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Clague J, Cinciripini P, Blalock J, Wu X, Hudmon KS. The D2 dopamine receptor gene and nicotine dependence among bladder cancer patients and controls. Behav Genet 2009; 40:49-58. [PMID: 19842028 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-009-9301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple twin, family, and genetic studies have rendered substantial evidence supporting an association between hereditary factors and smoking initiation and maintenance. To investigate further the relationships between the DRD2 genotypes, cigarette use and nicotine dependence, we examined the prevalence of polymorphisms in the TaqIA (A1 and A2) and the TaqIB (B1 and B2) alleles among a series of 608 non-Hispanic White bladder cancer patients and 608 matched controls. Among ever-smoking controls, A1 and B1 genotypes exhibited a greater smoking intensity and were significantly younger at the age of initiation than A2A2 or B2B2 genotypes (two-sided P < 0.05). Among former smoking cases, persons with the A1 genotypes exhibited significantly higher mean pack-years and years of smoking, and were younger at the age of initiation than were persons with the A2A2 genotype (two-sided P < 0.05). Additionally, current smokers with the A1 genotypes reported fewer quit attempts than those with the A2A2 genotype (two-sided P < 0.01). The present study suggests that the DRD2 alleles A1 and B1 confer greater vulnerability to tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Clague
- Department of Epidemiology, Unit 1340, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Pressler Blvd. Unit 1340, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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102
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Berman SM, Noble EP, Mohammadian P, Ritchie T, Mandelkern MA, London ED. Laterality of cortical response to ethanol is moderated by TaqIA A1 allele. Synapse 2009; 63:817-21. [PMID: 19504620 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Berman
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
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103
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Huertas E, Ponce G, Koeneke MA, Poch C, España-Serrano L, Palomo T, Jiménez-Arriero MA, Hoenicka J. The D2 dopamine receptor gene variant C957T affects human fear conditioning and aversive priming. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2009; 9:103-9. [PMID: 19900188 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2009.00543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms of DRD2 and ANKK1 have been associated with psychiatric syndromes where there is believed to be an underlying learning process deficit such as addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder and psychopathy. We investigated the effects of the DRD2 C957T and ANKK1 TaqIA single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), which have been associated with psychopathic traits in alcoholic patients, on fear conditioning and aversive priming in healthy volunteers. We found that the DRD2 C957T SNP, but not the ANKK1 TaqIA SNP, was associated with both differential conditioning of the skin conductance response and the aversive priming effect. There were no differences between the genotype groups with respect to the extinction of the skin-conductance conditioned response. These results suggest that the C957T SNP could be related to learning differences associated with the risk of developing psychiatric disorders in individuals that are carriers of the C homozygous genotype. Our genetic data raise the possibility that the dopaminergic system functional variations determined by this SNP could affect fear learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Huertas
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, Madrid 28223, Spain
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104
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Potential association of DRD2 and DAT1 genetic variation with heroin dependence. Neurosci Lett 2009; 464:127-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 07/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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105
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Genetic variants altering dopamine D2 receptor expression or function modulate the risk of opiate addiction and the dosage requirements of methadone substitution. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2009; 19:407-14. [PMID: 19373123 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e328320a3fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM Addictive behavior is importantly mediated by mesolimbic dopaminergic signaling. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the DRD2 gene locus, and in addition, the ANKK1 rs1800497C>T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), formerly known as 'dopamine D2 receptor Taq1A C>T polymorphism', for associations with the risk of opiate addiction and the methadone dosage requirements. METHODS Allelic frequencies of DRD2/ANKK1 polymorphisms were compared between 85 methadone-substituted Caucasian patients and a random sample of 99 healthy Caucasian controls. Within patients, the average and maximum daily methadone dose during the first year of treatment and the time when that maximum dose was reached were analyzed for an association with DRD2/ANKK1 genetics. RESULTS Compared with the control group, drug users carried more frequently the minor allele of DRD2 SNP rs1076560G>T SNP (P=0.022, odds ratio 2.343) or the ATCT haplotype of DRD2 rs1799978A>G, rs1076560G>T, rs6277C>T, ANKK1 rs1800497C>T (P=0.048, odds ratio 2.23), with similar tendencies for ANKK1 rs1800497C>T (P=0.056, odds ratio 2.12) and the TCCTCTT haplotype of DRD2 rs12364283T>C, rs1799732C del, rs4648317C>T, rs1076560G>T, rs6275C>T, rs6277C>T, and ANKK1 rs1800497C>T (P=0.059, odds ratio 2.31). The average and maximum daily methadone doses were significantly associated with the DRD2 rs6275C>T SNP (P=0.016 and 0.005 for average and maximum dose, respectively). Carriers of the variant rs6275T allele needed higher methadone doses than noncarriers. In addition, this variant was associated with a longer time to reach the maximum methadone dose (P=0.025). CONCLUSION On the basis of an analysis spanning the whole gene locus, from the DRD2 promoter to the ANKK1 rs1800497C>T polymorphism, DRD2 genetic polymorphisms modulate both the risk of opiate addiction, leading to the necessity of methadone substitution therapy, and the course of this therapy in terms of dosage requirements.
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106
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Berggren U, Fahlke C, Berglund KJ, Wadell K, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Thelle D, Balldin J. Dopamine D2 receptor genotype is associated with increased mortality at a 10-year follow-up of alcohol-dependent individuals. Alcohol Alcohol 2009; 45:1-5. [PMID: 19654188 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agp041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Because the TAQ1 A1 allele may be associated with alcohol-related medical illnesses, and medical illnesses in alcohol-dependent individuals are associated with increased mortality, we test the hypothesis that the TAQ1 A1 allele of the DRD2 gene is associated with increased mortality in alcohol-dependent individuals. METHODS Following an index treatment episode, a 10-year follow-up study in 366 alcohol-dependent individuals was performed. The TAQ1 A1/A2 DRD2 genotype and allele frequencies were compared between those deceased and those still living at the 10-year point. In addition, the genotype and allele frequencies of these alcohol-dependent individuals were compared to that in 578 control subjects. RESULTS The prevalence of the A1 allele differed between the deceased and living patients and the controls: 47% of the deceased were A1+, compared to 37% of the living patients and 32% of the controls. The frequency of the TAQ1 A1/A2 genotype also differed between the groups. Thus, 43% had the A1/A2 genotype in comparison with 32% in the living patients and 29% in the controls. The TAQ 1 A1 allele frequency differed between the groups. The frequency of A1 allele was 25% in the deceased patients compared to 21% in the living patients and 17% in the controls. CONCLUSION The TAQ I A1 allele of the DRD2 gene (or DRD2 gene region) was associated with increased mortality over a 10-year period in alcohol-dependent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Berggren
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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107
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Saraceno L, Munafó M, Heron J, Craddock N, van den Bree MBM. Genetic and non-genetic influences on the development of co-occurring alcohol problem use and internalizing symptomatology in adolescence: a review. Addiction 2009; 104:1100-21. [PMID: 19438423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Alcohol problem use during adolescence has been linked to a variety of adverse consequences, including cigarette and illicit drug use, delinquency, adverse effects on pubertal brain development and increased risk of morbidity and mortality. In addition, heavy alcohol-drinking adolescents are at increased risk of comorbid psychopathology, including internalizing symptomatology (especially depression and anxiety). A range of genetic and non-genetic factors have been implicated in both alcohol problem use as well as internalizing symptomatology. However, to what extent shared risk factors contribute to their comorbidity in adolescence is poorly understood. DESIGN We conducted a systematic review on Medline, PsycINFO, Embase and Web of Science to identify epidemiological and molecular genetic studies published between November 1997 and November 2007 that examined risk factors that may be shared in common between alcohol problem use and internalizing symptomatology in adolescence. FINDINGS Externalizing disorders, family alcohol problems and stress, as well as the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) S-allele, the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) low-activity alleles and the dopamine D2 receptor (DDR2) Taq A1 allele have been associated most frequently with both traits. An increasing number of papers are focusing upon the role of gene-gene (epistasis) and gene-environment interactions in the development of comorbid alcohol problem use and internalizing symptomatology. CONCLUSIONS Further research in adolescents is warranted; the increasing availability of large longitudinal genetically informative studies will provide the evidence base from which effective prevention and intervention strategies for comorbid alcohol problems and internalizing symptomatology can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Saraceno
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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Genetic variants of D2 but not D3 or D4 dopamine receptor gene are associated with rapid onset and poor prognosis of methamphetamine psychosis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:625-9. [PMID: 19275926 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
D2-like receptors are key targets for methamphetamine in the CNS, and their activation is an initial and indispensable effect in the induction of dependence and psychosis. It is possible that genetic variants of D2-like receptors may affect individual susceptibility to methamphetamine dependence and psychosis. To test this hypothesis, 6 putatively functional polymorphisms of D2-like receptors, -141C Ins/Del, Ser311Cys and TaqIA of the DRD2 gene, Ser9Gly of the DRD3 gene, and -521C>T and a variable number of tandem repeats in exon 3 of the DRD4 gene, were analyzed in 202 patients with methamphetamine dependence and/or psychosis and 243 healthy controls in a Japanese population. No polymorphism examined showed significant association with methamphetamine dependence, but two polymorphisms of DRD2 were associated with the clinical course and prognosis of methamphetamine psychosis. The A1/A1 homozygote of DRD2 was a negative risk factor for a poorer prognosis of psychosis that continues for more than 1 month after the discontinuance of methamphetamine abuse and the beginning of treatment with neuroleptics (p=0.04, odds ratio (OR)=0.42, 95% CI; 0.27-0.65) and the complication of spontaneous relapse of methamphetamine psychosis after remission (p=0.014, OR=0.34, 95% CI; 0.22-0.54). The genotype of -141C Del positive (Del/Del and Del/Ins) was at risk for rapid onset of methamphetamine psychosis that develops into a psychotic state within 3 years after initiation of methamphetamine abuse (p=0.00037, OR=3.62, 95% CI 2.48-5.28). These findings revealed that genetic variants of DRD2, but not DRD3 or DRD4, confer individual risks for rapid onset, prolonged duration, and spontaneous relapse of methamphetamine psychosis.
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109
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Pinto E, Reggers J, Gorwood P, Boni C, Scantamburlo G, Pitchot W, Ansseau M. The TaqI A DRD2 polymorphism in type II alcohol dependence: a marker of age at onset or of a familial disease? Alcohol 2009; 43:271-5. [PMID: 19376678 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 12/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cloninger's type II is a severe, early-onset, male-limited, and genetically influenced, impulsive form of alcoholism. Significant association has been reported between the A1 allele of the D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene, substance misuse and personality traits of impulsivity and novelty seeking. We assessed the association between the TaqI A DRD2 gene polymorphism with Cloninger's typology and family history of alcohol abuse, which is thought to be more frequent in type II alcoholics. Fifty-one male alcohol-dependent patients were discriminated between type I and type II according to age at onset of alcohol-related problems and interviewed about family history of alcoholism. The associations between DRD2 (A1 or A2 alleles), family history, and typology were assessed by Pearson's chi-square test. Although typology was not associated with the studied polymorphism, a higher rate of general family history of alcohol abuse was still observed in type II patients (chi(2)(1)=4.53; P=.033). Furthermore, the A1 allele of the DRD2 was significantly associated with paternal history of alcoholism (chi(2)(1)=4.66; P=.031) and male, first-degree, collateral history of alcoholism (chi(2)(1)=4.40; P=.036). Age at onset of alcohol-related problems as main discriminator between type I and type II alcohol dependence does not seem to be associated by the TaqI A DRD2 polymorphism. However, the A1 allele of the DRD2 may be a marker of male familial alcoholism, which has been associated with type II alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Pinto
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman B35, Liège, Belgium.
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110
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Davis CA, Levitan RD, Reid C, Carter JC, Kaplan AS, Patte KA, King N, Curtis C, Kennedy JL. Dopamine for "wanting" and opioids for "liking": a comparison of obese adults with and without binge eating. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:1220-5. [PMID: 19282821 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity research suffers from an overinclusion paradigm whereby all participants with a BMI beyond a certain cutoff value (e.g., 30) are typically combined in a single group and compared to those of normal weight. There has been little attempt to identify meaningful subgroups defined by their salient biobehavioral differences. In order to address this limitation, we examined genetic and psychological indicators of hedonic eating in obese adults with (n=66) and without (n=70) binge eating disorder (BED). Our analyses focused on dopamine (DA) and opioid genetic markers because of their conjoint association with the functioning of brain reward mechanisms. We targeted three functional polymorphisms related to the D2 receptor (DRD2) gene, as well as the functional A118G polymorphism of the mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) gene. We found that significantly more obese controls had the "loss-of-function" A1 allele of Taq1A compared to their BED counterparts, whereas the "gain-of-function" G allele of A118G occurred with greater frequency in the BED group. A significant gene-gene combination chi2 analysis also indicated that of those participants with the gain-gain genotype (G+ and A1), 80% were in the BED group whereas only 35% with the loss-loss genotype (G- and A1+) were in this group. Finally, BED subjects had significantly higher scores on a self-report measure of hedonic eating. Our findings suggest that BED is a biologically based subtype of obesity and that the proneness to binge eating may be influenced by a hyper-reactivity to the hedonic properties of food--a predisposition that is easily exploited in our current environment with its highly visible and easily accessible surfeit of sweet and fatty foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Davis
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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111
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Ifland J, Preuss H, Marcus M, Rourke K, Taylor W, Burau K, Jacobs W, Kadish W, Manso G. Refined food addiction: A classic substance use disorder. Med Hypotheses 2009; 72:518-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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112
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Peters J, Kalivas PW, Quirk GJ. Extinction circuits for fear and addiction overlap in prefrontal cortex. Learn Mem 2009; 16:279-88. [PMID: 19380710 DOI: 10.1101/lm.1041309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Extinction is a form of inhibitory learning that suppresses a previously conditioned response. Both fear and drug seeking are conditioned responses that can lead to maladaptive behavior when expressed inappropriately, manifesting as anxiety disorders and addiction, respectively. Recent evidence indicates that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is critical for the extinction of both fear and drug-seeking behaviors. Moreover, a dorsal-ventral distinction is apparent within the mPFC, such that the prelimbic (PL-mPFC) cortex drives the expression of fear and drug seeking, whereas the infralimbic (IL-mPFC) cortex suppresses these behaviors after extinction. For conditioned fear, the dorsal-ventral dichotomy is accomplished via divergent projections to different subregions of the amygdala, whereas for drug seeking, it is accomplished via divergent projections to the subregions of the nucleus accumbens. Given that the mPFC represents a common node in the extinction circuit for these behaviors, treatments that target this region may help alleviate symptoms of both anxiety and addictive disorders by enhancing extinction memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Peters
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936.
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113
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Appelhans BM. Neurobehavioral inhibition of reward-driven feeding: implications for dieting and obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:640-7. [PMID: 19165160 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley M Appelhans
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
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114
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Azzato EM, Morton LM, Bergen AW, Wang SS, Chatterjee N, Kvale P, Yeager M, Hayes RB, Chanock SJ, Caporaso NE. SLC6A3 and body mass index in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2009; 10:9. [PMID: 19183461 PMCID: PMC2640369 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-10-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background To investigate the contribution of the dopamine transporter to dopaminergic reward-related behaviors and anthropometry, we evaluated associations between polymorphisms at the dopamine transporter gene(SLC6A3) and body mass index (BMI), among participants in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. Methods Four polymorphisms (rs6350, rs6413429, rs6347 and the 3' variable number of tandem repeat (3' VNTR) polymorphism) at the SLC6A3 gene were genotyped in 2,364 participants selected from the screening arm of PLCO randomly within strata of sex, age and smoking history. Height and weight at ages 20 and 50 years and baseline were assessed by questionnaire. BMI was calculated and categorized as underweight, normal, overweight and obese (<18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25.0–29.9, or ≥ 30 kg/m2, respectively). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of SLC6A3 genotypes and haplotypes were computed using conditional logistic regression. Results Compared with individuals having a normal BMI, obese individuals at the time of the baseline study questionnaire were less likely to possess the 3' VNTR variant allele with 9 copies of the repeated sequence in a dose-dependent model (** is referent; OR*9 = 0.80, OR99 = 0.47, ptrend = 0.005). Compared with individuals having a normal BMI at age 50, overweight individuals (A-C-G-* is referent; ORA-C-G-9 = 0.80, 95% CI 0.65–0.99, p = 0.04) and obese individuals (A-C-G-* is referent; ORA-C-G-9 = 0.70, 95% CI 0.49–0.99, p = 0.04) were less likely to possess the haplotype with the 3'variant allele (A-C-G-9). Conclusion Our results support a role of genetic variation at the dopamine transporter gene, SLC6A3, as a modifier of BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Azzato
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
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115
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White MJ, Morris CP, Lawford BR, Young RM. Behavioral phenotypes of impulsivity related to the ANKK1 gene are independent of an acute stressor. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2008; 4:54. [PMID: 19025655 PMCID: PMC2607297 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-4-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The A1 allele of the ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism (previously reported as located in the D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene) is associated with reduced DRD2 density in the striatum and with clinical disorders, particularly addiction. It was hypothesized that impulsivity represents an endophenotype underlying these associations with the TaqIA and that environmental stress would moderate the strength of the gene-behavior relationship. METHODS TaqIA genotyping was conducted on 72 healthy young adults who were randomly allocated to either an acute psychosocial stress or relaxation induction condition. Behavioral phenotypes of impulsivity were measured using a card-sorting index of reinforcement sensitivity and computerized response inhibition and delay discounting tasks. RESULTS Separate analyses of variance revealed associations between the A1 allele and two laboratory measures of impulsivity. The presence of the TaqIA allele (A1+) was associated with slower card-sorting in the presence of small financial reinforcers, but was overcome in a second administration after either a five-minute rest or psychosocial stress induction. A1+ participants also demonstrated significantly poorer response inhibition and faster response times on a computerized stop inhibition task, independent of acute stress exposure. CONCLUSION These findings indicate the A1 allele is associated with an endophenotype comprising both a "rash impulsive" behavioral style and reinforcement-related learning deficits. These effects are independent of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J White
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - C Phillip Morris
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Bruce R Lawford
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Butterfield Street, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Ross McD Young
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
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116
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Li H, Shi S, Sun YH, Zhao YJ, Li QF, Li HZ, Wang R, Xu CQ. Dopamine D2 receptor stimulation inhibits angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy in cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 36:312-8. [PMID: 18986329 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.05064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
1. Myocardial hypertrophy is a common pathological change that accompanies cardiovascular disease. Dopamine D2 receptors have been demonstrated in cardiovascular tissues. However, the pathophysiological involvement of D2 receptors in myocardial hypertrophy is unclear. Therefore, the effects of the D2 receptor agonist bromocriptine and the D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol on angiotensin (Ang) II- or endothelin (ET)-1-induced hypertrophy of cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes were investigated in the present study. 2. Protein content and protein synthesis, determined by examining [(3)H]-leucine uptake, were used as estimates of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. The expression of D2 receptor protein in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes was determined using western blotting. Changes in [Ca(2+)](i) in cardiomyocytes were observed by laser scanning confocal microscopy. 3. Angiotensin II and ET-1, both at 10 nmol/L, induced myocyte hypertrophy, as demonstrated by increased protein content and synthesis, [Ca(2+)](i) levels, protein kinase C (PKC) activity and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 (p38). Concomitant treatment of cells with 10 nmol/L AngII plus 10 micromol/L bromocriptine significantly inhibited cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, MAPK phosphorylation and PKC activity in the membrane, as well as [Ca(2+)](i) signalling pathways, compared with the effects of AngII alone. In addition, 10 micromol/L bromocriptine significantly inhibited cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by 10 nmol/L ET-1. However, pretreatment with haloperidol (10 micromol/L) had no significant effects on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by either AngII or ET-1. 4. In conclusion, D2 receptor stimulation inhibits AngII-induced hypertrophy of cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes via inhibition of MAPK, PKC and [Ca(2+)](i) signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
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117
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Sahlholm K, Nilsson J, Marcellino D, Fuxe K, Arhem P. Voltage-dependence of the human dopamine D2 receptor. Synapse 2008; 62:476-80. [PMID: 18361445 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D2 receptor plays a critical role in activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the striatum, and regulates the transitions between different states of electrical activity. The D2 receptor is the main target for antipsychotics, and its affinity towards dopamine has been shown to be increased in psychotic patients. Recently, voltage-sensitivity has been reported for the ligand binding and G protein-coupling properties of some neurotransmitter receptors, raising the question whether the D2 receptor is also regulated by voltage. Our present electrophysiology data from Xenopus oocytes indicate that the D2 receptor is indeed voltage-sensitive. Comparing concentration-response relationships for the activation of G protein-coupled inward rectifier potassium (GIRK) channels via D2 receptor stimulation by quinpirole or dopamine at -80 and at +40 mV revealed rightward shifts upon depolarisation of nearly tenfold, for both agonists. Our results are likely to bear relevance to the function of the D2 receptor in gating synaptic input and in regulating plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Sahlholm
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-117 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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A preliminary study: novelty seeking, frontal executive function, and dopamine receptor (D2) TaqI A gene polymorphism in patients with methamphetamine dependence. Compr Psychiatry 2008; 49:387-92. [PMID: 18555060 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dopamine receptor polymorphisms have been associated with specific patterns of novelty seeking (NS) temperamental nature and frontal executive function. In addition, carriers of dopamine receptor type 2 (DRD2)-TaqI A1 have been hypothesized to be potentially vulnerable to addictive behaviors. In the present study, the association between dopamine D2 polymorphisms, NS, and frontal executive function was studied. METHODS Thirty-seven methamphetamine (MA)-dependent subjects and 40 healthy comparison subjects participated in the current study. The severity of addiction, NS temperament, and frontal executive functions were measured using the Addiction Severity Index, the NS subscale in the Temperament and Character Inventory, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, respectively. All subjects were genotyped with regard to DRD2-TaqI polymorphisms. RESULTS The prevalence of DRD2-TaqI A1 allele polymorphisms was greater in the MA-abuser group than in the comparison group. Patients with MA dependence also had higher NS characteristics and high scores in total trials, errors, and perseverative errors of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test than comparison subjects. Within patients with MA dependence, the subgroup of DRD2-TaqI A1 carrier had greater NS scores relative to those without, whereas there was only a trend level of lower frontal executive function in the first subgroup. CONCLUSION In the present study, the MA-dependent patients with DRD2-TaqI A1 allele had significantly greater NS scores and lower frontal executive function with a trend level than those without. These preliminary results suggest that MA-dependent patients may have the possibility of genetic and biogenic vulnerability to MA.
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Lee SH, Ham BJ, Cho YH, Lee SM, Shim SH. Association study of dopamine receptor D2 TaqI A polymorphism and reward-related personality traits in healthy Korean young females. Neuropsychobiology 2008; 56:146-51. [PMID: 18259088 DOI: 10.1159/000115781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors make a significant contribution to the determination of human personality traits. We aimed to investigate the possible relationship between dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) TaqI A polymorphism and the reward-related personality traits as measured by the Carver and White Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Approach System (BIS/BAS) scales and Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). METHODS The sample consisted of 267 female healthy Korean unrelated university students (age: 23.12 +/- 3.22 years) and they filled out the BIS/BAS scales and the TCI. Genomic DNA was isolated from whole blood and genotyped with the fluorescence polarization detection method. The effect of the independent variables (DRD2 genotypes) on the dependent variables were analyzed by multivariate and subsequent univariate ANOVA. RESULTS We found significant associations between the A1 allele of the DRD2 TaqI A polymorphism and a high BAS-RR score (reward responsiveness). No significant association was observed between DRD2 polymorphisms and other factors of the BIS/BAS scales and TCI. CONCLUSION These findings suggest the notion that DRD2 TaqI A polymorphism contributes to high reward sensitivity, which measures anticipation and positive response towards reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Hee Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Medical Center, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
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Zijlstra F, Booij J, van den Brink W, Franken IHA. Striatal dopamine D2 receptor binding and dopamine release during cue-elicited craving in recently abstinent opiate-dependent males. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 18:262-70. [PMID: 18077142 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Opiate addiction is a chronic disorder characterized by relapse behaviour, often preceded by craving and anhedonia. Chronic craving and anhedonia have been associated with low availability of dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) and cue-elicited craving has been linked with endogenous dopamine release. We studied D2R availability and cue-elicited endogenous dopamine release in 12 abstinent opiate-dependent males and 18 age-matched male controls with [123I]IBZM SPECT. Craving was manipulated with a video containing heroin-related stimuli. Moreover, chronic craving, anhedonia and cue-elicited craving were measured. We found lower baseline D2R availability in opiate-dependent subjects than controls in the left caudate nucleus. D2R availability in the putamen correlated negatively with years of opiate use. Opiate-dependent subjects demonstrated higher dopamine release after cue-exposure in the right putamen than controls. Chronic craving and anhedonia were positively correlated with DA release. Treatment strategies that increase D2Rs may, therefore, be an interesting approach to prevent relapse in opiate addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur Zijlstra
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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121
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Davis C, Levitan RD, Kaplan AS, Carter J, Reid C, Curtis C, Patte K, Hwang R, Kennedy JL. Reward sensitivity and the D2 dopamine receptor gene: A case-control study of binge eating disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:620-8. [PMID: 18262320 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 09/29/2007] [Accepted: 09/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The sensitivity of dopamine reward pathways has been implicated in the risk for various psychiatric disorders including compulsive overeating. The evidence is divided, however, about the direction of causal association. One argument is that a Reward Deficiency Syndrome is the risk factor, while others contend that hyper-sensitivity to reward enhances the motivation for pleasurable activities like eating. Unfortunately, little human research has bridged the gap between psychological and neurobiological approaches to brain reward functioning and disorder. The present study addressed this issue by implementing psychological and biological markers of reward sensitivity in the assessment protocol. METHODS Adults with binge eating disorder (BED) were compared to samples of normal-weight and obese controls on two personality measures of reward sensitivity and were genotyped for six markers of the DRD2 dopamine receptor gene. RESULTS Genotype x Group ANOVAs revealed significant main effects and an interaction on the personality measures for Taq1A. BED and obese subjects reported greater reward sensitivity than normal-weight controls, but only among those carrying the A1 allele. We also found that normal-weight controls with at least one copy of the T allele of the C957T marker had significantly lower reward sensitivity scores than any of the other groups who did not differ from each other. CONCLUSIONS Given evidence linking the A1 allele with reduced receptor density, an inverse relationship was expected between psychological measures of reward sensitivity and presence of the A1 allele. One explanation for our findings could be that the BED and obese participants possess another genetic variant that interacts with the A1 allele to produce higher dopamine activity. These findings have implications for future studies of the molecular genetics of BED and obesity, and for behavioural and pharmacologic therapies targeting these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Davis
- Kinesiology & Health Sciences, York University, Toronto, Canada.
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Kiefer F, Jiménez-Arriero MA, Klein O, Diehl A, Rubio G. Cloninger's typology and treatment outcome in alcohol-dependent subjects during pharmacotherapy with naltrexone. Addict Biol 2008; 13:124-9. [PMID: 17573782 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2007.00073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Naltrexone is an opiate receptor antagonist mainly at the micro-receptor that is thought to reduce the positively reinforcing, pleasurable effects of alcohol and to reduce craving. An increase in time to first relapse to heavy drinking has been the most consistent finding obtained with naltrexone, although not all trials including two of the largest have been positive. Inconsistent outcome data suggest that effectiveness varies among different subgroups of patients. This paper re-evaluates recent data on the effectiveness of naltrexone in subjects differentiated according to Cloninger Type I and II. Moreover, it combines and cross-validates results of two recent European studies that found naltrexone treatment more beneficial in alcohol-dependent patients with early age at onset of drinking problems (Cloninger Type II). It is discussed whether especially these subjects should be targeted for pharmacological relapse prevention treatment with naltrexone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
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123
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Verdejo-García A, Lawrence AJ, Clark L. Impulsivity as a vulnerability marker for substance-use disorders: review of findings from high-risk research, problem gamblers and genetic association studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008; 32:777-810. [PMID: 18295884 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 915] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a longstanding association between substance-use disorders (SUDs) and the psychological construct of impulsivity. In the first section of this review, personality and neurocognitive data pertaining to impulsivity will be summarised in regular users of four classes of substance: stimulants, opiates, alcohol and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Impulsivity in these groups may arise via two alternative mechanisms, which are not mutually exclusive. By one account, impulsivity may occur as a consequence of chronic exposure to substances causing harmful effects on the brain. By the alternative account, impulsivity pre-dates SUDs and is associated with the vulnerability to addiction. We will review the evidence that impulsivity is associated with addiction vulnerability by considering three lines of evidence: (i) studies of groups at high-risk for development of SUDs; (ii) studies of pathological gamblers, where the harmful consequences of the addiction on brain structure are minimised, and (iii) genetic association studies linking impulsivity to genetic risk factors for addiction. Within each of these three lines of enquiry, there is accumulating evidence that impulsivity is a pre-existing vulnerability marker for SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Verdejo-García
- Pharmacology Research Unit, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona Biomedical Research park, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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124
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Smith L, Watson M, Gates S, Ball D, Foxcroft D. Meta-analysis of the association of the Taq1A polymorphism with the risk of alcohol dependency: a HuGE gene-disease association review. Am J Epidemiol 2008; 167:125-38. [PMID: 17989061 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwm281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human dopamine 2 receptor Taq1A allele has been implicated as a vulnerability factor for alcohol dependence in a number of studies and reviews. To determine whether this allele is associated with alcoholism, the authors conducted a Human Genome Epidemiology review and meta-analysis. Forty-four studies with 9,382 participants were included. An odds ratio of 1.38 (95% confidence interval: 1.20, 1.58; heterogeneity, 50.5%) was found for the A1A1 + A1A2 versus the A2A2 genotype. Sensitivity analyses suggested lack of ethnic matching as a possible source of heterogeneity; a small, significant association was detected in studies with ethnic-matched controls (odds ratio = 1.26, 95% confidence interval: 1.02, 1.56; heterogeneity, 37%). Significant associations were also found in analyses restricted to studies reporting use of blinding and those with adequate screening of controls for alcohol dependency. For the A1A1 versus the A1A2 + A2A2 genotype, the odds ratio was 1.22 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.43; heterogeneity, 0%). Sensitivity analyses on groups of studies reporting use of ethnic-matched controls and those that screened controls for alcohol dependency still showed significant associations. The relatively small effect for the association of the A1 allele, or another genetic variant linked to it, with alcohol dependence indicates a multigene causality for this complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Smith
- School of Health and Social Care, Oxford Brookes University, Marston, United Kingdom.
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125
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Köhnke MD. Approach to the genetics of alcoholism: A review based on pathophysiology. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 75:160-77. [PMID: 17669369 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dependence is a common disorder with a heterogenous etiology. The results of family, twin and adoption studies on alcoholism are reviewed. These studies have revealed a heritability of alcoholism of over 50%. After evaluating the results, it was epidemiologically stated that alcoholism is heterogenous complex disorder with a multiple genetic background. Modern molecular genetic techniques allow examining specific genes involved in the pathophysiology of complex diseases such as alcoholism. Strategies for gene identification are introduced to the reader, including family-based and association studies. The susceptibility genes that are in the focus of this article have been chosen because they are known to encode for underlying mechanisms that are linked to the pathophysiology of alcoholism or that are important for the pharmacotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Postulated candidate genes of the metabolism of alcohol and of the involved neurotransmitter systems are introduced. Genetic studies on alcoholism examining the metabolism of alcohol and the dopaminergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic, opioid, cholinergic and serotonergic neurotransmitter systems as well as the neuropeptide Y are presented. The results are critically discussed followed by a discussion of possible consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Köhnke
- Friedrich-Petersen-Klinik Rostock, Semmelweisstrasse 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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126
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Acosta MC, Manubay J, Levin FR. Pediatric obesity: parallels with addiction and treatment recommendations. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2008; 16:80-96. [PMID: 18415881 PMCID: PMC3352597 DOI: 10.1080/10673220802069764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Rates of pediatric obesity have increased dramatically over the past decade. This trend is especially alarming because obesity is associated with significant medical and psychosocial consequences. It may contribute to cardiovascular, metabolic, and hepatic complications, as well as to psychiatric difficulties. The development of obesity appears to be influenced by a complex array of genetic, metabolic, and neural frameworks, along with behavior, eating habits, and physical activity. Numerous parallels exist between obesity and addictive behaviors, including genetic predisposition, personality, environmental risk factors, and common neurobiological pathways in the brain. Typical treatments for pediatric obesity include behavioral interventions targeting diet or exercise. These treatments have yielded mixed results and typically have been examined in specialty clinic populations, limiting their generalizability. There are limited medication options for overweight children and adolescents, and no approved medical intervention in children younger than 16 years old. Bariatric surgery may be an option for some adolescents, but due to the risks of surgery, it is often seen as a last resort. The parallels between addiction and obesity aid in developing novel interventions for pediatric obesity. Motivational enhancement and cognitive-behavioral strategies used in addiction treatment may prove to be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C. Acosta
- St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY 10025, USA,Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jeanne Manubay
- New York State Psychiatry Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Frances R. Levin
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA,New York State Psychiatry Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Cohen MX, Krohn-Grimberghe A, Elger CE, Weber B. Dopamine gene predicts the brain's response to dopaminergic drug. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:3652-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mash DC, ffrench-Mullen J, Adi N, Qin Y, Buck A, Pablo J. Gene expression in human hippocampus from cocaine abusers identifies genes which regulate extracellular matrix remodeling. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1187. [PMID: 18000554 PMCID: PMC2063513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The chronic effects of cocaine abuse on brain structure and function are blamed for the inability of most addicts to remain abstinent. Part of the difficulty in preventing relapse is the persisting memory of the intense euphoria or cocaine “rush”. Most abused drugs and alcohol induce neuroplastic changes in brain pathways subserving emotion and cognition. Such changes may account for the consolidation and structural reconfiguration of synaptic connections with exposure to cocaine. Adaptive hippocampal plasticity could be related to specific patterns of gene expression with chronic cocaine abuse. Here, we compare gene expression profiles in the human hippocampus from cocaine addicts and age-matched drug-free control subjects. Cocaine abusers had 151 gene transcripts upregulated, while 91 gene transcripts were downregulated. Topping the list of cocaine-regulated transcripts was RECK in the human hippocampus (FC = 2.0; p<0.05). RECK is a membrane-anchored MMP inhibitor that is implicated in the coordinated regulation of extracellular matrix integrity and angiogenesis. In keeping with elevated RECK expression, active MMP9 protein levels were decreased in the hippocampus from cocaine abusers. Pathway analysis identified other genes regulated by cocaine that code for proteins involved in the remodeling of the cytomatrix and synaptic connections and the inhibition of blood vessel proliferation (PCDH8, LAMB1, ITGB6, CTGF and EphB4). The observed microarray phenotype in the human hippocampus identified RECK and other region-specific genes that may promote long-lasting structural changes with repeated cocaine abuse. Extracellular matrix remodeling in the hippocampus may be a persisting effect of chronic abuse that contributes to the compulsive and relapsing nature of cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah C Mash
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America.
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129
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Dick DM, Wang JC, Plunkett J, Aliev F, Hinrichs A, Bertelsen S, Budde JP, Goldstein EL, Kaplan D, Edenberg HJ, Nurnberger J, Hesselbrock V, Schuckit M, Kuperman S, Tischfield J, Porjesz B, Begleiter H, Bierut LJ, Goate A. Family-Based Association Analyses of Alcohol Dependence Phenotypes Across DRD2 and Neighboring Gene ANKK1. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 31:1645-53. [PMID: 17850642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an extensive and inconsistent literature on the association of the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) with alcohol dependence. Conflicting results have been attributed to differences in the severity of the alcohol dependence phenotype across studies, failure to exclude related disorders from comparison groups, and artifacts of population-stratification. Recently the genetic polymorphism most widely analyzed in DRD2, Taq1A, has been discovered to reside in a neighboring gene, ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (ANKK1), located 10 kb downstream from DRD2. METHODS To more carefully characterize evidence for association across this region, we genotyped 26 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning DRD2 and ANKK1 in a sample of 219 Caucasian families (n = 1,923) from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA), making this the most extensive analysis to date of association between this region and alcohol dependence. We used family-based analyses robust to population-stratification, and we made use of rich phenotypic data to analyze alcohol dependence and subtypes hypothesized in the literature to be more directly influenced by DRD2. RESULTS We found that the evidence for association is strongest in the 5' linkage disequilibrium block of ANKK1 (that does not contain Taq1A), with weak evidence of association with a small number of SNPs in DRD2. The association in ANKK1 is strongest among the subsets of alcoholics with medical complications and with antisocial personality disorder. CONCLUSIONS More extensive genotyping across DRD2 and ANKK1 suggests that the association with alcohol dependence observed in this region may be due to genetic variants in the ANKK1 gene. ANKK1 is involved in signal transduction pathways and is a plausible biological candidate for involvement in addictive disorders.
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130
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Zack M, Poulos CX. A D2 antagonist enhances the rewarding and priming effects of a gambling episode in pathological gamblers. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:1678-86. [PMID: 17203013 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous research indicated shared neurochemical substrates for gambling and psychostimulant reward. This suggests that dopamine substrates may directly govern the reinforcement process in pathological gambling. To investigate this issue, the present study assessed the effects of the relatively selective dopamine D2 antagonist, haloperidol (3 mg, oral) on responses to actual gambling (15 min on a slot machine) in 20 non-comorbid pathological gamblers and 18 non-gambler controls in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, counterbalanced design. In gamblers, haloperidol significantly increased self-reported rewarding effects of gambling, post-game priming of desire to gamble, facilitation of reading speed to Gambling words, and gambling-induced elevation in blood pressure. In controls, haloperidol augmented gambling-induced elevation in blood pressure, but had no effect on other indices. The findings provide direct experimental evidence that the D2 substrate modulates gambling reinforcement in pathological gamblers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zack
- Clinical Neuroscience Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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131
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Haberstick BC, Timberlake D, Smolen A, Sakai JT, Hopfer CJ, Corley RP, Young SE, Stallings MC, Huizinga D, Menard S, Hartman C, Grotpeter J, Hewitt JK. Between- and within-family association test of the dopamine receptor D2 TaqIA polymorphism and alcohol abuse and dependence in a general population sample of adults. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2007; 68:362-70. [PMID: 17446975 PMCID: PMC2507866 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2007.68.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dopaminergic dysfunction has been hypothesized to play an important role in the etiology of alcohol-use disorders. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of the DRD2 gene affects gene expression and has been implicated as a risk factor for alcohol dependence. This polymorphism (TaqIA) has been reported as positively associated with alcohol-use disorders in case-control samples, but these results have not been replicated in family-based association studies. The mixed results of association between the DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism and alcohol-use disorders may be the result of differences in sample size, phenotype definition, heterogeneity of the samples, and genetic admixture. METHOD We conducted tests of association in a sample of 838 adults participating in the National Youth Survey Family Study (NYSFS). We examined whether the DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism was associated with a symptom-count measure of alcohol abuse and dependence derived from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, and the Craving Withdrawal Model. RESULTS Tests of association were nonsignificant across each classification system examined. Power calculations suggested that these results were despite the ability to detect an effect size of 1%. CONCLUSIONS This study supports other family-based association tests that have reported no association between the DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism and alcohol abuse and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett C Haberstick
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0447, USA.
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Haile CN, Kosten TR, Kosten TA. Genetics of dopamine and its contribution to cocaine addiction. Behav Genet 2006; 37:119-45. [PMID: 17063402 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-006-9115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is a major health and social problem for which there are presently no effective pharmacotherapies. Many of the most promising medications target dopamine based on the large literature that supports its role in addiction. Recent studies show that genetic factors are also important. Rodent models and gene knock-out technology have helped elucidate the involvement of specific genes in the function of the dopamine reward system and intracellular cascades that lead to neuronal changes in this system. Human epidemiological, linkage, and association studies have identified allelic variants (polymorphisms) that give rise to altered metabolism of dopamine and its functional consequences. Individuals with these polymorphisms respond differently to psychostimulants and possibly to pharmacotherapies. Here we review the literature on genetic variations that affect dopamine neurotransmission, responses to psychostimulants and potential treatments for cocaine addiction. Behavioral responses to psychostimulants in animals with different or modified genetics in dopamine signaling are discussed. We also review polymorphisms in humans that affect dopaminergic neurotransmission and alter the subjective effects of psychostimulants. Pharmacotherapies may have increased efficacy when targeted to individuals possessing specific genetic polymophisms in dopamine's metabolic and intracellular messenger systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin N Haile
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, and Meninger Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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133
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Kirsch P, Reuter M, Mier D, Lonsdorf T, Stark R, Gallhofer B, Vaitl D, Hennig J. Imaging gene–substance interactions: The effect of the DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism and the dopamine agonist bromocriptine on the brain activation during the anticipation of reward. Neurosci Lett 2006; 405:196-201. [PMID: 16901644 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Revised: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine is known as the main neurotransmitter modulating the activation of the reward system of the brain. The DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism is associated with dopamine D2 receptor density which plays an important role in the context of reward. Persons carrying an A1 allele have a lower D2 receptor density and a higher risk to show substance abuse. The present study was designed to investigate the influence of the DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism and the selective D2 receptor agonist bromociptine on the activation of the reward system by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In a double-blind crossover study with 24 participants we found an increase of reward system activation from placebo to bromocriptine only in subjects carrying the A1 allele. Furthermore, only A1 carrier showed an increase of performance under bromocriptine. The results are interpreted as reflecting a specific sensitivity for dopamine agonists in persons carrying an A1 allele and may complement actual data and theories of the development of addiction disorders postulating a higher genetic risk for substance abuse in carrier of the A1 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kirsch
- Center for Psychiatry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Am Steg 28, D-35385 Giessen, Germany.
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134
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Liu HC, Chen CK, Leu SJ, Wu HT, Lin SK. Association between dopamine receptor D1 A-48G polymorphism and methamphetamine abuse. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006; 60:226-31. [PMID: 16594948 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2006.01490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence have suggested that substance abuse is mediated by the dopaminergic rewarding system, primarily through the activity of the dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the association of DRD1 A-48G polymorphism with methamphetamine (MAP) abusers and MAP-induced psychosis patients. A total of 363 MAP abusers and 425 healthy normal controls were enrolled. The structural Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Study was used to evaluate all MAP abusers. The MAP abusers were classified into psychosis (n = 135) and non-psychosis (n = 228) groups. A-48G polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The results show that male sex and a higher frequency of MAP abuse were the predisposing factors in the development of MAP psychosis. The DRD1 -48G allele frequency in the MAP psychosis group, non-psychosis group and the healthy normal controls was 0.14, 0.18 and 0.16, respectively. No association was found between DRD1 A-48G polymorphism and MAP abuse and MAP psychosis. However, the data provided additional evidence of ethnicity-related differences in the distribution of polymorphism in comparison to previous studies.
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135
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Wiesbeck GA, Dürsteler-MacFarland KM, Wurst FM, Walter M, Petitjean S, Müller S, Wodarz N, Böning J. No association of dopamine receptor sensitivity in vivo with genetic predisposition for alcoholism and DRD2/DRD3 gene polymorphisms in alcohol dependence. Addict Biol 2006; 11:72-5. [PMID: 16759339 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2006.00003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to examine dopamine receptor sensitivity among alcoholics in vivo and to explore whether this sensitivity might be associated with functional variations of dopamine D2 (DRD2) and D3 (DRD3) receptor genes along with a genetic predisposition for alcoholism as reflected by an alcohol-dependent first-degree relative. We analyzed the -141C Ins/Del polymorphism in the promoter region of the DRD2 gene and the Ser9Gly (BalI) polymorphism in exon 1 of the DRD3 gene in 74 alcohol-dependent Caucasian men with or without genetic predisposition for alcoholism. In vivo dopamine receptor sensitivity was assessed by measuring apomorphine-induced growth hormone release. A three-way analysis of variance revealed no significant effects of DRD2, DRD3 genotypes and genetic predisposition on dopamine receptor sensitivity. Given the explorative and preliminary character of this investigation, we cannot provide evidence that in alcohol-dependent Caucasian men a genetic predisposition for alcoholism along with functional variants of the DRD2 and DRD3 genes are associated with differences in dopamine receptor sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard A Wiesbeck
- Division of Substance Use Disorders, Psychiatric University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
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136
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Gammie SC, Hasen NS, Awad TA, Auger AP, Jessen HM, Panksepp JB, Bronikowski AM. Gene array profiling of large hypothalamic CNS regions in lactating and randomly cycling virgin mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 139:201-11. [PMID: 15953654 PMCID: PMC1373786 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Revised: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A dramatic example of neuronal and physiological plasticity in adult mammals occurs during the transition from a non-maternal to a maternal, lactating state. In this study, we compared gene expression within a large continuous region of the CNS involved in maternal behaviors (hypothalamus, preoptic regions, and nucleus accumbens) between lactating (L) (postpartum Day 7) and randomly cycling virgin (V) outbred mice. Using high-density oligonucleotide arrays representing 11,904 genes, two statistical algorithms were used to identify significant differences in gene expression: robust multiarray (P < 0.001) (n = 92 genes) and significance analysis of microarrays using a 10% false discover rate (n = 114 genes). 27 common genes were identified as significant using both techniques. A subset of genes (n = 5) were selected and examined by real-time PCR. Our findings were consistent with previous published work. For example, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and proenkephalin were elevated in L mice, whereas POMC was decreased. Increased levels of NPY Y2 receptor and polo-like kinase and decreased levels of endothelin receptor type b in L mice are examples of novel gene expression changes not previously identified. Expression differences occurred in broad classes. Together, our findings provide possible new material on gene expression changes that may support maternal behaviors. The advantages and drawbacks of sampling large CNS regions using arrays are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Gammie
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, 1117 W. Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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137
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Reuter M, Hennig J. Association of the functional catechol-O-methyltransferase VAL158MET polymorphism with the personality trait of extraversion. Neuroreport 2006; 16:1135-8. [PMID: 15973162 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200507130-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Across different personality theories, there is agreement that dopamine is the neurochemical basis of extraversion. However, evidence from molecular genetics for the validity of this hypothesis is far from convincing. The functional polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene (COMT VAL158MET) has not been related to extraversion before, although it is a promising candidate gene locus for extraversion because of its great influence on the catabolism of dopamine. In a sample of n=363 healthy study participants, the catechol-O-methyltransferase VAL158MET polymorphism was related to extraversion and novelty seeking.Results showed a significant association between catechol-O-methyltransferase, extraversion and the subscale exploratory excitement (NS1) of novelty seeking but not with the total novelty-seeking scale supporting the psychometric analyses of the personality scales. The findings support the hypothesis that the dopamine system is involved in positive emotionality and incentive motivation, which has implications for the understanding of the neurochemical correlates of normal and psychopathological behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reuter
- Department of Psychology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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138
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Reuter M, Roth S, Holve K, Hennig J. Identification of first candidate genes for creativity: a pilot study. Brain Res 2006; 1069:190-7. [PMID: 16403463 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies from behavioral genetics have demonstrated the high heritability of intelligence. However, the endeavor to detect the genes forming the molecular basis of intelligence has been rather unsuccessful until now. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated the influence of the dopaminergic (DA) and the serotonergic (5-HT) system on subcomponents of cognitive functioning, and first studies from molecular genetics have demonstrated that genes related to the DA metabolism are associated with mental abilities. However, candidate genes for creativity have not been identified so far. Therefore, the influence of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (locus: COMT VAL158MET) gene and the dopamine D2 receptor gene (locus: DRD2 TAQ IA) on creativity was tested in addition to a serotonergic gene, TPH1 (locus: TPH-A779C), in a sample of N = 92 healthy Caucasian subjects while controlling for intelligence. Results showed that the DRD2 gene and the TPH gene were both associated with total creativity, explaining 9% of the variance, while COMT was not related to creativity at all. With respect to the subcomponents, the A1+ allele of DRD2 was related to higher verbal creativity as compared to the A1- allele, and carriers of the A allele of TPH1 showed significantly higher scores in figural and in numeric creativity, indicating that the two gene loci discriminate between higher cortical functions according to the organization of cognitive functions in the respective hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reuter
- Department of Psychology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Otto-Behaghel-Str. 10F, D-35394 Giessen, Germany.
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139
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Epstein LH, Leddy JJ. Food reinforcement. Appetite 2006; 46:22-5. [PMID: 16257474 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2005.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2004] [Revised: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 04/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The reinforcing value of food, measured by how hard someone is willing to work to obtain food, is influenced by food palatability, food deprivation and food variety, and may be a more powerful determinant of food intake than hedonics or liking. The reinforcing value of food is mediated in part by dopaminergic activity. Genotypes that influence dopamine transport and the density of dopamine D2 receptors interact with food reinforcement to influence eating behavior, and D2 receptor genotypes may influence food reinforcement and weight gain after smoking cessation. Inhibition of dopamine transport increases brain dopamine concentrations, which may influence weight gain after smoking cessation and can reduce energy intake in obese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Farber Hall, Room G56, 3435 Main Street, Building #26, Buffalo, NY 14214-3000, USA.
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140
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Cohen MX, Young J, Baek JM, Kessler C, Ranganath C. Individual differences in extraversion and dopamine genetics predict neural reward responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 25:851-61. [PMID: 16289773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2005] [Revised: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Psychologists have linked the personality trait extraversion both to differences in reward sensitivity and to dopamine functioning, but little is known about how these differences are reflected in the functioning of the brain's dopaminergic neural reward system. Here, we show that individual differences in extraversion and the presence of the A1 allele on the dopamine D2 receptor gene predict activation magnitudes in the brain's reward system during a gambling task. In two functional MRI experiments, participants probabilistically received rewards either immediately following a behavioral response (Study 1) or after a 7.5 s anticipation period (Study 2). Although group activation maps revealed anticipation- and reward-related activations in the reward system, individual differences in extraversion and the presence of the D2 Taq1A allele predicted a significant amount of inter-subject variability in the magnitudes of reward-related, but not anticipation-related, activations. These results demonstrate a link between stable differences in personality, genetics, and brain functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael X Cohen
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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141
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Reuter M, Küpper Y, Schmitz A, Breuer JP, Wend U, Hennig J. Detection of new single nucleotide polymorphisms by means of real time PCR. J Genet 2005; 84:341-5. [PMID: 16385169 DOI: 10.1007/bf02715807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Reuter
- Center of Psychobiology and Behavioural Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Otto-Behaghel-Str. 10F, D-35394 Giessen, Germany.
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142
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Messas G, Meira-Lima I, Turchi M, Franco O, Guindalini C, Castelo A, Laranjeira R, Vallada H. Association study of dopamine D2 and D3 receptor gene polymorphisms with cocaine dependence. Psychiatr Genet 2005; 15:171-4. [PMID: 16094250 DOI: 10.1097/00041444-200509000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors play a role in the vulnerability to cocaine dependence. The reinforcing properties of cocaine are related to the dopaminergic system, and, in particular, the dopamine receptors have been linked to the reward mechanisms. The present study examines the role of the variants TaqI A of the dopamine D2 receptor gene and BalI of the dopamine D3 receptor gene in a Brazilian sample consisting of 730 cocaine dependents and 782 healthy controls. The studied polymorphisms did not show any difference in allelic frequencies or genotypic distribution between the groups. Our data do not support a role for the dopamine D2 receptor gene TaqI A and dopamine D3 receptor gene BalI gene polymorphisms in the susceptibility to cocaine dependence in a Brazilian sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Messas
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil
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143
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Ellenbroek BA, van der Kam EL, van der Elst MCJ, Cools AR. Individual differences in drug dependence in rats: the role of genetic factors and life events. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 526:251-8. [PMID: 16253227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 09/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Drug dependence and addiction is a chronic mental illness that has far reaching consequences for society in terms of economic loss, health costs and judicial problems. A crucial question in drug addiction, is what factors are involved in its aetiology, and especially what mediates the shit from use to abuse. As in most other mental illnesses, addiction can best be described using the so-called three hit model, which states that a disease results from an interaction between genetic factors, early lie events and late environmental factors. However, the precise nature of these factors still remains to be elucidated. This present review discusses the results from an animal model in which these three different hit are currently being investigated. The apomorphine susceptible (APO-SUS) and apomorphine unsusceptible (APO-UNSUS) rats, originally selected on the basis of their behavioural response to the dopaminergic agonist apomorphine, were recently found to be genetically different in the number of gene copies of a component of the gamma-secretase complex called Aph-1b. Whereas APO-UNSUS rats have three copies of the gene, APO-SUS rats have either 1 or 2 copies. In addition we have shown that these rats show differences in cocaine and alcohol self-administration, and that both early life events and late environmental factors can alter this self-administration behaviour. Thus, the data so far support the hypothesis that the APO-SUS and APO-UNSUS rats offer an interesting animal model for drug dependence in which genes and environment interact. We finally propose a theoretical model which can explain this gene-environment interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart A Ellenbroek
- Department of Psychoneuropharmacology, University of Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, The Netherlands.
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144
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Reuter M, Peters K, Schroeter K, Koebke W, Lenardon D, Bloch B, Hennig J. The influence of the dopaminergic system on cognitive functioning: A molecular genetic approach. Behav Brain Res 2005; 164:93-9. [PMID: 16026865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Revised: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Many pharmacological and clinical studies have demonstrated the importance of the dopaminergic (DA) system for cognitive functioning but little is known about the genetic basis of general cognitive ability that has been demonstrated to be highly heritable. Attempts to detect associations between certain gene loci and endophenotypes of general cognitive ability have turned out to be more promising. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate two dopaminergic candidate genes (COMT VAL158MET and DRD2 TAQ IA) for endophenotypes of cognitive functioning i.e. attention, vigilance, interference, time estimation and sensoric and motoric reaction times. Out of a gene data bank of more than 600 healthy Caucasian participants, 96 subjects (n = 48 males and n = 48 females) were recruited according to their genotype/allele pattern, resulting in six independent groups (COMT: VAL/VAL, VAL/MET, MET/MET)x(DRD2: A1-, A1+) of n = 16 subjects each. Results showed associations of the COMT gene with attention and with time estimation but most noteworthy was an interaction effect DRD2xVAL on interference performance as measured by the STROOP-test explaining 13% of the variance. Findings suggest that a balance between DA related catabolic enzyme activity and receptor density are good predictors for the endophenotype of cognitive interference and that the COMT gene is in accordance with previous studies related to cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reuter
- Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Department of Psychology, Germany.
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145
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Wacker J, Reuter M, Hennig J, Stemmler G. Sexually dimorphic link between dopamine D2 receptor gene and neuroticism-anxiety. Neuroreport 2005; 16:611-4. [PMID: 15812318 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200504250-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prior theory-driven research probing the association between dopaminergic candidate genes and human personality has focused on the trait of novelty seeking. Here, we examined the association between the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) TaqI A polymorphism and two other personality traits, neuroticism-anxiety and agentic extraversion. We found no significant associations for agentic extraversion. However, for men, but not for women, we observed a strong and specific association between low neuroticism-anxiety and the A1+ allele of the DRD2 TaqI A polymorphism across two independent samples and across two alternative personality scales. We conclude that new theoretical models are needed to account for these and other recent reports of associations between neuroticism-anxiety and brain dopamine, which cannot be interpreted within the traditional framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wacker
- Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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146
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Shahmoradgoli Najafabadi M, Ohadi M, Joghataie MT, Valaie F, Riazalhosseini Y, Mostafavi H, Mohammadbeigi F, Najmabadi H. Association between the DRD2 A1 allele and opium addiction in the Iranian population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005; 134B:39-41. [PMID: 15704216 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the central dopaminergic neurotransmission has been suggested to play an important role in the etiology of certain neuropsychiatric disorders such as drug abuse. It has been shown that the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene dysfunction is associated with multi-drug addiction. Addiction to opium is the most common form of drug abuse in Iran. We studied the allelic association between DRD2 Taq I A polymorphism in 100 opium-dependent Iranian patients and 130 unrelated controls. A 310 bp (base pair) region surrounding Taq I site at the DRD2 locus was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the PCR product was incubated with Taq I restriction enzyme. The A1 allele remained intact while the A2 allele was cut. Significant association was observed between A1 allele and addiction in the patients group (P < 0.0001). Moreover, the frequency of A1A1 genotype was significantly higher in opium users than controls (P < 0.0001). Our result indicates that DRD2 might be involved in the pathophysiology of opium addiction.
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147
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Abstract
Family, twin, and adoption studies provide convincing evidence of a genetic contribution to the predisposition to alcohol dependence. Two main molecular genetic approaches, namely linkage and association, have been adopted to identify the genes that underpin that genetic vulnerability. Robust findings have implicated genes involved in alcohol metabolism, particularly when studied in Asian populations. These include the genes encoding aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 and several alcohol dehydrogenases. Other findings have proven to be less resilient, but have often implicated genes of the dopaminergic, GABA-ergic and serotonergic systems. Improvements in sample collection and characterization, technological and statistical advances, combined with a developmental approach, should enable molecular genetics to deliver on its initial promise of identifying the genes involved. These findings will have important implications for the identification and targeting of treatment. However it is anticipated that this information will have little impact on risk alteration and consequently population screening will be highly unlikely. Genetic factors always should be considered in the context of their developmental interplay with those of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ball
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK.
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148
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Caron L, Karkazis K, Raffin TA, Swan G, Koenig BA. Nicotine addiction through a neurogenomic prism: ethics, public health, and smoking. Nicotine Tob Res 2005; 7:181-97. [PMID: 16036275 PMCID: PMC2613832 DOI: 10.1080/14622200500055251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies are under way to examine the neurogenetic factors contributing to smoking behaviors. The combined approaches of genomics, molecular biology, neuroscience, and pharmacology are expected to fuel developments in pharmacogenetics, to create new genetic tests, and ultimately to provide the basis for innovative strategies for smoking cessation and prevention. The emergence of a neurogenomic understanding of nicotine addiction is likely to induce fundamental changes in popular, clinical, and public health views of smoking, which could significantly shape existing practices and policies to reduce tobacco use. Still a nascent area of research, nicotine addiction provides an excellent case study through which to anticipate key ethical and policy issues in both behavioral genetics and the neurogenomics of addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Caron
- Agence d'évaluation des technologies et des modes d'intervention en santé, Montreal, Canada
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149
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Rubio G, Ponce G, Rodriguez-Jiménez R, Jiménez-Arriero MA, Hoenicka J, Palomo T. CLINICAL PREDICTORS OF RESPONSE TO NALTREXONE IN ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS: WHO BENEFITS MOST FROM TREATMENT WITH NALTREXONE? Alcohol Alcohol 2005; 40:227-33. [PMID: 15797885 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agh151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To determine the clinically ascertained variables that are related to satisfactory response to naltrexone (NTX) treatment of alcohol dependence after detoxification. METHODS The use of intake and outcome variables were measured in a randomized 3-month open-controlled trial comparing the effects of naltrexone plus psychotherapy treatment versus psychotherapy treatment alone on the maintenance of abstinence in the final 28 days (n = 336, all male). RESULTS Predictors of a positive response to NTX treatment were family history of alcoholism (P = 0.010), early age at onset of drinking problems (P = 0.014) and comorbid use of other drugs of abuse (P < 0.001). Among the subjects not treated with NTX, the greater the number of predictor variables, the lower the final 28 days abstinence rates (P = 0.00003), but this was not the case in patients treated with NTX (P = 0.844). CONCLUSIONS Patients with these features, suggesting biological vulnerability overall have poorer outcomes, but this can be reduced with NTX treatment. The type of alcoholism should be considered before deciding on the pharmacological strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rubio
- Alcoholism Research Program, Servicios de Salud Mental, Retiro, Madrid, Spain.
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150
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Kreek MJ, Bart G, Lilly C, LaForge KS, Nielsen DA. Pharmacogenetics and Human Molecular Genetics of Opiate and Cocaine Addictions and Their Treatments. Pharmacol Rev 2005; 57:1-26. [PMID: 15734726 DOI: 10.1124/pr.57.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Opiate and cocaine addictions are major social and medical problems that impose a significant burden on society. Despite the size and scope of these problems, there are few effective treatments for these addictions. Methadone maintenance is an effective and most widely used treatment for opiate addiction, allowing normalization of many physiological abnormalities caused by chronic use of short-acting opiates. There are no pharmacological treatments for cocaine addiction. Epidemiological, linkage, and association studies have demonstrated a significant contribution of genetic factors to the addictive diseases. This article reviews the molecular genetics and pharmacogenetics of opiate and cocaine addictions, focusing primarily on genes of the opioid and monoaminergic systems that have been associated with or have evidence for linkage to opiate or cocaine addiction. This evidence has been marshalled either through identification of variant alleles that lead to functional alterations of gene products, altered gene expression, or findings of linkage or association studies. Studies of polymorphisms in the mu opioid receptor gene, which encodes the receptor target of some endogenous opioids, heroin, morphine, and synthetic opioids, have contributed substantially to knowledge of genetic influences on opiate and cocaine addiction. Other genes of the endogenous opioid and monoaminergic systems, particularly genes encoding dopamine beta-hydroxylase, and the dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine transporters have also been implicated. Variants in genes encoding proteins involved in metabolism or biotransformation of drugs of abuse and also of treatment agents are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jeanne Kreek
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, Box 171, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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