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Huang H, Cheng WX, Hu YP, Chen JH, Zheng ZT, Zhang P. Relationship between heterotopic ossification and traumatic brain injury: Why severe traumatic brain injury increases the risk of heterotopic ossification. J Orthop Translat 2017; 12:16-25. [PMID: 29662775 PMCID: PMC5866497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a pathological phenomenon in which ectopic lamellar bone forms in soft tissues. HO involves many predisposing factors, including congenital and postnatal factors. Postnatal HO is usually induced by fracture, burn, neurological damage (brain injury and spinal cord injury) and joint replacement. Recent studies have found that patients who suffered from bone fracture combined with severe traumatic brain injury (S-TBI) are at a significantly increased risk for HO occurrence. Thus, considerable research focused on the influence of S-TBI on fracture healing and bone formation, as well as on the changes in various osteogenic factors with S-TBI occurrence. Brain damage promotes bone formation, but the exact mechanisms underlying bone formation and HO after S-TBI remain to be clarified. Hence, this article summarises the findings of previous studies on the relationship between S-TBI and HO and discusses the probable causes and mechanisms of HO caused by S-TBI. The translational potential of this article: A better understanding of the probable causes of traumatic brain injury-induced HO can provide new perspectives and ideas in preventing HO and may support to design more targeted therapies to reduce HO or enhance the bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Huang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wen-Xiang Cheng
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi-Ping Hu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian-Hai Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zheng-Tan Zheng
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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102
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Kokiko-Cochran ON, Saber M, Puntambekar S, Bemiller SM, Katsumoto A, Lee YS, Bhaskar K, Ransohoff RM, Lamb BT. Traumatic Brain Injury in hTau Model Mice: Enhanced Acute Macrophage Response and Altered Long-Term Recovery. J Neurotrauma 2017; 35:73-84. [PMID: 28859549 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces widespread neuroinflammation and accumulation of microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT): two key pathological features of tauopathies. This study sought to characterize the microglial/macrophage response to TBI in genomic-based MAPT transgenic mice in a Mapt knockout background (called hTau). Two-month-old hTau and age-matched control male and female mice received a single lateral fluid percussion TBI or sham injury. Separate groups of mice were aged to an acute (3 days post-injury [DPI]) or chronic (135 DPI) post-injury time point. As judged by tissue immunostaining for macrophage markers, microglial/macrophage response to TBI was enhanced at 3 DPI in hTau mice compared with control TBI and sham mice. However, MAPT phosphorylation increased in hTau mice regardless of injury group. Flow cytometric analysis revealed distinct populations of microglia and macrophages within all groups at 135 DPI. Unexpectedly, microglial reactivity was significantly reduced in hTau TBI mice compared with all other groups. Instead, hTau TBI mice showed a persistent macrophage response. In addition, TBI enhanced MAPT pathology in the temporal cortex and hippocampus of hTau TBI mice compared with controls 135 DPI. A battery of behavioral tests revealed that TBI in hTau mice resulted in compromised use of spatial search strategies to complete a water maze task, despite lack of motor or visual deficits. Collectively, these data indicate that the presence of wild-type human tau alters the microglial/macrophage response to a single TBI, induces delayed, region-specific MAPT pathology, and alters cognitive recovery; however, the causal relationship between these events remains unclear. These results highlight the potential significance of communication between MAPT and microglia/macrophages following TBI, and emphasize the role of neuroinflammation in post-injury recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga N Kokiko-Cochran
- 1 Deptartment of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University , College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Maha Saber
- 2 Translational Neurotrauma Research Program Barrow Neurological Institute, The University of Arizona , College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Shweta Puntambekar
- 3 Medical and Molecular Genetics, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Shane M Bemiller
- 3 Medical and Molecular Genetics, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Atsuko Katsumoto
- 3 Medical and Molecular Genetics, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yu-Shang Lee
- 4 Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute , Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kiran Bhaskar
- 5 Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology, and Neurology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque New Mexico
| | - Richard M Ransohoff
- 6 Neuroimmunology, Acute Neurology and Pain Research , and Early Discovery Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Bruce T Lamb
- 3 Medical and Molecular Genetics, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University , Indianapolis, Indiana
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103
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Candy S, Ma I, McMahon JM, Farrell M, Mychasiuk R. Staying in the game: a pilot study examining the efficacy of protective headgear in an animal model of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Brain Inj 2017; 31:1521-1529. [PMID: 28972405 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2017.1363407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE Rugby is one of the few contact sports that do not mandate protective headgear, possibly because studies have shown poor efficacy for protection related to concussion pathology with existing headguards. RESEARCH DESIGN Following innovative material technology utilization to produce headgear believed to have protective capabilities, this study examined the effects of a soft-shell headgear constructed from a novel viscoelastic material, on both behaviour and serum biomarkers after high and average impact force mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI). METHODS AND PROCEDURES Seventy-five male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups: control, average - 37G impact, with and without headgear, and high - 106G impact, with and without headgear. Rats were sacrificed at 3 or 48 hours and serum samples were analyzed for levels of TNF-α, NEF-L, and GFAP. Animals sacrificed at 48 hours also underwent testing for balance and motor coordination, and exploratory/locomotor behaviour. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS The novel headgear offered significant protection against mTBI symptomology and biomarkers in the group that experienced an average impact force, but only moderated protection for the animals in the high impact group. CONCLUSIONS This innovative headgear may prevent some of the negative sequel associated with concussion pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Candy
- a Hotchkiss Brain Institute , University of Calgary , Calgary AB.,b Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute , Canada
| | - Irene Ma
- b Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute , Canada.,c Department of Psychology , University of Calgary , Calgary AB
| | - Jill M McMahon
- d Galway Neuroscience Centre , School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway , Ireland
| | - Michael Farrell
- e Department of Neuropathology , Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- a Hotchkiss Brain Institute , University of Calgary , Calgary AB.,b Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute , Canada.,c Department of Psychology , University of Calgary , Calgary AB
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104
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Intan-Shameha A, Divers TJ, Morrow JK, Graves A, Olsen E, Johnson AL, Mohammed HO. Phosphorylated neurofilament H (pNF-H) as a potential diagnostic marker for neurological disorders in horses. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:401-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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105
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Struebing FL, King R, Li Y, Chrenek MA, Lyuboslavsky PN, Sidhu CS, Iuvone PM, Geisert EE. Transcriptional Changes in the Mouse Retina after Ocular Blast Injury: A Role for the Immune System. J Neurotrauma 2017; 35:118-129. [PMID: 28599600 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular blast injury is a major medical concern for soldiers and explosion victims due to poor visual outcomes. To define the changes in gene expression following a blast injury to the eye, we examined retinal ribonucleic acid (RNA) expression in 54 mouse strains 5 days after a single 50-psi overpressure air wave blast injury. We observe that almost 40% of genes are differentially expressed with a false discovery rate (FDR) of <0.001, even though the nominal changes in RNA expression are rather small. Moreover, we find through machine learning approaches that genetic networks related to the innate and acquired immune system are activated. Accompanied by lymphocyte invasion into the inner retina, blast injury also results in progressive loss of visual function and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Collectively, these data demonstrate how systems genetics can be used to put meaning to the transcriptome changes following ocular blast injury that eventually lead to blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca King
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Micah A Chrenek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Curran S Sidhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - P Michael Iuvone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eldon E Geisert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia
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106
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de Castro MRT, Ferreira APDO, Busanello GL, da Silva LRH, da Silveira Junior MEP, Fiorin FDS, Arrifano G, Crespo-López ME, Barcelos RP, Cuevas MJ, Bresciani G, González-Gallego J, Fighera MR, Royes LFF. Previous physical exercise alters the hepatic profile of oxidative-inflammatory status and limits the secondary brain damage induced by severe traumatic brain injury in rats. J Physiol 2017; 595:6023-6044. [PMID: 28726269 DOI: 10.1113/jp273933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS An early inflammatory response and oxidative stress are implicated in the signal transduction that alters both hepatic redox status and mitochondrial function after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Peripheral oxidative/inflammatory responses contribute to neuronal dysfunction after TBI Exercise training alters the profile of oxidative-inflammatory status in liver and protects against acute hyperglycaemia and a cerebral inflammatory response after TBI. Approaches such as exercise training, which attenuates neuronal damage after TBI, may have therapeutic potential through modulation of responses by metabolic organs. The vulnerability of the body to oxidative/inflammatory in TBI is significantly enhanced in sedentary compared to physically active counterparts. ABSTRACT Although systemic responses have been described after traumatic brain injury (TBI), little is known regarding potential interactions between brain and peripheral organs after neuronal injury. Accordingly, we aimed to investigate whether a peripheral oxidative/inflammatory response contributes to neuronal dysfunction after TBI, as well as the prophylactic role of exercise training. Animals were submitted to fluid percussion injury after 6 weeks of swimming training. Previous exercise training increased mRNA expression of X receptor alpha and ATP-binding cassette transporter, and decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 expression per se in liver. Interestingly, exercise training protected against hepatic inflammation (COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α and IL-6), oxidative stress (decreases in non-protein sulfhydryl and glutathione, as well as increases in 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate oxidation and protein carbonyl), which altered hepatic redox status (increases in myeloperoxidase and superoxide dismutase activity, as well as inhibition of catalase activity) mitochondrial function (decreases in methyl-tetrazolium and Δψ, as well as inhibition of citrate synthase activity) and ion gradient homeostasis (inhibition of Na+ ,K+ -ATPase activity inhibition) when analysed 24 h after TBI. Previous exercise training also protected against dysglycaemia, impaired hepatic signalling (increase in phosphorylated c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, phosphorylated decreases in insulin receptor substrate and phosphorylated AKT expression), high levels of circulating and neuronal cytokines, the opening of the blood-brain barrier, neutrophil infiltration and Na+ ,K+ -ATPase activity inhibition in the ipsilateral cortex after TBI. Moreover, the impairment of protein function, neurobehavioural (neuromotor dysfunction and spatial learning) disability and hippocampal cell damage in sedentary rats suggests that exercise training also modulates peripheral oxidative/inflammatory pathways in TBI, which corroborates the ever increasing evidence regarding health-related outcomes with respect to a physically active lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Robson Torres de Castro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física.,Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício
| | | | - Guilherme Lago Busanello
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física.,Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício
| | | | | | - Fernando da Silva Fiorin
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Arrifano
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Maria Elena Crespo-López
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Pillon Barcelos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - María J Cuevas
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Guilherme Bresciani
- Escuela de Educación Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso (PUCV), Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Javier González-Gallego
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Michele Rechia Fighera
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física.,Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física.,Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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107
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Zhang J, Pu H, Zhang H, Wei Z, Jiang X, Xu M, Zhang L, Zhang W, Liu J, Meng H, Stetler RA, Sun D, Chen J, Gao Y, Chen L. Inhibition of Na +-K +-2Cl - cotransporter attenuates blood-brain-barrier disruption in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. Neurochem Int 2017; 111:23-31. [PMID: 28577991 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to long-term motor and cognitive dysfunction, which can be at least partly attributed to blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. The mechanisms underlying post-TBI BBB disruption, however, are poorly understood thus far. Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter isoform 1 (NKCC1) is a universally expressed ion transporter that maintains intracellular ion homeostasis by increasing intracellular K+ and Cl-. Having been characterized in stroke models, NKCC1 is activated in various cell types in the ischemic brain, and is thought to mediate BBB disruption, brain edema, and neuronal cell death. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that inhibition of NKCC1 may improve neurological outcomes via protecting against BBB disruption in a TBI mouse model. Adult male C57BL/6 J mice or NKCC1 deficient mice were subjected to controlled cortical impact (CCI). As an alternative to the genetic-based NKCC1 depletion, bumetanide, a selective NKCC1 inhibitor, was administrated (25 mg/kg, i.p.) 15 min after CCI and then every 6 h up to 48 h. Short-term sensorimotor function recovery was determined by rotarod, cylinder test, grid walking and foot fault test. BBB integrity was examined at 48 h post-CCI by measuring Evans blue extravasation, brain water content, and expression levels of tight junction proteins. Our results revealed that administration of bumetanide or genetic depletion of NKCC1 improved short-term neurological recovery against TBI. Bumetanide treatment markedly decreased brain water content and BBB leakage, correlated with reduction of MMP-9 expression and preventing the degradation of tight junction proteins. These findings suggest an important role of NKCC1 activation in mediating BBB disruption after TBI. Thus, NKCC1 inhibition may offer the potential for improving neurological outcomes in clinical TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjian Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Haiyue Zhang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Zhishuo Wei
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Mingyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Lili Zhang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Wenting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Hengxing Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - R Anne Stetler
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Dandan Sun
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA.
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China.
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108
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Distinguishing the Unique Neuropathological Profile of Blast Polytrauma. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:5175249. [PMID: 28424745 PMCID: PMC5382305 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5175249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury sustained after blast exposure (blast-induced TBI) has recently been documented as a growing issue for military personnel. Incidence of injury to organs such as the lungs has decreased, though current epidemiology still causes a great public health burden. In addition, unprotected civilians sustain primary blast lung injury (PBLI) at alarming rates. Often, mild-to-moderate cases of PBLI are survivable with medical intervention, which creates a growing population of survivors of blast-induced polytrauma (BPT) with symptoms from blast-induced mild TBI (mTBI). Currently, there is a lack of preclinical models simulating BPT, which is crucial to identifying unique injury mechanisms of BPT and its management. To meet this need, our group characterized a rodent model of BPT and compared results to a blast-induced mTBI model. Open field (OF) performance trials were performed on rodents at 7 days after injury. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate cellular outcome at day seven following BPT. Levels of reactive astrocytes (GFAP), apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3 expression), and vascular damage (SMI-71) were significantly elevated in BPT compared to blast-induced mTBI. Downstream markers of hypoxia (HIF-1α and VEGF) were higher only after BPT. This study highlights the need for unique therapeutics and prehospital management when handling BPT.
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109
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Kota DJ, Prabhakara KS, Toledano-Furman N, Bhattarai D, Chen Q, DiCarlo B, Smith P, Triolo F, Wenzel PL, Cox CS, Olson SD. Prostaglandin E2 Indicates Therapeutic Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1416-1430. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Kota
- Children-s Health Research Center; Sanford Research; Sioux Falls South Dakota USA
| | - Karthik S. Prabhakara
- Department of Pediatric Surgery; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston Texas USA
| | - Naama Toledano-Furman
- Department of Pediatric Surgery; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston Texas USA
| | - Deepa Bhattarai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston Texas USA
| | - Qingzheng Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston Texas USA
| | - Bryan DiCarlo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston Texas USA
| | - Philippa Smith
- Department of Pediatric Surgery; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston Texas USA
| | - Fabio Triolo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston Texas USA
| | - Pamela L. Wenzel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston Texas USA
| | - Charles S. Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston Texas USA
| | - Scott D. Olson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston Texas USA
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110
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Shahim P, Tegner Y, Marklund N, Höglund K, Portelius E, Brody DL, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. Astroglial activation and altered amyloid metabolism in human repetitive concussion. Neurology 2017; 88:1400-1407. [PMID: 28283595 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether postconcussion syndrome (PCS) due to repetitive concussive traumatic brain injury (rcTBI) is associated with CSF biomarker evidence of astroglial activation, amyloid deposition, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment. METHODS A total of 47 participants (28 professional athletes with PCS and 19 controls) were assessed with lumbar puncture (median 1.5 years, range 0.25-12 years after last concussion), standard MRI of the brain, and Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ). The main outcome measures were CSF concentrations of astroglial activation markers (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP] and YKL-40), markers reflecting amyloid precursor protein metabolism (Aβ38, Aβ40, Aβ42, sAPPα, and sAPPβ), and BBB function (CSF:serum albumin ratio). RESULTS Nine of the 28 athletes returned to play within a year, while 19 had persistent PCS >1 year. Athletes with PCS >1 year had higher RPQ scores and number of concussions than athletes with PCS <1 year. Median concentrations of GFAP and YKL-40 were higher in athletes with PCS >1 year compared with controls, although with an overlap between the groups. YKL-40 correlated with RPQ score and the lifetime number of concussions. Athletes with rcTBI had lower concentrations of Aβ40 and Aβ42 than controls. The CSF:serum albumin ratio was unaltered. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that PCS may be associated with biomarker evidence of astroglial activation and β-amyloid (Aβ) dysmetabolism in the brain. There was no clear evidence of Aβ deposition as Aβ40 and Aβ42 were reduced in parallel. The CSF:serum albumin ratio was unaltered, suggesting that the BBB is largely intact in PCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pashtun Shahim
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (P.S., K.H., E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (P.S., K.H., E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal; Division of Medical Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (Y.T.), Luleå University of Technology; Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery (N.M.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Washington University School of Medicine (D.L.B.), St. Louis, MO; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
| | - Yelverton Tegner
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (P.S., K.H., E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (P.S., K.H., E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal; Division of Medical Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (Y.T.), Luleå University of Technology; Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery (N.M.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Washington University School of Medicine (D.L.B.), St. Louis, MO; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Niklas Marklund
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (P.S., K.H., E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (P.S., K.H., E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal; Division of Medical Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (Y.T.), Luleå University of Technology; Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery (N.M.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Washington University School of Medicine (D.L.B.), St. Louis, MO; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Kina Höglund
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (P.S., K.H., E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (P.S., K.H., E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal; Division of Medical Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (Y.T.), Luleå University of Technology; Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery (N.M.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Washington University School of Medicine (D.L.B.), St. Louis, MO; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Erik Portelius
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (P.S., K.H., E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (P.S., K.H., E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal; Division of Medical Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (Y.T.), Luleå University of Technology; Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery (N.M.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Washington University School of Medicine (D.L.B.), St. Louis, MO; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - David L Brody
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (P.S., K.H., E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (P.S., K.H., E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal; Division of Medical Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (Y.T.), Luleå University of Technology; Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery (N.M.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Washington University School of Medicine (D.L.B.), St. Louis, MO; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (P.S., K.H., E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (P.S., K.H., E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal; Division of Medical Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (Y.T.), Luleå University of Technology; Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery (N.M.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Washington University School of Medicine (D.L.B.), St. Louis, MO; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- From the Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (P.S., K.H., E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (P.S., K.H., E.P., K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal; Division of Medical Sciences, Department of Health Sciences (Y.T.), Luleå University of Technology; Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery (N.M.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Washington University School of Medicine (D.L.B.), St. Louis, MO; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
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111
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Schurman LD, Lichtman AH. Endocannabinoids: A Promising Impact for Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:69. [PMID: 28261100 PMCID: PMC5314139 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system regulates a diverse array of physiological processes and unsurprisingly possesses considerable potential targets for the potential treatment of numerous disease states, including two receptors (i.e., CB1 and CB2 receptors) and enzymes regulating their endogenous ligands N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG). Increases in brain levels of endocannabinoids to pathogenic events suggest this system plays a role in compensatory repair mechanisms. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) pathology remains mostly refractory to currently available drugs, perhaps due to its heterogeneous nature in etiology, clinical presentation, and severity. Here, we review pre-clinical studies assessing the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids and manipulations of the endocannabinoid system to ameliorate TBI pathology. Specifically, manipulations of endocannabinoid degradative enzymes (e.g., fatty acid amide hydrolase, monoacylglycerol lipase, and α/β-hydrolase domain-6), CB1 and CB2 receptors, and their endogenous ligands have shown promise in modulating cellular and molecular hallmarks of TBI pathology such as; cell death, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, cerebrovascular breakdown, and cell structure and remodeling. TBI-induced behavioral deficits, such as learning and memory, neurological motor impairments, post-traumatic convulsions or seizures, and anxiety also respond to manipulations of the endocannabinoid system. As such, the endocannabinoid system possesses potential drugable receptor and enzyme targets for the treatment of diverse TBI pathology. Yet, full characterization of TBI-induced changes in endocannabinoid ligands, enzymes, and receptor populations will be important to understand that role this system plays in TBI pathology. Promising classes of compounds, such as the plant-derived phytocannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids, and endocannabinoids, as well as their non-cannabinoid receptor targets, such as TRPV1 receptors, represent important areas of basic research and potential therapeutic interest to treat TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, RichmondVA, USA
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112
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Biomarkers of Traumatic Brain Injury: Temporal Changes in Body Fluids. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-REV-0294-16. [PMID: 28032118 PMCID: PMC5175263 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0294-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are caused by a hit to the head or a sudden acceleration/deceleration movement of the head. Mild TBIs (mTBIs) and concussions are difficult to diagnose. Imaging techniques often fail to find alterations in the brain, and computed tomography exposes the patient to radiation. Brain-specific biomolecules that are released upon cellular damage serve as another means of diagnosing TBI and assessing the severity of injury. These biomarkers can be detected from samples of body fluids using laboratory tests. Dozens of TBI biomarkers have been studied, and research related to them is increasing. We reviewed the recent literature and selected 12 biomarkers relevant to rapid and accurate diagnostics of TBI for further evaluation. The objective was especially to get a view of the temporal profiles of the biomarkers’ rise and decline after a TBI event. Most biomarkers are rapidly elevated after injury, and they serve as diagnostics tools for some days. Some biomarkers are elevated for months after injury, although the literature on long-term biomarkers is scarce. Clinical utilization of TBI biomarkers is still at a very early phase despite years of active research.
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113
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Yamamoto Y, Välitalo PA, van den Berg DJ, Hartman R, van den Brink W, Wong YC, Huntjens DR, Proost JH, Vermeulen A, Krauwinkel W, Bakshi S, Aranzana-Climent V, Marchand S, Dahyot-Fizelier C, Couet W, Danhof M, van Hasselt JGC, de Lange ECM. A Generic Multi-Compartmental CNS Distribution Model Structure for 9 Drugs Allows Prediction of Human Brain Target Site Concentrations. Pharm Res 2016; 34:333-351. [PMID: 27864744 PMCID: PMC5236087 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Predicting target site drug concentration in the brain is of key importance for the successful development of drugs acting on the central nervous system. We propose a generic mathematical model to describe the pharmacokinetics in brain compartments, and apply this model to predict human brain disposition. Methods A mathematical model consisting of several physiological brain compartments in the rat was developed using rich concentration-time profiles from nine structurally diverse drugs in plasma, brain extracellular fluid, and two cerebrospinal fluid compartments. The effect of active drug transporters was also accounted for. Subsequently, the model was translated to predict human concentration-time profiles for acetaminophen and morphine, by scaling or replacing system- and drug-specific parameters in the model. Results A common model structure was identified that adequately described the rat pharmacokinetic profiles for each of the nine drugs across brain compartments, with good precision of structural model parameters (relative standard error <37.5%). The model predicted the human concentration-time profiles in different brain compartments well (symmetric mean absolute percentage error <90%). Conclusions A multi-compartmental brain pharmacokinetic model was developed and its structure could adequately describe data across nine different drugs. The model could be successfully translated to predict human brain concentrations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11095-016-2065-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Yamamoto
- Division of Pharmacology, Cluster Systems Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pyry A Välitalo
- Division of Pharmacology, Cluster Systems Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan van den Berg
- Division of Pharmacology, Cluster Systems Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Hartman
- Division of Pharmacology, Cluster Systems Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willem van den Brink
- Division of Pharmacology, Cluster Systems Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yin Cheong Wong
- Division of Pharmacology, Cluster Systems Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dymphy R Huntjens
- Quantitative Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Johannes H Proost
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - An Vermeulen
- Quantitative Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Walter Krauwinkel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Exploratory Development, Astellas Pharma BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Suruchi Bakshi
- Division of Pharmacology, Cluster Systems Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sandrine Marchand
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Claire Dahyot-Fizelier
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Center of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - William Couet
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Meindert Danhof
- Division of Pharmacology, Cluster Systems Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan G C van Hasselt
- Division of Pharmacology, Cluster Systems Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth C M de Lange
- Division of Pharmacology, Cluster Systems Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Leiden University Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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114
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Su WS, Tsai ML, Huang SL, Liu SH, Yang FY. Controllable permeability of blood-brain barrier and reduced brain injury through low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation. Oncotarget 2016; 6:42290-9. [PMID: 26517350 PMCID: PMC4747225 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) can be locally disrupted by focused ultrasound (FUS) in the presence of microbubbles (MB) while sustaining little damage to the brain tissue. Thus, the safety issue associated with FUS-induced BBB disruption (BBBD) needs to be investigated for future clinical applications. This study demonstrated the neuroprotective effects induced by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) against brain injury in the sonicated brain. Rats subjected to a BBB disruption injury received LIPUS exposure for 5 min after FUS/MB application. Measurements of BBB permeability, brain water content, and histological analysis were then carried out to evaluate the effects of LIPUS. The permeability and time window of FUS-induced BBBD can be effectively modulated with LIPUS. LIPUS also significantly reduced brain edema, neuronal death, and apoptosis in the sonicated brain. Our results show that brain injury in the FUS-induced BBBD model could be ameliorated by LIPUS and that LIPUS may be proposed as a novel treatment modality for controllable release of drugs into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Shen Su
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Lan Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Luo Huang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yi Yang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Biophotonics and Molecular Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Biomedical Engineering Research and Development Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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115
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Qin X, You H, Cao F, Wu Y, Peng J, Pang J, Xu H, Chen Y, Chen L, Vitek MP, Li F, Sun X, Jiang Y. Apolipoprotein E Mimetic Peptide Increases Cerebral Glucose Uptake by Reducing Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption after Controlled Cortical Impact in Mice: An 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT Study. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:943-951. [PMID: 27411737 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) disrupts the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reduces cerebral glucose uptake. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is believed to play a key role in TBI, and COG1410 has demonstrated neuroprotective activity in several models of TBI. However, the effects of COG1410 on VEGF and glucose metabolism following TBI are unknown. The current study aimed to investigate the expression of VEGF and glucose metabolism effects in C57BL/6J male mice subjected to experimental TBI. The results showed that controlled cortical impact (CCI)-induced vestibulomotor deficits were accompanied by increases in brain edema and the expression of VEGF, with a decrease in cerebral glucose uptake. COG1410 treatment significantly improved vestibulomotor deficits and glucose uptake and produced decreases in VEGF in the pericontusion and ipsilateral hemisphere of injury, as well as in brain edema and neuronal degeneration compared with the control group. These data support that COG1410 may have potential as an effective drug therapy for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghu Qin
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China .,2 Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Deyang City , Deyang, China
| | - Hong You
- 3 Department of Oncology, People's Hospital of Deyang City , Deyang, China
| | - Fang Cao
- 4 Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College , Zunyi, China
| | - Yue Wu
- 5 Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Jianhua Peng
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China
| | - Jinwei Pang
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China
| | - Hong Xu
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Deyang City , Deyang, China
| | - Yue Chen
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China
| | - Ligang Chen
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China
| | - Michael P Vitek
- 6 Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke University Medical Center , Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Fengqiao Li
- 7 Cognosci, Inc., Research Triangle Park , North Carolina
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- 5 Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China
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116
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Blood-brain barrier breakdown and neovascularization processes after stroke and traumatic brain injury. Curr Opin Neurol 2016; 28:556-64. [PMID: 26402408 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Angiogenesis or vascular reorganization plays a role in recovery after stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this review, we have focused on two major events that occur during stroke and TBI from a vascular perspective - what is the process and time course of blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown? and how does the surrounding vasculature recover and facilitate repair? RECENT FINDINGS Despite differences in the primary injury, the BBB changes overlap between stroke and TBI. Disruption of BBB involves a series of events: formation of caveolae, trans and paracellular disruption, tight junction breakdown and vascular disruption. Confounding factors that need careful assessment and standardization are the severity, duration and extent of the stroke and TBI that influences BBB disruption. Vascular repair proceeds through long-term neovascularization processes: angiogenesis, arteriogenesis and vasculogenesis. Enhancing each of these processes may impart beneficial effects in endogenous recovery. SUMMARY Our understanding of BBB breakdown acutely after the cerebrovascular injury has come a long way; however, we lack a clear understanding of the course of BBB disruption and BBB recovery and the evolution of individual cellular events associated with BBB change. Neovascularization responses have been widely studied in stroke for their role in functional recovery but the role of vascular reorganization after TBI in recovery is much less defined.
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117
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Anti-Inflammation of Natural Components from Medicinal Plants at Low Concentrations in Brain via Inhibiting Neutrophil Infiltration after Stroke. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:9537901. [PMID: 27688603 PMCID: PMC5027307 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9537901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation after stroke consists of activation of microglia/astrocytes in situ and infiltration of blood-borne leukocytes, resulting in brain damage and neurological deficits. Mounting data demonstrated that most natural components from medicinal plants had anti-inflammatory effects after ischemic stroke through inhibiting activation of resident microglia/astrocytes within ischemic area. However, it is speculated that this classical activity cannot account for the anti-inflammatory function of these natural components in the cerebral parenchyma, where they are detected at very low concentrations due to their poor membrane permeability and slight leakage of BBB. Could these drugs exert anti-inflammatory effects peripherally without being delivered across the BBB? Factually, ameliorating blood-borne neutrophil recruitment in peripheral circulatory system has been proved to reduce ischemic damage and improve outcomes. Thus, it is concluded that if drugs could achieve effective concentrations in the cerebral parenchyma, they can function via crippling resident microglia/astrocytes activation and inhibiting neutrophil infiltration, whereas the latter will be dominating when these drugs localize in the brain at a low concentration. In this review, the availability of some natural components crossing the BBB in stroke will be discussed, and how these drugs lead to improvements in stroke through inhibition of neutrophil rolling, adhesion, and transmigration will be illustrated.
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Oxidation-Reduction Potential as a Biomarker for Severity and Acute Outcome in Traumatic Brain Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6974257. [PMID: 27642494 PMCID: PMC5014948 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6974257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There are few reliable markers for assessing traumatic brain injury (TBI). Elevated levels of oxidative stress have been observed in TBI patients. We hypothesized that oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) could be a potent biomarker in TBI. Two types of ORP were measured in patient plasma samples: the static state of oxidative stress (sORP) and capacity for induced oxidative stress (icORP). Differences in ORP values as a function of time after injury, severity, and hospital discharge were compared using ANOVAs with significance at p ≤ 0.05. Logit regression analyses were used to predict acute outcome comparing ORP, Injury Severity Score (ISS), Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Antioxidant capacity (icORP) on day 4 was prognostic for acute outcomes (p < 0.05). An odds ratio of 4.08 was associated with poor acute outcome when icORP > 7.25 μC. IcORP was a better predictor than ISS, AIS, or GCS scores. sORP increased in those with the highest ISS values (p < 0.05). Based on these findings ORP is useful biomarker for severity and acute outcome in TBI patients. Changes in ORP values on day 4 after injury were the most prognostic, suggesting that patients' response to brain injury over time is a factor that determines outcome.
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119
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Kwon EJ, Skalak M, Bu RL, Bhatia SN. Neuron-Targeted Nanoparticle for siRNA Delivery to Traumatic Brain Injuries. ACS NANO 2016; 10:7926-33. [PMID: 27429164 PMCID: PMC5896006 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) affect 2.5 million Americans per year, and survivors of TBI can develop long-term impairments in physical, cognitive, and psychosocial functions. Currently, there are no treatments available to stop the long-term effects of TBI. Although the primary injury can only be prevented, there is an opportunity for intervention during the secondary injury, which persists over the course of hours to years after the initial injury. One promising strategy is to modulate destructive pathways using nucleic acid therapeutics, which can downregulate "undruggable" targets considered difficult to inhibit with small molecules; however, the delivery of these materials to the central nervous system is challenging. We engineered a neuron-targeting nanoparticle which can mediate intracellular trafficking of siRNA cargo and achieve silencing of mRNA and protein levels in cultured cells. We hypothesized that, soon after an injury, nanoparticles in the bloodstream may be able to infiltrate brain tissue in the vicinity of areas with a compromised blood brain barrier (BBB). We find that, when administered systemically into animals with brain injuries, neuron-targeted nanoparticles can accumulate into the tissue adjacent to the injured site and downregulate a therapeutic candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester J. Kwon
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Matthew Skalak
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Riana Lo Bu
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Sangeeta N. Bhatia
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Harvard–MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139
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120
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Bharadwaj VN, Lifshitz J, Adelson PD, Kodibagkar VD, Stabenfeldt SE. Temporal assessment of nanoparticle accumulation after experimental brain injury: Effect of particle size. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29988. [PMID: 27444615 PMCID: PMC4957235 DOI: 10.1038/srep29988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle (NP) based therapeutic and theranostic agents have been developed for various diseases, yet application to neural disease/injury is restricted by the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in a host of pathological alterations, including transient breakdown of the BBB, thus opening a window for NP delivery to the injured brain tissue. This study focused on investigating the spatiotemporal accumulation of different sized NPs after TBI. Specifically, animal cohorts sustaining a controlled cortical impact injury received an intravenous injection of PEGylated NP cocktail (20, 40, 100, and 500 nm, each with a unique fluorophore) immediately (0 h), 2 h, 5 h, 12 h, or 23 h after injury. NPs were allowed to circulate for 1 h before perfusion and brain harvest. Confocal microscopy demonstrated peak NP accumulation within the injury penumbra 1 h post-injury. An inverse relationship was found between NP size and their continued accumulation within the penumbra. NP accumulation preferentially occurred in the primary motor and somatosensory areas of the injury penumbra as compared to the parietal association and visual area. Thus, we characterized the accumulation of particles up to 500 nm at different times acutely after injury, indicating the potential of NP-based TBI theranostics in the acute period after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimala N Bharadwaj
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - P David Adelson
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Vikram D Kodibagkar
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Sarah E Stabenfeldt
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Khalin I, Alyautdin R, Wong TW, Gnanou J, Kocherga G, Kreuter J. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor delivered to the brain using poly (lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles improves neurological and cognitive outcome in mice with traumatic brain injury. Drug Deliv 2016; 23:3520-3528. [PMID: 27278330 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2016.1199609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death or disabilities in young individuals worldwide. The multi-complexity of its pathogenesis as well as impermeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) makes the drug choice and delivery very challenging. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates neuronal plasticity, neuronal cell growth, proliferation, cell survival and long-term memory. However, its short half-life and low BBB permeability are the main hurdles to be an effective therapeutic for TBI. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles coated by surfactant can enable the delivery of a variety of molecules across the BBB by receptor-mediated transcytosis. This study examines the ability of PLGA nanoparticles coated with poloxamer 188 (PX) to deliver BDNF into the brain and neuroprotective effects of BNDF in mice with TBI. C57bl/6 mice were subjected to weight-drop closed head injuries under anesthesia. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we demonstrated that the intravenous (IV) injection of nanoparticle-bound BDNF coated by PX (NP-BDNF-PX) significantly increased BDNF levels in the brain of sham-operated mice (p < 0.001) and in both ipsi- (p < 0.001) and contralateral (p < 0.001) parts of brain in TBI mice compared to controls. This study also showed using the passive avoidance (PA) test, that IV injection of NP-BDNF-PX 3 h post-injury prolonged the latent time in mice with TBI thereby reversing cognitive deficits caused by brain trauma. Finally, neurological severity score test demonstrated that our compound efficiently reduced the scores at day 7 after the injury indicating the improvement of neurological deficit in animals with TBI. This study shows that PLGA nanoparticles coated with PX effectively delivered BDNF into the brain, and improved neurological and cognitive deficits in TBI mice, thereby providing a neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Khalin
- a Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health , National Defence University of Malaysia , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Renad Alyautdin
- b Scientific Centre for Expertise of Medical Application Products , Moscow , Russia
| | - Tin Wui Wong
- c iPROMISE, Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi MARA , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Justin Gnanou
- a Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health , National Defence University of Malaysia , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Ganna Kocherga
- d Ophthalmic Microsurgery Department, International Medical Center Oftalmika , Kharkiv , Ukraine , and
| | - Jörg Kreuter
- e Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University , Frankfurt , Germany
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122
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Song J, Li N, Xia Y, Gao Z, Zou SF, Kong L, Yao YJ, Jiao YN, Yan YH, Li SH, Tao ZY, Lian G, Yang JX, Kang TG. Arctigenin Treatment Protects against Brain Damage through an Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Apoptotic Mechanism after Needle Insertion. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:182. [PMID: 27445818 PMCID: PMC4916177 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Convection enhanced delivery (CED) infuses drugs directly into brain tissue. Needle insertion is required and results in a stab wound injury (SWI). Subsequent secondary injury involves the release of inflammatory and apoptotic cytokines, which have dramatic consequences on the integrity of damaged tissue, leading to the evolution of a pericontusional-damaged area minutes to days after in the initial injury. The present study investigated the capacity for arctigenin (ARC) to prevent secondary brain injury and the determination of the underlying mechanism of action in a mouse model of SWI that mimics the process of CED. After CED, mice received a gavage of ARC from 30 min to 14 days. Neurological severity scores (NSS) and wound closure degree were assessed after the injury. Histological analysis and immunocytochemistry were used to evaluated the extent of brain damage and neuroinflammation. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) was used to detect universal apoptosis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) was used to test the inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) content. Gene levels of inflammation (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10) and apoptosis (Caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2) were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Using these, we analyzed ARC’s efficacy and mechanism of action. Results: ARC treatment improved neurological function by reducing brain water content and hematoma and accelerating wound closure relative to untreated mice. ARC treatment reduced the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 and the number of allograft inflammatory factor (IBA)- and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-positive cells and increased the levels of IL-10. ARC-treated mice had fewer TUNEL+ apoptotic neurons and activated caspase-3-positive neurons surrounding the lesion than controls, indicating increased neuronal survival. Conclusions: ARC treatment confers neuroprotection of brain tissue through anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in a mouse model of SWI. These results suggest a new strategy for promoting neuronal survival and function after CED to improve long-term patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dalian, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dalian, China
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Engineering, St. Cross College, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Zhong Gao
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Dalian, China
| | - Sa-Feng Zou
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Dalian, China
| | - Liang Kong
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dalian, China
| | - Ying-Jia Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dalian, China
| | - Ya-Nan Jiao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dalian, China
| | - Yu-Hui Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dalian, China
| | - Shao-Heng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dalian, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dalian, China
| | - Guan Lian
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dalian, China
| | - Jing-Xian Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dalian, China
| | - Ting-Guo Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dalian, China
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123
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Yousuf MA, Tan C, Torres-Altoro MI, Lu FM, Plautz E, Zhang S, Takahashi M, Hernandez A, Kernie SG, Plattner F, Bibb JA. Involvement of aberrant cyclin-dependent kinase 5/p25 activity in experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2016; 138:317-27. [PMID: 26998748 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with adverse effects on brain functions, including sensation, language, emotions and/or cognition. Therapies for improving outcomes following TBI are limited. A better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of TBI may suggest novel treatment strategies to facilitate recovery and improve treatment outcome. Aberrant activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) has been implicated in neuronal injury and neurodegeneration. Cdk5 is a neuronal protein kinase activated via interaction with its cofactor p35 that regulates numerous neuronal functions, including synaptic remodeling and cognition. However, conversion of p35 to p25 via Ca(2+) -dependent activation of calpain results in an aberrantly active Cdk5/p25 complex that is associated with neuronal damage and cell death. Here, we show that mice subjected to controlled cortical impact (CCI), a well-established experimental TBI model, exhibit increased p25 levels and consistently elevated Cdk5-dependent phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau and retinoblastoma (Rb) protein in hippocampal lysates. Moreover, CCI-induced neuroinflammation as indicated by increased astrocytic activation and number of reactive microglia. Brain-wide conditional Cdk5 knockout mice (Cdk5 cKO) subjected to CCI exhibited significantly reduced edema, ventricular dilation, and injury area. Finally, neurophysiological recordings revealed that CCI attenuated excitatory post-synaptic potential field responses in the hippocampal CA3-CA1 pathway 24 h after injury. This neurophysiological deficit was attenuated in Cdk5 cKO mice. Thus, TBI induces increased levels of p25 generation and aberrant Cdk5 activity, which contributes to pathophysiological processes underlying TBI progression. Hence, selectively preventing aberrant Cdk5 activity may be an effective acute strategy to improve recovery from TBI. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases astrogliosis and microglial activation. Moreover, TBI deregulates Ca(2+) -homeostasis triggering p25 production. The protein kinase Cdk5 is aberrantly activated by p25 leading to phosphorylation of substrates including tau and Rb protein. Loss of Cdk5 attenuates TBI lesion size, indicating that Cdk5 is a critical player in TBI pathogenesis and thus may be a suitable therapeutic target for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Yousuf
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Chunfeng Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Melissa I Torres-Altoro
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Fang-Min Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Erik Plautz
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Shanrong Zhang
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Masaya Takahashi
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Adan Hernandez
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Steven G Kernie
- Department of Pediatrics and Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Florian Plattner
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - James A Bibb
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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124
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Li W, Watts L, Long J, Zhou W, Shen Q, Jiang Z, Li Y, Duong TQ. Spatiotemporal changes in blood-brain barrier permeability, cerebral blood flow, T2 and diffusion following mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2016; 1646:53-61. [PMID: 27208495 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) can be impaired following traumatic brain injury (TBI), however the spatiotemporal dynamics of BBB leakage remain incompletely understood. In this study, we evaluated the spatiotemporal evolution of BBB permeability using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and measured the volume transfer coefficient (K(trans)), a quantitative measure of contrast agent leakage across the blood and extravascular compartment. Measurements were made in a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of mild TBI in rats from 1h to 7 days following TBI. The results were compared with cerebral blood flow, T2 and diffusion MRI from the same animal. Spatially, K(trans) changes were localized to superficial cortical layers within a 1mm thickness, which was dramatically different from the changes in cerebral blood flow, T2 and diffusion, which were localized to not only the superficial layers but also to brain regions up to 2.2mm from the cortical surface. Temporally, K(trans) changes peaked at day 3, similar to CBF and ADC changes, but differed from T2 and FA, whose changes peaked on day 2. The pattern of superficial cortical layer localization of K(trans) was consistent with patterns revealed by Evans Blue extravasation. Collectively, these results suggest that BBB disruption, edema formation, blood flow disturbance and diffusion changes are related to different components of the mechanical impact, and may play different roles in determining injury progression and tissue fate processes following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Lora Watts
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Justin Long
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Qiang Shen
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Zhao Jiang
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yunxia Li
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Timothy Q Duong
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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125
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Halberstadt AL. Behavioral and pharmacokinetic interactions between monoamine oxidase inhibitors and the hallucinogen 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 143:1-10. [PMID: 26780349 PMCID: PMC5403252 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are often ingested together with tryptamine hallucinogens, but relatively little is known about the consequences of their combined use. We have shown previously that monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) inhibitors alter the locomotor profile of the hallucinogen 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in rats, and enhance its interaction with 5-HT2A receptors. The goal of the present studies was to investigate the mechanism for the interaction between 5-MeO-DMT and MAOIs, and to determine whether other behavioral responses to 5-MeO-DMT are similarly affected. Hallucinogens disrupt prepulse inhibition (PPI) in rats, an effect typically mediated by 5-HT2A activation. 5-MeO-DMT also disrupts PPI but the effect is primarily attributable to 5-HT1A activation. The present studies examined whether an MAOI can alter the respective contributions of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors to the effects of 5-MeO-DMT on PPI. A series of interaction studies using the 5-HT1A antagonist WAY-100,635 and the 5-HT2A antagonist MDL 11,939 were performed to assess the respective contributions of these receptors to the behavioral effects of 5-MeO-DMT in rats pretreated with an MAOI. The effects of MAO-A inhibition on the pharmacokinetics of 5-MeO-DMT and its metabolism to bufotenine were assessed using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-selective reaction monitoring-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-SRM-MS/MS). 5-MeO-DMT (1mg/kg) had no effect on PPI when tested 45-min post-injection but disrupted PPI in animals pretreated with the MAO-A inhibitor clorgyline or the MAO-A/B inhibitor pargyline. The combined effect of 5-MeO-DMT and pargyline on PPI was antagonized by pretreatment with either WAY-100,635 or MDL 11,939. Inhibition of MAO-A increased the level of 5-MeO-DMT in plasma and whole brain, but had no effect on the conversion of 5-MeO-DMT to bufotenine, which was found to be negligible. The present results confirm that 5-MeO-DMT can disrupt PPI by activating 5-HT2A, and indicate that MAOIs alter 5-MeO-DMT pharmacodynamics by increasing its accumulation in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Halberstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.
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126
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Plummer S, Van den Heuvel C, Thornton E, Corrigan F, Cappai R. The Neuroprotective Properties of the Amyloid Precursor Protein Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Aging Dis 2016; 7:163-79. [PMID: 27114849 PMCID: PMC4809608 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2015.0907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the significant health and economic burden that traumatic brain injury (TBI) places on society, the development of successful therapeutic agents have to date not translated into efficacious therapies in human clinical trials. Injury to the brain is ongoing after TBI, through a complex cascade of primary and secondary injury events, providing a valuable window of opportunity to help limit and prevent some of the severe consequences with a timely treatment. Of note, it has been suggested that novel treatments for TBI should be multifactorial in nature, mimicking the body's own endogenous repair response. Whilst research has historically focused on the role of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, recent advances in trauma research have demonstrated that APP offers considerable neuroprotective properties following TBI, suggesting that APP is an ideal therapeutic candidate. Its acute upregulation following TBI has been shown to serve a beneficial role following trauma and has lead to significant advances in understanding the neuroprotective and neurotrophic functions of APP and its metabolites. Research has focused predominantly on the APP derivative sAPPα, which has consistently demonstrated neuroprotective and neurotrophic functions both in vitro and in vivo following various traumatic insults. Its neuroprotective activity has been narrowed down to a 15 amino acid sequence, and this region is linked to both heparan binding and growth-factor-like properties. It has been proposed that APP binds to heparan sulfate proteoglycans to exert its neuroprotective action. APP presents us with a novel therapeutic compound that could overcome many of the challenges that have stalled development of efficacious TBI treatments previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Plummer
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, the University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Corinna Van den Heuvel
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, the University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Emma Thornton
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, the University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Frances Corrigan
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, the University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Roberto Cappai
- Department of Pathology, the University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Changes in Binding of [(123)I]CLINDE, a High-Affinity Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO) Selective Radioligand in a Rat Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 18:158-69. [PMID: 26969181 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-016-8385-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
After traumatic brain injury (TBI), secondary injuries develop, including neuroinflammatory processes that contribute to long-lasting impairments. These secondary injuries represent potential targets for treatment and diagnostics. The translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) is expressed in activated microglia cells and upregulated in response to brain injury and therefore a potential biomarker of the neuroinflammatory processes. Second-generation radioligands of TSPO, such as [(123)I]CLINDE, have a higher signal-to-noise ratio as the prototype ligand PK11195. [(123)I]CLINDE has been employed in human studies using single-photon emission computed tomography to image the neuroinflammatory response after stroke. In this study, we used the same tracer in a rat model of TBI to determine changes in TSPO expression. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to moderate controlled cortical impact injury and sacrificed at 6, 24, 72 h and 28 days post surgery. TSPO expression was assessed in brain sections employing [(123)I]CLINDE in vitro autoradiography. From 24 h to 28 days post surgery, injured animals exhibited a marked and time-dependent increase in [(123)I]CLINDE binding in the ipsilateral motor, somatosensory and parietal cortex, as well as in the hippocampus and thalamus. Interestingly, binding was also significantly elevated in the contralateral M1 motor cortex following TBI. Craniotomy without TBI caused a less marked increase in [(123)I]CLINDE binding, restricted to the ipsilateral hemisphere. Radioligand binding was consistent with an increase in TSPO mRNA expression and CD11b immunoreactivity at the contusion site. This study demonstrates the applicability of [(123)I]CLINDE for detailed regional and quantitative assessment of glial activity in experimental models of TBI.
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128
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Thelin EP, Frostell A, Mulder J, Mitsios N, Damberg P, Aski SN, Risling M, Svensson M, Morganti-Kossmann MC, Bellander BM. Lesion Size Is Exacerbated in Hypoxic Rats Whereas Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Alpha and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Increase in Injured Normoxic Rats: A Prospective Cohort Study of Secondary Hypoxia in Focal Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2016; 7:23. [PMID: 27014178 PMCID: PMC4780037 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a severe insult shown to exacerbate the pathophysiology, resulting in worse outcome. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a hypoxic insult in a focal TBI model by monitoring brain edema, lesion volume, serum biomarker levels, immune cell infiltration, as well as the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). MATERIALS AND METHODS Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 73, including sham and naive) were used. The rats were intubated and mechanically ventilated. A controlled cortical impact device created a 3-mm deep lesion in the right parietal hemisphere. Post-injury, rats inhaled either normoxic (22% O2) or hypoxic (11% O2) mixtures for 30 min. The rats were sacrificed at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days post-injury. Serum was collected for S100B measurements using ELISA. Ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to determine lesion size and edema volume. Immunofluorescence was employed to analyze neuronal death, changes in cerebral macrophage- and neutrophil infiltration, microglia proliferation, apoptosis, complement activation (C5b9), IgG extravasation, HIF-1α, and VEGF. RESULTS The hypoxic group had significantly increased blood levels of lactate and decreased pO2 (p < 0.0001). On MRI post-traumatic hypoxia resulted in larger lesion areas (p = 0.0173), and NeuN staining revealed greater neuronal loss (p = 0.0253). HIF-1α and VEGF expression was significantly increased in normoxic but not in hypoxic animals (p < 0.05). A trend was seen for serum levels of S100B to be higher in the hypoxic group at 1 day after trauma (p = 0.0868). No differences were observed between the groups in cytotoxic and vascular edema, IgG extravasation, neutrophils and macrophage aggregation, microglia proliferation, or C5b-9 expression. CONCLUSION Hypoxia following focal TBI exacerbated the lesion size and neuronal loss. Moreover, there was a tendency to higher levels of S100B in the hypoxic group early after injury, indicating a potential validity as a biomarker of injury severity. In the normoxic group, the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF was found elevated, possibly indicative of neuro-protective responses occurring in this less severely injured group. Further studies are warranted to better define the pathophysiology of post-TBI hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Peter Thelin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Arvid Frostell
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jan Mulder
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Nicholas Mitsios
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Peter Damberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska Experimental Research and Imaging Center, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sahar Nikkhou Aski
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska Experimental Research and Imaging Center, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mårten Risling
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Mikael Svensson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Cristina Morganti-Kossmann
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Child Health, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Bo-Michael Bellander
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Cao F, Jiang Y, Wu Y, Zhong J, Liu J, Qin X, Chen L, Vitek MP, Li F, Xu L, Sun X. Apolipoprotein E-Mimetic COG1410 Reduces Acute Vasogenic Edema following Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:175-82. [PMID: 26192010 PMCID: PMC4722604 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.3887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The degree of post-traumatic brain edema and dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) influences the neurofunctional outcome after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Previous studies have demonstrated that the administration of apolipoprotein E-mimetic peptide COG1410 reduces the brain water content after subarachnoid hemorrhage, intra-cerebral hemorrhage, and focal brain ischemia. However, the effects of COG1410 on vasogenic edema following TBI are not known. The current study evaluated the effects of 1 mg/kg daily COG1410 versus saline administered intravenously after a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury on BBB dysfunction and vasogenic edema at an acute stage in mice. The results demonstrated that treatment with COG1410 suppressed the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9, reduced the disruption of the BBB and Evans Blue dye extravasation, reduced the TBI lesion volume and vasogenic edema, and decreased the functional deficits compared with mice treated with vehicle, at an acute stage after CCI. These findings suggest that COG1410 is a promising preclinical therapeutic agent for the treatment of traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjun Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jieshi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, China
| | - Xinghu Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, China
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, China
| | - Michael P. Vitek
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Fengqiao Li
- Cognosci Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Lu Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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130
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Shen Q, Watts LT, Li W, Duong TQ. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1462:645-58. [PMID: 27604743 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3816-2_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in the USA. Common causes of TBI include falls, violence, injuries from wars, and vehicular and sporting accidents. The initial direct mechanical damage in TBI is followed by progressive secondary injuries such as brain swelling, perturbed cerebral blood flow (CBF), abnormal cerebrovascular reactivity (CR), metabolic dysfunction, blood-brain-barrier disruption, inflammation, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity, among others. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers the means to noninvasively probe many of these secondary injuries. MRI has been used to image anatomical, physiological, and functional changes associated with TBI in a longitudinal manner. This chapter describes controlled cortical impact (CCI) TBI surgical procedures, a few common MRI protocols used in TBI imaging, and, finally, image analysis pertaining to experimental TBI imaging in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shen
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA. .,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Lora Tally Watts
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.,Departments of Cellular and Structure Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Timothy Q Duong
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA. .,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA. .,Department of Veterans Affairs, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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131
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Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Is an Early Event That May Persist for Many Years After Traumatic Brain Injury in Humans. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:1147-57. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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132
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Hay JR, Johnson VE, Young AM, Smith DH, Stewart W. Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Is an Early Event That May Persist for Many Years After Traumatic Brain Injury in Humans. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/jnen/74.12.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Kabadi SV, Stoica BA, Zimmer DB, Afanador L, Duffy KB, Loane DJ, Faden AI. S100B inhibition reduces behavioral and pathologic changes in experimental traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:2010-20. [PMID: 26154869 PMCID: PMC4671122 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is increasingly recognized to contribute to chronic tissue loss and neurologic dysfunction. Circulating levels of S100B increase after TBI and have been used as a biomarker. S100B is produced by activated astrocytes and can promote microglial activation; signaling by S100B through interaction with the multiligand advanced glycation end product-specific receptor (AGER) has been implicated in brain injury and microglial activation during chronic neurodegeneration. We examined the effects of S100B inhibition in a controlled cortical impact model, using S100B knockout mice or administration of neutralizing S100B antibody. Both interventions significantly reduced TBI-induced lesion volume, improved retention memory function, and attenuated microglial activation. The neutralizing antibody also significantly reduced sensorimotor deficits and improved neuronal survival in the cortex. However, S100B did not alter microglial activation in BV2 cells or primary microglial cultures stimulated by lipopolysaccharide or interferon gamma. Further, proximity ligation assays did not support direct interaction in the brain between S100B and AGER following TBI. Future studies are needed to elucidate specific pathways underlying S100B-mediated neuroinflammatory actions after TBI. Our results strongly implicate S100B in TBI-induced neuroinflammation, cell loss, and neurologic dysfunction, thereby indicating that it is a potential therapeutic target for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti V Kabadi
- Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Danna B Zimmer
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauriaselle Afanador
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kara B Duffy
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J Loane
- Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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134
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Price L, Wilson C, Grant G. Blood–Brain Barrier Pathophysiology following Traumatic Brain Injury. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY 2015. [DOI: 10.1201/b18959-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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135
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Alluri H, Wiggins-Dohlvik K, Davis ML, Huang JH, Tharakan B. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction following traumatic brain injury. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:1093-104. [PMID: 25624154 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9651-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is a serious cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. After traumatic brain injury, the blood-brain barrier, the protective barrier between the brain and the intravascular compartment, becomes dysfunctional, leading to leakage of proteins, fluid, and transmigration of immune cells. As this leakage has profound clinical implications, including edema formation, elevated intracranial pressure and decreased perfusion pressure, much interest has been paid to better understanding the mechanisms responsible for these events. Various molecular pathways and numerous mediators have been found to be involved in the intricate process of regulating blood-brain barrier permeability following traumatic brain injury. This review provides an update to the existing knowledge about the various pathophysiological pathways and advancements in the field of blood-brain barrier dysfunction and hyperpermeability following traumatic brain injury, including the role of various tight junction proteins involved in blood-brain barrier integrity and regulation. We also address pitfalls of existing systems and propose strategies to improve the various debilitating functional deficits caused by this progressive epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himakarnika Alluri
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Health & Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 702 S.W. H.K. Dodgen Loop, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
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136
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Xia Y, Kong L, Yao Y, Jiao Y, Song J, Tao Z, You Z, Yang J. Osthole confers neuroprotection against cortical stab wound injury and attenuates secondary brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:155. [PMID: 26337552 PMCID: PMC4559066 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroendoscopy is an innovative technique for neurosurgery that can nonetheless result in traumatic brain injury. The accompanying neuroinflammation may lead to secondary tissue damage, which is the major cause of delayed neuronal death after surgery. The present study investigated the capacity of osthole to prevent secondary brain injury and the underlying mechanism of action in a mouse model of stab wound injury. Methods A mouse model of cortical stab wound injury was established by inserting a needle into the cerebral cortex for 20 min to mimic neuroendoscopy. Mice received an intraperitoneal injection of osthole 30 min after surgery and continued for 14 days. Neurological severity was evaluated 12 h and up to 21 days after the trauma. Brains were collected 3–21 days post-injury for histological analysis, immunocytochemistry, quantitative real-time PCR, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results Neurological function improved in mice treated with osthole and was accompanied by reduced brain water content and accelerated wound closure relative to untreated mice. Osthole treatment reduced the number of macrophages/microglia and peripheral infiltrating of neutrophils and lowered the level of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor α in the lesioned cortex. Osthole-treated mice had fewer TUNEL+ apoptotic neurons surrounding the lesion than controls, indicating increased neuronal survival. Conclusions Osthole reduced secondary brain damage by suppressing inflammation and apoptosis in a mouse model of stab wound injury. These results suggest a new strategy for promoting neuronal survival and function after neurosurgery to improve long-term patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xia
- Department of Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3LZ, UK.
| | - Liang Kong
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China.
| | - Yingjia Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China.
| | - Yanan Jiao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China.
| | - Jie Song
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China.
| | - Zhenyu Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China.
| | - Zhong You
- Department of Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3LZ, UK.
| | - Jingxian Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China.
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137
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Khaksari M, Abbasloo E, Dehghan F, Soltani Z, Asadikaram G. The brain cytokine levels are modulated by estrogen following traumatic brain injury: Which estrogen receptor serves as modulator? Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:279-87. [PMID: 26112336 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to explore whether administration of estrogen affects brain cytokine levels in TBI. We also sought determine which one of type of classical estrogen receptors (ERs) is involved. Ovariectomized female rats were divided in to eight groups. Estrogen or vehicle was administered following TBI (E2 and oil groups). Antagonist of ER(ICI 182, 780) or vehicle was also administered following TBI (ICI and DMSO groups). The ICI or vehicle was administered either before induction of TBI and administration of estrogen (ICI+E2 and DMSO+E2 groups). TBI was induced by Marmarou's method. In addition to brain water content, the levels of brain proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured 24 hours post- TBI. Present results demonstrated that, estrogen reduced TBI- induced brain edema. The antiedema effect of estrogen was attenuated by ICI. The brain measures of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in TBI were also reduced by estrogen. The anti-inflammatory effect of estrogen was attenuated by ICI. The inhibition level of estrogen by ICI was 53.2%, 12.09% and 48.45% for IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, respectively. Estrogen also elevated IL-10 in TBI. ICI inversely controlled the effect of estrogen on IL-10, by 33.84%. This effect was not observed once ICI was used alone. The estrogen administration following TBI probably results in proinflammatory cytokines reduction, and inversely enhancement of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In our study, the neuroprotective effect of estrogen is proposed to be mediated by both ERα and ERα, and accordingly the inhibition of neuroprotective effect of estrogen by ICI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khaksari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Elham Abbasloo
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Dehghan
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Soltani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Asadikaram
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Medical School of Afzalipour, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Failla MD, Juengst SB, Arenth PM, Wagner AK. Preliminary Associations Between Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Memory Impairment, Functional Cognition, and Depressive Symptoms Following Severe TBI. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2015; 30:419-30. [PMID: 26276123 DOI: 10.1177/1545968315600525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often leads to mood and cognitive complications, affecting functional recovery. Understanding neurobiological alterations common in post-TBI depression (PTD) and cognition may identify novel biomarkers for TBI complications. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a likely target based on evidence of reduced BDNF signaling in experimental TBI and depression models and its role in learning and memory. Objective To evaluate BDNF as a biomarker for PTD, cognitive impairment, and functional cognition in a prospective cohort with severe TBI. Methods Participants with TBI (n = 113) were evaluated for PTD (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9]), cognitive impairment (cognitive composite score), and functional cognition (Functional Independence Measure-Cognition, FIM-Cog). BDNF levels were measured in cerebrospinal fluid and serum at 0 to 6 days postinjury and in serum at 6 and 12 months postinjury. RESULTS Serum BDNF was reduced after TBI versus controls at all time points. Acute serum BDNF positively correlated with memory composites (6 months: r = 0.43, P = .019, n = 30; 12 months: r = 0.53, P = .005, n = 26) and FIM-Memory scores (6 months: r = 0.35, P = .019, n = 45; 12 months: r = 0.38, P = .018, n = 38). Acute serum BDNF negatively correlated with 12-month PHQ-9 scores (r = -0.38; P = .044; n = 29). At 12 months, chronic serum BDNF tended to be lower in participants with PTD (P = .07) and correlated with PHQ-9 scores (r = -0.41; P = .019; n = 32). Conclusions Acute BDNF associations with memory recovery may implicate hippocampal damage/degeneration. Comparatively, BDNF associations with PTD status were not as strong as associations with PTD severity. Further investigation may delineate longitudinal BDNF patterns, and BDNF responsive treatments, reflecting mood and cognitive recovery following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Failla
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shannon B Juengst
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patricia M Arenth
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amy K Wagner
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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139
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Karve IP, Taylor JM, Crack PJ. The contribution of astrocytes and microglia to traumatic brain injury. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:692-702. [PMID: 25752446 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a major cause of death and disability in developed countries. Brain injuries are highly heterogeneous and can also trigger other neurological complications, including epilepsy, depression and dementia. The initial injury often leads to the development of secondary sequelae; cellular hyperexcitability, vasogenic and cytotoxic oedema, hypoxia-ischaemia, oxidative stress and inflammation, all of which influence expansion of the primary lesion. It is widely known that inflammatory events in the brain following TBI contribute to the widespread cell death and chronic tissue degeneration. Neuroinflammation is a multifaceted response involving a number of cell types, both within the CNS and in the peripheral circulation. Astrocytes and microglia, cells of the CNS, are considered key players in initiating an inflammatory response after injury. These cells are capable of secreting various cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, and following injury to the CNS, undergo changes in morphology. Ultimately, these changes can influence the local microenvironment and thus determine the extent of damage and subsequent repair. This review will focus on the roles of microglia and astrocytes following TBI, highlighting some of the key processes, pathways and mediators involved in this response. Additionally, both the beneficial and the detrimental aspects of these cellular responses will be examined using evidence from animal models and human post-mortem TBI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila P Karve
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Juliet M Taylor
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Peter J Crack
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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140
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Schwarzmaier SM, Gallozzi M, Plesnila N. Identification of the Vascular Source of Vasogenic Brain Edema following Traumatic Brain Injury Using In Vivo 2-Photon Microscopy in Mice. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:990-1000. [PMID: 25585052 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasogenic brain edema due to vascular leakage is one of the most important factors determining the clinical outcome of patients following acute brain injury. To date, performing a detailed in vivo quantification of vascular leakage has not been possible. Here, we used in vivo 2-photon microscopy (2-PM) to determine the spatial (3D) and temporal development of vasogenic brain edema following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice; in addition, we identified the vessel types involved in vascular leakage. Thirteen male Tie2-GFP mice (6-8 weeks old) were subjected to controlled cortical impact (CCI) or a sham operation; subsequently, a cranial window was prepared adjacent to the injury site, and tetramethylrhodamine-dextran (TMRM, 40 mg/kg, MW 40,000) was injected intravenously to visualize blood plasma leakage. Parenchymal fluorescence intensity was monitored in three regions for 2-4 h post-CCI, reaching from the surface of the brain to a depth of 300 μm, and TMRM leakage was measured as an increase in TMRM fluorescence intensity outside the vessel lumen and in the parenchyma. In the CCI group, vascular leakage was detected in all investigated regions as early as 2.5 h post-injury. This leakage increased over time and was more pronounced proximal to the primary contusion. Both arterioles and venules contributed similarly to brain edema formation and their contribution was independent of vessel size; however, capillaries were the major contributor to leakage. In summary, using 2-PM to perform in vivo 3D deep-brain imaging, we found that TBI induces vascular leakage from capillaries, venules, and arterioles. Thus, all three vessel types are involved in trauma-induced brain edema and should be considered when developing novel therapies for preventing vasogenic brain edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Schwarzmaier
- 1 Department of Neurodegeneration, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) , Dublin, Ireland .,2 Department of Anesthesiology, University of Munich Medical Center , Germany .,3 Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich Medical Center , Germany
| | - Micaela Gallozzi
- 1 Department of Neurodegeneration, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- 1 Department of Neurodegeneration, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) , Dublin, Ireland .,3 Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich Medical Center , Germany .,4 Munich Cluster of Symptoms Neurology (Synergy) , Munich, Germany
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141
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Ge X, Han Z, Chen F, Wang H, Zhang B, Jiang R, Lei P, Zhang J. miR-21 alleviates secondary blood–brain barrier damage after traumatic brain injury in rats. Brain Res 2015; 1603:150-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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142
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Chen CC, Hung TH, Lee CY, Wang LF, Wu CH, Ke CH, Chen SF. Berberine protects against neuronal damage via suppression of glia-mediated inflammation in traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115694. [PMID: 25546475 PMCID: PMC4278716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers a series of neuroinflammatory processes that contribute to evolution of neuronal injury. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects and anti-inflammatory actions of berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, in both in vitro and in vivo TBI models. Mice subjected to controlled cortical impact injury were injected with berberine (10 mg·kg−1) or vehicle 10 min after injury. In addition to behavioral studies and histology analysis, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and brain water content were determined. Expression of PI3K/Akt and Erk signaling and inflammatory mediators were also analyzed. The protective effect of berberine was also investigated in cultured neurons either subjected to stretch injury or exposed to conditioned media with activated microglia. Berberine significantly attenuated functional deficits and brain damage associated with TBI up to day 28 post-injury. Berberine also reduced neuronal death, apoptosis, BBB permeability, and brain edema at day 1 post-injury. These changes coincided with a marked reduction in leukocyte infiltration, microglial activation, matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity, and expression of inflammatory mediators. Berberine had no effect on Akt or Erk 1/2 phosphorylation. In mixed glial cultures, berberine reduced TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling. Berberine also attenuated neuronal death induced by microglial conditioned media; however, it did not directly protect cultured neurons subjected to stretch injury. Moreover, administration of berberine at 3 h post-injury also reduced TBI-induced neuronal damage, apoptosis and inflammation in vivo. Berberine reduces TBI-induced brain damage by limiting the production of inflammatory mediators by glial cells, rather than by a direct neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Cheng Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tai-Ho Hung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Taipei and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chao Yu Lee
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Liang-Fei Wang
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hu Wu
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Hua Ke
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Szu-Fu Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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143
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Li W, Long JA, Watts LT, Jiang Z, Shen Q, Li Y, Duong TQ. A quantitative MRI method for imaging blood-brain barrier leakage in experimental traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114173. [PMID: 25478693 PMCID: PMC4257611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is common following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI can longitudinally measure the transport coefficient Ktrans which reflects BBB permeability. Ktrans measurements however are not widely used in TBI research because it is generally considered to be noisy and possesses low spatial resolution. We improved spatiotemporal resolution and signal sensitivity of Ktrans MRI in rats by using a high-sensitivity surface transceiver coil. To overcome the signal drop off profile of the surface coil, a pre-scan module was used to map the flip angle (B1 field) and magnetization (M0) distributions. A series of T1-weighted gradient echo images were acquired and fitted to the extended Kety model with reversible or irreversible leakage, and the best model was selected using F-statistics. We applied this method to study the rat brain one hour following controlled cortical impact (mild to moderate TBI), and observed clear depiction of the BBB damage around the impact regions, which matched that outlined by Evans Blue extravasation. Unlike the relatively uniform T2 contrast showing cerebral edema, Ktrans shows a pronounced heterogeneous spatial profile in and around the impact regions, displaying a nonlinear relationship with T2. This improved Ktrans MRI method is also compatible with the use of high-sensitivity surface coil and the high-contrast two-coil arterial spin-labeling method for cerebral blood flow measurement, enabling more comprehensive investigation of the pathophysiology in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WL); (TQD)
| | - Justin Alexander Long
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lora Talley Watts
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Structure Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zhao Jiang
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Qiang Shen
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yunxia Li
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Timothy Q. Duong
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WL); (TQD)
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144
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Jin X, Wang F, Liu X, Liang B, Chen Z, He J, Zhang H, Zhang J. Negative Correlation of CD34+Cells with Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability following Traumatic Brain Injury in a Rat Model. Microcirculation 2014; 21:696-702. [PMID: 24894113 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuelong Jin
- Department of Physiology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Department of Physiology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Xingju Liu
- Department of Physiology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Bin Liang
- Department of Physiology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Zequn Chen
- Department of Physiology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Junfeng He
- Liuyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; the Affiliated Hospital to Hunan University of Chinese Medicine; Liuyang China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Radiology; Tianjin Chest Hospital; Tianjin China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery; Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin China
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145
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Cunningham TL, Cartagena CM, Lu XCM, Konopko M, Dave JR, Tortella FC, Shear DA. Correlations between blood-brain barrier disruption and neuroinflammation in an experimental model of penetrating ballistic-like brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:505-14. [PMID: 24138024 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.2965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is a pathological hallmark of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is associated with neuroinflammatory events contributing to brain edema and cell death. The goal of this study was to elucidate the profile of BBB disruption after penetrating ballistic-like brain injury (PBBI) in conjunction with changes in neuroinflammatory markers. Brain uptake of biotin-dextran amine (BDA; 3 kDa) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP; 44 kDa) was evaluated in rats at 4 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 7 days post-PBBI and compared with the histopathologic and molecular profiles for inflammatory markers. BDA and HRP both displayed a uniphasic profile of extravasation, greatest at 24 h post-injury and which remained evident out to 48 h for HRP and 7 days for BDA. This profile was most closely associated with markers for adhesion (mRNA for intercellular adhesion molecule-1) and infiltration of peripheral granulocytes (mRNA for matrix metalloproteinase-9 [MMP-9] and myeloperoxidase staining). Improvement of BBB dysfunction coincided with increased expression of markers implicated in tissue remodeling and repair. The results of this study reveal a uniphasic and gradient opening of the BBB after PBBI and suggest MMP-9 and resident inflammatory cell activation as candidates for future neurotherapeutic intervention after PBBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Cunningham
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience , Branch of Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Zhao Y, Li J, Zhang P, Chen C, Li S. Protective effects of dl-3n-butylphthalide against diffuse brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:2615-24. [PMID: 25206572 PMCID: PMC4146025 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.28.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dl-3n-butylphthalide can effectively treat cerebral ischemia; however, the mechanisms underlying the effects of dl-3n-butylphthalide on microcirculation disorders following diffuse brain injury remain unclear. In this study, models of diffuse brain injury were established in Sprague-Dawley rats with the vertical impact method. Dl-3n-butylphthalide at 80 and 160 mg/kg was given via intraperitoneal injection immediately after diffuse brain injury. Ultrastructural changes in the cerebral cortex were observed using electron microscopy. Cerebral blood flow was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry, vascular density was marked by tannic acid-ferric chloride staining, vascular permeability was es-timated by the Evans blue method, brain water content was measured using the dry-wet method, and rat behavior was measured by motor function and sensory function tests. At 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after administration of dl-3n-butylphthalide, reduced cerebral ultrastructure damage, creased vascular density and cerebral blood flow, and improved motor and sensory functions were observed. Our findings demonstrate that dl-3n-butylphthalide may have protective effects against diffuse brain injury by ameliorating microcirculation disorder and reducing blood-brain barrier age and cerebral edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Zhao
- College of Rehabilitation, Hebei United University, Tangshan 063000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jianmin Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei United University, Tangshan 063000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- College of Rehabilitation, Hebei United University, Tangshan 063000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Changxiang Chen
- College of Rehabilitation, Hebei United University, Tangshan 063000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shuxing Li
- College of Rehabilitation, Hebei United University, Tangshan 063000, Hebei Province, China
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147
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van Vliet E, Aronica E, Gorter J. Role of blood–brain barrier in temporal lobe epilepsy and pharmacoresistance. Neuroscience 2014; 277:455-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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148
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Balu R. Inflammation and Immune System Activation After Traumatic Brain Injury. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2014; 14:484. [DOI: 10.1007/s11910-014-0484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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149
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Pruitt D, Hays S, Schmid A, Choua C, Kim L, Trieu J, Kilgard MP, Rennaker RL. Controlled-cortical impact reduces volitional forelimb strength in rats. Brain Res 2014; 1582:91-8. [PMID: 25091640 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the largest health problems in the United States and affects both cognitive and motor function. Although weakness is common in TBI patients, few studies have demonstrated a reduction in strength in models of brain injury. We have developed a behavioral method to measure volitional forelimb strength and quantify forelimb weakness following traumatic brain injury. In this paper, we report the ability of the isometric pull task to measure both acute and chronic impairments in forelimb motor function following a controlled cortical impact (CCI) in rodents. Following CCI, volitional forelimb strength is reduced by 36% and remains significantly reduced after 6 weeks of post-lesion training. We also show that CCI results in impairment of multiple additional measures of forelimb function for several weeks post-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pruitt
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, 800 West Campbell Road, GR41, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States.
| | - Seth Hays
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, 800 West Campbell Road, GR41, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States
| | - Ariel Schmid
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, 800 West Campbell Road, GR41, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States
| | - Connie Choua
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, 800 West Campbell Road, GR41, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States
| | - Lily Kim
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, 800 West Campbell Road, GR41, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States
| | - Jenny Trieu
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States
| | - Michael P Kilgard
- The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral Brain Sciences, 800 West Campbell Road, GR41, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States
| | - Robert L Rennaker
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States; The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas Biomedical Device Center, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States
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150
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Glushakova OY, Johnson D, Hayes RL. Delayed Increases in Microvascular Pathology after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury Are Associated with Prolonged Inflammation, Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption, and Progressive White Matter Damage. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:1180-93. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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