101
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Villalobos S, Vamosi JC. Climate and habitat influences on bee community structure in Western Canada. CAN J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2017-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The persistence of pollinators in a given habitat is determined in part by traits that affect their response to environmental variables. Here, we show that climate and habitat features are the main drivers of trait distribution in bees across spatially separated habitats. We determined that trait and clade filtering results in bee assemblages in Western Canada exhibiting clustering that is correlated with differences in temperature, humidity, and rainfall. Phylogenetic signals were detected in all traits associated with pollinator life-history strategies, including phenology. The Bombus Latreille, 1802 clade (including the social parasite subgenus Psithyrus Lepeletier, 1833) comprised a higher proportion of prairie bees, whereas assemblages in Garry oak sites exhibited higher representation from solitary bees (e.g., genera Osmia Panzer, 1806, Andrena Fabricius, 1775, Ceratina Latreille, 1802). Because these same traits influence which plant species are pollinated, this selective environmental occupancy within the two different habitats could promote local adaptation of flowering plant species pollinated by more social clades in prairies and more solitary bees in Garry oak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Villalobos
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jana C. Vamosi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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102
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Source of environmental data and warming tolerance estimation in six species of North American larval anurans. J Therm Biol 2018; 76:171-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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103
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Gerken AR, Eller-Smith OC, Morgan TJ. Speed of exposure to rapid cold hardening and genotype drive the level of acclimation response in Drosophila melanogaster. J Therm Biol 2018; 76:21-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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104
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Moiroux J, Boivin G, Brodeur J. Ovigeny index increases with temperature in an aphid parasitoid: Is early reproduction better when it is hot? JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 109:157-162. [PMID: 29870689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Studying relative investment of resources towards early and delayed reproduction is central to understand life history evolution since these traits are generally negatively correlated and traded-off against several other fitness components. For this purpose, ovigeny index (OI), which is calculated as the fraction of the maximum potential lifetime egg complement that is mature upon female emergence, has been developed in insects. Despite the central role of temperature on life history evolution in ectotherms, its influence on ovigeny index has never been tested. Adaptive models imply that OI should increase with temperature because of changes in body size, but the same influence may be expected considering physiological effects of temperature on egg maturation rate or amount of energy available. We investigated in the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi the influence of temperature experienced by the immature and/or the adult (from 12 °C to 28 °C) on ovigeny index and oviposition behaviour. As predicted, OI increased between 16 and 28 °C, i.e. females were able to reproduce earlier as temperature increased but this was traded off against a lower delayed reproduction. The highest OI was however observed at 12°, probably because this temperature was too low for females to mature eggs. Females that developed at 20 °C and were transferred as adult at 24 °C and 28 °C had the highest ovigeny index and laid more eggs during the early oviposition period while those transferred at 16 °C laid more eggs at the end of their life. Our results suggest that ovigeny index is not only influenced by body size - i.e. the adaptive explanation - but also by adult egg maturation rate, lifespan or amount of energy available - i.e. a physiological and adaptive explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joffrey Moiroux
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, Québec H1X 2B2, Canada; Centre de Recherche et de Développement en Horticulture, Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, 430 boul. Gouin, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec J3B 3E6, Canada; UMR 7263 IMBE, Aix Marseille Université - CNRS - IRD - Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, Université d'Avignon, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, 84916 Avignon Cedex 09, France.
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre de Recherche et de Développement en Horticulture, Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, 430 boul. Gouin, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec J3B 3E6, Canada
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, Québec H1X 2B2, Canada
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105
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Machekano H, Mutamiswa R, Nyamukondiwa C. Evidence of rapid spread and establishment of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in semi-arid Botswana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s40066-018-0201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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106
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Dry stress decreases areas suitable for Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and affects its survival under climate predictions in South America. ECOL INFORM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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107
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May C, Hillerbrand N, Thompson LM, Faske TM, Martinez E, Parry D, Agosta SJ, Grayson KL. Geographic Variation in Larval Metabolic Rate Between Northern and Southern Populations of the Invasive Gypsy Moth. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2018; 18:5052202. [PMID: 30010927 PMCID: PMC6041892 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Thermal regimes can diverge considerably across the geographic range of a species, and accordingly, populations can vary in their response to changing environmental conditions. Both local adaptation and acclimatization are important mechanisms for ectotherms to maintain homeostasis as environments become thermally stressful, which organisms often experience at their geographic range limits. The spatial spread of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) after introduction to North America provides an exemplary system for studying population variation in physiological traits given the gradient of climates encompassed by its current invasive range. This study quantifies differences in resting metabolic rate (RMR) across temperature for four populations of gypsy moth, two from the northern and two from southern regions of their introduced range in North America. Gypsy moth larvae were reared at high and low thermal regimes, and then metabolic activity was monitored at four temperatures using stop-flow respirometry to test for an acclimation response. For all populations, there was a significant increase in RMR as respirometry test temperature increased. Contrary to our expectations, we did not find evidence for metabolic adaptation to colder environments based on our comparisons between northern and southern populations. We also found no evidence for an acclimation response of RMR to rearing temperature for three of the four pairwise comparisons examined. Understanding the thermal sensitivity of metabolic rate in gypsy moth, and understanding the potential for changes in physiology at range extremes, is critical for estimating continued spatial spread of this invasive species both under current and potential future climatic constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn May
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA
| | | | | | - Trevor M Faske
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Eloy Martinez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL
| | - Dylan Parry
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY
| | - Salvatore J Agosta
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Center for Environmental Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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108
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Kingsolver JG, Umbanhowar J. The analysis and interpretation of critical temperatures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.167858. [PMID: 29724777 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.167858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Critical temperatures are widely used to quantify the upper and lower thermal limits of organisms. But measured critical temperatures often vary with methodological details, leading to spirited discussions about the potential consequences of stress and acclimation during the experiments. We review a model based on the simple assumption that failure rate increases with increasing temperature, independent of previous temperature exposure, water loss or metabolism during the experiment. The model predicts that mean critical thermal maximal temperature (CTmax) increases non-linearly with starting temperature and ramping rate, a pattern frequently observed in empirical studies. We then develop a statistical model that estimates a failure rate function (the relationship between failure rate and current temperature) using maximum likelihood; the best model accounts for 58% of the variation in CTmax in an exemplary dataset for tsetse flies. We then extend the model to incorporate potential effects of stress and acclimation on the failure rate function; the results show how stress accumulation at low ramping rate may increase the failure rate and reduce observed values of CTmax We also applied the model to an acclimation experiment with hornworm larvae that used a single starting temperature and ramping rate; the analyses show that increasing acclimation temperature significantly reduced the slope of the failure rate function, increasing the temperature at which failure occurred. The model directly applies to critical thermal minima, and can utilize data from both ramping and constant-temperature assays. Our model provides a new approach to analyzing and interpreting critical temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James Umbanhowar
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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109
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Nyamukondiwa C, Chidawanyika F, Machekano H, Mutamiswa R, Sands B, Mgidiswa N, Wall R. Climate variability differentially impacts thermal fitness traits in three coprophagic beetle species. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198610. [PMID: 29874290 PMCID: PMC5991409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
While the impacts of extreme and rising mean temperatures are well documented, increased thermal variability associated with climate change may also threaten ectotherm fitness and survival, but remains poorly explored. Using three wild collected coprophagic species Copris elphenor, Metacatharsius opacus and Scarabaeus zambezianus, we explored the effects of thermal amplitude around the mean on thermal tolerance. Using standardized protocols, we measured traits of high- (critical thermal maxima [CTmax] and heat knockdown time [HKDT]) and -low temperature tolerance (critical thermal minima [CTmin], chill coma recovery time [CCRT] and supercooling points [SCPs]) following variable temperature pulses (δ0, δ3, δ6 and δ9°C) around the mean (27°C). Our results show that increased temperature variability may offset basal and plastic responses to temperature and differs across species and metrics tested. Furthermore, we also show differential effects of body mass, body water content (BWC) and body lipid content (BLC) on traits of thermal tolerance. For example, body mass significantly influenced C. elphenor and S. zambezianus CTmax and S. zambezianus HKDT but not CTmin and CCRT. BWC significantly affected M. opacus and C. elphenor CTmax and in only M. opacus HKDT, CTmin and CCRT. Similarly, BLC only had a significant effect for M opacus CTmin. These results suggest differential and species dependent effects of climate variability of thermal fitness traits. It is therefore likely that the ecological services provided by these species may be constrained in the face of climate change. This implies that, to develop more realistic predictions for the effects of climate change on insect biodiversity and ecosystem function, thermal variability is a significant determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
- * E-mail:
| | - Frank Chidawanyika
- Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, Weeds Division, Hilton, South Africa
- School of Lifesciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Honest Machekano
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
| | - Reyard Mutamiswa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
| | - Bryony Sands
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Neludo Mgidiswa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
| | - Richard Wall
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
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110
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Mutamiswa R, Chidawanyika F, Nyamukondiwa C. Thermal plasticity potentially mediates the interaction between host Chilo partellus Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and endoparasitoid Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in rapidly changing environments. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1335-1345. [PMID: 29193807 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing climatic average temperatures and variability elicit various insect physiological responses that affect fitness and survival and may influence subsequent trophic interactions in agroecosystems. In this background, we investigated short- and long-term plastic responses to temperature of the laboratory-reared stemborer Chilo partellus and its larval endoparasitoid Cotesia flavipes. RESULTS Rapid cold- and heat-hardening effects in C. partellus larvae, pupae and adults and C. flavipes adults were highly significant (P < 0.001). High-temperature acclimation improved critical thermal limits and heat knockdown time in C. partellus larvae and C. flavipes adults, respectively. Low-temperature acclimation enhanced the supercooling point in C. flavipes and the chill coma recovery time in both C. partellus larvae and C. flavipes adults. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that thermal plasticity may enhance the survival of these two species when they are subjected to lethal low and high temperatures. However, C. partellus appeared to be more plastic than C. flavipes. These results have three major implications: (1) C. partellus may inhabit slightly warmer environments than C. flavipes, suggesting a potential mismatch in biogeography; (2) host-parasitoid relationships are complex and are probably trait dependent, and (3) host-parasitoid differential thermal plastic responses may offset biocontrol efficacy. These results may help inform biocontrol decision making under conditions of global change. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyard Mutamiswa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
| | - Frank Chidawanyika
- Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research, Weeds Division, Hilton, South Africa
- School of Lifesciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
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111
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Mutamiswa R, Machekano H, Chidawanyika F, Nyamukondiwa C. Thermal resilience may shape population abundance of two sympatric congeneric Cotesia species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191840. [PMID: 29438408 PMCID: PMC5810992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal and plasticity of thermal tolerance determine abundance, biogeographical patterns and activity of insects over spatial and temporal scales. For coexisting stemborer parasitoids, offering synergistic impact for biological control, mismatches in thermal tolerance may influence their ultimate impact in biocontrol programs under climate variability. Using laboratory-reared congeneric parasitoid species Cotesia sesamiae Cameron and Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), we examined basal thermal tolerance to understand potential impact of climate variability on their survival and limits to activity. We measured upper- and lower -lethal temperatures (ULTs and LLTs), critical thermal limits [CTLs] (CTmin and CTmax), supercooling points (SCPs), chill-coma recovery time (CCRT) and heat knock-down time (HKDT) of adults. Results showed LLTs ranging -5 to 5°C and -15 to -1°C whilst ULTs ranged 35 to 42°C and 37 to 44°C for C. sesamiae and C. flavipes respectively. Cotesia flavipes had significantly higher heat tolerance (measured as CTmax), as well as cold tolerance (measured as CTmin) relative to C. sesamiae (P<0.0001). While SCPs did not vary significantly (P>0.05), C. flavipes recovered significantly faster following chill-coma and had higher HKDT compared to C. sesamiae. The results suggest marked differential basal thermal tolerance responses between the two congeners, with C. flavipes having an advantage at both temperature extremes. Thus, under predicted climate change, the two species may differ in phenologies and biogeography with consequences on their efficacy as biological control agents. These results may assist in predicting spatio-temporal activity patterns which can be used in integrated pest management programs under climate variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyard Mutamiswa
- Department of Biology and Biotechnological Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
| | - Honest Machekano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnological Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
| | - Frank Chidawanyika
- Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research, Weeds Division, Hilton, South Africa
- School of Lifesciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biology and Biotechnological Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
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112
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Kinzner M, Krapf P, Nindl M, Heussler C, Eisenkölbl S, Hoffmann AA, Seeber J, Arthofer W, Schlick‐Steiner BC, Steiner FM. Life-history traits and physiological limits of the alpine fly Drosophila nigrosparsa (Diptera: Drosophilidae): A comparative study. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:2006-2020. [PMID: 29468020 PMCID: PMC5817156 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecific variation in life-history traits and physiological limits can be linked to the environmental conditions species experience, including climatic conditions. As alpine environments are particularly vulnerable under climate change, we focus on the montane-alpine fly Drosophila nigrosparsa. Here, we characterized some of its life-history traits and physiological limits and compared these with those of other drosophilids, namely Drosophila hydei, Drosophila melanogaster, and Drosophila obscura. We assayed oviposition rate, longevity, productivity, development time, larval competitiveness, starvation resistance, and heat and cold tolerance. Compared with the other species assayed, D. nigrosparsa is less fecund, relatively long-living, starvation susceptible, cold adapted, and surprisingly well heat adapted. These life-history characteristics provide insights into invertebrate adaptations to alpine conditions which may evolve under ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Krapf
- Institute of EcologyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Martina Nindl
- Institute of EcologyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | | | | | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- School of BioSciencesBio21 InstituteUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Julia Seeber
- Institute of EcologyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Institute for Alpine EnvironmentEurac ResearchBozen/BolzanoItaly
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113
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Kingsolver JG, Buckley LB. Quantifying thermal extremes and biological variation to predict evolutionary responses to changing climate. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0147. [PMID: 28483862 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central ideas from thermal biology, including thermal performance curves and tolerances, have been widely used to evaluate how changes in environmental means and variances generate changes in fitness, selection and microevolution in response to climate change. We summarize the opportunities and challenges for extending this approach to understanding the consequences of extreme climatic events. Using statistical tools from extreme value theory, we show how distributions of thermal extremes vary with latitude, time scale and climate change. Second, we review how performance curves and tolerances have been used to predict the fitness and evolutionary responses to climate change and climate gradients. Performance curves and tolerances change with prior thermal history and with time scale, complicating their use for predicting responses to thermal extremes. Third, we describe several recent case studies showing how infrequent extreme events can have outsized effects on the evolution of performance curves and heat tolerance. A key issue is whether thermal extremes affect reproduction or survival, and how these combine to determine overall fitness. We argue that a greater focus on tails-in the distribution of environmental extremes, and in the upper ends of performance curves-is needed to understand the consequences of extreme events.This article is part of the themed issue 'Behavioural, ecological and evolutionary responses to extreme climatic events'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lauren B Buckley
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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114
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Marshall KE, Sinclair BJ. Repeated freezing induces a trade-off between cryoprotection and egg production in the goldenrod gall fly, Eurosta solidaginis. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.177956. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.177956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Internal ice formation leads to wholesale changes in ionic, osmotic and pH homeostasis, energy metabolism, and mechanical damage, across a small range of temperatures, and is thus an abiotic stressor that acts at a distinct, physiologically-relevant, threshold. Insects that experience repeated freeze-thaw cycles over winter will cross this stressor threshold many times over their lifespan. Here we examine the effect of repeatedly crossing the freezing threshold on short-term physiological parameters (metabolic reserves and cryoprotectant concentration) as well as long-term fitness-related performance (survival and egg production) in the freeze-tolerant goldenrod gall fly Eurosta solidaginis. We exposed overwintering prepupae to a series of low temperatures (-10, -15, or -20 °C) with increasing numbers of freezing events (3, 6, or 10) with differing recovery periods between events (1, 5, or 10 days). Repeated freezing increased sorbitol concentration by about 50% relative to a single freezing episode, and prompted prepupae to modify long chain triacylglycerols to acetylated triacylglycerols. Long-term, repeated freezing did not significantly reduce survival, but did reduce egg production by 9.8% relative to a single freezing event. Exposure temperature did not affect any of these measures, suggesting that threshold crossing events may be more important to fitness than the intensity of stress in E. solidaginis overwintering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E. Marshall
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
- Present address: Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, USA
| | - Brent J. Sinclair
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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115
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Barria AM, Bacigalupe LD, Lagos NA, Lardies MA. Thermal physiological traits and plasticity of metabolism are sensitive to biogeographic breaks in a rock-pool marine shrimp. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.181008. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.181008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Populations of broadly distributed species commonly exhibit latitudinal variation in thermal tolerance and physiological plasticity. This variation can be interrupted when biogeographic breaks occur across the range of a species, which are known to affect patterns of community structure, abundance, and recruitment dynamics. Coastal biogeographic breaks often impose abrupt changes in environmental characteristics driven by oceanographic processes and can affect the physiological responses of populations inhabiting these areas. Here we examined thermal limits, performances for heart rate and plasticity for metabolic rate of the intertidal shrimp Betaeus emarginatus from seven populations along its latitudinal range (∼ 3000 km). The distribution of this species encompass two breaks at the southeastern Pacific coast of Chile: the northern break is characterized by sharp discontinuities in upwelling regimes, and the southern break, constitutes a major discontinuity in water conditions (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and nutrients), coastline topography, and divergence of main oceanographic currents. For B. emarginatus, we found higher plasticity of metabolism in the sites sampled at the biogeographic breaks, and at the site subjected to seasonal upwelling. The variation of metabolic rate was not consistent with increasing latitude and it was not affected by breaks. The lower and upper thermal limits were lower in populations around breaks, although the optimum temperature decreased towards higher latitudes. Overall, while thermal limits and plasticity of metabolism are related to biogeographic breaks, metabolic rate is not related with increasing latitude or the presence of breaks in the sampled range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura M. Barria
- Departamento de Ciencias, Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Diagonal Las Torres 2640, Peñalolen, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo D. Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Nelson A. Lagos
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco A. Lardies
- Departamento de Ciencias, Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Diagonal Las Torres 2640, Peñalolen, Santiago, Chile
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116
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Yerushalmi GY, Misyura L, MacMillan HA, Donini A. Functional plasticity of the gut and the Malpighian tubules underlies cold acclimation and mitigates cold-induced hyperkalemia in Drosophila melanogaster. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.174904. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.174904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
At low temperatures, Drosophila, like most insects, lose the ability to regulate ion and water balance across the gut epithelia, which can lead to a lethal increase of [K+] in the hemolymph (hyperkalemia). Cold-acclimation, the physiological response to a prior low temperature exposure, can mitigate or entirely prevent these ion imbalances, but the physiological mechanisms that facilitate this process are not well understood. Here, we test whether plasticity in the ionoregulatory physiology of the gut and Malpighian tubules of Drosophila may aid in preserving ion homeostasis in the cold. Upon adult emergence, D. melanogaster females were subjected to seven days at warm (25°C) or cold (10°C) acclimation conditions. The cold acclimated flies had a lower critical thermal minimum (CTmin), recovered from chill coma more quickly, and better maintained hemolymph K+ balance in the cold. The improvements in chill tolerance coincided with increased Malpighian tubule fluid secretion and better maintenance of K+ secretion rates in the cold, as well as reduced rectal K+ reabsorption in cold-acclimated flies. To test whether modulation of ion-motive ATPases, the main drivers of epithelial transport in the alimentary canal, mediate these changes, we measured the activities of Na+-K+-ATPase and V-type H+-ATPase at the Malpighian tubules, midgut, and hindgut. Na+/K+-ATPase and V-type H+-ATPase activities were lower in the midgut and the Malpighian tubules of cold-acclimated flies, but unchanged in the hindgut of cold acclimated flies, and were not predictive of the observed alterations in K+ transport. Our results suggest that modification of Malpighian tubule and gut ion and water transport likely prevents cold-induced hyperkalemia in cold-acclimated flies and that this process is not directly related to the activities of the main drivers of ion transport in these organs, Na+/K+- and V-type H+-ATPases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lidiya Misyura
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | | | - Andrew Donini
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
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117
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Gerber L, Overgaard J. Cold tolerance is linked to osmoregulatory function of the hindgut in Locusta migratoria. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.173930. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.173930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that maintenance of ion and water balance determine cold tolerance in many insects. The hindgut of terrestrial insects is critical for maintaining organismal homeostasis as it regulates solute- and water-balance of the hemolymph. Here we used ex vivo everted gut sacs of L. migratoria to examine the effects of temperature (0 - 30°C), thermal-acclimation, hypoxia, and ionic and osmotic forces on bulk water and ion (Na+, K+ and Cl−) movement across the rectal epithelium. These findings were related to simultaneous in vivo measurements of water and ion balance in locusts exposed to similar temperatures. As predicted, we observed a critical inhibition of net water and ion reabsorption at low temperature that is proportional to the in vivo loss of water and ion homeostasis. Further, cold-acclimated locust, known to defend ion and water balance at low temperature, were characterised by improved reabsorptive capacity at low temperature. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that transport mechanisms in the hindgut at low temperature are essential for cold tolerance. The loss of osmoregulatory capacity at low temperature was primarily caused by reduced active transport while rectal paracellular permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran was unchanged at 0 and 30°C. During cold exposure, water reabsorption was independent of major cation gradients across the epithelia while reduction in mucosal Cl− availability and increase in mucosal osmolality markedly depressed water reabsorption. These findings are discussed in perspective of existing knowledge and with suggestions for future physiological studies on cold acclimation and adaptation in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Gerber
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Johannes Overgaard
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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118
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Mohammadzadeh M, Borzoui E, Izadi H. Physiological and Biochemical Differences in Diapausing and Nondiapausing Larvae of Eurytoma plotnikovi (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:1424-1431. [PMID: 29087475 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The pistachio seed wasp, Eurytoma plotnikovi Nikol'skaya (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), is one of the main pests in various pistachio growing regions of Iran. This pest passes the winter as diapausing last instar larvae. In this study, the relationship between diapause and cold hardiness and also the physiological and biochemical characteristics the diapausing and nondiapausing larvae of E. plotnikovi were investigated. Digestive α-amylase enzyme showed a high activity (70.41 ± 2.36 µg maltose/min per mg protein) in nondiapausing larvae, but its activity vigorously decreased during the diapause period. Glycogen declined at the beginning of diapause until March. Decrease in glycogen content was proportional to increase in total simple body sugars, trehalose, myo-inositol, and sorbitol contents. Lipid accumulated from the onset of diapause in September until January reaching a high concentration of 28.74 mg/g fresh body weight, but then declined from March to end of diapause in April. The supercooling points were decreased from August (-17.68 ± 0.14°C) to January and reached to its lowest point in January (-23.14 ± 0.27°C), the coldest month of the year, then gradually increased through April (-21.38 ± 0.32°C). The survival rates at low temperature indicate that last instar larvae of E. plotnikovi are most cold tolerant in December-February when total body sugars, trehalose, myo-inositol, and sorbitol concentration is high, suggesting an alternative cryoprotective role for these compounds. The experimental data show that E. plotnikovi is freeze avoidance insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ehsan Borzoui
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Izadi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Iran
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119
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Nilsson-Örtman V, Johansson F. The Rate of Seasonal Changes in Temperature Alters Acclimation of Performance under Climate Change. Am Nat 2017; 190:743-761. [PMID: 29166165 DOI: 10.1086/694412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
How the ability to acclimate will impact individual performance and ecological interactions under climate change remains poorly understood. Theory predicts that the benefit an organism can gain from acclimating depends on the rate at which temperatures change relative to the time it takes to induce beneficial acclimation. Here, we present a conceptual model showing how slower seasonal changes under climate change can alter species' relative performance when they differ in acclimation rate and magnitude. To test predictions from theory, we performed a microcosm experiment where we reared a mid- and a high-latitude damselfly species alone or together under the rapid seasonality currently experienced at 62°N and the slower seasonality predicted for this latitude under climate change and measured larval growth and survival. To separate acclimation effects from fixed thermal responses, we simulated growth trajectories based on species' growth rates at constant temperatures and quantified how much and how fast species needed to acclimate to match the observed growth trajectories. Consistent with our predictions, the results showed that the midlatitude species had a greater capacity for acclimation than the high-latitude species. Furthermore, since acclimation occurred at a slower rate than seasonal temperature changes, the midlatitude species had a small growth advantage over the high-latitude species under the current seasonality but a greater growth advantage under the slower seasonality predicted for this latitude under climate change. In addition, the two species did not differ in survival under the current seasonality, but the midlatitude species had higher survival under the predicted climate change scenario, possibly because rates of cannibalism were lower when smaller heterospecifics were present. These findings highlight the need to incorporate acclimation rates in ecological models.
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120
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Gotcha N, Terblanche JS, Nyamukondiwa C. Plasticity and cross-tolerance to heterogeneous environments: divergent stress responses co-evolved in an African fruit fly. J Evol Biol 2017; 31:98-110. [PMID: 29080375 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Plastic adjustments of physiological tolerance to a particular stressor can result in fitness benefits for resistance that might manifest not only in that same environment but also be advantageous when faced with alternative environmental stressors, a phenomenon termed 'cross-tolerance'. The nature and magnitude of cross-tolerance responses can provide important insights into the underlying genetic architecture, potential constraints on or versatility of an organism's stress responses. In this study, we tested for cross-tolerance to a suite of abiotic factors that likely contribute to setting insect population dynamics and geographic range limits: heat, cold, desiccation and starvation resistance in adult Ceratitis rosa following acclimation to all these isolated individual conditions prior to stress assays. Traits of stress resistance scored included critical thermal (activity) limits, chill coma recovery time (CCRT), heat knockdown time (HKDT), desiccation and starvation resistance. In agreement with other studies, we found that acclimation to one stress typically increased resistance for that same stress experienced later in life. A more novel outcome, however, is that here we also found substantial evidence for cross-tolerance. For example, we found an improvement in heat tolerance (critical thermal maxima, CTmax ) following starvation or desiccation hardening and improved desiccation resistance following cold acclimation, indicating pronounced cross-tolerance to these environmental stressors for the traits examined. We also found that two different traits of the same stress resistance differed in their responsiveness to the same stress conditions (e.g. HKDT was less cross-resistant than CTmax ). The results of this study have two major implications that are of broader importance: (i) that these traits likely co-evolved to cope with diverse or simultaneous stressors, and (ii) that a set of common underlying physiological mechanisms might exist between apparently divergent stress responses in this species. This species may prove to be a valuable model for future work on the evolutionary and mechanistic basis of cross-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gotcha
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
| | - J S Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - C Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
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121
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Klockmann M, Fischer K. Effects of temperature and drought on early life stages in three species of butterflies: Mortality of early life stages as a key determinant of vulnerability to climate change? Ecol Evol 2017; 7:10871-10879. [PMID: 29299265 PMCID: PMC5743482 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change poses substantial challenges to biodiversity conservation. Well‐documented responses include phenological and range shifts, and declines in cold but increases in warm‐adapted species. Thus, some species will suffer while others will benefit from ongoing change, although the biological features determining the prospects of a given species under climate change are largely unknown. By comparing three related butterfly species of different vulnerability to climate change, we show that stress tolerance during early development may be of key importance. The arguably most vulnerable species showed the strongest decline in egg hatching success under heat and desiccation stress, and similar pattern also for hatchling mortality. Research, especially on insects, is often focussed on the adult stage only. Thus, collating more data on stress tolerance in different life stages will be of crucial importance for enhancing our abilities to predict the fate of particular species and populations under ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Klockmann
- Zoological Institute and Museum University of Greifswald Greifswald Germany
| | - Klaus Fischer
- Zoological Institute and Museum University of Greifswald Greifswald Germany
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122
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Effects of short-term heat shock and physiological responses to heat stress in two Bradysia adults, Bradysia odoriphaga and Bradysia difformis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13381. [PMID: 29042590 PMCID: PMC5645341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13560-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bradysia odoriphaga and Bradysia difformis are devastating pests of vegetable, ornamental crops and edible mushrooms causing significant losses. Temperature may be an important factor restricting their population abundance in the summer. To determine the effects of short-term heat shock on adults, their survival, longevity and fecundity data were collected, and antioxidant responses and heat shock protein expression levels were examined. Our results indicated that the survival rates of Bradysia adults decreased rapidly after heat shock ≥36 °C, and the longevity and reproductive capacities were significantly inhibited, indicating that short-term heat shock had lethal and sub-lethal effects. Moreover, the lipid peroxidation levels of B. difformis and B. odoriphaga increased dramatically at 36 °C and 38 °C, respectively. Four antioxidant enzymes activities of B. odoriphaga were greater than those of B. difformis at 38 °C. Additionally, hsp70 and hsp90 expression levels significantly increased after heat stress, and higher expression levels of B. difformis and B. odoriphaga were discovered at 36 and 38 °C respectively, indicating their different heat tolerance levels. Overall, short-term heat shock (≥36 °C) caused significantly adverse effects on Bradysia adults, indicating that it could be applied in pest control, and antioxidant system and hsp genes played important roles in their heat tolerance levels.
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123
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Mitchell KA, Boardman L, Clusella-Trullas S, Terblanche JS. Effects of nutrient and water restriction on thermal tolerance: A test of mechanisms and hypotheses. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 212:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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124
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Pueyrredon JM, Crespo JE, Castelo MK. Functional sensorial complementation during host orientation in an Asilidae parasitoid larva. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 107:668-675. [PMID: 28264734 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485317000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Changes in environmental conditions influence the performance of organisms in every aspect of their life. Being capable of accurately sensing these changes allow organisms to better adapt. The detection of environmental conditions involves different sensory modalities. There are many studies on the morphology of different sensory structures but not so many studies showing their function. Here we studied the morphology of different sensory structures in the larva of a dipteran parasitoid. We occluded the putative sensory structures coupling the morphology with their function. First, we could develop a non-invasive method in which we occluded the putative sensorial structures annulling their function temporarily. Regarding their functionality, we found that larvae of Mallophora ruficauda require simultaneously of the sensilla found both in the antennae and those of the maxillary palps in order to orient to its host. When either both antennae or both maxillary palps were occluded, no orientation to the host was observed. We also found that these structures are not involved in the acceptance of the host because high and similar proportion of parasitized hosts was found in host acceptance experiments. We propose that other sensilla could be involved in host acceptance and discuss how the different sensilla in the antennae and maxillary palps complement each other to provide larvae with the information for locating its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Pueyrredon
- Laboratorio de Entomología Experimental-Grupo de Investigación en Ecofisiología de Parasitoides y otros Insectos (GIEP), Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Instituto IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires,Buenos Aires,Argentina
| | - J E Crespo
- Laboratorio de Entomología Experimental-Grupo de Investigación en Ecofisiología de Parasitoides y otros Insectos (GIEP), Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires,Buenos Aires,Argentina
| | - M K Castelo
- Laboratorio de Entomología Experimental-Grupo de Investigación en Ecofisiología de Parasitoides y otros Insectos (GIEP), Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires,Buenos Aires,Argentina
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125
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Alemu T, Alemneh T, Pertoldi C, Ambelu A, Bahrndorff S. Costs and benefits of heat and cold hardening in a soil arthropod. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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126
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Uyi OO, Zachariades C, Marais E, Hill MP. Reduced mobility but high survival: thermal tolerance and locomotor response of the specialist herbivore, Pareuchaetes insulata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), to low temperatures. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 107:448-457. [PMID: 27974070 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485316001103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Disentangling the responses of insects to variations in their thermal environment is central to our understanding of the evolution of temperature-dependent performance in these species. Here, we report results of experiments examining the effects of high (upper lethal temperature = ULT) and low (lower lethal temperature = LLT) temperature and exposure time on the survival of larvae and adults of a multivoltine, nocturnal moth species, Pareuchaetes insulata, a biological control agent whose impact on an invasive weed, Chromolaena odorata has been variable in South Africa. The influence of temperature and acclimation on locomotion performance of the moth was also investigated. Temperature and duration of exposure significantly affected survival of both adults and larvae of P. insulata with more extreme temperatures and/or longer durations proving to be more lethal. Third instar larvae and adults are both freeze intolerant and had LT50 of -5.9 and -4.7°C, respectively, after a 2 h exposure. Although cold acclimation was beneficial to the nocturnal larvae, temperatures below 10°C significantly reduce their locomotion activities. The average daily minimum temperatures in the coldest months at three locations in South Africa are over 5°C lower than those of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA, where P. insulata was originally collected. Our results suggest that lethal high or low temperatures at short timescales are trivial in explaining the variable performance of P. insulata, but reduced locomotion at sub-lethal temperatures may be an important driver of the population dynamics of the biocontrol agent (especially in winter months) and may consequently explain the low population levels of the moth because of possible reduced feeding by larvae during night-time low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- O O Uyi
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology,University of Benin,P.M.B. 1154, Benin City,Nigeria
| | - C Zachariades
- ARC - Plant Protection Research Institute,Private Bag X6006, Hilton 3245,South Africa
| | - E Marais
- Centre for Invasion Biology,Stellenbosch University,Private Bag X01, Matieland 7602,South Africa
| | - M P Hill
- Department of Zoology and Entomology,Rhodes University,P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140,South Africa
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127
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Golec JR, Duan JJ, Hough-Goldstein J. Influence of Temperature on the Reproductive and Developmental Biology of Ontsira mellipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Asian Longhorned Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:978-987. [PMID: 28595338 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ontsira mellipes Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a North American parasitoid species that develops on the invasive pest, Anoplophora glabripennis (Moltschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), under laboratory conditions and is currently being considered as a potential new-association biocontrol agent. To develop mass-rearing protocols and field-release strategies for this parasitoid, information on its reproductive biology in relation to temperature is needed. We determined the effect of temperature (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C) on development, survivorship, and sex ratio, and its effect on the longevity, fecundity, and host attack rates (parasitism) of adults. Developmental time for parasitoid eggs to pupae decreased from 26.7 d to 6.1 d as temperature increased from 10 °C to 30 °C. While no pupae eclosed as adults at 10 °C, time of adult emergence from pupae decreased from 39.7 d to 12.2 d as temperature increased from 15 °C to 30 °C. Based on estimated lower development temperature threshold (11.1 °C), the degree-days required for one generation was estimated at 342.9. When female parasitoids were provided with host larvae, parasitism occurred at all temperatures and was maximized at 25 °C. Additionally, increasing temperatures significantly reduced the preoviposition period and longevity of female O. mellipes. In addition, combining these results with temperature data from areas in the United States currently infested with A. glabripennis, we estimated that O. mellipes can complete 1.2-3.7 generations per year. Findings from this study may be considered for the future development of effective mass rearing and augmentative release strategies of O. mellipes for biological control of A. glabripennis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian R Golec
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716)
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit, Newark, DE 19713
| | - Jian J Duan
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit, Newark, DE 19713
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128
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Klockmann M, Kleinschmidt F, Fischer K. Carried over: Heat stress in the egg stage reduces subsequent performance in a butterfly. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180968. [PMID: 28708887 PMCID: PMC5510857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing heat stress caused by anthropogenic climate change may pose a substantial challenge to biodiversity due to associated detrimental effects on survival and reproduction. Therefore, heat tolerance has recently received substantial attention, but its variation throughout ontogeny and effects carried over from one developmental stage to another remained largely neglected. To explore to what extent stress experienced early in life affects later life stages, we here investigate effects of heat stress experienced in the egg stage throughout ontogeny in the tropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana. We found that detrimental effects of heat stress in the egg stage were detectable in hatchlings, larvae and even resulting adults, as evidenced by decreased survival, growth, and body mass. This study shows that even in holometabalous insects with discrete life stages effects of stress experienced early in life are carried over to later stages, substantially reducing subsequent fitness. We argue that such effects need to be considered when trying to forecast species responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Klockmann
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Klaus Fischer
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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129
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Verbitsky VB, Grishanin AK, Malysheva OA, Medyantseva EN, Verbitskaya TI. Thermal resistance, preferred and avoidance temperatures of Cyclops strenuus Fischer, 1851, and their relation to optimal, pessimal, and tolerant temperatures. BIOL BULL+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359017030104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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130
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Shah AA, Gill BA, Encalada AC, Flecker AS, Funk WC, Guayasamin JM, Kondratieff BC, Poff NL, Thomas SA, Zamudio KR, Ghalambor CK. Climate variability predicts thermal limits of aquatic insects across elevation and latitude. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alisha A. Shah
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Brian A. Gill
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Andrea C. Encalada
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales Universidad San Francisco de Quito Quito Ecuador
| | | | - W. Chris Funk
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Juan M. Guayasamin
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales Universidad San Francisco de Quito Quito Ecuador
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica Quito Ecuador
| | - Boris C. Kondratieff
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - N. LeRoy Poff
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
- Institute of Applied Ecology University of Canberra Canberra ACT Australia
- Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Steven A. Thomas
- School of Natural Resources University of Nebraska Lincoln NE USA
| | - Kelly R. Zamudio
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | - Cameron K. Ghalambor
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
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131
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Perović DJ, Gámez-Virués S, Landis DA, Wäckers F, Gurr GM, Wratten SD, You MS, Desneux N. Managing biological control services through multi-trophic trait interactions: review and guidelines for implementation at local and landscape scales. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:306-321. [PMID: 28598568 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ecological studies are increasingly moving towards trait-based approaches, as the evidence mounts that functions, as opposed to taxonomy, drive ecosystem service delivery. Among ecosystem services, biological control has been somewhat overlooked in functional ecological studies. This is surprising given that, over recent decades, much of biological control research has been focused on identifying the multiple characteristics (traits) of species that influence trophic interactions. These traits are especially well developed for interactions between arthropods and flowers - important for biological control, as floral resources can provide natural enemies with nutritional supplements, which can dramatically increase biological control efficiency. Traits that underpin the biological control potential of a community and that drive the response of arthropods to environmental filters, from local to landscape-level conditions, are also emerging from recent empirical studies. We present an overview of the traits that have been identified to (i) drive trophic interactions, especially between plants and biological control agents through determining access to floral resources and enhancing longevity and fecundity of natural enemies, (ii) affect the biological control services provided by arthropods, and (iii) limit the response of arthropods to environmental filters, ranging from local management practices to landscape-level simplification. We use this review as a platform to outline opportunities and guidelines for future trait-based studies focused on the enhancement of biological control services.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Perović
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian & Taiwan Crops and Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Sagrario Gámez-Virués
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian & Taiwan Crops and Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Douglas A Landis
- Department of Entomology, 204 Center for Integrated Plant Systems Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, U.S.A
| | - Felix Wäckers
- BioBest Sustainable Crop Management, Ilse Velden 18, 2260, Westerlo, Belgium.,Lancaster Environment Center, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, U.K
| | - Geoff M Gurr
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian & Taiwan Crops and Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,School of Agriculture & Wine Science, Graham Centre, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 883, Orange, 2800, Australia
| | - Stephen D Wratten
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Min-Sheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian & Taiwan Crops and Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
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132
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da Silva RS, Kumar L, Shabani F, Picanço MC. Potential risk levels of invasive Neoleucinodes elegantalis (small tomato borer) in areas optimal for open-field Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) cultivation in the present and under predicted climate change. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:616-627. [PMID: 27328743 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neoleucinodes elegantalis is one of the major insect pests of Solanum lycopersicum. Currently, N. elegantalis is present only in America and the Caribbean, and is a threat in the world's largest S. lycopersicum-producing countries. In terms of potential impact on agriculture, the impact of climate change on insect invasions must be a concern. At present, no research exists regarding the effects of climatic change on the risk level of N. elegantalis. The purpose of this study was to develop a model for S. lycopersicum and N. elegantalis, utilizing CLIMEX to determine risk levels of N. elegantalis in open-field S. lycopersicum cultivation in the present and under projected climate change, using the global climate model CSIRO-Mk3.0. RESULTS Large areas are projected to be suitable for N. elegantalis and optimal for open-field S. lycopersicum cultivation at the present time. However, in the future these areas will become unsuitable for both species. Conversely, other regions in the future may become optimal for open-field S. lycopersicum cultivation, with a varying risk level for N. elegantalis. CONCLUSION The risk level results presented here provide a useful tool to design strategies to prevent the introduction and establishment of N. elegantalis in open-field S. lycopersicum cultivation. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Siqueira da Silva
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Ecosystem Management, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Ecosystem Management, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Farzin Shabani
- Ecosystem Management, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Marcelo Coutinho Picanço
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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133
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Overgaard
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;
| | - Heath A. MacMillan
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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134
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Klockmann M, Günter F, Fischer K. Heat resistance throughout ontogeny: body size constrains thermal tolerance. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:686-696. [PMID: 27371939 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Heat tolerance is a trait of paramount ecological importance and may determine a species' ability to cope with ongoing climate change. Although critical thermal limits have consequently received substantial attention in recent years, their potential variation throughout ontogeny remained largely neglected. We investigate whether such neglect may bias conclusions regarding a species' sensitivity to climate change. Using a tropical butterfly, we found that developmental stages clearly differed in heat tolerance. It was highest in pupae followed by larvae, adults and finally eggs and hatchlings. Strikingly, most of the variation found in thermal tolerance was explained by differences in body mass, which may thus impose a severe constraint on adaptive variation in stress tolerance. Furthermore, temperature acclimation was beneficial by increasing heat knock-down time and therefore immediate survival under heat stress, but it affected reproduction negatively. Extreme temperatures strongly reduced survival and subsequent reproductive success even in our highly plastic model organism, exemplifying the potentially dramatic impact of extreme weather events on biodiversity. We argue that predictions regarding a species' fate under changing environmental conditions should consider variation in thermal tolerance throughout ontogeny, variation in body mass and acclimation responses as important predictors of stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Klockmann
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, D-17489, Germany
| | - Franziska Günter
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, D-17489, Germany
| | - Klaus Fischer
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, D-17489, Germany
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135
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Ørsted M, Schou MF, Kristensen TN. Biotic and abiotic factors investigated in two Drosophila species - evidence of both negative and positive effects of interactions on performance. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40132. [PMID: 28059144 PMCID: PMC5216344 DOI: 10.1038/srep40132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple environmental factors acting in concert can interact and strongly influence population fitness and ecosystem composition. Studies investigating interactions usually involve only two environmental factors; most frequently a chemical and another abiotic factor such as a stressful temperature. Here we investigate the effects of three environmental factors: temperature, an insecticide (dimethoate) and interspecific co-occurrence. We expose two naturally co-occurring species of Drosophila (D. hydei and D. melanogaster) to the different environments during development and examine the consequences on several performance measures. Results are highly species and trait specific with evidence of two- and three-way interactions in approximately 30% of all cases, suggesting that additive effects of combined environmental factors are most common, and that interactions are not universal. To provide more informative descriptions of complex interactions we implemented re-conceptualised definitions of synergism and antagonism. We found approximately equal proportions of synergistic and antagonistic interactions in both species, however the effects of interactions on performance differed between the two. Furthermore, we found negative impacts on performance in only 60% of interactions, thus our study also reveals a high proportion of cases with positive effects of interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ørsted
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg E, Denmark
| | - Mads Fristrup Schou
- Department of Bioscience, Section of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Torsten Nygaard Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg E, Denmark.,Department of Bioscience, Section of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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136
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Chidawanyika F, Nyamukondiwa C, Strathie L, Fischer K. Effects of Thermal Regimes, Starvation and Age on Heat Tolerance of the Parthenium Beetle Zygogramma bicolorata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) following Dynamic and Static Protocols. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169371. [PMID: 28052099 PMCID: PMC5215736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature and resource availability are key elements known to limit the occurrence and survival of arthropods in the wild. In the current era of climate change, critical thermal limits and the factors affecting these may be of particular importance. We therefore investigated the critical thermal maxima (CTmax) of adult Zygogramma bicolorata beetles, a biological control agent for the invasive plant Parthenium hysterophorus, in relation to thermal acclimation, hardening, age, and food availability using static (constant) and dynamic (ramping) protocols. Increasing temperatures and exposure times reduced heat survival. In general, older age and lack of food reduced heat tolerance, suggesting an important impact of resource availability. Acclimation at constant temperatures did not affect CTmax, while fluctuating thermal conditions resulted in a substantial increase. Hardening at 33°C and 35°C improved heat survival in fed young and mid-aged but only partly in old beetles, while CTmax remained unaffected by hardening throughout. These findings stress the importance of methodology when assessing heat tolerance. Temperature data recorded in the field revealed that upper thermal limits are at least occasionally reached in nature. Our results therefore suggest that the occurrence of heat waves may influence the performance and survival of Z. bicolorata, potentially impacting on its field establishment and effectiveness as a biological control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Chidawanyika
- Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, Weeds Division, Hilton, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biology and Biotechnological Sciences, College of Science, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
| | - Lorraine Strathie
- Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, Weeds Division, Hilton, South Africa
| | - Klaus Fischer
- Zoological Institute & Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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137
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Mathur V, Schmidt PS. Adaptive patterns of phenotypic plasticity in laboratory and field environments in Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 2016; 71:465-474. [PMID: 27925178 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Identifying mechanisms of adaptation to variable environments is essential in developing a comprehensive understanding of evolutionary dynamics in natural populations. Phenotypic plasticity allows for phenotypic change in response to changes in the environment, and as such may play a major role in adaptation to environmental heterogeneity. Here, the plasticity of stress response in Drosophila melanogaster originating from two distinct geographic regions and ecological habitats was examined. Adults were given a short-term, 5-day exposure to combinations of temperature and photoperiod to elicit a plastic response for three fundamental aspects of stress tolerance that vary adaptively with geography. This was replicated both in the laboratory and in outdoor enclosures in the field. In the laboratory, geographic origin was the primary determinant of the stress response. Temperature and the interaction between temperature and photoperiod also significantly affected stress resistance. In the outdoor enclosures, plasticity was distinct among traits and between geographic regions. These results demonstrate that short-term exposure of adults to ecologically relevant environmental cues results in predictable effects on multiple aspects of fitness. These patterns of plasticity vary among traits and are highly distinct between the two examined geographic regions, consistent with patterns of local adaptation to climate and associated environmental parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Mathur
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 433 S. University Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104.,Current Address: Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, 20057
| | - Paul S Schmidt
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 433 S. University Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
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138
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Encoding noxious heat by spike bursts of antennal bimodal hygroreceptor (dry) neurons in the carabid Pterostichus oblongopunctatus. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 368:29-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2547-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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139
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Bodlah MA, Zhu AX, Liu XD. Host choice, settling and folding leaf behaviors of the larval rice leaf folder under heat stress. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 106:809-817. [PMID: 27443747 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485316000584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Extreme high-temperature events are the key factor to determine population dynamics of the rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée), in summer. Although we know that adult of this insect can migrate to avoid heat stress, the behavioral response of larva to high temperature is still unclear. Therefore, impacts of high temperature on behavioral traits of C. medinalis including host choice, settling and folding leaf were observed. The results revealed that these behavioral traits were clearly influenced by high temperature. The larvae preferred maize leaves rather than rice and wheat at normal temperature of 27°C, but larvae experienced a higher temperature of 37 or 40°C for 4 h preferred rice leaves rather than maize and wheat. Capacity of young larvae to find host leaves or settle on the upper surface of leaves significantly reduced when they were treated by high temperature. High temperature of 40°C reduced the leaf-folding capacity of the third instar larvae, but no effects were observed on the fourth and fifth instar larvae. Short-term heat acclimation could not improve the capacity of the third instar larvae to make leaf fold under 40°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Bodlah
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests,Ministry of Education,Department of Entomology,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,China
| | - A-X Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests,Ministry of Education,Department of Entomology,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,China
| | - X-D Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests,Ministry of Education,Department of Entomology,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,China
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140
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Allen JL, Chown SL, Janion-Scheepers C, Clusella-Trullas S. Interactions between rates of temperature change and acclimation affect latitudinal patterns of warming tolerance. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow053. [PMID: 27933165 PMCID: PMC5142048 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Critical thermal limits form an increasing component of the estimation of impacts of global change on ectotherms. Whether any consistent patterns exist in the interactive effects of rates of temperature change (or experimental ramping rates) and acclimation on critical thermal limits and warming tolerance (one way of assessing sensitivity to climate change) is, however, far from clear. Here, we examine the interacting effects of ramping rate and acclimation on the critical thermal maxima (CTmax) and minima (CTmin) and warming tolerance of six species of springtails from sub-tropical, temperate and polar regions. We also provide microhabitat temperatures from 26 sites spanning 5 years in order to benchmark environmentally relevant rates of temperature change. Ramping rate has larger effects than acclimation on CTmax, but the converse is true for CTmin. Responses to rate and acclimation effects are more consistent among species for CTmax than for CTmin. In the latter case, interactions among ramping rate and acclimation are typical of polar species, less marked for temperate ones, and reduced in species from the sub-tropics. Ramping rate and acclimation have substantial effects on estimates of warming tolerance, with the former being more marked. At the fastest ramping rates (>1.0°C/min), tropical species have estimated warming tolerances similar to their temperate counterparts, whereas at slow ramping rates (<0.4°C/min) the warming tolerance is much reduced in tropical species. Rates of temperate change in microhabitats relevant to the springtails are typically <0.05°C/min, with rare maxima of 0.3-0.5°C/min depending on the site. These findings emphasize the need to consider the environmental setting and experimental conditions when assessing species' vulnerability to climate change using a warming tolerance approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Allen
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology,
Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Steven L Chown
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800,
Australia
| | | | - Susana Clusella-Trullas
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology,
Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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141
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Moretti M, Dias ATC, Bello F, Altermatt F, Chown SL, Azcárate FM, Bell JR, Fournier B, Hedde M, Hortal J, Ibanez S, Öckinger E, Sousa JP, Ellers J, Berg MP. Handbook of protocols for standardized measurement of terrestrial invertebrate functional traits. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Moretti
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Zürcherstrasse 111 8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - André T. C. Dias
- Departamento de Ecologia Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) Maracanã Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Francesco Bello
- Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Dukelska 135 379 82 Třeboň Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences University of South Bohemia Na Zlate Stoce 1 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Florian Altermatt
- Department of Aquatic Ecology Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Steven L. Chown
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria3800 Australia
| | - Francisco M. Azcárate
- Terrestrial Ecology Group (TEG) Department of Ecology Universidad Autónoma de Madrid C/Darwin 2 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - James R. Bell
- Rothamsted Research West Common Harpenden HertfordshireAL5 2JQ UK
| | - Bertrand Fournier
- Laboratoire Chrono‐Environnement UMR 6249 CNRS Université de Bourgogne Franche‐Comté 16 route de Gray 25030 Besançon Cedex France
| | - Mickaël Hedde
- INRA AgroParisTech Université Paris‐Saclay UMR 1402 Ecosys Route de Saint‐Cyr RD 10 78026 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Joaquín Hortal
- Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN‐CSIC) C/Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2 28006 Madrid Spain
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (Ce3C) Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL) Ed. C2, Campo Grande 1749‐06 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Sébastien Ibanez
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine CNRS UMR 5553 Université Savoie Mont Blanc 73376 Le Bourget‐du‐Lac France
| | - Erik Öckinger
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences P.O. Box 7044 750 07 Uppsala Sweden
| | - José Paulo Sousa
- Centre for Functional Ecology Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra 3000‐456 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Science Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1085 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Matty P. Berg
- Department of Ecological Science Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1085 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Conservation Ecology Group Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen Postbox 11103 9700 CC Groningen The Netherlands
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142
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Renault D, Dorrah MA, Mohamed AA, Abdelfattah EA, Bassal TTM. Assessment of oxidative stress and activities of antioxidant enzymes depicts the negative systemic effect of iron-containing fertilizers and plant phenolic compounds in the desert locust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:21989-22000. [PMID: 27539469 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
For herbivore insects, digesting can be somewhat challenging, as the defense mechanisms evolved by plants, including the release of phenolics like the non-protein amino acid L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), can cause fitness costs. In addition, industrial and agricultural activities have elevated the amounts of iron that can be found in nature and more particularly FeSO4 that is used as fertilizer. Traces of iron can enhance the auto-oxidation of L-DOPA, in turn, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequently oxidative stress in insects. We examined the effects of the ion Fe2+ (as FeSO4) and L-DOPA on fifth instars of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. We measured the level of oxidative damage occurring to macromolecules (proteins and lipids) from midgut and thoracic tissues and assessed the activities of responsive antioxidant enzymes. Injected L-DOPA and redox-active metal iron generated ROS which caused oxidative damages to proteins and lipids to S. gregaria. The protein carbonyls and lipid peroxides present in tissue homogenates were elevated in treated insects. No synergism was observed when L-DOPA was co-injected with Fe2+. K m values of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were 4.3, 2.6, and 4.0 mM in thoracic muscles and 5.00, 2.43, and 1.66 mM in whole midgut for SOD, GR, and GPx, respectively, and 8.3 and 3.43 M for catalase (CAT) in the two tissues, respectively. These results suggest higher affinities of GPx and CAT to H2O2 in midgut than in muscles. The time-course changes in activities of antioxidant enzymes and amounts of protein carbonyls and lipid peroxides showed fluctuating patterns, suggesting complex interactions among macromolecules, L-DOPA and FeSO4, and their degradation products. Our results demonstrated the stressful effects of L-DOPA and FeSO4, proving that iron-containing fertilizers are pollutants that can strongly affect S. gregaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Renault
- UMR CNRS 6553, Université de Rennes 1, Avenue du Gal Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Moataza A Dorrah
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, P O Box, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Amr A Mohamed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, P O Box, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Eman A Abdelfattah
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, P O Box, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Taha T M Bassal
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, P O Box, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
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143
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Kristensen TN, Henningsen AK, Aastrup C, Bech-Hansen M, Bjerre LBH, Carlsen B, Hagstrup M, Jensen SG, Karlsen P, Kristensen L, Lundsgaard C, Møller T, Nielsen LD, Starcke C, Sørensen CR, Schou MF. Fitness components of Drosophila melanogaster developed on a standard laboratory diet or a typical natural food source. INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:771-779. [PMID: 25989059 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is often used as a model organism in evolutionary biology and ecophysiology to study evolutionary processes and their physiological mechanisms. Diets used to feed Drosophila cultures differ between laboratories and are often nutritious and distinct from food sources in the natural habitat. Here we rear D. melanogaster on a standard diet used in our laboratory and a field diet composed of decomposing apples collected in the field. Flies developed on these two diet compositions are tested for heat, cold, desiccation, and starvation resistance as well as developmental time, dry body mass and fat percentage. The nutritional compositions of the standard and field diets were analyzed, and discussed in relation to the phenotypic observations. Results showed marked differences in phenotype of flies from the two types of diets. Flies reared on the field diet are more starvation resistant and they are smaller, leaner, and have lower heat resistance compared to flies reared on the standard diet. Sex specific effects of diet type are observed for several of the investigated traits and the strong sexual dimorphism usually observed in desiccation resistance in D. melanogaster disappeared when rearing the flies on the field diet. Based on our results we conclude that care should be taken in extrapolating results from one type of diet to another and especially from laboratory to field diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Nygaard Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark.
| | - Astrid Kallestrup Henningsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Christian Aastrup
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Mads Bech-Hansen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Lise B Hoberg Bjerre
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Carlsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Marie Hagstrup
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Sofie Graarup Jensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Pernille Karlsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Line Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Cecillie Lundsgaard
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Tine Møller
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Lise D Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Camilla Starcke
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
| | - Christine Riisager Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, DK-9220, Denmark
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144
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Klepsatel P, Gáliková M, Xu Y, Kühnlein RP. Thermal stress depletes energy reserves in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33667. [PMID: 27641694 PMCID: PMC5027548 DOI: 10.1038/srep33667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how environmental temperature affects metabolic and physiological functions is of crucial importance to assess the impacts of climate change on organisms. Here, we used different laboratory strains and a wild-caught population of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to examine the effect of temperature on the body energy reserves of an ectothermic organism. We found that permanent ambient temperature elevation or transient thermal stress causes significant depletion of body fat stores. Surprisingly, transient thermal stress induces a lasting "memory effect" on body fat storage, which also reduces survivorship of the flies upon food deprivation later after stress exposure. Functional analyses revealed that an intact heat-shock response is essential to protect flies from temperature-dependent body fat decline. Moreover, we found that the temperature-dependent body fat reduction is caused at least in part by apoptosis of fat body cells, which might irreversibly compromise the fat storage capacity of the flies. Altogether, our results provide evidence that thermal stress has a significant negative impact on organismal energy reserves, which in turn might affect individual fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Klepsatel
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Research Group Molecular Physiology, Am Faβberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martina Gáliková
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Research Group Molecular Physiology, Am Faβberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yanjun Xu
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Research Group Molecular Physiology, Am Faβberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ronald P. Kühnlein
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Research Group Molecular Physiology, Am Faβberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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145
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The impact of geographical origin of two strains of the herbivore, Eccritotarsus catarinensis, on several fitness traits in response to temperature. J Therm Biol 2016; 60:222-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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146
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Bentley MT, Hahn DA, Oi FM. The Thermal Breadth of Nylanderia fulva (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Is Narrower Than That of Solenopsis invicta at Three Thermal Ramping Rates: 1.0, 0.12, and 0.06°C min-1. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:1058-1062. [PMID: 27252409 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Determining the upper (CTmax) and lower (CTmin) critical thermal limits of invasive ants provides insight into how temperature could shape their distribution, seasonality, and daily activity. Understanding the potential distribution of invasive ants is imperative to improving quarantine and management efforts. Nylanderia fulva (Mayr) (tawny crazy ant) and Solenopsis invicta (Buren) (red imported fire ant) are invasive ants that are established throughout the southeastern United States. Recent studies have found that body size and thermal ramping rate can affect the estimation of critical thermal limits. However, the effects of both variables and their interactions on the thermal limits of N. fulva and S. invicta have not previously been described. Thus, we evaluated the impacts of body size and ramping rate on the critical thermal limits of N. fulva and S. invicta Overall, N. fulva had a narrower thermal breadth than S. invicta (Nf CTmin = 7.3°C and Nf CTmax = 41.3°C vs. Si CTmin = 4.1°C and Si CTmax = 45.3°C). For both species, slower ramping rates resulted in lower CTmax values and ants with smaller head capsules had a narrower thermal breadth than ants with larger head capsules. These data improve our understanding of the critical thermal limits of both species and could be useful for developing predictive models that estimate the future spread of these invasive ants in nonnative ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Bentley
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110620, Gainesville, FL 32611 (; ; )
| | - D A Hahn
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110620, Gainesville, FL 32611 (; ; )
| | - F M Oi
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110620, Gainesville, FL 32611 (; ; )
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147
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Telemeco RS, Gangloff EJ, Cordero GA, Mitchell TS, Bodensteiner BL, Holden KG, Mitchell SM, Polich RL, Janzen FJ. Reptile Embryos Lack the Opportunity to Thermoregulate by Moving within the Egg. Am Nat 2016; 188:E13-27. [DOI: 10.1086/686628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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148
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Bilton DT, Foster GN. Observed shifts in the contact zone between two forms of the diving beetle Hydroporus memnonius are consistent with predictions from sexual conflict. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2089. [PMID: 27326372 PMCID: PMC4911956 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual conflict drives both inter- and intrasexual dimorphisms in many diving beetles, where male persistence and female resistance traits co-evolve in an antagonistic manner. To date most studies have focussed on species where rough and smooth females and their associated males typically co-occur within populations, where phenotype matching between morphs may maintain forms as stable polymorphisms. The Palaearctic diving beetle Hydroporus memnonius is characterised by having dimorphic (rough var. castaneus and smooth, shining) females and associated males which differ in persistence traits; the two forms being largely distributed parapatrically. In this species, instead of mating trade-offs between morphs, males associated with castaneus females should have a mating advantage with both this form and shining females, due to their increased persistence abilities on either cuticular surface. This may be expected to lead to the replacement of the shining form with castaneus in areas where the two come into contact. Using data collected over a thirty year period, we show that this process of population replacement is indeed occurring, castaneus having expanded significantly at the expense of the shining female form. Whilst populations of both forms close to the contact zone appear to differ in their thermal physiology, these differences are minor and suggest that the expansion of castaneus is not linked to climatic warming in recent decades. Instead we argue that the observed spread of castaneus and its associated male may result from the dynamics of sexually antagonistic coevolution in this beetle.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Bilton
- Marine Biology & Ecology Research Centre, University of Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Garth N Foster
- Aquatic Coleoptera Conservation Trust, Ayr, Scotland, United Kingdom
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149
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Manenti T, Sørensen JG, Moghadam NN, Loeschcke V. Few genetic and environmental correlations between life history and stress resistance traits affect adaptation to fluctuating thermal regimes. Heredity (Edinb) 2016; 117:149-54. [PMID: 27273321 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2016.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory selection in thermal regimes that differed in the amplitude and the predictability of daily fluctuations had a marked effect on stress resistance and life history traits in Drosophila simulans. The observed evolutionary changes are expected to be the result of both direct and correlated responses to selection. Thus, a given trait might not evolve independently from other traits because of genetic correlations among these traits. Moreover, different test environments can induce novel genetic correlations because of the activation of environmentally dependent genes. To test whether and how genetic correlations among stress resistance and life history traits constrain evolutionary adaptation, we used three populations of D. simulans selected for 20 generations in constant, predictable and unpredictable daily fluctuating thermal regimes and tested each of these selected populations in the same three thermal regimes. We explored the relationship between genetic correlations between traits and the evolutionary potential of D. simulans by comparing genetic correlation matrices in flies selected and tested in different thermal test regimes. We observed genetic correlations mainly between productivity, body size, starvation and desiccation tolerance, suggesting that adaptation to the three thermal regimes was affected by correlations between these traits. We also found that the correlations between some traits such as body size and productivity or starvation tolerance and productivity were determined by test regime rather than selection regime that is expected to limit genetic adaptation to thermal regimes in these traits. The results of this study suggest that several traits and several environments are needed to explore adaptive responses, as genetic and environmentally induced correlations between traits as results obtained in one environment cannot be used to predict the response of the same population in another environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Manenti
- Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J G Sørensen
- Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - N N Moghadam
- Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - V Loeschcke
- Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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150
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Des Marteaux LE, Sinclair BJ. Ion and water balance in Gryllus crickets during the first twelve hours of cold exposure. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 89:19-27. [PMID: 27039031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Insects lose ion and water balance during chilling, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are based on patterns of ion and water balance observed in the later stages of cold exposure (12 or more hours). Here we quantified the distribution of ions and water in the hemolymph, muscle, and gut in adult Gryllus field crickets during the first 12h of cold exposure to test mechanistic hypotheses about why homeostasis is lost in the cold, and how chill-tolerant insects might maintain homeostasis to lower temperatures. Unlike in later chill coma, hemolymph [Na(+)] and Na(+) content in the first few hours of chilling actually increased. Patterns of Na(+) balance suggest that Na(+) migrates from the tissues to the gut lumen via the hemolymph. Imbalance of [K(+)] progressed gradually over 12h and could not explain chill coma onset (a finding consistent with recent studies), nor did it predict survival or injury following 48h of chilling. Gryllus veletis avoided shifts in muscle and hemolymph ion content better than Gryllus pennsylvanicus (which is less chill-tolerant), however neither species defended water, [Na(+)], or [K(+)] balance during the first 12h of chilling. Gryllus veletis better maintained balance of Na(+) content and may therefore have greater tissue resistance to ion leak during cold exposure, which could partially explain faster chill coma recovery for that species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brent J Sinclair
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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