean proportion of female sand flies that fed on hosts was 0.40. For L. infantum and L. amazonensis, Lu. cruzi had experimental infection rates of 10.55% and 41.56%, respectively. The extrinsic incubation period was 3 days for both Leishmania species, regardless of the host. Survival expectancy of females infected with L. infantum and L. amazonensis after completing the gonotrophic cycle was 1.32 and 0.43, respectively. There was no association between L. infantum infection and sand fly longevity, but L. amazonensis–infected flies had significantly greater survival probabilities. Furthermore, egg-laying was significantly detrimental to survival. Lu. cruzi was found to be highly attracted to both dogs and humans. After a bloodmeal on experimentally infected hosts, both parasites were able to survive and develop late-stage infections in Lu. cruzi. However, transmission was demonstrated only for L. amazonensis–infected sand flies. In conclusion, Lu. cruzi fulfilled several of the requirements of vectorial capacity for L. infantum transmission. Moreover, it was also permissive to L. amazonensis. Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by the Leishmania parasite. It is transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies when infected females take a bloodmeal from a mammalian host. The transmission of Leishmania species involves complex ecological interactions between parasite–vector and vector–host. Until recently, the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis, which belongs to a species complex, had been solely incriminated in Latin American transmission of Leishmania infantum. However, there are still uncertainties concerning the L. infantum transmission, especially in an urban area endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Along the years, Lutzomyia cruzi has been suspected of transmitting L. infantum in Corumbá and vicinity, and this study aimed to provide more accurate evidence of this phenomenon. Laboratory-reared Lu. cruzi were infected experimentally by allowing them to feed on dogs naturally infected with L. infantum and on hamsters infected with L. amazonensis. Our results identified important life cycle parameters of Lu. cruzi infected by Leishmania in laboratory conditions. We identified the components related to vectorial capacity, and also the vector incrimination criteria of Lu. cruzi for L. infantum. Additionally, we demonstrated the experimental transmission of L. amazonensis by Lu. cruzi to a naïve host, and revealed strong evidence that supports Lu. cruzi as a vector of L. infantum and as a permissive vector for L. amazonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everton Falcão de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Departamento de Estatística, Campus Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- * E-mail: (EFO); (EABG)
| | - Elisa Teruya Oshiro
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Wagner de Souza Fernandes
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Paula Guerra Murat
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Márcio José de Medeiros
- Departamento de Estatística, Campus Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Alda Izabel Souza
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | | | - Eunice Aparecida Bianchi Galati
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail: (EFO); (EABG)
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143
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Özkeklikçi A, Karakuş M, Özbel Y, Töz S. The new situation of cutaneous leishmaniasis after Syrian civil war in Gaziantep city, Southeastern region of Turkey. Acta Trop 2017; 166:35-38. [PMID: 27983970 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an important public health problem with around 2.000 autochthonous reported cases each year in Turkey. Due to the civil war in Syria, Turkey received around three million refugees and they are mainly located at either camps or homes in south/southeastern part of Turkey. In the present study, we aimed to collect samples from CL suspected patients admitting to State Hospital in Gaziantep City and perform parasitological and DNA-based techniques for diagnosis as well as species identification of the parasite for better understanding the prevalence of each species among Turkish and Syrian patients in the region. The collection of samples was carried out between January 2009 and July 2015. The lesion aspiration samples were taken and stained with Giemsa stain followed by microscopical examination for parasitological diagnosis. After the DNA extraction from Giemsa stained slides, real time and semi-nested PCRs both targeting ITS1 region were performed for molecular diagnosis and species identification. A total of 567 people were admitted to the hospital with the suspicion of CL and 263 (46.4%) of them were found to be positive by parasitological examination. One hundred seventy-four (66.15%), 88 (33.46%) and 1 (0.38%) of them were Turkish, Syrians and Afghan, respectively. Slide samples obtained from 34 CL suspected patients were analyzed by PCR and 20 of them were found positive. Eighteen (13 Turkish and 13 Syrians) of the positive samples were identified as L. tropica, while two (1 Turkish and 1 Syrian) of them were L. infantum. In conclusion, the effects of Syrian civil war on the epidemiology of CL in Gaziantep city is demonstrated in the present study. The use of molecular tool in the diagnosis of leishmaniasis is effective, sensitive and time saving which will enable the species typing. Species typing of the causative agent in endemic areas will bring valuable data to epidemiological knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Özkeklikçi
- Dr. Ersin Arslan State Hospital, Microbiology Department, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Karakuş
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine Department of Parasitology, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Yusuf Özbel
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine Department of Parasitology, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Seray Töz
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine Department of Parasitology, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
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144
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Kipp EJ, Mariscal J, Armijos RX, Weigel M, Waldrup K. Genetic evidence of enzootic leishmaniasis in a stray canine and Texas mouse from sites in west and central Texas. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 111:652-654. [PMID: 27759765 PMCID: PMC5066333 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We detected Leishmania mexicana in skin biopsies taken from a stray canine (Canis familiaris) and Texas mouse (Peromyscus attwateri) at two ecologically disparate sites in west and central Texas using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A single PCR-positive dog was identified from a sample of 96 stray canines and was collected in a peri-urban area in El Paso County, Texas. The PCR-positive P. attwateri was trapped at a wildlife reserve in Mason County, Texas, from a convenience sample of 20 sylvatic mammals of different species. To our knowledge, this represents the first description of L. mexicana in west Texas and extends the known geographic range of the parasite to an area that includes the arid Chihuahuan Desert. Our finding of L. mexicana in P. attwateri represents a new host record and is the first description of the parasite in a wild peromyscid rodent in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Kipp
- University of Texas at El Paso, Department of Public Health Sciences, Human Immunology & Nutrition Research Laboratory, El Paso, Texas
| | - Jacqueline Mariscal
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Zoonosis Control, Health Service Regions 9/10, El Paso, Texas
| | - Rodrigo X Armijos
- Indiana University, School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Margaret Weigel
- Indiana University, School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Kenneth Waldrup
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Zoonosis Control, Health Service Regions 9/10, El Paso, Texas
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145
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Metzdorf IP, da Costa Lima MS, de Fatima Cepa Matos M, de Souza Filho AF, de Souza Tsujisaki RA, Franco KG, Shapiro JT, de Almeida Borges F. Molecular characterization of Leishmania infantum in domestic cats in a region of Brazil endemic for human and canine visceral leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2017; 166:121-125. [PMID: 27851895 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a "neglected tropical disease" and serious public health issue in Brazil. While dogs are recognized as particularly important reservoirs, recent reports of domestic cats infected with Leishmania sp. in urban areas suggest their participation in the epidemiological chain of the parasite in endemic areas. The aim of this study was to screen domestic cats for Leishmania sp. infection in an area where human and canine visceral leishmaniasis are endemic, followed by the identification of the species circulating in cats. We collected peripheral blood, lymph-node aspirates and bone marrow from 100 adult animals, both male and female, and analyzed the samples using cytological and molecular (PCR) detection techniques. We detected Leishmania in 6% of animals, which were then analyzed by RFLP-PCR to identify the species. Leishmania infantum (synonym: L. chagasi), a species responsible for visceral leishmaniasis in humans and other animals, was identified from all six samples. Amastigotes were observed in the peripheral blood, bone marrow and lymph-node aspirates in 4 of the 6 PCR-positive animals. The presence of infected cats in endemic areas should not be neglected, because it demonstrates the potential role of these animals in the biological cycle of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Parizotto Metzdorf
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | - Manoel Sebastião da Costa Lima
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia e Biologia Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Centro de Pesquisas Ageu Magalhães (CPqAM), CEP: 50.740- 465 Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Maria de Fatima Cepa Matos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Culturas Celulares, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, 79090-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | | | - Rosianne A de Souza Tsujisaki
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Culturas Celulares, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, 79090-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | - Karina Garcia Franco
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Culturas Celulares, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, 79090-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | - Julie Teresa Shapiro
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, 103 Black Hall, Gainesville FL 32611, USA; Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Newins-Ziegler Hall, Gainesville FL 32611, USA.
| | - Fernando de Almeida Borges
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
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146
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Ekşi F, Özgöztaşı O, Karslıgil T, Sağlam M. Genotyping Leishmania promastigotes isolated from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in south-eastern Turkey. J Int Med Res 2017; 45:114-122. [PMID: 28222637 PMCID: PMC5536583 DOI: 10.1177/0300060516677155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a significant disease in south-eastern Anatolia because it is prevalent among Syrian refugees. We identified the causative Leishmania species in CL patients using molecular methods. Methods Novy–MacNeal–Nicolle medium was inoculated with aspirated fluid from suspected CL lesions and tested for amastigotes with Giemsa staining. PCR amplified the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) of the Leishmania genome in cultures containing Leishmania promastigotes from 100 patients, which were genotyped with a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. A phylogenetic tree was constructed from ITS1 sequences of 95 culture fluid samples from these patients. Results Leishmania amastigotes were detected in 92% of cultures with growth. Leishmania promastigotes were typed as Leishmania tropica with both PCR–RFLP and sequencing. Conclusions Identification of L. tropica as the causative agent of CL in our region allows the clinical course to be predicted, and guides treatment decisions and preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahriye Ekşi
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Orhan Özgöztaşı
- 2 Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Tekin Karslıgil
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Sağlam
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
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147
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Carvalho GML, Brazil RP, Rêgo FD, Ramos MCNF, Zenóbio APLA, Andrade Filho JD. Molecular Detection of Leishmania DNA in Wild-Caught Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) From a Cave in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:196-203. [PMID: 28082647 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania spp. are distributed throughout the world, and different species are associated with varying degrees of disease severity. In Brazil, Leishmania transmission involves several species of phlebotomine sand flies that are closely associated with different parasites and reservoirs, and thereby giving rise to different transmission cycles. Infection occurs during the bloodmeals of sand flies obtained from a variety of wild and domestic animals, and sometimes from humans. The present study focused on detection of Leishmania DNA in phlebotomine sand flies from a cave in the state of Minas Gerais. Detection of Leishmania in female sand flies was performed with ITS1 PCR-RFLP (internal transcribed spacer 1) using HaeIII enzyme and genetic sequencing for SSUrRNA target. The survey of Leishmania DNA was carried out on 232 pools and the parasite DNA was detected in four: one pool of Lutzomyia cavernicola (Costa Lima, 1932), infected with Le. infantum (ITS1 PCR-RFLP), two pools of Evandromyia sallesi (Galvão & Coutinho, 1939), both infected with Leishmania braziliensis complex (SSUrRNA genetic sequencing analysis), and one pool of Sciopemyia sordellii (Shannon & Del Ponte, 1927), infected with subgenus Leishmania (SSUrRNA genetic sequencing analysis). The present study identified the species for Leishmania DNA detected in four pools of sand flies, all of which were captured inside the cave. These results represent the first molecular detection of Lu cavernicola with Le infantum DNA, Sc sordellii with subgenus Leishmania DNA, and Ev sallesi with Leishmania braziliensis complex DNA. The infection rate in females captured for this study was 0.17%.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M L Carvalho
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil (; ; ; ; )
| | - R P Brazil
- Laboratório de doenças parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Pavilhão Arthur Neiva, sala 22. Av. Brasil, 4365 Manguinhos, CEP 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - F D Rêgo
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil (; ; ; ; )
| | - M C N F Ramos
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil (; ; ; ; )
| | - A P L A Zenóbio
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil (; ; ; ; )
| | - J D Andrade Filho
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil (; ; ; ; )
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148
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Schwarz NG, Loderstaedt U, Hahn A, Hinz R, Zautner AE, Eibach D, Fischer M, Hagen RM, Frickmann H. Microbiological laboratory diagnostics of neglected zoonotic diseases (NZDs). Acta Trop 2017; 165:40-65. [PMID: 26391646 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review reports on laboratory diagnostic approaches for selected, highly pathogenic neglected zoonotic diseases, i.e. anthrax, bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, echinococcosis, leishmaniasis, rabies, Taenia solium-associated diseases (neuro-/cysticercosis & taeniasis) and trypanosomiasis. Diagnostic options, including microscopy, culture, matrix-assisted laser-desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry, molecular approaches and serology are introduced. These procedures are critically discussed regarding their diagnostic reliability and state of evaluation. For rare diseases reliable evaluation data are scarce due to the rarity of samples. If bio-safety level 3 is required for cultural growth, but such high standards of laboratory infrastructure are not available, serological and molecular approaches from inactivated sample material might be alternatives. Multiple subsequent testing using various test platforms in a stepwise approach may improve sensitivity and specificity. Cheap and easy to use tests, usually called "rapid diagnostic tests" (RDTs) may impact disease control measures, but should not preclude developing countries from state of the art diagnostics.
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149
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Figueiredo HRD, Santos MFDC, Casaril AE, Infran JODM, Ribeiro LM, Fernandes CEDS, Oliveira AGD. SAND FLIES (DIPTERA: PSYCHODIDAE) IN AN ENDEMIC AREA OF LEISHMANIASIS IN AQUIDAUANA MUNICIPALITY, PANTANAL OF MATO GROSSO DO SUL , BRAZIL. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:87. [PMID: 27982353 PMCID: PMC5147717 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aquidauana municipality is considered an endemic area of leishmaniasis and an important tourist site in Mato Grosso do Sul State. The aim of this study was to investigate the sand fly fauna in the city of Aquidauana. Captures were carried out twice a month, from April 2012 to March 2014 with automatic light traps and active aspiration, in the peridomicile and domicile of six residences. A total of 9,338 specimens were collected, 3,179 and 6,159 using light traps and active aspiration, respectively. The fauna consisted of: Brumptomyia brumpti, Evandromyia aldafalcaoae, Ev. evandroi, Ev. lenti, Ev. orcyi, Ev. sallesi, Ev. termitophila, Ev. walkeri, Lutzomyia longipalpis and Psathyromyia bigeniculata. The most abundant species captured was Lutzomyia longipalpis, present in all the ecotopes, predominantly in peridomicile areas, and mainly males. Leishmania DNA was not detected in the insects. It was observed the abundance of the sand fly fauna in the region, as well as the high frequency of Lu. longipalpis, the main vector of L. infantum. The results of this study show the need to increase the monitoring and more effective control measures. It is noteworthy that the studied region presents several activities related to tourism and recreation, increasing the risk of transmission of leishmaniasis to this particular human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Rezende de Figueiredo
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Programa de Pós-graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina Dr Hélio Mandetta, Cidade Universitária s/n, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. E-mails: ; ;
| | - Mirella Ferreira da Cunha Santos
- Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Rua dos Dentistas, 500, Bairro Arnaldo Estevão de Figueiredo, 79043-250, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. E-mail:
| | - Aline Etelvina Casaril
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Programa de Pós-graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina Dr Hélio Mandetta, Cidade Universitária s/n, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. E-mails: ; ;
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Cidade Universitária s/n, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. E-mail: ; ,
| | - Jucelei Oliveira de Moura Infran
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Cidade Universitária s/n, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. E-mail: ; ,
| | - Leticia Moraes Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Cidade Universitária s/n, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. E-mail: ; ,
| | - Carlos Eurico Dos Santos Fernandes
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Laboratório de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Cidade Universitária s/n, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. E-mail:
| | - Alessandra Gutierrez de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Programa de Pós-graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina Dr Hélio Mandetta, Cidade Universitária s/n, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. E-mails: ; ;
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Cidade Universitária s/n, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. E-mail: ; ,
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150
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Coiro CJ, Coelho LGG, da Silva RC, Langoni H. Molecular characterization of Leishmania spp. isolated from Brazilian stray dogs from an endemic area for canine visceral leishmaniasis. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2016; 7:9-13. [PMID: 31014661 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a worldwide anthropozoonosis caused by an intracellular parasite protozoan, Leishmania spp. In Americas, Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum is the causative agent, transmitted by sandflies, Lutzomyia longipalpis, after blood meal in domestic dogs, the main reservoir. The present study was aimed to determine the occurrence of Leishmania spp. and L. infantum in peripheral blood, and popliteal lymph node and bone marrow aspirate samples of 164 Brazilian stray dogs from an endemic area for CVL using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). For Leishmania spp., 56 (34.15%; 27.32-41.71%) blood, 102 (62.20%; 54.56-69.26%) lymph node, and 115 (70.12%; 62.71-76.60%) bone marrow samples tested positive, whereas 46 (28.05%; 21.74-35.38%), 94 (57.32%; 49.65-64.64%), and 114 (69.51%; 62.07-76.04%), respectively, resulted positive for L. infantum. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (ITS1-RFLP) and sequencing were used to characterize the positive samples to Leishmania spp., but negative to L. infantum. Twenty (10 blood, 9 lymph node and 1 bone marrow) samples were characterized and matched the L. donovani complex species, with 99-100% similarity to L. donovani complex species (GenBank accession n.KC998879.1, JQ730002.1, GU045591.1, HQ830353.1, HM130608.1). The present study reports a high prevalence of stray dogs infected with leishmania species responsible for VL in the studied area, in which the observed diversity of leishmania species may contributes for further epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Janeiro Coiro
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, Campus Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laiza Gabriela Gavioli Coelho
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, Campus Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Costa da Silva
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
| | - Helio Langoni
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, Campus Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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