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Response to the Questions Posed by the Food Safety and Inspection Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Marine Fisheries Service, and the Defense Health Agency, Veterinary Services Activity Regarding Control Strategies for Reducing Foodborne Norovirus Infections. J Food Prot 2016; 79:843-89. [PMID: 27296435 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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102
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Sun S, Shi Y, Tong HI, Kang W, Wang Z, Allmann E, Lu Y. Effective concentration, recovery, and detection of infectious adenoviruses from environmental waters. J Virol Methods 2016; 229:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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103
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Yu Q, Niu M, Yu M, Liu Y, Wang D, Shi X. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from retail shellfish in Shanghai. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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104
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105
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Abstract
A review of the relevant foodborne viruses is presented. Published data from scientific journals as well as the data presented in official reports and published on the Internet were used for this review. In the review, information is given for the main foodborne viruses, implicated virus species, and food matrices involved, some history data are given, as well as modes of transmission, and sources of the virus presence in food. Results of surveys on the presence of viruses in different kind of foods commodities (fresh produces and shellfish) and in some cases connections to caused outbreaks are presented. Also, possible zoonotic infection and implicated viruses that could be transmitted through food are given. Human Norovirus followed by hepatitis A virus are the most common foodborne viruses, which are transmitted by food consumed raw, such as shellfish, fresh vegetables, and berry fruit. In developed countries, hepatitis E virus is increasingly being recognized as an emerging viral foodborne pathogen that includes zoonotic transmission via pork products. The existing knowledge gaps and the major future expectations in the detection and surveillance of foodborne viruses are mentioned.
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106
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Verhoef L, Hewitt J, Barclay L, Ahmed SM, Lake R, Hall AJ, Lopman B, Kroneman A, Vennema H, Vinjé J, Koopmans M. Norovirus genotype profiles associated with foodborne transmission, 1999-2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:592-9. [PMID: 25811368 PMCID: PMC4378480 DOI: 10.3201/eid2104.141073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne transmission accounts for 10% of outbreaks caused by GII.4, 27% by all other single genotypes, and 37% by mixtures of GII.4 and others Worldwide, noroviruses are a leading cause of gastroenteritis. They can be transmitted from person to person directly or indirectly through contaminated food, water, or environments. To estimate the proportion of foodborne infections caused by noroviruses on a global scale, we used norovirus transmission and genotyping information from multiple international outbreak surveillance systems (Noronet, CaliciNet, EpiSurv) and from a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature. The proportion of outbreaks caused by food was determined by genotype and/or genogroup. Analysis resulted in the following final global profiles: foodborne transmission is attributed to 10% (range 9%%�?"11%) of all genotype GII.4 outbreaks, 27% (25%�?"30%) of outbreaks caused by all other single genotypes, and 37% (24%%�?"52%) of outbreaks caused by mixtures of GII.4 and other noroviruses. When these profiles are applied to global outbreak surveillance data, results indicate that �%^14% of all norovirus outbreaks are attributed to food.
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107
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Evaluation of heat treatments, different from those currently established in the EU legislation, that could be applied to live bivalve molluscs from B and C production areas, that have not been submitted to purification or relaying, in order to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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108
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Updyke EA, Wang Z, Sun S, Connell C, Kirs M, Wong M, Lu Y. Human enteric viruses--potential indicators for enhanced monitoring of recreational water quality. Virol Sin 2015; 30:344-53. [PMID: 26494480 PMCID: PMC8200886 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-015-3644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recreational waters contaminated with human fecal pollution are a public health concern, and ensuring the safety of recreational waters for public use is a priority of both the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Current recreational water standards rely on fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) levels as indicators of human disease risk. However present evidence indicates that levels of FIB do not always correspond to the presence of other potentially harmful organisms, such as viruses. Thus, enteric viruses are currently tested as water quality indicators, but have yet to be successfully implemented in routine monitoring of water quality. This study utilized enteric viruses as possible alternative indicators of water quality to examine 18 different fresh and offshore recreational waters on O'ahu, Hawai'i, by using newly established laboratory techniques including highly optimized PCR, real time PCR, and viral infectivity assays. All sample sites were detected positive for human enteric viruses by PCR including enterovirus, norovirus genogroups I and II, and male specific FRNA coliphage. A six time-point seasonal study of enteric virus presence indicated significant variation in virus detection between the rainy and dry seasons. Quantitative PCR detected the presence of norovirus genogroup II at levels at which disease risk may occur, and there was no correlation found between enteric virus presence and FIB counts. Under the present laboratory conditions, no infectious viruses were detected from the samples PCR-positive for enteric viruses. These data emphasize both the need for additional indicators for improved monitoring of water quality, and the feasibility of using enteric viruses as these indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Allmann Updyke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822, USA
| | - Zi Wang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822, USA
| | - Si Sun
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822, USA
| | - Christina Connell
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822, USA
| | - Marek Kirs
- Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822, USA
| | - Mayee Wong
- Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822, USA
| | - Yuanan Lu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822, USA.
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109
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110
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Wu J, Hou W, Cao B, Zuo T, Xue C, Leung AW, Xu C, Tang QJ. Virucidal efficacy of treatment with photodynamically activated curcumin on murine norovirus bio-accumulated in oysters. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 12:385-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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111
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Montazeri N, Goettert D, Achberger EC, Johnson CN, Prinyawiwatkul W, Janes ME. Pathogenic Enteric Viruses and Microbial Indicators during Secondary Treatment of Municipal Wastewater. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6436-45. [PMID: 26162869 PMCID: PMC4542245 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01218-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic enteric viruses are responsible for a wide range of infections in humans, with diverse symptoms. Raw and partially treated wastewaters are major sources of environmental contamination with enteric viruses. We monitored a municipal secondary wastewater treatment plant (New Orleans, LA) on a monthly basis for norovirus (NoV) GI and GII and enterovirus serotypes using multiplex reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and microbial indicators of fecal contamination using standard plating methods. Densities of indicator bacteria (enterococci, fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli) did not show monthly or seasonal patterns. Norovirus GII was more abundant than GI and, along with enterovirus serotypes, increased in influent during fall and spring. The highest NoV GI density in influent was in the fall, reaching an average of 4.0 log10 genomic copies/100 ml. Norovirus GI removal (0.95 log10) was lower than that for GII, enterovirus serotypes, and male-specific coliphages (1.48 log10) or for indicator bacteria (4.36 log10), suggesting higher resistance of viruses to treatment. Male-specific coliphages correlated with NoV GII densities in influent and effluent (r = 0.48 and 0.76, respectively) and monthly removal, indicating that male-specific coliphages can be more reliable than indicator bacteria to monitor norovirus GII load and microbial removal. Dominant norovirus genotypes were classified into three GI genotypes (GI.1, GI.3, and GI.4) and four GII genotypes (GII.3, GII.4, GII.13, and GII.21), dominated by GI.1 and GII.4 strains. Some of the seasonal and temporal patterns we observed in the pathogenic enteric viruses were different from those of epidemiological observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naim Montazeri
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Dorothee Goettert
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Eric C Achberger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Crystal N Johnson
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Witoon Prinyawiwatkul
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Marlene E Janes
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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112
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Sánchez G. Processing Strategies to Inactivate Hepatitis A Virus in Food Products: A Critical Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Sánchez
- Dept. of Microbiology and Ecology; Univ. of Valencia, Dr. Moliner; 50. Burjassot Valencia Spain
- Inst. of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA); Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC); Agustín Escardino, 7. Paterna Valencia Spain
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113
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Bozkurt H, D'Souza DH, Davidson PM. Thermal inactivation kinetics of hepatitis A virus in homogenized clam meat (Mercenaria mercenaria). J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:834-44. [PMID: 26184406 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Epidemiological evidence suggests that hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the most common pathogen transmitted by bivalve molluscs such as clams, cockles, mussels and oysters. This study aimed to generate thermal inactivation kinetics for HAV as a first step to design adequate thermal processes to control clam-associated HAV outbreaks. METHODS AND RESULTS Survivor curves and thermal death curves were generated for different treatment times (0-6 min) at different temperatures (50-72°C) and Weibull and first-order models were compared. D-values for HAV ranged from 47·37 ± 1·23 to 1·55 ± 0·12 min for the first-order model and 64·43 ± 3·47 to 1·25 ± 0·45 min for the Weibull model at temperatures from 50 to 72°C. z-Values for HAV in clams were 12·97 ± 0·59°C and 14·83 ± 0·0·28°C using the Weibull and first-order model respectively. The calculated activation energies for the first-order and Weibull model were 145 and 170 kJ mole(-1) respectively. CONCLUSION The Weibull model described the thermal inactivation behaviour of HAV better than the first-order model. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides novel and precise information on thermal inactivation kinetics of HAV in homogenized clams. This will enable reliable thermal process calculations for HAV inactivation in clams and closely related seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bozkurt
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - D H D'Souza
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - P M Davidson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
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114
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High-Pressure Inactivation of Rotaviruses: Role of Treatment Temperature and Strain Diversity in Virus Inactivation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6669-78. [PMID: 26187961 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01853-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is the major etiological agent of acute gastroenteritis in infants worldwide. Although high-pressure processing (HPP) is a popular method to inactivate enteric pathogens in food, the sensitivity of different virus strains within same species and serotype to HPP is variable. This study aimed to compare the barosensitivities of seven RV strains derived from four serotypes (serotype G1, strains Wa, Ku, and K8; serotype G2, strain S2; serotype G3, strains SA-11 and YO; and serotype G4, strain ST3) following high-pressure treatment. RV strains showed various responses to HPP based on the initial temperature and had different inactivation profiles. Ku, K8, S2, SA-11, YO, and ST3 showed enhanced inactivation at 4°C compared to 20°C. In contrast, strain Wa was not significantly impacted by the initial treatment temperature. Within serotype G1, strain Wa was significantly (P < 0.05) more resistant to HPP than strains Ku and K8. Overall, the resistance of the human RV strains to HPP at 4°C can be ranked as Wa > Ku = K8 > S2 > YO > ST3, and in terms of serotype the ranking is G1 > G2 > G3 > G4. In addition, pressure treatment of 400 MPa for 2 min was sufficient to eliminate the Wa strain, the most pressure-resistant RV, from oyster tissues. HPP disrupted virion structure but did not degrade viral protein or RNA, providing insight into the mechanism of viral inactivation by HPP. In conclusion, HPP is capable of inactivating RV at commercially acceptable pressures, and the efficacy of inactivation is strain dependent.
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115
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Clements K, Quilliam RS, Jones DL, Wilson J, Malham SK. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of bacteria across an intertidal shellfish bed: implications for regulatory monitoring of faecal indicator organisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 506-507:1-9. [PMID: 25460933 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Routine bacterial monitoring of shellfish beds using indicator species is a common global practice designed to prevent human consumption of contaminated shellfish products. However, current bacteriological monitoring procedures which focus on the quantification of faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) as a proxy for microbial pollution may not be representative of total bacterial contamination levels present in shellfish harvesting areas. The objective of this study was to critically assess the accuracy of current monitoring strategies by quantifying the spatial (lateral and longitudinal distance) and temporal (seasonality and tidal state) concentrations of FIOs (Escherichia coli and total coliforms) within a single intertidal commercially harvested shellfish bed. Spatial and temporal FIO dynamics, including the effects of tidal state and seasonality, were quantified in mussel flesh and sediment samples from a single intertidal mussel (Mytilus edulis) bed. Our results confirmed that FIO concentrations across a shellfish bed were heterogeneous over larger spatial and temporal scales, but showed no relation to the concentrations of autochthonous bacteria, such as Vibrio spp., or the physico-chemical parameters of the sediment. These results have important implications for both public health and the economic prosperity of the shellfish industry, and demonstrate the importance of accommodating both spatial and temporal fluctuations in routine bacteriological monitoring protocols. We conclude that current FIO monitoring procedures may not accurately represent levels of microbial contamination within shellfish harvesting areas and that more robust microbiological testing procedures need developing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Clements
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK.
| | - Richard S Quilliam
- Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - David L Jones
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - James Wilson
- Deepdock Ltd, Bwthyn Y Mor, Llanfaethlu, Holyhead, Anglesey LL65 4HD, UK.
| | - Shelagh K Malham
- Centre for Applied Marine Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK.
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116
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Environmental transmission of human noroviruses in shellfish waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 80:3552-61. [PMID: 24705321 DOI: 10.1128/aem.04188-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (NoV) are the most common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis following consumption of bivalve shellfish contaminated with fecal matter. NoV levels can be effectively reduced by some sewage treatment processes such as activated sludge and membrane bioreactors. However, tertiary sewage treatment and substantial sewage dilution are usually required to achieve low concentrations of virus in shellfish. Most outbreaks have been associated with shellfish harvested from waters affected by untreated sewage from, for example, storm overflows or overboard disposal of feces from boats. In coastal waters, NoV can remain in suspension or associate with organic and inorganic matter and be accumulated by shellfish. Shellfish take considerably longer to purge NoV than fecal indicator bacteria when transferred from sewage-polluted estuarine waters to uncontaminated waters. The abundance and distribution of NoV in shellfish waters are influenced by the levels of sewage treatment, proximity of shellfish beds to sewage sources, rainfall, river flows, salinity, and water temperature. Detailed site-specific information on these factors is required to design measures to control the viral risk.
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117
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Pereira C, Santos L, Silva AP, Silva YJ, Cunha A, Romalde JL, Nunes ML, Almeida A. Seasonal variation of bacterial communities in shellfish harvesting waters: preliminary study before applying phage therapy. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 90:68-77. [PMID: 25484114 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The recurrent emergence of infections outbreaks associated with shellfish consumption is an important health problem, which results in substantial economic losses to the seafood industry. Even after depuration, shellfish is still involved in outbreaks caused by pathogenic bacteria, which increases the demand for new efficient strategies to control the shellfish infection transmission. Phage therapy during the shellfish depuration is a promising approach, but its success depends on a detailed understanding of the dynamics of bacterial communities in the harvesting waters. This study intends to evaluate the seasonal dynamics of the overall bacterial communities, disease-causing bacterial populations and bacterial sanitary quality indicators in two authorized harvesting-zones at Ria de Aveiro. During the hot season, the total bacterial community presented high complexity and new prevalent populations of the main shellfish pathogenic bacteria emerged. These results indicate that the spring/summer season is a critical period during which phage therapy should be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pereira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - L Santos
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A P Silva
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Y J Silva
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A Cunha
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J L Romalde
- Departamento de Microbiología e Parasitología e CIBUS e Facultad de Biologia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela e Campus Universitario Sur., 15782 Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain
| | - M L Nunes
- National Institute of Biological Resources (INRB, IP/L-IPIMAR), Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Almeida
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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118
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Park S, Jeong H, Jung J, Kim K, Park S, Kim M, Kim Y, Oh Y, Jung K. Monitoring the Hepatitis A Virus in Oyster from Korea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2015.513087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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119
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Detection and quantification of hepatitis A virus and norovirus in Spanish authorized shellfish harvesting areas. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 193:43-50. [PMID: 25462922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
An 18-month survey was conducted in ten class "B" harvesting areas from two Galician Rias (NW of Spain), the most important bivalve production area in Europe, to determine the prevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and human norovirus (NoV), including genogroups I (GI) and II (GII). Quantification was performed by reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), according to the recently developed standard method ISO/TS 15216-1:2013. Four bivalve species were studied, including wild and cultured mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), clams (Venerupis philippinarum and Venerupis decussata) and cockles (Cerastoderma edule). Overall, 55.4% of samples were contaminated by at least one of the studied viruses, being detected the simultaneous presence of two or three viruses in 11.3% of the cases. NoV GI was the most prevalent virus (32.1%), followed by NoV GII (25.6%) and HAV (10.1%). Cultured mussels showed the highest percentage of positive samples (61.4%), followed by cockles (59.4%), wild mussels (54.3%) and clams (38.7%). Viral contamination levels for most of the positive samples ranged from 10(2) to 10(3) RNA copies/g of digestive tissue (RNAc/g DT). The presence of viral contamination was statistically higher (P<0.0001) in warm months (April to September) than in cold months (October to March). The data presented here may contribute to the development of more representative sampling strategies, in monitoring and management of shellfish growing areas as well as being useful in a future scenario in which viral critical values are adopted in legislation.
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120
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Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by pathogens in food of non-animal origin. Part 2 (Salmonellaand Norovirus in tomatoes). EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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121
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Polo D, Feal X, Varela MF, Monteagudo A, Romalde JL. Depuration kinetics of murine norovirus in shellfish. Food Res Int 2014; 64:182-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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122
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Jun JW, Kim HJ, Yun SK, Chai JY, Park SC. Eating oysters without risk of vibriosis: Application of a bacteriophage against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 188:31-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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123
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Park SY, Ha SD. Thermal inactivation of hepatitis A virus in suspension and in dried mussels (Mytilus edulis). Int J Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Young Park
- School of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang University; 72-1 Nae-Ri Daeduck-Myun Ansung Kyunggido 456-756 Korea
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- School of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang University; 72-1 Nae-Ri Daeduck-Myun Ansung Kyunggido 456-756 Korea
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124
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Malham SK, Rajko-Nenow P, Howlett E, Tuson KE, Perkins TL, Pallett DW, Wang H, Jago CF, Jones DL, McDonald JE. The interaction of human microbial pathogens, particulate material and nutrients in estuarine environments and their impacts on recreational and shellfish waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:2145-2155. [PMID: 25043898 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00031e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities have increased the load of faecal bacteria, pathogenic viruses and nutrients in rivers, estuaries and coastal areas through point and diffuse sources such as sewage discharges and agricultural runoff. These areas are used by humans for both commercial and recreational activities and are therefore protected by a range of European Directives. If water quality declines in these zones, significant economic losses can occur. Identifying the sources of pollution, however, is notoriously difficult due to the ephemeral nature of discharges, their diffuse source, and uncertainties associated with transport and transformation of the pollutants through the freshwater-marine interface. Further, significant interaction between nutrients, microorganisms and particulates can occur in the water column making prediction of the fate and potential infectivity of human pathogenic organisms difficult to ascertain. This interaction is most prevalent in estuarine environments due to the formation of flocs (suspended sediment) at the marine-freshwater interface. A range of physical, chemical and biological processes can induce the co-flocculation of microorganisms, organic matter and mineral particles resulting in pathogenic organisms becoming potentially protected from a range of biotic (e.g. predation) and abiotic stresses (e.g. UV, salinity). These flocs contain and retain macro- and micro- nutrients allowing the potential survival, growth and transfer of pathogenic organisms to commercially sensitive areas (e.g. beaches, shellfish harvesting waters). The flocs can either be transported directly to the coastal environment or can become deposited in the estuary forming cohesive sediments where pathogens can survive for long periods. Especially in response to storms, these sediments can be subsequently remobilised releasing pulses of potential pathogenic organisms back into the water column leading to contamination of marine waters long after the initial contamination event occurred. Further work, however, is still required to understand and predict the potential human infectivity of pathogenic organisms alongside the better design of early warning systems and surveillance measures for risk assessment purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelagh K Malham
- Centre for Applied Marine Science, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
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125
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Polo D, Álvarez C, Díez J, Darriba S, Longa Á, Romalde JL. Viral elimination during commercial depuration of shellfish. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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126
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Krog J, Larsen L, Schultz A. Enteric porcine viruses in farmed shellfish in Denmark. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 186:105-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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127
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Suffredini E, Lanni L, Arcangeli G, Pepe T, Mazzette R, Ciccaglioni G, Croci L. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of viral contamination in bivalve molluscs harvested in Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 184:21-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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128
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Seasonal and regional prevalence of norovirus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus, and rotavirus in shellfish harvested from South Korea. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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129
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Flannery J, Rajko-Nenow P, Winterbourn J, Malham S, Jones D. Effectiveness of cooking to reduce Norovirus and infectious F-specific RNA bacteriophage concentrations in Mytilus edulis. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:564-71. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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130
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Seo DJ, Lee MH, Seo J, Ha SD, Choi C. Inactivation of murine norovirus and feline calicivirus during oyster fermentation. Food Microbiol 2014; 44:81-6. [PMID: 25084649 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fermented seafood is popular in Asian countries. This study examined the survival of feline calicivirus (FCV) and murine norovirus (MNV) during oyster fermentation. Oysters spiked with FCV and MNV were fermented with 5% or 10% salt at 18 °C for 15 days, and MNV and FCV titers, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) populations, pH, and enzymatic activity were measured at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 15 days post-fermentation (DPF). Reductions in MNV and FCV were greater in 5% NaCl-supplemented oysters than in 10% NaCl-supplemented oysters. In 5% NaCl oysters, MNV and FCV titers significantly decreased by 1.60 log and 3.01 log, respectively, at 15 DPF. Populations of LAB increased from 3.62 log10 colony-forming units/g at 0 DPF to 8.77 log10 colony-forming units/g at 15 DPF during oyster fermentation supplemented with 5% NaCl supplementation, and the pH decreased gradually from 5.38 at 0 DPF to 4.17 at 15 DPF. During oyster fermentation, α-amylase, proteinase, and lipase were produced at higher levels in 5% salted oysters than in 10% salted oysters (P < 0.01). We concluded that many of the antimicrobial factors produced in fermented oysters could contribute to a reduction in foodborne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Joo Seo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Ansung-Si, Gyounggi, South Korea
| | - Min Hwa Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Ansung-Si, Gyounggi, South Korea
| | - Jina Seo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Ansung-Si, Gyounggi, South Korea
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Ansung-Si, Gyounggi, South Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Ansung-Si, Gyounggi, South Korea; School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Ansung-Si, Gyounggi, South Korea.
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131
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Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by pathogens in food of non‐animal origin. Part 2 (Salmonella and Norovirus in berries). EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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132
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Effectiveness of depuration for hepatitis A virus removal from mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 180:24-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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133
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Bozkurt H, D'Souza DH, Davidson PM. Determination of thermal inactivation kinetics of hepatitis A virus in blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) homogenate. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:3191-7. [PMID: 24632250 PMCID: PMC4018912 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00428-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a food-borne enteric virus responsible for outbreaks of hepatitis associated with shellfish consumption. The objectives of this study were to determine the thermal inactivation behavior of HAV in blue mussels, to compare the first-order and Weibull models to describe the data, to calculate Arrhenius activation energy for each model, and to evaluate model efficiency by using selected statistical criteria. The times required to reduce the population by 1 log cycle (D-values) calculated from the first-order model (50 to 72°C) ranged from 1.07 to 54.17 min for HAV. Using the Weibull model, the times required to destroy 1 log unit (tD = 1) of HAV at the same temperatures were 1.57 to 37.91 min. At 72°C, the treatment times required to achieve a 6-log reduction were 7.49 min for the first-order model and 8.47 min for the Weibull model. The z-values (changes in temperature required for a 90% change in the log D-values) calculated for HAV were 15.88 ± 3.97°C (R(2), 0.94) with the Weibull model and 12.97 ± 0.59°C (R(2), 0.93) with the first-order model. The calculated activation energies for the first-order model and the Weibull model were 165 and 153 kJ/mol, respectively. The results revealed that the Weibull model was more appropriate for representing the thermal inactivation behavior of HAV in blue mussels. Correct understanding of the thermal inactivation behavior of HAV could allow precise determination of the thermal process conditions to prevent food-borne viral outbreaks associated with the consumption of contaminated mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayriye Bozkurt
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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134
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Intamaso U, Ketkhunthod S. Evaluation of a sensitive reverse transcription PCR-enzymelinked immunosorbent assay for detection of hepatitis A virus in oysters (Saccostrea glomerata) on the east coast of the Gulf of Thailand. J Food Prot 2014; 77:859-63. [PMID: 24780346 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) contamination in food can lead to major health problems. We developed a combination reverse transcription (RT) PCR method plus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect HAV in fresh oysters harvested along the east coast of the Gulf of Thailand. Viral nucleic acid was extracted via the glycine-arginine-polyethylene glycol method followed by RT-PCR amplification with specifically designed primers against HAV and an ELISA to detect the digoxigenin-labeled RT-PCR products. The ELISA in concert with the RT-PCR protocol further increased the detection sensitivity by 100-fold for the HAV genome and 10-fold in artificially contaminated oysters. The overall sensitivity of the RT-PCR in combination with the ELISA was 31.88 pg and 16 PFU/g, respectively. The ELISA increases the specificity of the RT-PCR assay for detecting naturally occurring HAV in oysters. This combined RT-PCR-ELISA approach is a practical and sensitive method for HAV detection and can be utilized in routine screening for HAV in shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uraiwan Intamaso
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, 169 Longhard-Bansaen Road, Bangsaen, Chon Buri 20131, Thailand.
| | - Sitthisak Ketkhunthod
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, 169 Longhard-Bansaen Road, Bangsaen, Chon Buri 20131, Thailand
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135
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Polo D, Álvarez C, Vilariño ML, Longa Á, Romalde JL. Depuration kinetics of hepatitis A virus in clams. Food Microbiol 2014; 39:103-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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136
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Lund BM. Microbiological food safety and a low-microbial diet to protect vulnerable people. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:413-24. [PMID: 24621274 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-microbial diets are advised by many institutions for people with neutropenia resulting from treatment with immunosuppressive drugs or medical conditions that increase their susceptibility to foodborne disease. In this article, the main microbiological hazards associated with foods are outlined, and a low-microbial diet in which higher-risk foods are replaced by lower-risk foods is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M Lund
- Institute of Food Research , Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom
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137
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Rodriguez-Manzano J, Hundesa A, Calgua B, Carratala A, Maluquer de Motes C, Rusiñol M, Moresco V, Ramos AP, Martínez-Marca F, Calvo M, Monte Barardi CR, Girones R, Bofill-Mas S. Adenovirus and Norovirus Contaminants in Commercially Distributed Shellfish. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2014; 6:31-41. [PMID: 24293153 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-013-9133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Shellfish complying with European Regulations based on quantification of fecal bacterial indicators (FIB) are introduced into markets; however, information on viruses, more stable than FIB, is not available in the literature. To assess the presence of noroviruses (NoVs) GI and GII and human adenoviruses (HAdV) in domestic and imported mussels and clams (n = 151) their presence was analyzed during winter seasons (2004-2008) in north-west Spanish markets through a routine surveillance system. All samples tested negative for NoV GI and 13 % were positive for NoV GII. The role of HAdV as viral indicator was evaluated in 20 negative and 10 positive NoV GII samples showing an estimated sensitivity and specificity of HAdV to predict the presence of NoV GII of 100 and 74 % (cut-off 0.5). The levels of HAdV and NoVs and the efficiency of decontamination in shellfish depuration plants (SDP) were evaluated analyzing pre- and post-depurated mussels collected in May-June 2010 from three different SDP. There were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence and quantification of HAdV between pre- and post-depurated shellfish and between seawater entering and leaving the depuration systems. Moreover, infectious HAdV were detected in depurated mussels. These results confirm previous studies showing that current controls and depuration treatments limiting the number of FIB do not guarantee the absence of viruses in shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Rodriguez-Manzano
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal Ave., 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ayalkibet Hundesa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal Ave., 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Byron Calgua
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal Ave., 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Carratala
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal Ave., 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Maluquer de Motes
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal Ave., 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Rusiñol
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal Ave., 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanessa Moresco
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Microbiology, Inmunology and Parasitology, CCB, Federal Santa Catarina University (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Ramos
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Microbiology, Inmunology and Parasitology, CCB, Federal Santa Catarina University (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Miquel Calvo
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celia Regina Monte Barardi
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Microbiology, Inmunology and Parasitology, CCB, Federal Santa Catarina University (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rosina Girones
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal Ave., 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sílvia Bofill-Mas
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal Ave., 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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138
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Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by pathogens in food of non‐animal origin. Part 2 (Salmonella and Norovirus in leafy greens eaten raw as salads). EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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139
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Inactivation of human norovirus in contaminated oysters and clams by high hydrostatic pressure. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:2248-53. [PMID: 24487534 DOI: 10.1128/aem.04260-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (NoV) is the most frequent causative agent of food-borne disease associated with shellfish consumption. In this study, the effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on inactivation of NoV was determined. Genogroup I.1 (GI.1) or genogroup II.4 (GII.4) NoV was inoculated into oyster homogenates and treated at 300 to 600 MPa at 25, 6, and 1°C for 5 min. After HHP, samples were treated with RNase and viral particles were extracted with porcine gastric mucin (PGM)-conjugated magnetic beads (PGM-MBs). Viral RNA was then quantified by real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Since PGM contains histo-blood group-like antigens, which can act as receptors for NoV, deficiency for binding to PGM is an indication of loss of infectivity of NoV. After binding to PGM-MBs, RT-PCR-detectable NoV RNA in oysters was reduced by 0.4 to >4 log10 by HHP at 300 to 600 MPa. The GI.1 NoV was more resistant to HHP than the GII.4 NoV (P < 0.05). HHP at lower temperatures significantly enhanced the inactivation of NoV in oysters (P < 0.05). Pressure treatment was also conducted for clam homogenates. Treatment at 450 MPa at 1°C achieved a >4 log10 reduction of GI.1 NoV in both oyster and clam homogenates. It is therefore concluded that HHP could be applied as a potential intervention for inactivating NoV in raw shellfish. The method of pretreatment of samples with RNase, extraction of viral particles using PGM-MB binding, and quantification of viral RNA using RT-PCR can be explored as a practical means of distinguishing between infectious and noninfectious NoV.
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140
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Toffan A, Brutti A, De Pasquale A, Cappellozza E, Pascoli F, Cigarini M, Di Rocco M, Terregino C, Arcangeli G. The effectiveness of domestic cook on inactivation of murine norovirus in experimentally infected Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum
). J Appl Microbiol 2013; 116:191-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Toffan
- Fish Virology Department; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie; Legnaro Padova Italy
| | - A. Brutti
- Stazione Sperimentale per l'Industria delle Conserve Alimentari in Parma; Parma Italy
| | - A. De Pasquale
- National Reference Centre for Pathology of fish, crustacean and mollusc disease; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie; Adria Rovigo Italy
| | - E. Cappellozza
- Fish Virology Department; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie; Legnaro Padova Italy
| | - F. Pascoli
- Fish Virology Department; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie; Legnaro Padova Italy
| | - M. Cigarini
- Stazione Sperimentale per l'Industria delle Conserve Alimentari in Parma; Parma Italy
| | - M. Di Rocco
- Stazione Sperimentale per l'Industria delle Conserve Alimentari in Parma; Parma Italy
| | - C. Terregino
- Fish Virology Department; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie; Legnaro Padova Italy
| | - G. Arcangeli
- National Reference Centre for Pathology of fish, crustacean and mollusc disease; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie; Adria Rovigo Italy
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141
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Anacleto P, Pedro S, Nunes ML, Rosa R, Marques A. Microbiological composition of native and exotic clams from Tagus estuary: effect of season and environmental parameters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 74:116-124. [PMID: 23896404 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The influence of seasonal and environmental parameters on the occurrence of bacteria was investigated in two clam species (Venerupis pullastra and Ruditapes philippinarum), water and sediment from the Tagus estuary. Total viable counts (TVC), Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Vibrio spp. were evaluated during one-year. Overall, significant seasonal variations were found in both sampling sites, especially for E. coli and Vibrio spp. levels. In summer, significantly higher Vibrio spp. levels were found in R. philippinarum and sediment samples, but not in V. pullastra clams and water samples. In contrast, significantly higher TVC and E. coli levels were observed in winter months in water and sediment samples. Salmonella spp. was generally isolated when higher levels of E. coli were detected, particularly in R. philippinarum. This study is useful for authorities to develop monitoring strategies for coastal contamination and to estimate human health risks associated with the consumption of bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Anacleto
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal; Guia Marine Laboratory, Center of Oceanography, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (FCUL), Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
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142
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Flannery J, Keaveney S, Rajko-Nenow P, O'Flaherty V, Doré W. Norovirus and FRNA bacteriophage determined by RT-qPCR and infectious FRNA bacteriophage in wastewater and oysters. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:5222-31. [PMID: 23850211 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV), the leading cause of adult non-bacterial gastroenteritis can be commonly detected in wastewater but the extent of NoV removal provided by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is unclear. We monitored a newly commissioned WWTP with UV disinfection on a weekly basis over a six month period for NoV using RT-qPCR and for FRNA bacteriophage GA using both RT-qPCR (total concentration) and a plaque assay (infectious concentration). Mean concentrations of NoV GI and GII in influent wastewater were reduced by 0.25 and 0.41 log10 genome copies 100 ml(-1), respectively by the WWTP. The mean concentration of total FRNA bacteriophage GA was reduced by 0.35 log genome copies 100 ml(-1) compared to a reduction of infectious FRNA bacteriophage GA of 2.13 log PFU 100 ml(-1). A significant difference between concentrations of infectious and total FRNA bacteriophage GA was observed in treated, but not in untreated wastewaters. We conclude that RT-qPCR in isolation underestimates the reduction of infectious virus during wastewater treatment. We further compared the concentrations of infectious virus in combined sewer overflow (CSO) and UV treated effluents using FRNA bacteriophage GA. A greater percentage (98%) of infectious virus is released in CSO discharges than UV treated effluent (44%). Following a CSO discharge, concentrations of NoV GII and infectious FRNA bacteriophage GA in oysters from less than the limit of detection to 3150 genome copies 100 g(-1) and 1050 PFU 100 g(-1) respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Flannery
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co., Galway, Ireland.
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143
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Accumulation and inactivation of avian influenza virus by the filter-feeding invertebrate Daphnia magna. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:7249-55. [PMID: 24038705 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02439-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The principal mode of avian influenza A virus (AIV) transmission among wild birds is thought to occur via an indirect fecal-oral route, whereby individuals are exposed to virus from the environment through contact with virus-contaminated water. AIV can remain viable for an extended time in water; however, little is known regarding the influence of the biotic community (i.e., aquatic invertebrates) on virus persistence and infectivity in aquatic environments. We conducted laboratory experiments to investigate the ability of an aquatic filter-feeding invertebrate, Daphnia magna, to accumulate virus from AIV-dosed water under the hypothesis that they represent a potential vector of AIV to waterfowl hosts. We placed live daphnids in test tubes dosed with low-pathogenicity AIV (H3N8 subtype isolated from a wild duck) and sampled Daphnia tissue and the surrounding water using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) at 3- to 120-min intervals for up to 960 min following dosing. Concentrations of viral RNA averaged 3 times higher in Daphnia tissue than the surrounding water shortly after viral exposure, but concentrations decreased exponentially through time for both. Extracts from Daphnia tissue were negative for AIV by cell culture, whereas AIV remained viable in water without Daphnia present. Our results suggest daphnids can accumulate AIV RNA and effectively remove virus particles from water. Although concentrations of viral RNA were consistently higher in Daphnia tissue than the water, additional research is needed on the time scale of AIV inactivation after Daphnia ingestion to fully elucidate Daphnia's role as a potential vector of AIV infection to aquatic birds.
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144
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145
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Bagordo F, Grassi T, Idolo A, Serio F, Gabutti G, De Donno A. Rotavirus Occurrence in Shellfish with Low Levels of E. coli. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2013; 5:169-175. [PMID: 23897404 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-013-9119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate "in field" the accumulation of virus in shellfish and compare it with the concentration of bacterial indicators. Individuals of Mytilus galloprovincialis were placed in two sampling station located in a contaminated coastal bay and in one control station located one kilometer offshore. The presence of Rotavirus and E. coli was assessed weekly both in seawater and in shellfish samples. The Rotavirus genome was detected in water, preliminarily concentrated by tangential flow ultrafiltration method, and in hepatopancreas of mussels by Real-Time PCR. E. coli was enumerated in water matrices by a filtering method and in mussels by the MPN method. Rotaviruses were not recorded in seawater, while in mussels they were detected since third week after placement. E. coli in mussels were always below the limits set in the Regulation (EC) 854/2004. This study suggests the need for a viral indicator to insure the safety for consumption of shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bagordo
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
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146
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Flannery J, Rajko-Nenow P, Keaveney S, O'Flaherty V, Doré W. Simulated sunlight inactivation of norovirus and FRNA bacteriophage in seawater. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:915-22. [PMID: 23758342 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate norovirus (NoV) and F-specific RNA (FRNA) bacteriophage inactivation in seawater under simulated sunlight and temperature conditions representative of summer (235 W m(-2) ; 17°C) and winter (56 W m(-2) ; 10°C) conditions in Ireland. METHODS AND RESULTS Inactivation experiments were carried out using a collimated beam of simulated sunlight and 100 ml of filtered seawater seeded with virus under controlled temperature conditions. NoV concentrations were determined using RT-qPCR, and FRNA bacteriophage concentrations were determined using RT-qPCR and by plaque assay. For all virus types, the fluence required to achieve a 90% reduction in detectable viruses (S90 value) using RT-qPCR was not significantly different between summer and winter conditions. S90 values for FRNA bacteriophage determined by plaque assay were significantly less than those determined by RT-qPCR. Unlike S90 values determined by RT-qPCR, a significant difference existed between summer and winter S90 values for infectious FRNA bacteriophage. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that RT-qPCR significantly overestimates the survival of infectious virus and is therefore unsuitable for determining the inactivation rates of viruses in seawater. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Results from this study provide initial data on the inactivation of NoV and FRNA bacteriophage in seawater under representative summer and winter conditions and will be of interest to shellfish and water management agencies alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Flannery
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland.
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147
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Pavoni E, Consoli M, Suffredini E, Arcangeli G, Serracca L, Battistini R, Rossini I, Croci L, Losio MN. Noroviruses in Seafood: A 9-Year Monitoring in Italy. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:533-9. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Pavoni
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marta Consoli
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Laura Serracca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, della Liguria, e della Valle d'Aosta, La Spezia, Italy
| | - Roberta Battistini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, della Liguria, e della Valle d'Aosta, La Spezia, Italy
| | - Irene Rossini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, della Liguria, e della Valle d'Aosta, La Spezia, Italy
| | - Luciana Croci
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Nadia Losio
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
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148
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Ma LP, Zhao F, Yao L, Li XG, Zhou DQ, Zhang RL. The presence of genogroup II norovirus in retail shellfish from seven coastal cities in China. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2013; 5:81-86. [PMID: 23412724 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-013-9102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are commonly occurring pathogens that cause gastroenteritis. Outbreaks of viral diseases have often been ascribed to the consumption of contaminated shellfish. Our objective was to evaluate the presence and contamination levels of NoV in shellfish sold at seafood markets in China. We tested 840 shellfish samples (Crassostrea gigas, Mytilus edulis, Azumapecten farreri, SinoNoVacula constricta, Scapharca subcrenata, Ruditapes philippinarum) that were collected from seven cities around the Yellow and Bohai Seas in China between December 2009 and November 2011. We used real-time RT-PCR to detect NoV in purified concentrates from the stomach and digestive diverticula of these shellfish. NoV was detected in 19.35 % (N = 155), 16.67 % (N = 114), 5.70 % (N = 158), 8.82 % (N = 136), 13.74 % (N = 131), and 16.44 % (N = 146) of oyster, mussel, scallop, razor clam, ark shell, and clam samples, respectively. The average detection rate was 13.33 % (112/840). Nucleotide sequencing of the NoV RT-PCR products demonstrated that all strains belonged to NoV genotype GII.12, except two that belonged to GI.3. More than 10² copies of the NoV genome were detected in 69 of 112 positive shellfish samples. Our results suggest that ~13 % of shellfish harbor NoV, and GII.12 NoV is the primary strain in shellfish purchased at markets in seven coastal cities in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-ping Ma
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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149
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Manso CF, Romalde JL. Detection and characterization of hepatitis A virus and norovirus in mussels from Galicia (NW Spain). FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2013; 5:110-118. [PMID: 23471578 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-013-9108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Shellfish are recognized as a potential vehicle of viral disease and despite the control measures for shellfish safety there is periodic emergence of viral outbreaks associated with shellfish consumption. In this study a total of 81 mussel samples from Ría do Burgo, A Coruña (NW Spain) were analysed. Samples were collected in seven different harvesting areas with the aim to establish a correlation between the prevalence of norovirus (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in mussel samples and the water quality. In addition, the genogroup of the detected HAV and NoV strains was also determined. The HAV presence was detected in 18.5 % of the samples. Contamination levels for this virus ranged from 1.1 × 10² to 4.1 × 10⁶ RNA copies/g digestive tissue. NoV were detected in 49.4 % of the cases reaching contamination levels from 5.9 × 10³ to 1.6 × 10⁹ RNA copies/g digestive tissue for NoV GI and from 6.1 × 10³ to 5.4 × 10⁶ RNA copies/g digestive tissue for NoV GII. The χ²-test showed no statistical correlation between the number of positive samples and the classification of molluscan harvesting area based on the E. coli number. All the detected HAV strains belong to genogroup IB. NoV strains were assigned to genotype I.4, II.4 and II.6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen F Manso
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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150
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Roldán EM, Rodríguez EE, García ME, Navajas MFC. Prevalence of Hepatitis A Virus in Bivalve Molluscs Sold in Granada (Spain) Fish Markets. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:528-32. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Moreno Roldán
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Espigares Rodríguez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Espigares García
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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