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Batista MRB, Martínez L. Dynamics of nuclear receptor Helix-12 switch of transcription activation by modeling time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy decays. Biophys J 2014; 105:1670-80. [PMID: 24094408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptors (NRs) are major targets for pharmaceutical development. Many experiments demonstrate that their C-terminal Helix (H12) is more flexible in the ligand-binding domains (LBDs) without ligand, this increased mobility being correlated with transcription repression and human diseases. Crystal structures have been obtained in which the H12 is extended, suggesting the possibility of large amplitude H12 motions in solution. However, these structures were interpreted as possible crystallographic artifacts, and thus the microscopic nature of H12 movements is not well known. To bridge the gap between experiments and molecular models and provide a definitive picture of H12 motions in solution, extensive molecular dynamics simulations of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ LBD, in which the H12 was bound to a fluorescent probe, were performed. A direct comparison of the modeled anisotropy decays to time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy experiments was obtained. It is shown that the decay rates are dependent on the interactions of the probe with the surface of the protein, and display little correlation with the flexibility of the H12. Nevertheless, for the probe to interact with the surface of the LBD, the H12 must be folded over the body of the LBD. Therefore, the molecular mobility of the H12 should preserve the globularity of the LBD, so that ligand binding and dissociation occur by diffusion through the surface of a compact receptor. These results advance the comprehension of both ligand-bound and ligand-free receptor structures in solution, and also guide the interpretation of time-resolved anisotropy decays from a molecular perspective, particularly by the use of simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana R B Batista
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Watanabe C, Fukuzawa K, Tanaka S, Aida-Hyugaji S. Charge Clamps of Lysines and Hydrogen Bonds Play Key Roles in the Mechanism to Fix Helix 12 in the Agonist and Antagonist Positions of Estrogen Receptor α: Intramolecular Interactions Studied by the Ab Initio Fragment Molecular Orbital Method. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:4993-5008. [DOI: 10.1021/jp411627y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiduru Watanabe
- Information
and Communication Technology Education Center, Tokai University, 4-1-1
Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Kaori Fukuzawa
- Mizuho Information & Research Institute, Inc., 2-3 Kanda Nishiki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8443, Japan
- Institute
of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Shigenori Tanaka
- Graduate
School of System Informatics, Department of Computational Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyo̅go 657-8501, Japan
| | - Sachiko Aida-Hyugaji
- Information
and Communication Technology Education Center, Tokai University, 4-1-1
Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
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103
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Rochette-Egly C. Retinoic acid signaling and mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation: Cross talk between genomic and non-genomic effects of RA. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:66-75. [PMID: 24768681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), the active derivative of vitamin A, a fat-soluble vitamin, plays key roles in cell growth and differentiation by activating nuclear receptors, RARs (α, β and γ), which are ligand dependent regulators of transcription. The past years highlighted several novelties in the field that increased the complexity of RA effects. Indeed, in addition to its classical genomic effects, RA also has extranuclear and non-transcriptional effects. RA induces the rapid and transient activation of kinase cascades, which are integrated in the nucleus via the phosphorylation of RARs at a conserved serine residue located in the N-terminal domain and their coregulators. In order to investigate the relevance of RARs' phosphorylation in cell differentiation, mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells were used as a model. When treated with RA, these pluripotent cells give rise to neuronal cells. Cells invalidated for each RAR were generated as well as stable rescue lines expressing RARs mutated in phosphor acceptor sites. Such a strategy revealed that RA-induced neuronal differentiation involves the RARγ2 subtype and requires RARγ2 phosphorylation. Moreover, in gene expression profiling experiments, the phosphorylated form of RARγ2 was found to regulate a small subset of genes through binding a novel RA response element consisting of two direct repeats with a 7 base pair spacer. These new findings suggest an important role for RAR phosphorylation during cell differentiation, and pave the way for further investigations with other cell types and during embryonic development. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Linking transcription to physiology in lipodomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Rochette-Egly
- IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), INSERM, U964; CNRS, UMR7104; Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France.
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104
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Abstract
The nuclear receptor (NR) family comprises 48 transcription factors (TFs) with essential and diverse roles in development, metabolism and disease. Differently from other TFs, NRs engage with well-defined DNA-regulatory elements, mostly after ligand-induced structural changes. However, NR binding is not stochastic, and only a fraction of the cognate regulatory elements within the genome actively engage with NRs. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of the interactions between NRs and DNA. We discuss how chromatin accessibility and epigenetic modifications contribute to the recruitment and transactivation of NRs. Lastly, we present novel evidence of the interplay between non-coding RNA and NRs in the mediation of the assembly of the transcriptional machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Maria Gadaleta
- Division of Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
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105
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Lagarde N, Ben Nasr N, Jérémie A, Guillemain H, Laville V, Labib T, Zagury JF, Montes M. NRLiSt BDB, the manually curated nuclear receptors ligands and structures benchmarking database. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3117-25. [PMID: 24666037 DOI: 10.1021/jm500132p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) constitute an important class of drug targets. We created the most exhaustive NR-focused benchmarking database to date, the NRLiSt BDB (NRs ligands and structures benchmarking database). The 9905 compounds and 339 structures of the NRLiSt BDB are ready for structure-based and ligand-based virtual screening. In the present study, we detail the protocol used to generate the NRLiSt BDB and its features. We also give some examples of the errors that we found in ChEMBL that convinced us to manually review all original papers. Since extensive and manually curated experimental data about NR ligands and structures are provided in the NRLiSt BDB, it should become a powerful tool to assess the performance of virtual screening methods on NRs, to assist the understanding of NR's function and modulation, and to support the discovery of new drugs targeting NRs. NRLiSt BDB is freely available online at http://nrlist.drugdesign.fr .
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Lagarde
- Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique et Applications, EA 4627, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers , 292 Rue Saint Martin, 75003 Paris, France
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Bolla NR, Marcinkowska E, Brown G, Kutner A. Retiferols - synthesis and biological activity of a conceptually novel class of vitamin D analogs. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:633-46. [PMID: 24654573 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.898061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The hypothesis that retiferols are a novel class of vitamin D analogs with therapeutic potential has been recently proved. The CD-ring of vitamin D, originated from a steroid precursor, is not necessary for biological activity. The retiferol, disubstituted at C-13, was bound to the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of vitamin D receptor (VDR) just like the vitamin D hormone [1,25-(OH)2D3]. This finding opens the way for retiferols as a novel class of vitamin D therapeutics. AREAS COVERED This review presents the concept of retiferols and their structure evolution. Medicinal chemistry and therapeutic perspective of retiferols are reviewed showing how these vitamin D analogs became a source of potential therapeutics. EXPERT OPINION Docking experiments and molecular modeling have shown that positioning of vitamin D analog at the LBD of VDR is not disturbed by deletion of a large portion of the vitamin D, exactly as hypothesized. Twenty years of structural modifications have shown that removal of the CD-ring fragment and regioselective methylation results in an almost complete loss of the undesired calcemic activity of retiferol while gaining the agonistic activity comparable to that of 1,25-(OH)2D3.
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107
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Abdel-Hafiz HA, Horwitz KB. Post-translational modifications of the progesterone receptors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 140:80-9. [PMID: 24333793 PMCID: PMC3923415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone plays a key role in the development, differentiation and maintenance of female reproductive tissues and has multiple non-reproductive neural functions. Depending on the cell and tissue, the hormonal environment, growth conditions and the developmental stage, progesterone can either stimulate cell growth or inhibit it while promoting differentiation. Progesterone receptors (PRs) belong to the steroid hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors. PR proteins are subject to extensive post-translational modifications that include phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination and SUMOylation. The interplay among these modifications is complex with alteration of the receptors by one factor influencing the impact of another. Control over these modifications is species-, tissue- and cell-specific. They in turn regulate multiple functions including PR stability, their subcellular localization, protein-protein interactions and transcriptional activity. These complexities may explain how tissue- and gene-specific differences in regulation are achieved in the same organism, by the same receptor protein and hormone. Here we review current knowledge of PR post-translational modifications and discuss how these may influence receptor function focusing on human breast cancer cells. There is much left to be learned. However, our understanding of this may help to identify therapeutic agents that target PR activity in tissue-specific, even gene-specific ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany A Abdel-Hafiz
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Kathryn B Horwitz
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pathology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Delfosse V, Grimaldi M, le Maire A, Bourguet W, Balaguer P. Nuclear Receptor Profiling of Bisphenol-A and Its Halogenated Analogues. VITAMINS & HORMONES 2014; 94:229-51. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800095-3.00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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le Maire A, Bourguet W. Retinoic acid receptors: structural basis for coregulator interaction and exchange. Subcell Biochem 2014; 70:37-54. [PMID: 24962880 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9050-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the form of heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRs), retinoic acid receptors (RARs) are master regulators of gene expression in humans and important drug targets. They act as ligand-dependent transcription factors that regulate a large variety of gene networks controlling cell growth, differentiation, survival and death. The biological functions of RARs rely on a dynamic series of coregulator exchanges controlled by ligand binding. Unliganded RARs exert a repressor activity by interacting with transcriptional corepressors which themselves serve as docking platforms for the recruitment of histone deacetylases that impose a higher order structure on chromatin which is not permissive to gene transcription. Upon ligand binding, the receptor undergoes conformational changes inducing corepressor release and the recruitment of coactivators with histone acetylase activities allowing chromatin decompaction and gene transcription. In the following, we review the structural determinants of the interaction between RAR and either type of coregulators both at the level of the individual receptor and in the context of the RAR-RXR heterodimers. We also discuss the molecular details of the fine tuning of these associations by the various pharmacological classes of ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albane le Maire
- Inserm U1054, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, 29 rue de Navacelles, 34090, Montpellier, France,
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110
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Lee SW, Song JH, Choi WS, Yoon JH, Kim O, Park YG, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the estrogen receptor-β gene, rs1256049, is associated with knee osteoarthritis in Korean population. Knee 2014; 21:242-6. [PMID: 23352710 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogens affect articular cartilage metabolism via estrogen receptors (ER) in chondrocytes and are believed to play an important role in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis (OA). The aim of this study is to determine whether the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the estrogen receptor-β (ER-β) is associated with an increased susceptibility to knee OA. METHODS The possible influence of the SNP of the ER-β was investigated in 286 OA patients and 294 healthy subjects as controls. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay and a PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) assay were used to identify the Rsa polymorphism genotype among healthy controls and OA patients, respectively. RESULTS For rs1256049 (Rsa), frequencies of genotypes GG, GA, and AA were 49.0% (144/294), 43.5% (128/294), and 7.5% (22/294) in healthy controls, and 35.3% (101/286), 45.5% (130/286), and 19.2% (55/286) in OA patients. Frequencies of alleles G and A among healthy controls were 70.7% (416/588) and 29.3% (172/588); whereas those among OA patients were 58.0% (332/572) and 42.0% (240/572). Statistically significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies of rs1256049 were observed between OA patients and controls (P<0.0001). In particular, the risk of OA was significantly increased in carriers with the rs1256049A allele and rs1256049 AA homozygotes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a close association of rs1256049 ER-β polymorphisms with susceptibility to OA in the Korean population. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The rs1256049 polymorphism of the estrogen receptor-β gene can potentially be used to identify genetically high-risk subgroup of osteoarthritis in advance and to understand pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Woo Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hyoun Song
- Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Suk Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Olga Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Gyu Park
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Young Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Retinoids and rexinoids, as all other ligands of the nuclear receptor (NR) family, act as ligand-regulated trans-acting transcription factors that bind to cis-acting DNA regulatory elements in the promoter regions of target genes (for reviews see [12, 22, 23, 26, 36]). Ligand binding modulates the communication functions of the receptor with the intracellular environment, which essentially entails receptor-protein and receptor-DNA or receptor-chromatin interactions. In this communication network, the receptor simultaneously serves as both intracellular sensor and regulator of cell/organ functions. Receptors are "intelligent" mediators of the information encoded in the chemical structure of a nuclear receptor ligand, as they interpret this information in the context of cellular identity and cell-physiological status and convert it into a dynamic chain of receptor-protein and receptor-DNA interactions. To process input and output information, they are composed of a modular structure with several domains that have evolved to exert particular molecular recognition functions. As detailed in other chapters in this volume, the main functional domains are the DNA-binding (DBD) and ligand-binding (LBD) [5-7, 38, 56, 71]. The LBD serves as a dual input-output information processor. Inputs, such as ligand binding or receptor phosphorylations, induce allosteric changes in receptor surfaces that serve as docking sites for outputs, such as subunits of transcription and epigenetic machineries or enzyme complexes. The complexity of input and output signals and their interdependencies is far from being understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco-Antonio Mendoza-Parra
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, BP 10142, 67404, Illkirch Cedex, France
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Piskunov A, Al Tanoury Z, Rochette-Egly C. Nuclear and extra-nuclear effects of retinoid acid receptors: how they are interconnected. Subcell Biochem 2014; 70:103-127. [PMID: 24962883 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9050-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RAR α, β and γ) and their isoforms are ligand-dependent regulators of transcription Transcription , which mediate the effects of all-trans retinoic acid (RA), the active endogenous metabolite of Vitamin A. They heterodimerize with Retinoid X Receptors (RXRs α, β and γ), and regulate the expression of a battery of target genes Target genes involved in cell growth and differentiation Differentiation . During the two last decades, the description of the crystallographic structures of RARs, the characterization of the polymorphic response elements of their target genes Target genes , and the identification of the multiprotein complexes involved in their transcriptional activity have provided a wealth of information on their pleiotropic effects. However, the regulatory scenario became even more complicated once it was discovered that RARs are phosphoproteins and that RA can activate kinase signaling cascades via a pool of RARs present in membrane lipid rafts. Now it is known that these RA-activated kinases Kinases translocate to the nucleus where they phosphorylate RARs and other retinoid signaling factors. The phosphorylation Phosphorylation state of the RARs dictates whether the transcriptional programs which are known to be induced by RA are facilitated and/or switched on. Thus, kinase signaling pathways appear to be crucial for fine-tuning the appropriate physiological activity of RARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Piskunov
- IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), INSERM, U964, CNRS, UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404, Illkirch Cedex, France,
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113
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Hamilton KJ, Arao Y, Korach KS. Estrogen hormone physiology: reproductive findings from estrogen receptor mutant mice. Reprod Biol 2013; 14:3-8. [PMID: 24607249 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptors (ERs) play a crucial role in reproduction and normal physiology. The two sub-types of ER (ERα and β) are expressed in various levels in different tissues and selective cell types. Gene targeting technology allowed us to produce lines of mice with disrupted ERα (αERKO) and ERβ genes (βERKO) as well as a compound αβERKO in the whole body. Male and female αERKO mice are infertile. Estrogen, EGF and IGF-1 treatments failed to induce uterine growth and DNA synthesis in αERKO uteri. αERKO females are infertile due to hypoplastic uteri and hyperemic ovaries with no corpora lutea due to persistent LH stimulation from loss of negative feedback. αERKO males are infertile, with testicular atrophy and seminiferous tubule dysmorphogenesis producing decreased spermatogenesis and inactive sperm. βERKO females show arrested folliculogenesis and subfertility. Ovarian analyses indicate differential gene expression related to ovulatory stimulation deficits including lack of LH, PR, Cyp19 and Cox2 expression. A unique ovarian phenotype is found only in αβERKO females showing transdifferentiation of granulosa cells to Sertoli cells. We describe here several novel mouse models which possess ERα gene modification. To understand ERα function in uterine endometrial epithelial cells, we generated a tissue selective ERα gene disrupted mouse model, the uterine epithelial-specific ERα knockout (UtEpiαERKO). To understand the physiological role of ERα functional domains, we generated a mouse model with a mutation in the ligand dependent transcription activation domain of ERα (AF2ERKI). Findings from the ERα mutant mice suggest that the absence of functional ERα is not lethal and results in significant endocrine effects and altered physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Hamilton
- Receptor Biology Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Yukitomo Arao
- Receptor Biology Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Kenneth S Korach
- Receptor Biology Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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114
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Genome-wide studies of nuclear receptors in cell fate decisions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:706-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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115
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Álvarez R, Vaz B, Gronemeyer H, de Lera ÁR. Functions, therapeutic applications, and synthesis of retinoids and carotenoids. Chem Rev 2013; 114:1-125. [PMID: 24266866 DOI: 10.1021/cr400126u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CINBIO), and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo (IBIV), Universidade de Vigo , 36310 Vigo, Spain
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Park MH, Park JY, Lee HJ, Kim DH, Park D, Jeong HO, Park CH, Chun P, Moon HR, Chung HY. Potent anti-diabetic effects of MHY908, a newly synthesized PPAR α/γ dual agonist in db/db mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78815. [PMID: 24244369 PMCID: PMC3828319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α/γ dual agonists have been developed to alleviate metabolic disorders and have the potential to be used as therapeutic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In this study, we investigated the effects of a newly synthesized PPAR α/γ dual agonist, 2-[4-(5-chlorobenzo [d] thiazol-2-yl) phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid (MHY908) on type 2 diabetes in vitro and in vivo. To obtain initial evidence that MHY908 acts as a PPAR α/γ dual agonist, ChIP and reporter gene assays were conducted in AC2F rat liver cells, and to investigate the anti-diabetic effects and molecular mechanisms, eight-week-old, male db/db mice were allowed to eat ad libitum, placed on calorie restriction, or administered MHY908 (1 mg or 3 mg/kg/day) mixed in food for 4 weeks. Age-matched male db/m lean mice served as non-diabetic controls. It was found that MHY908 enhanced the binding and transcriptional activity of PPAR α and γ in AC2F cells, and it reduced serum glucose, triglyceride, and insulin levels, however increased adiponectin levels without body weight gain. In addition, MHY908 significantly improved hepatic steatosis by enhancing CPT-1 levels. Remarkably, MHY908 reduced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation in the livers of db/db mice, and subsequently reduced insulin resistance. The study shows MHY908 has beneficial effects on type 2 diabetes by simultaneously activating PPAR α/γ and improving ER stress, and suggests that MHY908 could have a potent anti-diabetic effect as a PPAR α/γ dual agonist, and potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hi Park
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Ji Young Park
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Daeui Park
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyoung Oh Jeong
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Chan Hum Park
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Pusoon Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- * E-mail: (HYC); (HRM)
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- * E-mail: (HYC); (HRM)
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Cunha S, Gano L, Morais GR, Thiemann T, Oliveira MC. Progesterone receptor targeting with radiolabelled steroids: an approach in predicting breast cancer response to therapy. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:223-41. [PMID: 23669457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Steroid receptors have demonstrated to be potentially useful biological targets for the diagnosis and therapy follow-up of hormonally responsive cancers. The over-expression of these proteins in human cancer cells as well as their binding characteristics provides a favourable mechanism for the localization of malignant tumours. The need for newer and more selective probes to non-invasively assess steroid receptor expression in hormone-responsive tumours has encouraged the synthesis and the biological evaluation of several steroidal derivatives labelled with positron and gamma emitters. The physiological effects of the steroid hormone progesterone are mediated by the progesterone receptor (PR). Since PR expression is stimulated by the oestrogen receptor (ER), PR status has been considered as a biomarker of ER activity and its value for predicting and monitoring therapeutic efficacy of hormonal therapy has been studied. Imaging of PR-expressing breast cancer patients under hormonal therapy may be advantageous, since the response to therapy can be more accurately predicted after quantification of both ER and PR status. Thus, ligands for PR targeting, although much less explored than ER ligands, have gained some importance lately as potential PET and SPECT tumour imaging agents. In this review, we present a brief survey of explored approaches for progesterone targeting using radiolabelled progestins as potential clinical probes to predict responsiveness to breast cancer therapy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Synthesis and biological testing of steroid derivatives as inhibitors".
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cunha
- Unidade de Ciências Químicas e Radiofarmacêuticas, IST/ITN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686-953 Sacavém, Portugal
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Arao Y, Hamilton KJ, Korach KS. The Transactivating Function 2 (AF-2) of Estrogen Receptor (ER) α is Indispensable for ERα-mediated Physiological Responses and AF-1 Activity. OPEN JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC DISEASES 2013; 3:12-19. [PMID: 30310730 PMCID: PMC6177219 DOI: 10.4236/ojemd.2013.34a2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen has various physiological functions and the estrogen receptor (ER) is a key regulator of those functions. ERα is a ligand-dependent transcription factor and that activity is mediated by the transactivating function-1 (AF-1) in the N-terminal domain and transactivating function-2 (AF-2) in the C-terminal ligand-binding domain. The functions of ERα AF-1 and AF-2 have been characterized by various in vitro experiments, however, there is still less information about the in vivo physiological functions of ERα AF-1 and AF-2. Recently, we established a genetically mutated ERα AF-2 knock-in mouse (AF2ERKI) that possesses L543A, L544A mutated-ERα. This AF-2 core mutation disrupted AF-2 function and resulted in ERα null phenotypes. This mouse model revealed that proper AF-2 core structure and function are indispensable for ERα-mediated physiological responses and AF-1 functionality. AF2ER mutation reverses the ERα antagonists to agonists and that activity is mediated by AF-1 solely. The pure antagonist, ICI182780/fulvestrant, activated several estrogen-mediated physiological responses in the AF2ERKI mouse. The AF2ERKI mouse model will be able to discern estrogen physiological functions which involve AF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukitomo Arao
- Receptor Biology Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/ NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katherine J. Hamilton
- Receptor Biology Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/ NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kenneth S. Korach
- Receptor Biology Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/ NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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van der Steen T, Tindall DJ, Huang H. Posttranslational modification of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:14833-59. [PMID: 23863692 PMCID: PMC3742275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140714833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is important in the development of the prostate by regulating transcription, cellular proliferation, and apoptosis. AR undergoes posttranslational modifications that alter its transcription activity, translocation to the nucleus and stability. The posttranslational modifications that regulate these events are of utmost importance to understand the functional role of AR and its activity. The majority of these modifications occur in the activation function-1 (AF1) region of the AR, which contains the transcriptional activation unit 1 (TAU1) and 5 (TAU5). Identification of the modifications that occur to these regions may increase our understanding of AR activation in prostate cancer and the role of AR in the progression from androgen-dependent to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Most of the posttranslational modifications identified to date have been determined using the full-length AR in androgen dependent cells. Further investigations into the role of posttranslational modifications in androgen-independent activation of full-length AR and constitutively active splicing variants are warranted, findings from which may provide new therapeutic options for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis van der Steen
- Department of Urology Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; E-Mails: (T.V.S.); (D.J.T.)
| | - Donald J. Tindall
- Department of Urology Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; E-Mails: (T.V.S.); (D.J.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-507-284-0020; Fax: +1-507-293-3071
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Mott NN, Pak TR. Estrogen signaling and the aging brain: context-dependent considerations for postmenopausal hormone therapy. ISRN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2013; 2013:814690. [PMID: 23936665 PMCID: PMC3725729 DOI: 10.1155/2013/814690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent clinical studies have spurred rigorous debate about the benefits of hormone therapy (HT) for postmenopausal women. Controversy first emerged based on a sharp increase in the risk of cardiovascular disease in participants of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) studies, suggesting that decades of empirical research in animal models was not necessarily applicable to humans. However, a reexamination of the data from the WHI studies suggests that the timing of HT might be a critical factor and that advanced age and/or length of estrogen deprivation might alter the body's ability to respond to estrogens. Dichotomous estrogenic effects are mediated primarily by the actions of two high-affinity estrogen receptors alpha and beta (ER α & ER β ). The expression of the ERs can be overlapping or distinct, dependent upon brain region, sex, age, and exposure to hormone, and, during the time of menopause, there may be changes in receptor expression profiles, post-translational modifications, and protein:protein interactions that could lead to a completely different environment for E2 to exert its effects. In this review, factors affecting estrogen-signaling processes will be discussed with particular attention paid to the expression and transcriptional actions of ER β in brain regions that regulate cognition and affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha N. Mott
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Toni R. Pak
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Meyer MB, Pike JW. Corepressors (NCoR and SMRT) as well as coactivators are recruited to positively regulated 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-responsive genes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 136:120-4. [PMID: 22944139 PMCID: PMC3548980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors require coactivators and corepressors to modulate transcription in mammalian cells. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) utilizes coactivators and corepressors to gain tight control over the activity of a diverse set of genes that can regulate calcium transport, slow proliferation and promote immune responses. We have recently established the VDR/RXR cistrome in human colon cancer cells and have linked these binding sites to the genes that are regulated by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). In additional studies described herein, we demonstrate that the coactivators SRC1, CBP and MED1 are recruited to upregulated genes to facilitate transcription as expected. SRC1 was the most highly correlated to VDR/RXR binding (50%). However, we also found that corepressor molecules such as NCoR and SMRT were present along with SRC1, CBP or MED1 at these 1,25(OH)2D3 activated gene enhancers. Interestingly, genome-wide NCoR binding mimicked VDR binding by increasing its association with VDR binding in response to 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. Overall, these data indicate a complex role for corepressor and coactivator complexes in the activation or active repression of 1,25(OH)2D3 responsive genes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Vitamin D Workshop'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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122
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Bernardes A, Souza PCT, Muniz JRC, Ricci CG, Ayers SD, Parekh NM, Godoy AS, Trivella DBB, Reinach P, Webb P, Skaf MS, Polikarpov I. Molecular mechanism of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α activation by WY14643: a new mode of ligand recognition and receptor stabilization. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:2878-93. [PMID: 23707408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of a superfamily of nuclear transcription factors. They are involved in mediating numerous physiological effects in humans, including glucose and lipid metabolism. PPARα ligands effectively treat dyslipidemia and have significant antiinflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic activities. These effects and their ligand-dependent activity make nuclear receptors obvious targets for drug design. Here, we present the structure of the human PPARα in complex with WY14643, a member of fibrate class of drug, and a widely used PPAR activator. The crystal structure of this complex suggests that WY14643 induces activation of PPARα in an unusual bipartite mechanism involving conventional direct helix 12 stabilization and an alternative mode that involves a second ligand in the pocket. We present structural observations, molecular dynamics and activity assays that support the importance of the second site in WY14643 action. The unique binding mode of WY14643 reveals a new pattern of nuclear receptor ligand recognition and suggests a novel basis for ligand design, offering clues for improving the binding affinity and selectivity of ligand. We show that binding of WY14643 to PPARα was associated with antiinflammatory disease in a human corneal cell model, suggesting possible applications for PPARα ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Bernardes
- Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador Sãocarlense 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
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123
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Kerdivel G, Le Guevel R, Habauzit D, Brion F, Ait-Aissa S, Pakdel F. Estrogenic potency of benzophenone UV filters in breast cancer cells: proliferative and transcriptional activity substantiated by docking analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60567. [PMID: 23593250 PMCID: PMC3617139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The results from recent studies show that some benzophenones (BPs) and their hydroxylated metabolites can function as weak estrogens (E2) in the environment. However, little is known about the structure-activity relationship of these molecules. We have examined the effects of exposure to ten different BPs on the proliferation of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cells and on the transcriptional activity of E2-target genes. We analyzed two genes that are tightly linked with estrogen-mediated proliferation, the CXCL12 and amphiregulin genes and two classical estrogen-responsive genes, the pS2 and progesterone receptor. Significant differences in the BPs efficiency to induce cell proliferation and endogenous E2-target gene expressions were observed. Using ERE-, Sp1-, AP1- and C3-reporter genes that contain different ER-binding sites in their promoter, we also showed significant differences in the BPs efficiency in activation of the ER transactivation. Together, our analyzes showed that the most active molecule is 4-hydroxy-BP. Docking analysis of the interaction of BPs in the ligand-binding pocket of ERα suggests that the minimum structural requirement for the estrogenic activity of BPs is a hydroxyl (OH) group in the phenyl A-ring that allows interaction with Glu-353, Arg-394 or Phe-404, which enhances the stability between BPs and ERα. Our modeling also indicates a loss of interaction between the OH groups of the phenyl B-ring and His-524. In addition, the presence of some OH groups in the phenyl B-ring can create repulsion forces, which may constrain helix 12 in an unfavorable position, explaining the differential estrogenic effects of BPs. These results, together with our analysis of BPs for their potency in activation of cell proliferation and ER-mediated transcription, report an improved understanding of the mechanism and structure–activity relationship of BPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenneg Kerdivel
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer Group, Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), INSERM U1085, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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124
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Stanczyk FZ, Hapgood JP, Winer S, Mishell DR. Progestogens used in postmenopausal hormone therapy: differences in their pharmacological properties, intracellular actions, and clinical effects. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:171-208. [PMID: 23238854 PMCID: PMC3610676 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The safety of progestogens as a class has come under increased scrutiny after the publication of data from the Women's Health Initiative trial, particularly with respect to breast cancer and cardiovascular disease risk, despite the fact that only one progestogen, medroxyprogesterone acetate, was used in this study. Inconsistency in nomenclature has also caused confusion between synthetic progestogens, defined here by the term progestin, and natural progesterone. Although all progestogens by definition have progestational activity, they also have a divergent range of other properties that can translate to very different clinical effects. Endometrial protection is the primary reason for prescribing a progestogen concomitantly with postmenopausal estrogen therapy in women with a uterus, but several progestogens are known to have a range of other potentially beneficial effects, for example on the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Because women remain suspicious of the progestogen component of postmenopausal hormone therapy in the light of the Women's Health Initiative trial, practitioners should not ignore the potential benefits to their patients of some progestogens by considering them to be a single pharmacological class. There is a lack of understanding of the differences between progestins and progesterone and between individual progestins differing in their effects on the cardiovascular and nervous systems, the breast, and bone. This review elucidates the differences between the substantial number of individual progestogens employed in postmenopausal hormone therapy, including both progestins and progesterone. We conclude that these differences in chemical structure, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, affinity, potency, and efficacy via steroid receptors, intracellular action, and biological and clinical effects confirm the absence of a class effect of progestogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Z Stanczyk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Livingston Research Building, 1321 North Mission Road, Room 201, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
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125
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Hyter S, Indra AK. Nuclear hormone receptor functions in keratinocyte and melanocyte homeostasis, epidermal carcinogenesis and melanomagenesis. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:529-41. [PMID: 23395795 PMCID: PMC3670764 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skin homeostasis is maintained, in part, through regulation of gene expression orchestrated by type II nuclear hormone receptors in a cell and context specific manner. This group of transcriptional regulators is implicated in various cellular processes including epidermal proliferation, differentiation, permeability barrier formation, follicular cycling and inflammatory responses. Endogenous ligands for the receptors regulate actions during skin development and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Type II nuclear receptor signaling is also important for cellular crosstalk between multiple cell types in the skin. Overall, these nuclear receptors are critical players in keratinocyte and melanocyte biology and present targets for cutaneous disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hyter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Arup K Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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126
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Al Tanoury Z, Piskunov A, Rochette-Egly C. Vitamin A and retinoid signaling: genomic and nongenomic effects. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1761-75. [PMID: 23440512 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r030833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A or retinol is arguably the most multifunctional vitamin in the human body, as it is essential from embryogenesis to adulthood. The pleiotropic effects of vitamin A are exerted mainly by one active metabolite, all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), which regulates the expression of a battery of target genes through several families of nuclear receptors (RARs, RXRs, and PPARβ/δ), polymorphic retinoic acid (RA) response elements, and multiple coregulators. It also involves extranuclear and nontranscriptional effects, such as the activation of kinase cascades, which are integrated in the nucleus via the phosphorylation of several actors of RA signaling. However, vitamin A itself proved recently to be active and RARs to be present in the cytosol to regulate translation and cell plasticity. These new concepts expand the scope of the biologic functions of vitamin A and RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Al Tanoury
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U964, CNRS, UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
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127
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Interactions between Human Liver Fatty Acid Binding Protein and Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Selective Drugs. PPAR Res 2013; 2013:938401. [PMID: 23476633 PMCID: PMC3588188 DOI: 10.1155/2013/938401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) act as intracellular shuttles for fatty acids as well as lipophilic xenobiotics to the nucleus, where these ligands are released to a group of nuclear receptors called the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs). PPAR mediated gene activation is ultimately involved in maintenance of cellular homeostasis through the transcriptional regulation of metabolic enzymes and transporters that target the activating ligand. Here we show that liver- (L-) FABP displays a high binding affinity for PPAR subtype selective drugs. NMR chemical shift perturbation mapping and proteolytic protection experiments show that the binding of the PPAR subtype selective drugs produces conformational changes that stabilize the portal region of L-FABP. NMR chemical shift perturbation studies also revealed that L-FABP can form a complex with the PPAR ligand binding domain (LBD) of PPARα. This protein-protein interaction may represent a mechanism for facilitating the activation of PPAR transcriptional activity via the direct channeling of ligands between the binding pocket of L-FABP and the PPARαLBD. The role of L-FABP in the delivery of ligands directly to PPARα via this channeling mechanism has important implications for regulatory pathways that mediate xenobiotic responses and host protection in tissues such as the small intestine and the liver where L-FABP is highly expressed.
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128
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Ben Nasr N, Guillemain H, Lagarde N, Zagury JF, Montes M. Multiple structures for virtual ligand screening: defining binding site properties-based criteria to optimize the selection of the query. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:293-311. [PMID: 23312043 DOI: 10.1021/ci3004557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Structure based virtual ligand screening (SBVLS) methods are widely used in drug discovery programs. When several structures of the target are available, protocols based either on single structure docking or on ensemble docking can be used. The performance of the methods depends on the structure(s) used as a reference, whose choice requires retrospective enrichment studies on benchmarking databases which consume additional resources. In the present study, we have identified several trends in the properties of the binding sites of the structures that led to the optimal performance in retrospective SBVLS tests whatever the docking program used (Surflex-dock or ICM). By assessing their hydrophobicity and comparing their volume and opening, we show that the selection of optimal structures should be possible with no requirement of prior retrospective enrichment studies. If the mean binding site volume is lower than 350 A(3), the structure with the smaller volume should be preferred. In the other cases, the structure with the largest binding site should be preferred. These optimal structures may be either selected for a single structure docking strategy or an ensemble docking strategy. When constructing an ensemble, the opening of the site might be an interesting criterion additionaly to its volume as the most closed structures should not be preferred in the large systems. These "binding site properties-based" guidelines could be helpful to optimize future prospective drug discovery protocols when several structures of the target are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Ben Nasr
- Laboratoire Génomique Bioinformatique et Applications, Équipe d'accueil EA 4627, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 292 rue Saint Martin, 75003 Paris, France
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130
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Nyrönen TH, Söderholm AA. Structural basis for computational screening of non-steroidal androgen receptor ligands. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 5:5-20. [PMID: 22823968 DOI: 10.1517/17460440903468680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Deep structural and chemical understanding of the protein target and computational methods for detection of receptor-selective ligands are important for the early drug discovery in the steroid receptor field. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review focuses on the use of currently available structural information of the androgen receptor (AR) and known AR ligands to make computational strategies for the discovery of AR ligands in order to offer new chemical platforms for drug development. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN AR is a challenging target for drug discovery and modeling even if there is a wealth of experimental data available. First, only the active structure of AR is currently known, which hampers the design of AR antagonists. Second, the structural similarity between the ligand-binding sites of AR and its mutated forms and closely related steroid receptors (SRs) such as progesterone receptors presents challenges for the development of drugs with receptor-selective function. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Research indicates that a very small chemical change in the structure of a non-steroidal ligand can cause a complete change in its activity. One source of this effect arises from binding to similar binding sites in related SRs and other proteins in the signaling pathway. Currently, computational methods are not able to predict the subtle differences between AR ligand activities but modeling does offer the possibility of generating new lead structures that might have the desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi H Nyrönen
- CSC - IT Center for Science Ltd., P.O. Box 405, Espoo, FI-02101, Finland +358 9 4572235 ; +358 9 4572302 ;
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Nique F, Hebbe S, Peixoto C, Annoot D, Lefrançois JM, Duval E, Michoux L, Triballeau N, Lemoullec JM, Mollat P, Thauvin M, Prangé T, Minet D, Clément-Lacroix P, Robin-Jagerschmidt C, Fleury D, Guédin D, Deprez P. Discovery of Diarylhydantoins as New Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8225-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300249m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Nique
- GALAPAGOS, Parc
Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Séverine Hebbe
- GALAPAGOS, Parc
Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Christophe Peixoto
- GALAPAGOS, Parc
Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Denis Annoot
- GALAPAGOS, Parc
Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - Eric Duval
- GALAPAGOS, Parc
Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Laurence Michoux
- GALAPAGOS, Parc
Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Nicolas Triballeau
- GALAPAGOS, Parc
Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - Patrick Mollat
- GALAPAGOS, Parc
Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Maxime Thauvin
- UMR 8015 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, 4 Avenue de l’Observatoire,
75006 Paris, France
| | - Thierry Prangé
- UMR 8015 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, 4 Avenue de l’Observatoire,
75006 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Minet
- GALAPAGOS, Parc
Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | | | - Damien Fleury
- GALAPAGOS, Parc
Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Denis Guédin
- GALAPAGOS, Parc
Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Pierre Deprez
- GALAPAGOS, Parc
Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
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132
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Khurana S, Bruggeman LA, Kao HY. Nuclear hormone receptors in podocytes. Cell Biosci 2012; 2:33. [PMID: 22995171 PMCID: PMC3543367 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-2-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are a family of ligand-activated, DNA sequence-specific transcription factors that regulate various aspects of animal development, cell proliferation, differentiation, and homeostasis. The physiological roles of nuclear receptors and their ligands have been intensively studied in cancer and metabolic syndrome. However, their role in kidney diseases is still evolving, despite their ligands being used clinically to treat renal diseases for decades. This review will discuss the progress of our understanding of the role of nuclear receptors and their ligands in kidney physiology with emphasis on their roles in treating glomerular disorders and podocyte injury repair responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Khurana
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) and the Comprehensive Cancer Center of CWRU, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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133
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Marino M, Pellegrini M, La Rosa P, Acconcia F. Susceptibility of estrogen receptor rapid responses to xenoestrogens: Physiological outcomes. Steroids 2012; 77:910-7. [PMID: 22410438 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
17β-Estradiol (E2) binding induces rapid modification in the conformation of its cognate receptors (i.e., ERα and ERβ). These allosteric changes allow the association of ERs with cell specific transcriptional cofactors, thus determining cellular contexts specific variations in gene expression. In addition, E2-ER complexes could also interact with membrane and cytosolic signal molecules triggering extra-nuclear signalling pathways. The synergy between these mechanisms is necessary for E2-induced pleiotropic actions in target tissues. Besides E2, the ER ligand binding domains can accommodate many other natural and synthetic ligands. Several of these compounds act as agonist or antagonist of ER transcriptional activity due to their ability to modify the interactions between ERs and transcriptional co-regulators. However, the ability of natural or manmade ER ligands to affect the extra-nuclear interactions of the ERs has been rarely evaluated. Here, the ability of two diet-derived flavonoids (i.e., naringenin and quercetin) and of the synthetic food-contaminant bisphenol A to modulate specifically ER extra-nuclear signalling pathways will be reported. All the tested compounds bind to both ER subtypes even if lesser than E2 activating divergent signal transduction pathways. In fact, in the presence of ERα, both naringenin and quercetin decouple ERα activities by specifically interfering with ERα membrane initiating signals. On the other hand, bisphenol A, but not flavonoids, maintains ERβ at the membrane thus impairing the activation of the downstream kinases. As a whole, extra-nuclear ER signals are highly susceptible to different ligands that, by unbalancing E2-induced cell functions drive cells to different functional endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Marino
- Department of Biology, University Roma TRE, viale G. Marconi, 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy.
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134
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Revealing a natural marine product as a novel agonist for retinoic acid receptors with a unique binding mode and inhibitory effects on cancer cells. Biochem J 2012; 446:79-87. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20120726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids display anti-tumour activity on various cancer cells and therefore have been used as important therapeutic agents. However, adverse side effects and RA (retinoic acid) resistance limit further development and clinical application of retinoid-based therapeutic agents. We report in the present paper the identification of a natural marine product that activates RARs (RA receptors) with a chemical structure distinct from retinoids by high-throughput compound library screening. Luffariellolide was uncovered as a novel RAR agonist by inducing co-activator binding to these receptors in vitro, further inhibiting cell growth and regulating RAR target genes in various cancer cells. Structural and molecular studies unravelled a unique binding mode of this natural ligand to RARs with an unexpected covalent modification on the RAR. Functional characterization further revealed that luffariellolide displays chemotherapeutic potentials for overcoming RA resistance in colon cancer cells, suggesting that luffariellolide may represent a unique template for designing novel non-retinoid compounds with advantages over current RA drugs.
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135
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van de Wijngaart DJ, Dubbink HJ, van Royen ME, Trapman J, Jenster G. Androgen receptor coregulators: recruitment via the coactivator binding groove. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 352:57-69. [PMID: 21871527 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Androgens are key regulators of male sexual differentiation and essential for development and maintenance of male reproductive tissues. The androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone mediate their effect by binding to, and activation of the androgen receptor (AR). Upon activation, the AR is able to recognize specific DNA sequences in gene promoters and enhancers from where it recruits coregulators to orchestrate chromatin remodeling and transcription regulation. The number of proteins that bind to the AR has surpassed 200 and many of them enhance (coactivator) or repress (corepressor) its transactivating capacity. For most of these coregulators, their AR binding interface and their exact mode of action still needs to be elucidated, but for some of the more classical coactivators and corepressors, we gained insight in their working mechanisms. Of particular interest are specific sequences (LxxLL and FxxLF-like motifs) in a subset of coactivators that interact with the AR via a coactivator binding groove in the ligand-binding domain. As compared to other steroid receptors, the conformation of the AR coactivator binding pocket is unique and preferentially binds FxxLF-like motifs. This predisposition is expected to contribute to the regulation of specific sets of target genes via recruitment of selected coregulators. This review provides an overview of these (inter)actions with a focus on the unique characteristics of the AR coactivator binding groove.
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136
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Damage in brain development by morpholino knockdown of zebrafish dax1. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 113:683-8. [PMID: 22483435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DAX1 is an orphan nuclear receptor and involved in development of steroidogenic organs, which activates transcription of genes involved in steroidogenesis. In this study, we analyzed the function of the zebrafish dax1 during early development of central nervous systems to appear unidentified aspects of DAX1 and decrease confusions concerned with functions of DAX1 in early development of vertebrates. By whole-mount in situ hybridization of embryo at the 32 h post fertilization (hpf), expression of zebrafish dax1 was detected around the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and the extending tail tip. Embryos injected with zebrafish dax1 morpholino antisense nucleotide (MO) exhibited delayed development. When the developmental stage of wild type embryos was at Prim-15 (32 hpf), zebrafish dax1MO injected embryos were at Prim-5 (24 hpf). Concurrently with developmental delay, the MO injected embryos showed high mortality. At 48 hpf, the MO injected embryos exhibited abnormal development in the central nervous systems. The enlarged tectum and the protruded rhombomeres were observed. Moreover, development of central nervous systems, especially midbrain-hindbrain boundary, became narrower. At 5 day post fertilization, the MO injected embryos formed edemas around head, pericardial sac and abdomen. Collectively, our results indicated that the zebrafish dax1 is important for brain development.
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Li Z, Yan M, Li Z, Vuki M, Wu D, Liu F, Zhong W, Zhang L, Xu D. A multiplexed screening method for agonists and antagonists of the estrogen receptor protein. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:1373-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5933-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Walsh CA, Qin L, Tien JCY, Young LS, Xu J. The function of steroid receptor coactivator-1 in normal tissues and cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8:470-85. [PMID: 22419892 PMCID: PMC3303173 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.4125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1995, the steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) was identified as the first authentic steroid receptor coactivator. Since then, the SRC proteins have remained at the epicenter of coregulator biology, molecular endocrinology and endocrine-related cancer. Cumulative works on SRC-1 have shown that it is primarily a nuclear receptor coregulator and functions to construct highly specific enzymatic protein complexes which can execute efficient and successful transcriptional activation of designated target genes. The versatile nature of SRC-1 enables it to respond to steroid dependent and steroid independent stimulation, allowing it to bind across many families of transcription factors to orchestrate and regulate complex physiological reactions. This review highlights the multiple functions of SRC-1 in the development and maintenance of normal tissue functions as well as its major role in mediating hormone receptor responsiveness. Insights from genetically manipulated mouse models and clinical data suggest SRC-1 is significantly overexpressed in many cancers, in particular, cancers of the reproductive tissues. SRC-1 has been associated with cellular proliferation and tumor growth but its major tumorigenic contributions are promotion and execution of breast cancer metastasis and mediation of resistance to endocrine therapies. The ability of SRC-1 to coordinate multiple signaling pathways makes it an important player in tumor cells' escape of targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Walsh
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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139
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Harmon GS, Lam MT, Glass CK. PPARs and lipid ligands in inflammation and metabolism. Chem Rev 2012; 111:6321-40. [PMID: 21988241 DOI: 10.1021/cr2001355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Harmon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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140
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Johnson AB, O'Malley BW. Steroid receptor coactivators 1, 2, and 3: critical regulators of nuclear receptor activity and steroid receptor modulator (SRM)-based cancer therapy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 348:430-9. [PMID: 21664237 PMCID: PMC3202666 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Coactivators are a diverse group of non-DNA binding proteins that induce structural changes in agonist-bound nuclear receptors (NRs) that are essential for NR-mediated transcriptional activation. Once bound, coactivators function to bridge enhancer binding proteins to the general transcription machinery, as well as to recruit secondary coactivators that modify promoter and enhancer chromatin in a manner permissive for transcriptional activation. In the following review article, we focus on one of the most in-depth studied families of coactivators, the steroid receptor coactivators (SRC) 1, 2, and 3. SRCs are widely implicated in NR-mediated diseases, especially in cancers, with the majority of studies focused on their roles in breast cancer. We highlight the relevant literature supporting the oncogenic activity of SRCs and their future as diagnostic and prognostic indicators. With much interest in the development of selective receptor modulators (SRMs), we focus on how these coactivators regulate the interactions between SRMs and their respective NRs; and, importantly, the influence that coactivators have on the functional output of SRMs. Furthermore, we speculate that coactivator-specific inhibitors could provide powerful, all-encompassing treatments that target multiple modes of oncogenic regulation in cancers resistant to typical anti-endocrine treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber B Johnson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
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141
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Hill KK, Roemer SC, Churchill ME, Edwards DP. Structural and functional analysis of domains of the progesterone receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 348:418-29. [PMID: 21803119 PMCID: PMC4437577 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormone receptors are multi-domain proteins composed of conserved well-structured regions, such as ligand (LBD) and DNA binding domains (DBD), plus other naturally unstructured regions including the amino-terminal domain (NTD) and the hinge region between the LBD and DBD. The hinge is more than just a flexible region between the DBD and LBD and is capable of binding co-regulatory proteins and the minor groove of DNA flanking hormone response elements. Because the hinge can directly participate in DNA binding it has also been termed the carboxyl terminal extension (CTE) of the DNA binding domain. The CTE and NTD are dynamic regions of the receptor that can adopt multiple conformations depending on the environment of interacting proteins and DNA. Both regions have important regulatory roles for multiple receptor functions that are related to the ability of the CTE and NTD to form multiple active conformations. This review focuses on studies of the CTE and NTD of progesterone receptor (PR), as well as related work with other steroid/nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista K. Hill
- Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Sarah C. Roemer
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mair E.A. Churchill
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Dean P. Edwards
- Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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142
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Farris M, Lague A, Manuelyan Z, Statnekov J, Francklyn C. Altered nuclear cofactor switching in retinoic-resistant variants of the PML-RARα oncoprotein of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Proteins 2012; 80:1095-109. [PMID: 22228505 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) results from a reciprocal translocation that fuses the gene for the PML tumor suppressor to that encoding the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα). The resulting PML-RARα oncogene product interferes with multiple regulatory pathways associated with myeloid differentiation, including normal PML and RARα functions. The standard treatment for APL includes anthracycline-based chemotherapeutic agents plus the RARα agonist all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Relapse, which is often accompanied by ATRA resistance, occurs in an appreciable frequency of treated patients. One potential mechanism suggested by model experiments featuring the selection of ATRA-resistant APL cell lines involves ATRA-resistant versions of the PML-RARα oncogene, where the relevant mutations localize to the RARα ligand-binding domain (LBD). Such mutations may act by compromising agonist binding, but other mechanisms are possible. Here, we studied the molecular consequence of ATRA resistance by use of circular dichroism, protease resistance, and fluorescence anisotropy assays employing peptides derived from the NCOR nuclear corepressor and the ACTR nuclear coactivator. The consequences of the mutations on global structure and cofactor interaction functions were assessed quantitatively, providing insights into the basis of agonist resistance. Attenuated cofactor switching and increased protease resistance represent features of the LBDs of ATRA-resistant PML-RARα, and these properties may be recapitulated in the full-length oncoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy Farris
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Health Sciences Complex, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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143
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Castillo HS, Ousley AM, Duraj-Thatte A, Lindstrom KN, Patel DD, Bommarius AS, Azizi B. The role of residue C410 on activation of the human vitamin D receptor by various ligands. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 128:76-86. [PMID: 21884792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes involved in biologically important processes. The human vitamin D receptor (hVDR) is a member of the NR superfamily and is responsible for maintaining calcium and phosphate homeostasis. This receptor is activated by its natural ligand, 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1α, 25(OH)(2)D(3)), as well as bile acids such as lithocholic acid (LCA). Disruption of molecular interactions between the hVDR and its natural ligand result in adverse diseases, such as rickets, making this receptor a good target for drug discovery. Previous mutational analyses of the hVDR have mainly focused on residues lining the receptor's ligand binding pocket (LBP) and techniques such as alanine scanning mutagenesis and site-directed mutagenesis. In this work, a rationally designed hVDR library using randomized codons at selected positions provides insight into the role of residue C410, particularly on activation of the receptor by various ligands. A variant, C410Y, was engineered to bind LCA with increased sensitivity (EC(50) value of 3 μM and a 34-fold activation) in mammalian cell culture assays. Furthermore, this variant displayed activation with a novel small molecule, cholecalciferol (chole) which does not activate the wild-type receptor, with an EC(50) value of 4 μM and a 25-fold activation. The presence of a bulky residue at this position, such as a tyrosine or phenylalanine, may contribute towards molecular interactions that allow for the enhanced activation with LCA and novel activation with chole. Additional bulk at the same end of the pocket, such as in the case of the variant H305F; C410Y enhances the receptor's sensitivity for these ligands further, perhaps due to the filling of a cavity. The effects of residue C410 on specificity and activation with the different ligands studied were unforeseen, as this residue does not line the hVDR's LBP. Further investigating of the structure-function relationships between the hVDR and its ligands, including the mutational tolerance of residues within as well as outside the LBP, is needed for a comprehensive understanding of the functionality and interactions of the receptor with these ligands and for development of new small molecules as potential therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda S Castillo
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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144
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Riu A, Grimaldi M, le Maire A, Bey G, Phillips K, Boulahtouf A, Perdu E, Zalko D, Bourguet W, Balaguer P. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ is a target for halogenated analogs of bisphenol A. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:1227-32. [PMID: 21561829 PMCID: PMC3230400 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1003328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The occurrence of halogenated analogs of the xenoestrogen bisphenol A (BPA) has been recently demonstrated both in environmental and human samples. These analogs include brominated [e.g., tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)] and chlorinated [e.g., tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA)] bisphenols, which are both flame retardants. Because of their structural homology with BPA, such chemicals are candidate endocrine disruptors. However, their possible target(s) within the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily has remained unknown. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether BPA and its halogenated analogs could be ligands of estrogen receptors (ERs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and act as endocrine-disrupting chemicals. METHODS We studied the activity of compounds using reporter cell lines expressing ERs and PPARs. We measured the binding affinities to PPARγ by competitive binding assays with [3H]-rosiglitazone and investigated the impact of TBBPA and TCBPA on adipocyte differentiation using NIH3T3-L1 cells. Finally, we determined the binding mode of halogenated BPAs to PPARγ by X-ray crystallography. RESULTS We observed that TBBPA and TCBPA are human, zebrafish, and Xenopus PPARγ ligands and determined the mechanism by which these chemicals bind to and activate PPARγ. We also found evidence that activation of ERα, ERβ, and PPARγ depends on the degree of halogenation in BPA analogs. We observed that the bulkier brominated BPA analogs, the greater their capability to activate PPARγ and the weaker their estrogenic potential. CONCLUSIONS Our results strongly suggest that polyhalogenated bisphenols could function as obesogens by acting as agonists to disrupt physiological functions regulated by human or animal PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Riu
- INRA (National Institute of Agronomic Research), UMR 1089 Xénobiotiques, Toulouse, France
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145
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Lusher SJ, Raaijmakers HCA, Vu-Pham D, Dechering K, Lam TW, Brown AR, Hamilton NM, Nimz O, Bosch R, McGuire R, Oubrie A, de Vlieg J. Structural basis for agonism and antagonism for a set of chemically related progesterone receptor modulators. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:35079-86. [PMID: 21849509 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.273029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The progesterone receptor is able to bind to a large number and variety of ligands that elicit a broad range of transcriptional responses ranging from full agonism to full antagonism and numerous mixed profiles inbetween. We describe here two new progesterone receptor ligand binding domain x-ray structures bound to compounds from a structurally related but functionally divergent series, which show different binding modes corresponding to their agonistic or antagonistic nature. In addition, we present a third progesterone receptor ligand binding domain dimer bound to an agonist in monomer A and an antagonist in monomer B, which display binding modes in agreement with the earlier observation that agonists and antagonists from this series adopt different binding modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Lusher
- Department of Molecular Design and Informatics, DMPK, MSD, PO Box 20, 5340 BH Oss, The Netherlands.
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146
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A Role for PPARgamma in the Regulation of Cytokines in Immune Cells and Cancer. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:961753. [PMID: 18566687 PMCID: PMC2430015 DOI: 10.1155/2008/961753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated transcription factor and a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. PPARγ and its ligands appear to serve diverse biological functions. In addition to the well-studied effects of PPARγ on metabolism and cellular differentiation, abundant evidence suggests that PPARγ is an important regulator of the immune system and cancers. Since cytokines are not only key modulators of inflammation with pro- and anti-inflammatory functions but they also can either stimulate or inhibit tumor growth and progression, this review summarizes the role for PPARγ in the regulation of cytokine production and cytokine-mediated signal transduction pathways in immune cells and cancer.
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147
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Africander D, Verhoog N, Hapgood JP. Molecular mechanisms of steroid receptor-mediated actions by synthetic progestins used in HRT and contraception. Steroids 2011; 76:636-52. [PMID: 21414337 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic progestins are used by millions of women as contraceptives and in hormone replacement therapy (HRT), although their molecular mechanisms of action are not well understood. The importance of investigating these mechanisms, as compared to those of progesterone, has been highlighted by clinical evidence showing that medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), a first generation progestin, increases the risk of breast cancer and coronary heart disease in HRT users. A diverse range of later generation progestins with varying structures and pharmacological properties is available for therapeutic use and it is becoming clear that different progestins elicit beneficial and adverse effects to different extents. These differences in biological activity are likely to be due to many factors including variations in dose, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and regulation of, and/or binding, to serum-binding proteins and steroidogenic enzymes. Since the intracellular effects on gene expression and cell signaling of steroids are mediated via intracellular steroid receptors, differential actions via the progesterone and other steroid receptors and their isoforms, are likely to be the major cause of differential intracellular actions of progestins. Since many progestins bind not only to the progesterone receptor, but also to the glucocorticoid, androgen, mineralocorticoid, and possibly the estrogen receptors, it is plausible that synthetic progestins exert therapeutic actions as well as side-effects via some of these receptors. Here we review the molecular mechanisms of intracellular actions of old (MPA, norethisterone, levonorgestrel, gestodene) vs. new (drospirenone, dienogest, trimegestone) generation progestins, via steroid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donita Africander
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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148
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Souza PCT, Barra GB, Velasco LFR, Ribeiro ICJ, Simeoni LA, Togashi M, Webb P, Neves FAR, Skaf MS, Martínez L, Polikarpov I. Helix 12 dynamics and thyroid hormone receptor activity: experimental and molecular dynamics studies of Ile280 mutants. J Mol Biol 2011; 412:882-93. [PMID: 21530542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptors (NRs) form a family of transcription factors that mediate cellular responses initiated by hormone binding. It is generally recognized that the structure and dynamics of the C-terminal helix 12 (H12) of NRs' ligand binding domain (LBD) are fundamental to the recognition of coactivators and corepressors that modulate receptor function. Here we study the role of three mutations in the I280 residue of H12 of thyroid hormone receptors using site-directed mutagenesis, functional assays, and molecular dynamics simulations. Although residues at position 280 do not interact with coactivators or with the ligand, we show that its mutations can selectively block coactivator and corepressor binding, and affect hormone binding affinity differently. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that ligand affinity is reduced by indirectly displacing the ligand in the binding pocket, facilitating water penetration and ligand destabilization. Mutations I280R and I280K link H12 to the LBD by forming salt bridges with E457 in H12, stabilizing H12 in a conformation that blocks both corepressor and coactivator recruitment. The I280M mutation, in turn, blocks corepressor binding, but appears to enhance coactivator affinity, suggesting stabilization of H12 in agonist conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo C T Souza
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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149
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Ivanova D, Gronemeyer H, de Lera AR. Design and Stereoselective Synthesis of Retinoids with Ferrocene or N-Butylcarbazole Pharmacophores that Induce Post-Differentiation Apoptosis in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1518-29. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wright E, Busby SA, Wisecarver S, Vincent J, Griffin PR, Fernandez EJ. Helix 11 dynamics is critical for constitutive androstane receptor activity. Structure 2011; 19:37-44. [PMID: 21220114 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) transactivation can occur in the absence of exogenous ligand and this activity is enhanced by agonists TCPOBOP and meclizine. We use biophysical and cell-based assays to show that increased activity of CAR(TCPOBOP) relative to CAR(meclizine) corresponds to a higher affinity of CAR(TCPOBOP) for the steroid receptor coactivator-1. Additionally, steady-state fluorescence spectra suggest conformational differences between CAR(TCPOBOP):RXR and CAR(meclizine):RXR. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) data indicate that the CAR activation function 2 (AF-2) is more stable in CAR(TCPOBOP):RXR and CAR(meclizine):RXR than in CAR:RXR. HDX kinetics also show significant differences between CAR(TCPOBOP):RXR and CAR(meclizine):RXR. Unlike CAR(meclizine):RXR, CAR(TCPOBOP):RXR shows a higher overall stabilization that extends into RXR. We identify residues 339-345 in CAR as an allosteric regulatory site with a greater magnitude reduction in exchange kinetics in CAR(TCPOBOP):RXR than CAR(meclizine):RXR. Accordingly, assays with mutations on CAR at leucine-340 and leucine-343 confirm this region as an important determinant of CAR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Wright
- Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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