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Sarkar A, Roy-Barman S. Spray-Induced Silencing of Pathogenicity Gene MoDES1 via Exogenous Double-Stranded RNA Can Confer Partial Resistance Against Fungal Blast in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:733129. [PMID: 34899771 PMCID: PMC8662628 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.733129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past years, RNA interference (RNAi) has been used as a promising combat strategy against a wide range of pests and pathogens in ensuring global food security. It involves the induction of highly specific posttranscriptional regulation of target essential genes from an organism, via the application of precursor long, non-coding double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules that share sequence-complementarity with the mRNAs of the targets. Fungal blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most deadly diseases of rice and wheat incurring huge losses in global crop yield. To date, the host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) aspects of RNAi have been successfully exploited in developing resistance against M. oryzae in rice. Spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) is a current, potential, non-transformative, and environment-friendly pest and pathogen management strategy, where naked or nanomaterial-bound dsRNA are sprayed on leaves to cause selective knockdown of pathogenicity genes. Although it relies on the ability of fungal pathogens to uptake sprayed RNA, its efficiency varies largely across phytopathogens and their genes, targeted for silencing. Here, we report a transient dsRNA supplementation system for the targeted knockdown of MoDES1, a host-defense suppressor pathogenicity gene from M. oryzae. We validate the feasibility of in vivo SIGS and post-uptake transfer of RNA signals to distal plant parts in rice-M. oryzae pathosystem through a GFP-based reporter system. A protocol for efficient silencing via direct foliar spray of naked dsRNA was optimized. As proof-of-concept, we demonstrate the phenotypic impacts of in vitro dsDES1 treatment on growth, conidiation, ROS-scavenging ability, and pathogenic potential of M. oryzae. Furthermore, our extrapolatory dsDES1 spray experiments on wounded leaves and whole rice plants indicate resultant silencing of MoDES1 that conferred significant resistance against the fungal blast disease. The evaluation of primary and secondary host defense responses provides evidence supporting the notion that spray of sequence-specific dsRNA on wounded leaf tissue can cause systemic and sustained silencing of a M. oryzae target gene. For the first time, we establish a transgene-free SIGS approach as a promising crop protection strategy against the notorious rice-blast fungus.
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Gao A, Li L, Yan F, Lei Y, Chen J, Wu L, Ye J. Nile tilapia CXCR4, the receptor of chemokine CXCL12, is involved in host defense against bacterial infection and chemotactic activity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103836. [PMID: 32835835 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), a member of seven-transmembrane (7-TM) G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily, is the receptor of the CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), and plays important roles in host defense and inflammation. In the current study, we cloned and identified a homolog of CXCR4 from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), designated as OnCXCR4. The open reading frame of OnCXCR4 is 1149 bp encoding a peptide of 382 amino acids, and the predicted molecular weight is 42.65 kDa OnCXCR4 shares common features of CXCR4 family, including a 7-TM domain and a characteristic CXC motif (containing CYC). Expression analysis showed that OnCXCR4 constitutively expresses in various tested tissues of Nile tilapia, with the highest level in the anterior kidney. When stimulated with Streptococcus agalactiae, Aeromonas hydrophila, Poly(I:C), or LPS in vivo and in vitro, the expression of OnCXCR4 was significantly regulated. AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist, could not only inhibit the chemotactic activity of the recombinant OnCXCL12 protein on the leukocytes from anterior kidney, but also reduce the expression of OnCXCR4 significantly. Taken together, these results of our study above indicate that OnCXCR4 may play important roles in host defense against bacterial infectionin in Nile tilapia, and being a receptor of OnCXCL12 to exert functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Along Gao
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Lan Li
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Fangfang Yan
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Yang Lei
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Jianlin Chen
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Liting Wu
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
| | - Jianmin Ye
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Host cells recognize molecules that signal danger using pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most studied class of PRRs and detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular patterns. Cellular TLR activation and signal transduction can therefore contain, combat, and clear danger by enabling appropriate gene transcription. Here, we review the expression, regulation, and function of different TLRs, with an emphasis on TLR-4, and how TLR adaptor protein binding directs intracellular signaling resulting in activation or termination of an innate immune response. Finally, we highlight the recent progress of research on the involvement of S100 proteins as ligands for TLR-4 in inflammatory disease.
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Holl EK, Frazier V, Landa K, Boczkowski D, Sullenger B, Nair SK. Controlling cancer-induced inflammation with a nucleic acid scavenger prevents lung metastasis in murine models of breast cancer. Mol Ther 2020; 29:1772-1781. [PMID: 33348055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells release nucleic acid-containing proinflammatory complexes, termed nucleic acid-containing damage-associated molecular patterns (NA DAMPs), passively upon death and actively during stress. NA DAMPs activate pattern recognition receptors on cells in the tumor microenvironment leading to prolonged and intensified inflammation that potentiates metastasis. No strategy exists to control endogenous or therapy-induced inflammation in cancer patients. We discovered that the generation 3.0 polyamidoamine dendrimer (PAMAM-G3) scavenges NA DAMPs and mitigates their proinflammatory effects. In this study, we tested if the nucleic acid scavenger (NAS) PAMAM-G3 reduces lung metastasis in murine models of breast cancer. Our data indicate that PAMAM-G3 treatment decreases cell-free DNA levels and reduces lung metastasis in the experimental intravenous tumor-injection model and the postsurgical tumor-resection model of 4T1 breast cancer. Reduction in lung metastasis is associated with reduction in inflammatory immune cell subsets and proinflammatory cytokine levels in the tumor and the periphery. This study is the first example of NAS-mediated inhibition of metastasis to the lung. The study results provide a strong rationale for inclusion of NAS therapy in women with breast cancer undergoing standard-of-care surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda K Holl
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Victoria Frazier
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Karenia Landa
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David Boczkowski
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bruce Sullenger
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Smita K Nair
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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105
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Innate immune responses to Listeria in vivo. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 59:95-101. [PMID: 33307408 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a foodborne bacterial pathogen that causes listeriosis, a severe infection that manifests as bacteremia and meningo-encephalitis mostly in immunocompromised individuals, and maternal-fetal infection. A critical pathogenic determinant of Lm relies on its ability to actively cross the intestinal barrier, disseminate systemically and cross the blood-brain and placental barriers. Here we illustrate how Lm both evades innate immunity, favoring its dissemination in host tissues, and triggers innate immune defenses that participate to its control.
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106
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Panda AK, Tripathy R, Das BK. CD14 (C-159T) polymorphism is associated with increased susceptibility to SLE, and plasma levels of soluble CD14 is a novel biomarker of disease activity: A hospital-based case-control study. Lupus 2020; 30:219-227. [PMID: 33176568 DOI: 10.1177/0961203320972799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) plays a crucial role in the innate immune response of the host in protection against various pathogens. The importance of soluble CD14 in autoimmune disorders has been described in different populations. However, the role of sCD14 in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is poorly understood. Further, the association of functional variants at the promoter region of the CD14 gene (-159 C > T) with susceptibility to SLE or disease severity needs to be defined. METHODS Two hundred female SLE patients diagnosed on systemic lupus international collaborating clinics (SLICC) classification criteria and age, sex, matched healthy controls were enrolled in the present study. Polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used to genotype CD14 (C-159 T) polymorphism. Plasma levels of IFN-α, TNF-α, and sCD14 were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Prevalence of mutant genotypes (CT and TT) and minor allele (T) of CD14 (C-159T) polymorphism was significantly higher in SLE cases compared to healthy controls (CT: P < 0.0001; OR = 3.26, TT:P < 0.0001; OR = 3.39; T:P = 0.0009, OR = 1.62). Further, lupus nephritis patients had a higher prevalence of homozygous mutants (TT) and mutant allele (T)(TT: P = 0.0002, OR = 8.07; T: P = 0.001, OR = 1.32). SLE patients displayed significantly increased plasma sCD14, TNF-α, and IFN-α levels in comparison to healthy controls. These cytokines were significantly elevated in patients of lupus nephritis compared to those without kidney involvement. Interestingly, sCD14 levels correlated positively with SLE disease activity index-2K (SLEDAI-2K) scores and 24 hours proteinuria. CONCLUSION CD14 (C-159T) polymorphism is associated with an increased predisposition to the development of SLE and lupus nephritis: sCD14 is a promising novel biomarker for assessing disease activity and lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K Panda
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Khallikote University, Berhampur, India
| | - Rina Tripathy
- Department of Biochemistry, SVP Post-Graduate Institute of Pediatrics, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Bidyut K Das
- Department of Medicine, S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack, India
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Macrophage Activation Assays to Evaluate the Immunostimulatory Capacity of Avibacterium paragallinarum in A Multivalent Poultry Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040671. [PMID: 33182624 PMCID: PMC7712920 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High-quality vaccines are crucial to prevent infectious disease outbreaks in the poultry industry. In vivo vaccination tests are routinely used to test poultry vaccines for their potency, i.e., their capacity to induce protection against the targeted diseases. A better understanding of how poultry vaccines activate immune cells will facilitate the replacement of in vivo potency tests for in vitro assays. Using the chicken macrophage-like HD11 cell line as a model to evaluate innate immune responses, the current explorative study addresses the immunostimulatory capacity of an inactivated multivalent vaccine for infectious bronchitis, Newcastle disease, egg-drop syndrome, and infectious coryza. The vaccine stimulated HD11 cells to produce nitric oxide and to express pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF, and IL-12p40, chemokines CXCLi1 and CXCLi2, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, but only when inactivated Avibacterium paragallinarum, the causative agent of infectious coryza, was present. Lipopolysaccharides from Avibacterium paragallinarum were crucial for the production of nitric oxide and expression of IL-1β and CXCLi1. The described immune parameters demonstrate the capacity of this multivalent vaccine to activate innate immune cells and may in the future, combined with antigen quantification methods, contribute to vaccine quality testing in vitro, hence the replacement of current in vivo vaccination tests.
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108
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Genovese I, Vezzani B, Danese A, Modesti L, Vitto VAM, Corazzi V, Pelucchi S, Pinton P, Giorgi C. Mitochondria as the decision makers for cancer cell fate: from signaling pathways to therapeutic strategies. Cell Calcium 2020; 92:102308. [PMID: 33096320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As pivotal players in cellular metabolism, mitochondria have a double-faceted role in the final decision of cell fate. This is true for all cell types, but it is even more important and intriguing in the cancer setting. Mitochondria regulate cell fate in many diverse ways: through metabolism, by producing ATP and other metabolites deemed vital or detrimental for cancer cells; through the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, especially by the joint participation of the endoplasmic reticulum in a membranous tethering system for Ca2+ signaling called mitochondria-ER associated membranes (MAMs); and by regulating signaling pathways involved in the survival of cancer cells such as mitophagy. Recent studies have shown that mitochondria can also play a role in the regulation of inflammatory pathways in cancer cells, for example, through the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) involved in the activation of the cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway. In this review, we aim to explore the role of mitochondria as decision makers in fostering cancer cell death or survival depending on the tumor cell stage and describe novel anticancer therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Genovese
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Bianca Vezzani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Danese
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Modesti
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Veronica Angela Maria Vitto
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Virginia Corazzi
- ENT & Audiology Department, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Pelucchi
- ENT & Audiology Department, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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109
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Cytosolic Sensors for Pathogenic Viral and Bacterial Nucleic Acids in Fish. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197289. [PMID: 33023222 PMCID: PMC7582293 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of the non-self signature of invading pathogens is a crucial step for the initiation of the innate immune mechanisms of the host. The host response to viral and bacterial infection involves sets of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which bind evolutionarily conserved pathogen structures, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Recent advances in the identification of different types of PRRs in teleost fish revealed a number of cytosolic sensors for recognition of viral and bacterial nucleic acids. These are DExD/H-box RNA helicases including a group of well-characterized retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) and non-RLR DExD/H-box RNA helicases (e.g., DDX1, DDX3, DHX9, DDX21, DHX36 and DDX41) both involved in recognition of viral RNAs. Another group of PRRs includes cytosolic DNA sensors (CDSs), such as cGAS and LSm14A involved in recognition of viral and intracellular bacterial dsDNAs. Moreover, dsRNA-sensing protein kinase R (PKR), which has a role in antiviral immune responses in higher vertebrates, has been identified in fish. Additionally, fish possess a novel PKR-like protein kinase containing Z-DNA binding domain, known as PKZ. Here, we review the current knowledge concerning cytosolic sensors for recognition of viral and bacterial nucleic acids in teleosts.
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110
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Gupta D, Gangwar A, Jyoti K, Sainaga Jyothi VG, Sodhi RK, Mehra NK, Singh SB, Madan J. Self healing hydrogels: A new paradigm immunoadjuvant for delivering peptide vaccine. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 194:111171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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111
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Purification, structural characterization and in vivo immunoregulatory activity of a novel polysaccharide from Polygonatum sibiricum. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 160:688-694. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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112
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Yun T, Hua J, Ye W, Ni Z, Chen L, Zhang C. The phosphoproteomic responses of duck (Cairna moschata) to classical/novel duck reovirus infections in the spleen tissue. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15315. [PMID: 32943705 PMCID: PMC7499213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck reovirus (DRV) is a fatal member of the genus Orthoreovirus in the family Reoviridae. The disease caused by DRV leads to huge economic losses to the duck industry. Post-translational modification is an efficient strategy to enhance the immune responses to virus infection. However, the roles of protein phosphorylation in the responses of ducklings to Classic/Novel DRV (C/NDRV) infections are largely unknown. Using a high-resolution LC–MS/MS integrated to highly sensitive immune-affinity antibody method, phosphoproteomes of Cairna moschata spleen tissues under the C/NDRV infections were analyzed, producing a total of 8,504 phosphorylation sites on 2,853 proteins. After normalization with proteomic data, 392 sites on 288 proteins and 484 sites on 342 proteins were significantly changed under the C/NDRV infections, respectively. To characterize the differentially phosphorylated proteins (DPPs), a systematic bioinformatics analyses including Gene Ontology annotation, domain annotation, subcellular localization, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway annotation were performed. Two important serine protease system-related proteins, coagulation factor X and fibrinogen α-chain, were identified as phosphorylated proteins, suggesting an involvement of blood coagulation under the C/NDRV infections. Furthermore, 16 proteins involving the intracellular signaling pathways of pattern-recognition receptors were identified as phosphorylated proteins. Changes in the phosphorylation levels of MyD88, NF-κB, RIP1, MDA5 and IRF7 suggested a crucial role of protein phosphorylation in host immune responses of C. moschata. Our study provides new insights into the responses of ducklings to the C/NDRV infections at PTM level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yun
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Jionggang Hua
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Weicheng Ye
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Zheng Ni
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Liu Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Cun Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
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113
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Fulop T, Larbi A, Hirokawa K, Cohen AA, Witkowski JM. Immunosenescence is both functional/adaptive and dysfunctional/maladaptive. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:521-536. [PMID: 32930852 PMCID: PMC7490574 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the immune system with aging are considered to underlie many age-related diseases. However, many elderly individuals remain healthy until even a very advanced age. There is also an increase in numbers of centenarians and their apparent fitness. We should therefore change our unilaterally detrimental consideration of age-related immune changes. Recent data taking into consideration the immunobiography concept may allow for meaningful distinctions among various aging trajectories. This implies that the aging immune system has a homeodynamic characteristic balanced between adaptive and maladaptive aspects. The survival and health of an individual depends from the equilibrium of this balance. In this article, we highlight which parts of the aging of the immune system may be considered adaptive in contrast to those that may be maladaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fulop
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada.
- Research Center on Aging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - A Larbi
- Biology of Aging Program and Immunomonitoring Platform, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - K Hirokawa
- Institute of Health and Life Science, Tokyo and Nito-memory Nakanosogo Hospital, Department of Pathology, Tokyo Med. Dent. University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A A Cohen
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - J M Witkowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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114
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Arya VS, Kanthlal SK, Linda G. The role of dietary polyphenols in inflammatory bowel disease: A possible clue on the molecular mechanisms involved in the prevention of immune and inflammatory reactions. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13369. [PMID: 32885438 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is one of the major complications of the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by chronic inflammation, which disturbs the quality of life of the affected individuals. Genetic predisposition, immune, inflammatory, and enzyme-mediated signaling cascades are the primary mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Currently, the treatment strategy involves the maintenance of remission and induction of inflammation by anti-inflammatory agents and immune suppressants. Polyphenol-containing diets, including fruits and vegetables of regular use, possess anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant potential through the inhibition of major contributing pathways to IBD. This review discusses the role of these dietary polyphenols in downregulating the major signaling cascades in IBD. Our review encourages the development of nutritional strategies to improve the efficiency of current therapies for IBD and reduce the risks of side effects associated with conventional therapy. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: At present, almost every third person in society is under stress and having chronic disorders like diabetes, arthritis, allergy, cardiovascular disease, IBD, etc. This insists on the direct/indirect role of changes in the lifestyle for such deterioration in society. This review would emphasize the medicinal value of polyphenols present in fruits and vegetables for chronic inflammatory disorders. This concept portrays the food components which have the potential to promote health, improve general well-being, and reduce the risk of IBD. We propose to add fruits with bioactive polyphenols in the regular diet to help in preventing the immune-mediated intestinal chronic inflammatory syndrome and reduce the risks of colorectal cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Arya
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - S K Kanthlal
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Geevarghese Linda
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
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115
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Midttun HLE, Vindas MA, Whatmore PJ, Øverli Ø, Johansen IB. Effects of Pseudoloma neurophilia infection on the brain transcriptome in zebrafish (Danio rerio). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:863-875. [PMID: 32542843 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory zebrafish are commonly infected with the intracellular, brain-infecting microsporidian parasite Pseudoloma neurophilia. Chronic P. neurophilia infections induce inflammation in meninges, brain and spinal cord, and have been suggested to affect neural functions since parasite clusters reside inside neurons. However, underlying neural and immunological mechanisms associated with infection have not been explored. Utilizing RNA-sequencing analysis, we found that P. neurophilia infection upregulated 175 and downregulated 45 genes in the zebrafish brain, compared to uninfected controls. Four biological pathways were enriched by the parasite, all of which were associated with immune function. In addition, 14 gene ontology (GO) terms were enriched, eight of which were associated with immune responses and five with circadian rhythm. Surprisingly, no differentially expressed genes or enriched pathways were specific for nervous system function. Upregulated immune-related genes indicate that the host generally show a pro-inflammatory immune response to infection. On the other hand, we found a general downregulation of immune response genes associated with anti-pathogen functions, suggesting an immune evasion strategy by the parasite. The results reported here provide important information on host-parasite interaction and highlight possible pathways for complex effects of parasite infections on zebrafish phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene L E Midttun
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marco A Vindas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul J Whatmore
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Genecology Research Center, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Øyvind Øverli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida B Johansen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Capó X, Ferrer MD, Olek RA, Salaberry E, Gomila RM, Martorell G, Sureda A, Tur JA, Pons A. Simultaneous analysis of saturated and unsaturated oxylipins in 'ex vivo' cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells and neutrophils. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113258. [PMID: 32294601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxylipins are a family of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids peroxidation products with bioactive properties. We have developed an improved method for the measurement of ex vivo oxylipin production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and neutrophils. We aimed to develop an analytical method to determine the production rates of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), PUFA-oxylipin, and saturated-oxylipins by stimulated PBMCs and neutrophils based on solid phase extraction and HPLC-MS/MS technology. A UHPLC system coupled to a Q-Exactive Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer was used to identify and quantify oxylipin production. For each oxylipin and PUFA their differential response was calculated with respect to a deuterated internal standard factor (ISF). To calculate oxylipin and PUFAs in the culture samples, the individual ISF was used for each oxylipin and PUFA with respect to the deuterated internal standard. PBMCs and neutrophils showed a different pattern of oxylipin production and fatty acid secretion. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) did not stimulate oxylipin production or fatty acids secretion in PBMCs, whereas phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulation increased the production rate of 5-HETE, 15-HETE, 15-HEPE, 17-DoHE, PGE2, AA, and DHA. LPS stimulation decreased 16-hydroxyl-palmitatte (16-OHPAL) production and DHA secretion in neutrophils, while PMA stimulation increased the production rate of AA and its derivate oxylipins, 5-HETE, 15-HETE, and PGE2. In conclusion, we have developed a new method to determine oxylipins derived from both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in culture cell media. This method has enough sensitivity, and accuracy, to determine oxylipin production and fatty acid secretion by PBMCs and neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Capó
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (IDISBA), E-07120 Palma, Spain; Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, E- 07122, Palma, Spain
| | - M D Ferrer
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (IDISBA), E-07120 Palma, Spain; Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, E- 07122, Palma, Spain
| | - R A Olek
- Poznan University of Physical Education, Poland
| | - E Salaberry
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, E- 07122, Palma, Spain
| | - R M Gomila
- Serveis cientificotècnics, University of Balearic Islands, E- 07122, Palma, Spain
| | - G Martorell
- Serveis cientificotècnics, University of Balearic Islands, E- 07122, Palma, Spain
| | - A Sureda
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (IDISBA), E-07120 Palma, Spain; Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, E- 07122, Palma, Spain; CIBEROBN - Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, CB12/03/30038, University of Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma, Spain
| | - J A Tur
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (IDISBA), E-07120 Palma, Spain; Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, E- 07122, Palma, Spain; CIBEROBN - Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, CB12/03/30038, University of Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma, Spain
| | - A Pons
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (IDISBA), E-07120 Palma, Spain; Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, E- 07122, Palma, Spain; CIBEROBN - Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, CB12/03/30038, University of Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma, Spain.
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Romerio A, Peri F. Increasing the Chemical Variety of Small-Molecule-Based TLR4 Modulators: An Overview. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1210. [PMID: 32765484 PMCID: PMC7381287 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) is one of the receptors of innate immunity. It is activated by Pathogen- and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs) and triggers pro-inflammatory responses that belong to the repertoire of innate immune responses, consequently protecting against infectious challenges and boosting adaptive immunity. Mild TLR4 stimulation by non-toxic molecules resembling its natural agonist (lipid A) provided efficient vaccine adjuvants. The non-toxic TLR4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) has been approved for clinical use. This suggests the development of other TLR4 agonists as adjuvants or drugs for cancer immunotherapy. TLR4 excessive activation by a Gram-negative bacteria lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leads to sepsis, while TLR4 stimulation by DAMPs is a common mechanism in several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. TLR4 inhibition by small molecules and antibodies could therefore provide access to innovative therapeutics targeting sepsis as well as acute and chronic inflammations. The potential use of TLR4 antagonists as anti-inflammatory drugs with unique selectivity and a new mechanism of action compared to corticosteroids or other non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs fueled the search for compounds of natural or synthetic origin able to block or inhibit TLR4 activation and signaling. The wide spectrum of clinical settings to which TLR4 inhibitors can be applied include autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases), vascular inflammation, neuroinflammations, and neurodegenerative diseases. The last advances (from 2017) in TLR4 activation or inhibition by small molecules (molecular weight <2 kDa) are reviewed here. Studies on pre-clinical validation of new chemical entities (drug hits) on cellular or animal models as well as new clinical studies on previously developed TLR4 modulators are reported. Innovative TLR4 modulators discovered by computer-assisted drug design and an artificial intelligence approach are described. Some "old" TLR4 agonists or antagonists such as MPLA or Eritoran are under study for repositioning in different pharmacological contexts. The mechanism of action of the molecules and the level of TLR4 involvement in their biological activity are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Romerio
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Peri
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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118
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Immunostimulatory Activity of Black Rice Bran in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Rats. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20934919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Black rice bran extract (BRBE), containing various biologically active compounds, such as anthocyanin, has antioxidant activity and numerous pharmacological effects. Here, we aimed to confirm the immunostimulatory effects of BRBE in cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced immunosuppressed cells. Our results confirmed that BRBE exerted an immunostimulatory effect. In vitro, BRBE treatment enhanced cell proliferation, activity of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and production of CP-repressed cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-12, and immunoglobulins G and A in isolated splenocytes. Additionally, in vivo, BRBE treatment increased the number of immune cells, such as white blood cells, lymphocyte counts, mid-range absolute counts, and neutrophils in CP-induced immunosuppressed rats. Furthermore, BRBE increased the serum levels of abovementioned inflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulins in CP-induced immunosuppressed rats. In addition, BRBE protected against CP-mediated spleen and thymic tissue damage. Our findings suggest that BRBE could be potentially used as a component of functional food for immunity enhancement.
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Pattern Recognition Receptor-reactivity Screening of Liver Transplant Patients: Potential for Personalized and Precise Organ Matching to Reduce Risks of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury. Ann Surg 2020; 271:922-931. [PMID: 30480558 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000003085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on immune and parenchymal cells can detect danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from cells damaged during ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), in heart attack or stroke settings, but also as an unavoidable consequence of solid organ transplantation. Despite IRI being a significant clinical problem across all solid organ transplants, there are limited therapeutics and patient-specific diagnostics currently available. METHODS We screened portal blood samples obtained from 67 human liver transplant recipients both pre- [portal vein (PV) sample] and post-(liver flush; LF) reperfusion for their ability to activate a panel of PRRs, and analyzed this reactivity in relation to biopsy-proven IRI. RESULTS PV samples from IRI+ orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) patients (n = 35) decreased activation of hTLR4- and hTLR9-transfected cells, whereas PV from IRI- patients (n = 32) primarily increased hTLR7 and hNOD2 activation. LF samples from OLT-IRI patients significantly increased activation of hTLR4 and hTLR9 over IRI- LF. In addition, the change from baseline reactivity to hTLR4/9/NOD2 was significantly higher in IRI+ than IRI- OLT patients. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that TLR4/7/9 and NOD2 are involved in either promoting or attenuating hepatic IRI, and suggest a diagnostic screening of portal blood for reactivity to these PRRs might prove useful for prediction and/or therapeutic intervention in OLT patients before transplantation.
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Giang NT, Tong HV, Nghia TH, Hung HV, Anh DT, Nam LV, Mao CV, Giang NT, Thanh LD, Son HA, Velavan TP, Do Q, Toan NL. Association of FCN2 polymorphisms and Ficolin-2 levels with dengue fever in Vietnamese patients. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 95:253-261. [PMID: 32088336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The human ficolin-2, encoded by FCN2, recognizes pathogen-associated acetylated residues on their cell surfaces and activates the lectin complement cascade. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of human ficolin-2 and the functional FCN2 genetic variants in dengue virus (DENV) infection and in clinical progression. METHODS FCN2 genetic polymorphisms in the promoter, intron 7 and exon 8 were genotyped in 279 patients with dengue fever and in 200 healthy controls by direct Sanger sequencing. The ficolin-2 levels were measured in serum samples by ELISA and correlated with clinical data. RESULTS The frequencies of +6031GG, +6220GG and +6424TT genotypes were significantly higher in dengue patients compared to healthy controls indicating an increased risk of dengue fever. The SNPs rs11103563 (+6031A/G), rs7872508 (+6220 T/G), and rs7851696 (+6424G/T) significantly regulated ficolin-2 levels in dengue patients (P < 0.0001). Ficolin-2 levels were increased in patients with dengue and Dengue with Warning Signs (DWS) compared to healthy controls (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.038, respectively). Ficolin-2 levels were significantly increased after 10-14 days of admission in both dengue and DWS patients and then slightly decreased after three weeks of discharge, indicating that ficolin-2 levels were modulated during the progression of dengue fever. In addition, ficolin-2 levels were negatively correlated with AST levels and positively correlated with platelet counts. CONCLUSIONS FCN2 polymorphisms are associated with dengue fever in the Vietnamese population. Ficolin-2 levels are modulated during the progression of dengue fever and correlated with clinical parameters and thus may play a possible role in the pathogenesis of DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngo Truong Giang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hoang Van Tong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Trinh Huu Nghia
- 103 Military Hospital, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hoang Vu Hung
- 103 Military Hospital, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Do Tuan Anh
- 103 Military Hospital, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Le Van Nam
- 103 Military Hospital, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Can Van Mao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | | | - Ho Anh Son
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Quyet Do
- 103 Military Hospital, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Linh Toan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
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Becerril-García MA, Yam-Puc JC, Maqueda-Alfaro R, Beristain-Covarrubias N, Heras-Chavarría M, Gallegos-Hernández IA, Calderón-Amador J, Munguía-Fuentes R, Donis-Maturano L, Flores-Langarica A, Flores-Romo L. Langerhans Cells From Mice at Birth Express Endocytic- and Pattern Recognition-Receptors, Migrate to Draining Lymph Nodes Ferrying Antigen and Activate Neonatal T Cells in vivo. Front Immunol 2020; 11:744. [PMID: 32395120 PMCID: PMC7197463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen capturing at the periphery is one of the earliest, crucial functions of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to initiate immune responses. Langerhans cells (LCs), the epidermal APCs migrate to draining lymph nodes (DLNs) upon acquiring antigens. An arsenal of endocytic molecules is available to this end, including lectins and pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). However, cutaneous LCs are poorly defined in the early neonatal period. We assessed endocytic molecules expression in situ: Mannose (CD206)-, Scavenger (SRA/CD204)-, Complement (CD2l, CDllb)-, and Fc-Receptors (CD16/32, CD23) as well as CD1d, CD14, CD205, Langerin (CD207), MHCII, and TLR4 in unperturbed epidermal LCs from both adult and early neonatal mice. As most of these markers were negative at birth (day 0), LC presence was revealed with the conspicuous, epidermal LC-restricted ADPase (and confirmed with CD45) staining detecting that they were as numerous as adult ones. Unexpectedly, most LCs at day 0 expressed CD14 and CD204 while very few were MHCII+ and TLR4+. In contrast, adult LCs lacked all these markers except Langerin, CD205, CD11b, MHCII and TLR4. Intriguingly, the CD204+ and CD14+ LCs predominant at day 0, apparently disappeared by day 4. Upon cutaneous FITC application, LCs were reduced in the skin and a CD204+MHCII+FITC+ population with high levels of CD86 subsequently appeared in DLNs, with a concomitant increased percentage of CD3+CD69+ T cells, strongly suggesting that neonatal LCs were able both to ferry the cutaneous antigen into DLNs and to activate neonatal T cells in vivo. Cell cycle analysis indicated that neonatal T cells in DLNs responded with proliferation. Our study reveals that epidermal LCs are present at birth, but their repertoire of endocytic molecules and PRRs differs to that of adult ones. We believe this to be the first description of CDl4, CD204 and TLR4 in neonatal epidermal LCs in situ. Newborns' LCs express molecules to detect antigens during early postnatal periods, are able to take up local antigens and to ferry them into DLNs conveying the information to responsive neonatal T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Becerril-García
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Yam-Puc
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico.,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Raúl Maqueda-Alfaro
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nonantzin Beristain-Covarrubias
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Heras-Chavarría
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isis Amara Gallegos-Hernández
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juana Calderón-Amador
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosario Munguía-Fuentes
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Donis-Maturano
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Flores-Langarica
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Leopoldo Flores-Romo
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Research, The National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
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Chen CH, Chen HC, Chang WT, Lee MS, Liu YC, Lin MK. Magnoliae Flos Essential Oil as an Immunosuppressant in Dendritic Cell Activation and Contact Hypersensitivity Responses. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:597-613. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Magnoliae Flos is a commonly used traditional medicinal material in Asia. It is used to treat sinusitis, nasal congestion, and hypersensitive skin. Because Magonlia Flos was described as an aromatic material in ancient Chinese texts, we hypothesized that its essential oil may be used to treat immune disorders. Dendritic cells (DCs), regarded as a major target of immunomodulators to control immune responses, play a critical role in the adaptive immune response. In this study, Magnoliae Flos essential oil (MFEO) decreased the production of the cytokines TNF-[Formula: see text], IL-6, and IL-12p70 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated DCs. It also suppressed the surface markers MHC II, CD80, and CD86 in LPS-stimulated DCs. Animal models demonstrated that the 2,4-Dinitro-1-fluorobenzene (DNFB) inducing a contact hypersensitivity response was inhibited following treatment with MFEO. In addition, MFEO inhibited the infiltration of T cells in the ears of DNFB-induced mice. To explore its bioactive compounds, the components of MFEO were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry. The results revealed that the major compounds in MFEO are camphor and 1,8-cineole. Additional DC bioassays confirmed that these compounds substantially suppressed cytokine production in LPS-induced DCs. Therefore, we demonstrated that MFEO exhibits an immunosuppressive effect both in vivo and in vitro, and camphor and 1,8-cineole may be the major components responsible for its immunosuppressive ability. The findings indicate that MFEO has the potential to be developed as a new immunosuppressant for excessive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hsien Chen
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chun Chen
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Te Chang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shiou Lee
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Liu
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Technology, College of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Kuem Lin
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Cristiani L, Mancino E, Matera L, Nenna R, Pierangeli A, Scagnolari C, Midulla F. Will children reveal their secret? The coronavirus dilemma. Eur Respir J 2020. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00749-2020 [epub ahead of print]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hu Z, Cao X, Guo M, Li C. Identification and characterization of a novel short-type peptidoglycan recognition protein in Apostichopus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 99:257-266. [PMID: 32061713 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are pattern recognition molecules of the innate immune system via specific recognizing peptidoglycan, a unique component of bacterial cell wall. In the present study, a homologous gene encoding PGRP-S was identified and characterized from Apostichopus japonicus and designated as AjPGRP-S. The open reading frame of AjPGRP-S is 756 bp encoding a polypeptide of 251 amino acids (aa) with a signal peptide (1-24 aa) and a typical PGRP domain (37-178 aa). Phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignment revealed that AjPGRP-S is a member of the PGRP-S family. In healthy sea cucumbers, AjPGRP-S was expressed in all examined tissues with the highest distribution in body wall, muscle, and intestine. In Vibrio splendidus-infected sea cucumbers, AjPGRP-S was remarkably induced in coelomocytes. The recombinant AjPGRP-S (rAjPGRP-S) was shown to possess the highly amidase activity in the presence of Zn2+. Moreover, rAjPGRP-S exhibited agglutination abilities and strong bacteriostatic activities against V. splendidus, V. harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Micrococcus luteus. Furthermore, the agglutination ability can be enhanced in the presence of Zn2+. In conclusion, our results suggested that AjPGRP-S serves as a pattern recognition molecule involved in the immune response towards various pathogenic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, PR China
| | - Xuebin Cao
- National Algae and Sea Cucumber Project Technology Research Center, Shandong Oriental Ocean Sci-Tech Company Limited, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Ming Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, PR China
| | - Chenghua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
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Cristiani L, Mancino E, Matera L, Nenna R, Pierangeli A, Scagnolari C, Midulla F. Will children reveal their secret? The coronavirus dilemma. Eur Respir J 2020; 55:2000749. [PMID: 32241833 PMCID: PMC7113798 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00749-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
On March 11, 2020, a novel human coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become pandemic [1]. By March 24, 372.757 SARS-CoV-2 confirmed cases and 16.231 related deaths have been reported worldwide [2]. In Italy, 62.844 cases and 5.542 deaths have been reported, mostly in northern regions. Detailed data are updated by the Italian National Institute of Health [3]. Epidemiological evidences show that SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is less frequent and severe than adults. Age-related ACE2 receptor expression, lymphocyte count and trained immunity might be the keystone to reveal children's secret.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cristiani
- Department of Maternal Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrica Mancino
- Department of Maternal Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Matera
- Department of Maternal Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Nenna
- Department of Maternal Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pierangeli
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia – Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Scagnolari
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia – Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Midulla
- Department of Maternal Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
The intestinal tract harbors a diverse community of microbes that have co-evolved with the host immune system. Although many of these microbes execute functions that are critical for host physiology, the host immune system must control the microbial community so that the dynamics of this interdependent relationship is maintained. To facilitate host homeostasis, the immune system ensures that the microbial load is tolerated, but anatomically contained, while remaining reactive to microbial invasion. Although the microbiota is required for intestinal immune development, immune responses regulate the structure and composition of the intestinal microbiota by evolving unique immune adaptations that manage this high-bacterial load. The immune mechanisms work together to ensure that commensal bacteria rarely breach the intestinal barrier and that any that do invade should be killed rapidly to prevent penetration to systemic sites. The communication between microbiota and the immune system is mediated by the interaction of bacterial components with pattern recognition receptors expressed by intestinal epithelium and various antigen-presenting cells resulting in activation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Interaction between the microbial community and host plays a crucial role in the mucosal homeostasis and health status of the host. In addition to providing a home to numerous microbial inhabitants, the intestinal tract is an active immunological organ, with more resident immune cells than anywhere else in the body, organized in lymphoid structures called Peyer's patches and isolated lymphoid follicles such as the cecal tonsils. Macrophages, dendritic cells, various subsets of T cells, B cells and the secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) they produce, all contribute to the generation of a proper immune response to invading pathogens while keeping the resident microbial community in check without generating an overt inflammatory response to it. IgA-producing plasma cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes, and γδT cell receptor-expressing T cells are lymphocytes that are uniquely present in the mucosa. In addition, of the γδT cells in the intestinal lamina propria, there are significant numbers of IL-17-producing T cells and regulatory T cells. The accumulation and function of these mucosal leukocytes are regulated by the presence of intestinal microbiota, which regulate these immune cells and enhance the mucosal barrier function allowing the host to mount robust immune responses against invading pathogens, and simultaneously maintains immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Kogut
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, College Station, TX, 77845 USA.
| | - Annah Lee
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, College Station, TX, 77845 USA; Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845 USA
| | - Elizabeth Santin
- Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Curitiba, 80035-050 Brazil
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Zhang C, Xue Z, Yu Z, Wang H, Liu Y, Li H, Wang L, Li C, Song L. A tandem-repeat galectin-1 from Apostichopus japonicus with broad PAMP recognition pattern and antibacterial activity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 99:167-175. [PMID: 32044463 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Galectins belong to the family of carbohydrate-binding proteins and play major roles in the immune and inflammatory responses of both vertebrates and invertebrates. In the present study, one novel galectin-1 protein named AjGal-1 was identified from Apostichopus japonicas with an open reading frame of 1179 bp encoding a polypeptide of 392 amino acids. The deduced amino acids sequence of AjGal-1 contained three carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) which shared 34-37% identity with that of other galectin proteins from echinodermata, fishes, and birds. In the phylogenetic tree, AjGal-1 was closely clustered with galectins from Mesocentrotus nudus and Paracentrotus lividus. The mRNA transcripts of AjGal-1 were ubiquitously expressed in all the detected tissues, including gut, longitudinal muscle, gonad, coelomocytes, respiratory tree, tentacle and body wall, with the highest expression level in coelomocytes. After Vibrio splendidus stimulation, the mRNA expression levels of AjGal-1 in coelomocytes were significantly increased at 6 and 12 h (P < 0.01) compared with that in control group, and went back to normal level at 72 h. The recombinant protein of AjGal-1 (rAjGal-1) could bind various PAMPs including d-galactose, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN) and mannose (Man), and exhibited the highest affinity to d-galactose. Meanwhile, rAjGal-1 could also bind and agglutinate different kinds of microorganisms, including gram-negative bacteria (V. splendidus and Escherichia coli), gram-positive bacteria (Micrococus leteus), and fungi (Pichia pastoris). rAjGal-1 also exhibited anti-microbial activity against V. splendidus and E. coli. All these results suggested that AjGal-1 could function as an important PRR with broad spectrum of microbial recognition and anti-microbial activity against the invading pathogen in A. japonicas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zhuang Xue
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zichao Yu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Huan Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Chenghua Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Alsaleh NB, Minarchick VC, Mendoza RP, Sharma B, Podila R, Brown JM. Silver nanoparticle immunomodulatory potential in absence of direct cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 macrophages and MPRO 2.1 neutrophils. J Immunotoxicol 2020; 16:63-73. [PMID: 31282784 PMCID: PMC7135879 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2019.1588928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENM) are being used in a wide range of consumer products and pharmaceuticals; hence, there is an increasing risk for human exposure and potential adverse outcomes. The immune system, vital in host defense and protection against environmental agents, is typically initiated and executed by innate effector immune cells including macrophages and neutrophils. Previous literature has reported the immune system as a major target of ENM toxicity; however, there is inconsistency regarding the immunotoxicity of ENM. This could be attributed to differences in ENM physicochemical properties, cellular models examined, biocorona formation, etc. Thus, the current study examined the toxicity and immunomodulatory effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNP), one of the most utilized ENM in consumer and medical products, in two key innate immune cell models, e.g. RAW 264.7 cells (macrophages) and differentiated MPRO 2.1 cells (promyelocytes/neutrophils). The results showed that despite a generation of reactive oxygen species, exposure to 20 nm citrate-coated AgNP was not associated with major oxidative damage, inflammatory responses, nor cytotoxicity. Nevertheless, and most importantly, pre-exposure to the AgNP for 24 h enhanced RAW 264.7 cell phagocytic ability as well as the release of inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In MPRO 2.1 cells, AgNP pre-exposure also resulted in enhanced phagocytic ability; however, these cells manifest reduced cell degranulation (elastase release) and oxidative burst in response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Taken together, these findings indicated to us that exposure to AgNP, despite not being directly (cyto)toxic to these cells, had the potential to alter immune cell responses. The findings underscore the import of assessing immune cell function post-exposure to ENM beyond the standard endpoints such as oxidative stress and cytotoxicity. In addition, these findings further illustrate the importance of understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of ENM-cellular interactions, particularly in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser B Alsaleh
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Valerie C Minarchick
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Ryan P Mendoza
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Bipin Sharma
- b Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory of Nano-biophysics , Clemson University , Clemson , SC , USA
| | - Ramakrishna Podila
- b Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory of Nano-biophysics , Clemson University , Clemson , SC , USA
| | - Jared M Brown
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA
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The Biology of Immune-Active Cancers and Their Regulatory Mechanisms. Cancer Treat Res 2020; 180:149-172. [PMID: 32215869 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38862-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of cancer results from the evolutionary balance between the proliferating aptitude of cancer cells and the response of the host's tissues. Some cancers are characterized by genetic instability dependent upon impaired DNA repair mechanisms that lead to the chaotic disruption of multiple cellular functions often in excess of the cancer survival needs and may exert broad effects on surrounding tissues, some beneficial and some detrimental to cancer growth. Among them, inflammatory processes that accompany wound healing may initiate a reaction of the host against the neo-formation. This is possibly triggered by the release by dying cancer cells of molecules known as Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) following a process termed Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) that initiates an immune response through innate and adaptive mechanisms. Indeed, analysis of large cancer data sets has shown that ICD is strictly associated with the activation of other immune effector or immune-regulatory pathways. Here, we will describe how immune activation and compensatory immune-regulatory mechanisms balance anti-cancer immune surveillance and the roles that innate and adaptive immunity play including the weight that neo-epitopes may exert as initiators and sculptors of high-affinity memory and effector immune responses against cancer. We will discuss the evolutionary basis for the existence of immune checkpoints and how several theories raised to explain cancer resistance to immunotherapy represent a facet of a similar evolutionary phenomenon that we described in the Theory of Everything. We will show how the biology of immunogenicity and counterbalancing immune regulation is widespread across cancers independent of their ontogenesis while subtle idiosyncratic differences are discernible among them. Finally, we will suggest that overcoming immune resistance implies distinct approaches relevant to the immune context of individual cancers.
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130
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Kim HJ, Lee J, Kim SC, Seo JY, Hong SB, Park YI. Immunostimulating activity of Lycium chinense Miller root extract through enhancing cytokine and chemokine production and phagocytic capacity of macrophages. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13215. [PMID: 32215941 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Whereas the fruits and a small portion of root bark of Lycium trees are commonly marketed in Korea as traditional medicine or functional foods, majority of their whole roots have been largely discarded. To develop the whole root of these plants as more value-added materials, this study aimed to evaluate the potential immunostimulating activity of a water extract (GTR-101) from L. chinense Miller roots using macrophages. The GTR-101 (0-500 μg/ml) significantly, dose-dependently increased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), chemokines (RANTES and MIP-1α), nitric oxide, and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, and activated the Akt, NF-κB, and MAPKs (ERK and p38) signaling proteins. GTR-101 also significantly enhanced the phagocytic activity of RAW 264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages. These results suggest that GTR-101 stimulates the early innate immunity via inducing the pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine secretion and enhancing the phagocytic activity of macrophages. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The GTR-101 prepared from L. chinense Miller roots may be useful for enhancing body's defense systems especially in the elderly and cancer patients with an impaired or reduced immune response and may thus be effectively used as a natural immunostimulating ingredient in health foods or complementary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Jeong Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Cheol Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Yeon Seo
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yong Il Park
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
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131
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Marchetti M, De Bei O, Bettati S, Campanini B, Kovachka S, Gianquinto E, Spyrakis F, Ronda L. Iron Metabolism at the Interface between Host and Pathogen: From Nutritional Immunity to Antibacterial Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2145. [PMID: 32245010 PMCID: PMC7139808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional immunity is a form of innate immunity widespread in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The term refers to a rich repertoire of mechanisms set up by the host to inhibit bacterial proliferation by sequestering trace minerals (mainly iron, but also zinc and manganese). This strategy, selected by evolution, represents an effective front-line defense against pathogens and has thus inspired the exploitation of iron restriction in the development of innovative antimicrobials or enhancers of antimicrobial therapy. This review focuses on the mechanisms of nutritional immunity, the strategies adopted by opportunistic human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus to circumvent it, and the impact of deletion mutants on the fitness, infectivity, and persistence inside the host. This information finally converges in an overview of the current development of inhibitors targeting the different stages of iron uptake, an as-yet unexploited target in the field of antistaphylococcal drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialaura Marchetti
- Interdepartmental Center Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Omar De Bei
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (O.D.B.); (B.C.)
| | - Stefano Bettati
- Interdepartmental Center Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (S.B.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Campanini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (O.D.B.); (B.C.)
| | - Sandra Kovachka
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (S.K.); (E.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Eleonora Gianquinto
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (S.K.); (E.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Francesca Spyrakis
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (S.K.); (E.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Luca Ronda
- Interdepartmental Center Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (S.B.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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132
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Zhou ZF, Jiang L, Zhao Q, Wang Y, Zhou J, Chen QK, Lv JL. Roles of pattern recognition receptors in diabetic nephropathy. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2020; 21:192-203. [PMID: 32133797 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1900490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is currently the most common complication of diabetes. It is considered to be one of the leading causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and affects many diabetic patients. The pathogenesis of DN is extremely complex and has not yet been clarified; however, in recent years, increasing evidence has shown the important role of innate immunity in DN pathogenesis. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are important components of the innate immune system and have a significant impact on the occurrence and development of DN. In this review, we classify PRRs into secretory, endocytic, and signal transduction PRRs according to the relationship between the PRRs and subcellular compartments. PRRs can recognize related pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), thus triggering a series of inflammatory responses, promoting renal fibrosis, and finally causing renal impairment. In this review, we describe the proposed role of each type of PRRs in the development and progression of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Institute of Molecular Immunology of Kidney Disease of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Institute of Molecular Immunology of Kidney Disease of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Institute of Molecular Immunology of Kidney Disease of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Institute of Molecular Immunology of Kidney Disease of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Qin-Kai Chen
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Institute of Molecular Immunology of Kidney Disease of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jin-Lei Lv
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Institute of Molecular Immunology of Kidney Disease of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
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van den Biggelaar RHGA, Arkesteijn GJA, Rutten VPMG, van Eden W, Jansen CA. In vitro Chicken Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells Comprise Subsets at Different States of Maturation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:141. [PMID: 32174908 PMCID: PMC7054383 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in chickens has been fundamental for the discovery of basic aspects of the immune system and has led to an interest in the in-depth characterization of avian immune cell types including dendritic cells (DCs). The in vitro generation and expansion of chicken bone marrow-derived DCs (chBMDCs) in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has provided a way to study chicken DCs, which are only present at limited cell numbers in vivo. This method has been employed to study the interactions between chicken DCs and pathogens or vaccines. However, a detailed characterization of the chBMDC culture is still lacking. In the present study, we performed an elaborate phenotypical and functional analysis of the chBMDC culture and addressed its heterogeneity. After 8 days of culture, chBMDCs comprised major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II)low and MHC-IIhigh subsets with different morphologies. Compared with MHC-IIlow chBMDCs, the MHC-IIhigh subset showed a more mature phenotype, with higher expressions of CD1.1, CD40, CD80, CCR7, and CD83, and a relatively low opsonophagocytic capacity. Nevertheless, MHC-IIhigh chBMDCs did not show an increased capacity to induce T-cell proliferation. Therefore, MHC-IIhigh chBMDCs were found to be semi-mature. Interestingly, the presence of the semi-mature MHC-IIhigh chBMDC subset reduced when cells were cultured in the presence of IL-4. Finally, prolonged cell culture after fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) converted the semi-mature MHC-IIhigh subset back into the immature phenotype of the MHC-IIlow subset, demonstrating plasticity of their maturation state. This detailed characterization explained the heterogeneity of the chBMDC culture by the simultaneous presence of immature and semi-mature chBMDC subsets, in addition to cells without features of antigen-presenting cells. Our findings are instrumental for the interpretation of experiments using the chBMDC culture in past and future research by providing insights into its phenotypically and functionally distinct cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin H G A van den Biggelaar
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ger J A Arkesteijn
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Victor P M G Rutten
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Willem van Eden
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Christine A Jansen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Ferreira SS, Oliveira MA, Tsujita M, Nunes FPB, Casagrande FB, Gomes E, Russo M, Tavares de Lima W, Martins JO. Insulin Modulates the Immune Cell Phenotype in Pulmonary Allergic Inflammation and Increases Pulmonary Resistance in Diabetic Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:84. [PMID: 32117245 PMCID: PMC7026190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Reports have shown that the onset of diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients previously diagnosed with asthma decreases asthmatic symptoms, whereas insulin aggravates asthma. The present study evaluated the modulatory effect of insulin on the development of allergic airway inflammation in diabetic mice. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the effects of relative insulin deficiency, an experimental model of diabetes was induced by a single dose of alloxan (50 mg/kg, i.v.). After 10 days, the mice were sensitized with ovalbumin [OVA, 20 μg and 2 mg of Al(OH)3, i.p.]. A booster immunization was performed 6 days after the first sensitization [20 μg of OVA and 2 mg of Al(OH)3, i.p.]. The OVA challenge (1 mg/mL) was performed by daily nebulization for 7 days. Diabetic animals were treated with multiple doses of neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) before each challenge with OVA. The following parameters were measured 24 h after the last challenge: (a) the levels of p38 MAP kinase, ERK 1/2 MAP kinases, JNK, STAT 3, and STAT 6 in lung homogenates; (b) the serum profiles of immunoglobulins IgE and IgG1; (c) the concentrations of cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, TNF-α, VEGF, TGF-β, and IFN-γ) in lung homogenates; (d) cells recovered from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); (e) the profiles of immune cells in the bone marrow, lung, thymus, and spleen; and (f) pulmonary mechanics using invasive (FlexiVent) and non-invasive (BUXCO) methods. Results: Compared to non-diabetic OVA-challenged mice, OVA-challenged diabetic animals showed decreases in ERK 1 (2-fold), ERK 2 (7-fold), JNK (phosphor-54) (3-fold), JNK/SAPK (9-fold), STAT3 (4-fold), the levels of immunoglobulins, including IgE (1-fold) and IgG1 (3-fold), cytokines, including Th2 profile cytokines such as IL-4 (2-fold), IL-5 (2-fold), IL-13 (4-fold), TNF-α (2-fold), VEGF (2-fold), and TGF-β (2-fold), inflammatory infiltrates (14-fold), T cells, NK cells, B cells and eosinophils in the bone marrow, lung, thymus and spleen, and airway hyperreactivity. STAT6 was absent, and no eosinophilia was observed in BALF. Insulin treatment restored all parameters. Conclusion: The data suggested that insulin modulates immune cell phenotypes and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in the development of allergic airway inflammation in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina S Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University São Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria A Oliveira
- Laboratory of Physiopathology of Experimental Lung Inflammation, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University São Paulo (ICB/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maristela Tsujita
- Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University São Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda P B Nunes
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University São Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe B Casagrande
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University São Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliane Gomes
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University São Paulo (ICB/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Momtchilo Russo
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University São Paulo (ICB/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wothan Tavares de Lima
- Laboratory of Physiopathology of Experimental Lung Inflammation, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University São Paulo (ICB/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joilson O Martins
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University São Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Toll-Like Receptors Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1223:81-97. [PMID: 32030686 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35582-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of inflammation in cancer progression is well-established. The immune system can play both tumor-promoting and -suppressive roles, and efforts to harness the immune system to help fight tumor growth are at the forefront of research. Of particular importance is the inflammatory profile at the site of the tumor, with respect to both the leukocyte population numbers, the phenotype of these cells, as well as the contribution of the tumor cells themselves. In this regard, the pro-inflammatory effects of pattern recognition receptor expression and activation in the tumor microenvironment have emerged as a relevant issue both for therapy and to understand tumor development.Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) were originally recognized as components of immune cells, particularly innate immune cells, as detectors of pathogens. PRR signaling in immune cells activates them, inducing robust antimicrobial responses. In particular, toll-like receptors (TLRs) constitute a family of membrane-bound PRRs which can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) carried by bacteria, virus, and fungi. In addition, PRRs can recognize products generated by stressed cells or damaged tissues, namely damage-associated molecular patterns or DAMPS. Taking into account the role of the immune system in fighting tumors together with the presence of immune cells in the microenvironment of different types of tumors, strategies to activate immune cells via PRR ligands have been envisioned as an anticancer therapeutic approach.In the last decades, it has been determined that PRRs are present and functional on nonimmune cells and that their activation in these cells contributes to the inflammation in the tumor microenvironment. Both tumor-promoting and antitumor effects have been observed when tumor cell PRRs are activated. This argues against nonspecific activation of PRR ligands in the tumor microenvironment as a therapeutic approach. Therefore, the use of PRR ligands for anticancer therapy might benefit from strategies that specifically deliver these ligands to immune cells, thus avoiding tumor cells in some settings. This review focuses on these aspects of TLR signaling in the tumor microenvironment.
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Mulder WJM, Ochando J, Joosten LAB, Fayad ZA, Netea MG. Therapeutic targeting of trained immunity. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 18:553-566. [PMID: 30967658 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is revolutionizing the treatment of diseases in which dysregulated immune responses have an important role. However, most of the immunotherapy strategies currently being developed engage the adaptive immune system. In the past decade, both myeloid (monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells) and lymphoid (natural killer cells and innate lymphoid cells) cell populations of the innate immune system have been shown to display long-term changes in their functional programme through metabolic and epigenetic programming. Such reprogramming causes these cells to be either hyperresponsive or hyporesponsive, resulting in a changed immune response to secondary stimuli. This de facto innate immune memory, which has been termed 'trained immunity', provides a powerful 'targeting framework' to regulate the delicate balance of immune homeostasis, priming, training and tolerance. In this Opinion article, we set out our vision of how to target innate immune cells and regulate trained immunity to achieve long-term therapeutic benefits in a range of immune-related diseases. These include conditions characterized by excessive trained immunity, such as inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, allergies and cardiovascular disease and conditions driven by defective trained immunity, such as cancer and certain infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem J M Mulder
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands. .,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Jordi Ochando
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Transplant Immunology Unit, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Zahi A Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands. .,Department for Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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137
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Shim SY, Kim JH, Kho KH, Lee M. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities of lemon myrtle ( Backhousia citriodora) leaf extract. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:277-281. [PMID: 32071880 PMCID: PMC7011016 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this present study, we examined the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of alcoholic lemon myrtle extract (LME). The total polyphenol and flavonoid content of LME were determined as 118.77 and 14.53 mg/g extract, respectively. LME showed anti-oxidative properties, such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity. The anti-inflammatory activities of LME were investigated using the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Pretreatment with LME was performed at non-cytotoxic concentrations of 10-100 μg/mL. LME inhibited the production of inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed that pretreatment with LME suppressed the protein expression and mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in a concentration-dependent manner, respectively. These results suggest that LME could be used as a potential therapeutic agent having potent anti-inflammatory effects that could be used to treat inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Yup Shim
- Department of Aqualife Science, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, 50, Daehak-Ro, Yeosu, Jeonanm 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Hee Kho
- Department of Aqualife Science, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, 50, Daehak-Ro, Yeosu, Jeonanm 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
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138
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Zhi X, Zhang Y, Sun S, Zhang Z, Dong H, Luo X, Wei Y, Lu Z, Dou Y, Wu R, Jiang Z, Weng C, Seong Seo H, Guo H. NLRP3 inflammasome activation by Foot-and-mouth disease virus infection mainly induced by viral RNA and non-structural protein 2B. RNA Biol 2019; 17:335-349. [PMID: 31840571 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2019.1700058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a positive-strand RNA virus of the family Picornaviridae. Early studies show that some viruses of Picornaviridae, such as EMCV and EV71, induce NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Our current study demonstrates that FMDV induces the secretion of caspase-1 and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), as well as activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Meanwhile, NLRP3 inflammasome can suppress FMDV replication during virus infection. Both FMDV RNA and viroporin 2B stimulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation. FMDV RNA triggers NLRP3 inflammasome through p-NF-κB/p65 pathway not dependent on RIG-I inflammasome. FMDV 2B activates NLRP3 inflammasome through elevation of intracellular ion, but not dependent on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lysosomal cathepsin B. It further demonstrates that 2B viroporin activates NLRP3 inflammasome and induces IL-1β in mice, which enhances the specific immune response against FMDV as an ideal self-adjuvant for FMD VLPs vaccine in guinea pigs. The results reveal a series of regulations between NLRP3 inflammasome complex and FMDV. Amino acids 140-145 of 2B is essential for forming an ion channel. By mutating the amino acid and changing the hydrophobic properties, the helical transmembrane region of the viroporin 2B is altered, so that the 2B is insufficient to trigger the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. This study demonstrates the functions of FMDV RNA and 2B viroporin activate NLRP3 inflammasome and provides some useful information for the development of FMD vaccine self-adjuvant, which is also helpful for the establishment of effective prevention strategies by targeting NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanquan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxi Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Run Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengfan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjiang Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ho Seong Seo
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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139
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Liu S, Yang T, Ming TW, Gaun TKW, Zhou T, Wang S, Ye B. Isosteroid alkaloids with different chemical structures from Fritillariae cirrhosae bulbus alleviate LPS-induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 cells by MAPK signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 78:106047. [PMID: 31816576 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Isosteroid alkaloids, natural products from Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus, are well known for its antitussive, expectorant, anti-asthmatic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the anti-inflammatory effect and its mechanism have not been fully explored. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activitives and the potential mechanisms of five isosteroid alkaloids from F. Cirrhosae Bulbus were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines were measured by Griess reagent, ELISA and qRT-PCR. The expression of MAPKs was investigated by western blotting. Treatment with the five isosteroid alkaloids in appropriate concentrations could reduce the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in supernatant, and suppressed the mRNA expressions of TNF-α and IL-6. Meanwhile, the five isosteroid alkaloids significantly inhibited the phosphorylated activation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK). These results demonstrated that isosteroid alkaloids from F. Cirrhosae Bulbus exert anti-inflammatory effects by down-regulating the level of inflammatory mediators via mediation of MAPK phosphorylation in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages, thus could be candidates for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simei Liu
- Department of Medicinal Natural Products, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610041, PR China
| | - Tiechui Yang
- Nin Jiom Medicine Manufactory (H.K.) Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tse Wai Ming
- Nin Jiom Medicine Manufactory (H.K.) Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Natural Products, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610041, PR China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Medicinal Natural Products, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610041, PR China
| | - Bengui Ye
- Department of Medicinal Natural Products, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610041, PR China.
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140
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Li S, Hong Z, Wang Z, Li F, Mei J, Huang L, Lou X, Zhao S, Song L, Chen W, Wang Q, Liu H, Cai Y, Yu H, Xu H, Zeng G, Wang Q, Zhu J, Liu X, Tan N, Wang C. The Cyclopeptide Astin C Specifically Inhibits the Innate Immune CDN Sensor STING. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3405-3421.e7. [PMID: 30566866 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
cGAS-STING signaling is essential for innate immunity. Its misregulation promotes cancer or autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, and it is imperative to identify effective lead compounds that specifically downregulate the pathway. We report here that astin C, a cyclopeptide isolated from the medicinal plant Aster tataricus, inhibits cGAS-STING signaling and the innate inflammatory responses triggered by cytosolic DNAs. Moreover, mice treated with astin C are more susceptible to HSV-1 infection. Consistently, astin C markedly attenuates the autoinflammatory responses in Trex1-/- BMDM cells and in Trex1-/- mouse autoimmune disease model. Mechanistically, astin C specifically blocks the recruitment of IRF3 onto the STING signalosome. Collectively, this study characterizes a STING-specific small-molecular inhibitor that may be applied for potentially manipulating the STING-mediated clinical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211198, China; State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Ze Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211198, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jiahao Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Lulu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiwen Lou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Simeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Lihua Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Heng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yanni Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Huansha Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Huimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Guangzhi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Quanyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Ninghua Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211198, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211198, China; State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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141
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Wang Q, Li S, Zhong Y, Liu H, Liu J, Liu H, Cheng J, Huang Y, Cai X, Liu H. Protein extracted from symbiotic culture of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Yarrowia lipolytica shows structure-related detoxifying effects against 2, 2’-azobis (2-methyl-propanimidamidine) dihydrochloride induced oxidative stress. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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142
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Dugovich BS, Crane LL, Alcantar BB, Beechler BR, Dolan BP, Jolles AE. Multiple innate antibacterial immune defense elements are correlated in diverse ungulate species. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225579. [PMID: 31774834 PMCID: PMC6881064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to evaluate to what extent different assays of innate immunity reveal similar patterns of variation across ungulate species. We compared several measures of innate antibacterial immune function across seven different ungulate species using blood samples obtained from captive animals maintained in a zoological park. We measured mRNA expression of two receptors involved in innate pathogen detection, toll-like receptors 2 and 5 (TLR2 and 5), the bactericidal capacity of plasma, as well as the number of neutrophils and lymphocytes. Species examined included aoudad (Ammotragus lervia), American bison (Bison bison bison), yak (Bos grunniens), Roosevelt elk (Cervus canadensis roosevelti), fallow deer (Dama dama), sika deer (Cervus nippon), and Damara zebra (Equus quagga burchellii). Innate immunity varied among ungulate species. However, we detected strong, positive correlations between the different measures of innate immunity-specifically, TLR2 and TLR5 were correlated, and the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was positively associated with TLR2, TLR5, and bacterial killing ability. Our results suggest that ecoimmunological study results may be quite robust to the choice of assays, at least for antibacterial innate immunity; and that, despite the complexity of the immune system, important sources of variation in immunity in natural populations may be discoverable with comparatively simple tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S. Dugovich
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Lucie L. Crane
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Benji B. Alcantar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
- Wildlife Safari, Winston, OR, United States of America
| | - Brianna R. Beechler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Brian P. Dolan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Anna E. Jolles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
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143
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Sivakamavalli J, Selvaraj C, Singh SK, Park K, Kwak IS, Vaseeharan B. Effect of Amino Acid Substitution in the Penaeus monodon LGBP and Specificity Through Mutational Analysis. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09960-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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144
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Loya J, Zhang C, Cox E, Achrol AS, Kesari S. Biological intratumoral therapy for the high-grade glioma part II: vector- and cell-based therapies and radioimmunotherapy. CNS Oncol 2019; 8:CNS40. [PMID: 31747784 PMCID: PMC6880300 DOI: 10.2217/cns-2019-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of high-grade gliomas (HGGs) remains a complex challenge with an overall poor prognosis despite aggressive multimodal treatment. New translational research has focused on maximizing tumor cell eradication through improved tumor cell targeting while minimizing collateral systemic side effects. In particular, biological intratumoral therapies have been the focus of novel translational research efforts due to their inherent potential to be both dynamically adaptive and target specific. This two part review will provide an overview of biological intratumoral therapies that have been evaluated in human clinical trials in HGGs, and summarize key advances and remaining challenges in the development of these therapies as a potential new paradigm in the management of HGGs. Part II discusses vector-based therapies, cell-based therapies and radioimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Loya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Charlie Zhang
- Buffalo School of Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14202, USA
| | - Emily Cox
- Providence Medical Research Center, Spokane, WA 99204, USA
| | - Achal S Achrol
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
| | - Santosh Kesari
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
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145
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Noh EM, Kim JM, Lee HY, Song HK, Joung SO, Yang HJ, Kim MJ, Kim KS, Lee YR. Immuno-enhancement effects of Platycodon grandiflorum extracts in splenocytes and a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed rat model. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:322. [PMID: 31752816 PMCID: PMC6868875 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Platycodon grandiflorum is a flowering plant that is used in traditional medicine for treating pulmonary and respiratory disorders. It exerts various pharmacological effects, including immunomodulatory and anti-cancer activities. The purpose of this study was to confirm the in vitro and in vivo immune-enhancing effects of P. grandiflorum extract (PGE) on splenocytes isolated from cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced immunosuppressed rats. Methods For in vitro analysis, splenocytes were treated with PGE at various doses along with CP. Cell viability was measured by a WST-1 assay, and NK cell activity and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity was also examined. In addition, immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG, and cytokine levels were measured. For in vivo analysis, Sprague Dawley rats were treated with various doses of PGE along with CP. Complete blood count (CBC) was performed, and plasma levels of IgA, IgG, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-12 were quantified. Additionally, tissue damage was assessed through histological analyses of the thymus and spleen. Results PGE treatment enhanced cell viability and natural killer cell and cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity, and increased the production of CP-induced inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-12) and immunoglobulins (IgG and IgA) in splenocytes. In addition, in CP-treated rats, PGE treatment induced the recovery of white blood cell, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts, along with mid-range absolute counts, and increased the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-12) and immunoglobulins (IgG and IgA). Moreover, PGE attenuated CP-induced spleen and thymic damage. Conclusions Our results confirmed that PGE exerts an immune-enhancing effect both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that PGE may have applications as a component of immunostimulatory agents or as an ingredient in functional foods.
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146
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In Vivo and In Vitro Study of Immunostimulation by Leuconostoc lactis-Produced Gluco-Oligosaccharides. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213994. [PMID: 31694180 PMCID: PMC6864623 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosyltransferase-producing Leuconostoc lactis CCK940 produces CCK- oligosaccharides, gluco-oligosaccharide molecules, using sucrose and maltose as donor and acceptor molecules, respectively. In this study, the immunostimulatory activities of CCK-oligosaccharides on RAW264.7 macrophages and BALB/c mice were evaluated. CCK-oligosaccharides induced the expression of phosphorylated-p38, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and upregulation of phagocytic activity in RAW264.7 macrophages, suggesting their involvement in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and phagocytosis. When CCK-oligosaccharides were administered to mice intraperitoneally injected with cyclophosphamide (CY), spleen indices and expressions of interleukin (IL)-6, IL–10, and tumor necrosis factor-α increased, compared with those in only CY-treated group. These findings suggest that CCK-oligosaccharides can be used as an effective immunostimulating agent.
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147
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Yüzer A, Ayaz F, Ince M. Immunomodulatory activities of zinc(II)phthalocyanine on the mammalian macrophages through p38 pathway: Potential ex vivo immunomodulatory PDT reagents. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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148
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Isolation and characterization of five novel probiotic strains from Korean infant and children faeces. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223913. [PMID: 31671118 PMCID: PMC6822945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are dietary supplements containing viable, non-pathogenic microorganisms that interact with the gastrointestinal microflora and directly with the immune system. The possible health effects of probiotics include modulating the immune system and exerting antibacterial, anticancer, and anti-mutagenic effects. The purpose of this study was to isolate, identify, and characterize novel strains of probiotics from the faeces of Korean infants. Various assays were conducted to determine the physiological features of candidate probiotic isolates, including Gram staining, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, tolerance assays to stimulated gastric juice and bile salts, adherence ability assays, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and assays of immunomodulatory effects. Based on these morphological and biochemical characteristics, five potential probiotic isolates (Enterococcus faecalis BioE EF71, Lactobacillus fermentum BioE LF11, Lactobacillus plantarum BioE LPL59, Lactobacillus paracasei BioE LP08, and Streptococcus thermophilus BioE ST107) were selected. E. faecalis BioE EF71 and L. plantarum BioE LPL59 showed high tolerance to stimulated gastric juice and bile salts, and S. thermophilus BioE ST107 as well as these two strains exhibited stronger adherence ability than reference strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. All five strains inhibited secretion of lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in RAW264.7 macrophages in vitro. L. fermentum BioE LF11, L. plantarum BioE LPL59, and S. thermophilus BioE ST107 enhanced the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Overall, our findings demonstrate that the five novel strains have potential as safe probiotics and encouraged varying degrees of immunomodulatory effects.
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149
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Hurley DJ, Barber CE, Adkins M, Rowson AD, Norton NA, Nickerson SC, Ely LO, Kautz FM, McLean DJ, Chapman JD. An immunomodulatory feed additive enhances in vitro viral vaccine recall antigen responses in dairy heifers. Res Vet Sci 2019; 127:11-17. [PMID: 31670050 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing immunological responses to vaccination is an important goal in many herd health management systems. OmniGen-AF®(OG) is an immunomodulatory feed additive that has been shown to enhance innate immune function in ruminants and its effects on adaptive immunity require additional study. The objective of this study was to evaluate post-vaccine antibody titers and circulating cellular memory development in heifers fed OG and administered a commercially available modified-live bovine respiratory disease (BRD) vaccine. Twenty-four Holstein heifers were assigned to one of two diets for 170 days: Control TMR (CON; n = 11), or TMR plus OG (TRT; 9 g/100 kg BW/day; n = 13). Samples for hematology, serology, and cellular assays were collected on D-110, 0, 21, 42, and 60 of the trial. Heifers were administered two priming doses of a modified-live BRD vaccine, with a third dose given on D0. There were no significant differences in total WBC and absolute number or the percentage of circulating lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, RBC, or platelets on D-110 through D21. On D42 and D60, CON had significantly higher numbers of lymphocytes. On D0, mean serum neutralizing (SN) titer to BHV-1 was significantly higher for CON compared to TRT. SN titers were not significantly different between CON and TRT at any other time point for BHV-1, BVDV type 1, or BVDV type 2. TRT mounted a significantly stronger recall proliferative response to 0.5 multiplicity of infection (MOI) of BHV-1, BVDV type 1 and BVDV type 2 on D42 and D60; 0.25 MOI of BVDV type 1 on D21 and D42; and 0.25 MOI BVDV type 2 on D42 compared to CON. IL-4 production induced by 0.5 and 1.0 MOI BHV-1 (D42 and D60); 0.25 MOI of BVDV type 1 (D21); and 0.25 and 0.5 MOI of BVDV type 2 (D60) were significantly higher for TRT than CON. IL-17 production induced by 0.25 MOI of BVDV type 1 was significantly higher on D60 for TRT compared to CON. IFN-gamma and IL-10 were not significantly different between treatments. These data indicate feeding OG has a beneficial effect on responses to vaccine antigens in Holstein dairy heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Hurley
- Food Animal Health and Management Program, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
| | - C E Barber
- Food Animal Health and Management Program, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - M Adkins
- Food Animal Health and Management Program, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - A D Rowson
- Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Teaneck, NJ 07666, United States
| | - N A Norton
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - S C Nickerson
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - L O Ely
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - F M Kautz
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - D J McLean
- Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Teaneck, NJ 07666, United States
| | - J D Chapman
- Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Teaneck, NJ 07666, United States
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150
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Nigar S, Shimosato T. Cooperation of Oligodeoxynucleotides and Synthetic Molecules as Enhanced Immune Modulators. Front Nutr 2019; 6:140. [PMID: 31508424 PMCID: PMC6718720 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unmethylated cytosine–guanine dinucleotide (CpG) motifs are potent stimulators of the host immune response. Cellular recognition of CpG motifs occurs via Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), which normally activates immune responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) indicative of infection. Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpGs mimic the immunostimulatory activity of viral/microbial DNA. Synthetic ODNs harboring CpG motifs resembling those identified in viral/microbial DNA trigger an identical response, such that these immunomodulatory ODNs have therapeutic potential. CpG DNA has been investigated as an agent for the management of malignancy, asthma, allergy, and contagious diseases, and as an adjuvant in immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the potential synergy between synthetic ODNs and other synthetic molecules and their immunomodulatory effects. We also summarize the different synthetic molecules that function as immune modulators and outline the phenomenon of TLR-mediated immune responses. We previously reported a novel synthetic ODN that acts synergistically with other synthetic molecules (including CpG ODNs, the synthetic triacylated lipopeptide Pam3CSK4, lipopolysaccharide, and zymosan) that could serve as an immune therapy. Additionally, several clinical trials have evaluated the use of CpG ODNs with other immune factors such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, cytokines, and both endosomal and cell-surface TLR ligands as adjuvants for the augmentation of vaccine activity. Furthermore, we discuss the structural recognition of ODNs by TLRs and the mechanism of functional modulation of TLRs in the context of the potential application of ODNs as wide-spectrum therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Nigar
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Takeshi Shimosato
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
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