101
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Comprehensive approach of hybrid nanoplatforms in drug delivery and theranostics to combat cancer. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1245-1252. [PMID: 32371139 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To date, various chemically synthesized and biosynthesized nanoparticles, or hybrid nanosystems and/or nanoplatforms, have been developed under the umbrella of nanomedicine. These can be introduced into the body orally, nasally, intratumorally or intravenously. Successfully translating hybrid nanoplatforms from preclinical proof-of-concept to therapeutic value in the clinic is challenging. Having made significant advances with drug delivery technologies, we must learn from other areas of oncology drug development, where patient stratification and target-driven design have improved patient outcomes. This review aims to identify gaps in our understanding of the current strengths of nanomedicine platforms in drug delivery and cancer theranostics. We report on the current approaches of nanomedicine at preclinical and clinical stages.
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102
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Zhang X, Liu N, Zhou M, Li S, Cai X. The Application of Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acids as a Drug Carrier in Biomedicine Fields. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 16:48-56. [PMID: 32321408 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666200422103415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acids(tFNAs) have become a hot topic in the field of DNA nanostructures because of their stable structures, nanoscale size, superior mechanical properties and convenient synthesis with high yield. tFNAs are considered promising drug delivery carriers because they can pass through the cellular membrane without any help and they have a good biocompatibility and biodegradability. Besides, they have rich modification sites, they can be modified by kinds of functional groups. The functionalization molecules can be modified on the vertexes, embedded between the double-stranded DNA of the tetrahedron edges, hanged on the edges, or encapsulated in the cage-like structure of the tetrahedron. The structure of tetrahedron can also be intelligently controlled through smart design, such as integrating DNA hairpin loop structure onto the edges. Nowadays, DNA tetrahedron will have a broader development prospect in the application of drug transport carriers and intelligent drug carriers. Therefore, DNA material is a new carrier material with great advantages and has a very broad application prospect in the construction of an intelligent drug transport system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Nanxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Songhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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103
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Yu X, Liu S, Cheng Q, Wei T, Lee S, Zhang D, Siegwart DJ. Lipid-Modified Aminoglycosides for mRNA Delivery to the Liver. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901487. [PMID: 32108440 PMCID: PMC8152636 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cationic lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are widely used as carriers for delivery of nucleic acids. Most synthetic routes toward cationic lipids have derived from simple amine cores. Greater chemical diversity can be obtained through starting with natural products containing basic nitrogen atoms, which offers routes to more complex molecules. Natural building blocks are not extensively explored, such as aminoglycosides, which are both structurally and functionally interesting for developing new carriers for nucleic acid delivery. Herein, cationic lipid-modified aminoglycosides (CLAs) are explored as a family of vehicles for messenger RNA (mRNA) delivery. CLAs are synthesized from natural existing aminoglycosides coupling with alkyl epoxides and acrylates. The top hit (GT-EP10) is able to deliver Luc mRNA to C57BL/6 mice at a dose of 0.05 mg kg-1 to achieve a 107 average luminescence intensity in the liver. The Lox-Stop-Lox tdTomato mouse model is used to further demonstrate that this efficient mRNA delivery system can be potentially used for gene editing. Successful delivery of human erythropoietin mRNA shows that CLA-based LNPs have promising opportunities for delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Tuo Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Sang Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Daniel J Siegwart
- Department of Biochemistry, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
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104
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Mahaling B, Verma M, Mishra G, Chaudhuri S, Dutta D, Sivakumar S. Fate of GdF 3 nanoparticles-loaded PEGylated carbon capsules inside mice model: a step toward clinical application. Nanotoxicology 2020; 14:577-594. [PMID: 31928284 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1708494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The successful translation of nanostructure-based bioimaging and/or drug delivery system needs extensive in vitro and in vivo studies on biocompatibility, biodistribution, clearance, and toxicity for its diagnostic applications. Herein, we have investigated the in vitro cyto-hemocompatibility, in vivo biodistribution, clearance, and toxicity in mice after systemic administration of GdF3 nanoparticles loaded PEGylated mesoporous carbon capsule (GdF3-PMCC)-based theranostic system. In vitro cyto-hemocompatibility study showed a very good biocompatibility up to concentration of 500 µg/ml. Biodistribution studies carried out from 1 h to 8 days showed that GdF3-PMCC was found in major organs, such as liver, kidney, spleen, and muscle till 4th day and it was negligible in any tissue after 8th day. The clearance study was carried out for a period of 8 days and it was observed that the urinary system is the main route of excretion of GdF3-PMCC. The tissue toxicity study was done for 15 days and histopathological analysis indicated that the GdF3-PMCC based theranostic system does not have any adverse effect in tissues. Thus, PMCCs are nontoxic and can be applied as theranostic agents in contrast to the other carbon-based systems (PEGylated carbon nanotubes and PEGylated graphene oxide) which showed significant toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binapani Mahaling
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Thematic Unit of Excellence in Soft Nanofabrication, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhu Verma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Thematic Unit of Excellence in Soft Nanofabrication, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Gargi Mishra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Thematic Unit of Excellence in Soft Nanofabrication, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Surabhi Chaudhuri
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Debjani Dutta
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Sri Sivakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Thematic Unit of Excellence in Soft Nanofabrication, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Material Science Programme, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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105
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Lokugamage MP, Gan Z, Zurla C, Levin J, Islam FZ, Kalathoor S, Sato M, Sago CD, Santangelo PJ, Dahlman JE. Mild Innate Immune Activation Overrides Efficient Nanoparticle-Mediated RNA Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1904905. [PMID: 31743531 PMCID: PMC7029413 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Clinical mRNA delivery remains challenging, in large part because how physiology alters delivery in vivo remains underexplored. For example, mRNA delivered by lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) is being considered to treat inflammation, but whether inflammation itself changes delivery remains understudied. Relationships between immunity, endocytosis, and mRNA translation lead to hypothesize that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation reduced LNP-mediated mRNA delivery. Therefore, LNP uptake, endosomal escape, and mRNA translation with and without TLR4 activation are quantified. In vivo DNA barcoding is used to discover a novel LNP that delivers mRNA to Kupffer cells at clinical doses; unlike most LNPs, this LNP does not preferentially target hepatocytes. TLR4 activation blocks mRNA translation in all tested cell types, without reducing LNP uptake; inhibiting TLR4 or its downstream effector protein kinase R improved delivery. The discrepant effects of TLR4 on i) LNP uptake and ii) translation suggests TLR4 activation can "override" LNP targeting, even after mRNA is delivered into target cells. Given near-future clinical trials using mRNA to modulate inflammation, this highlights the need to understand inflammatory signaling in on- and off-target cells. More generally, this suggests an LNP which delivers mRNA to one inflammatory disease may not deliver mRNA to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa P Lokugamage
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Zubao Gan
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Chiara Zurla
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Joel Levin
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Fatima Z Islam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Sujay Kalathoor
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Manaka Sato
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Cory D Sago
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Philip J Santangelo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - James E Dahlman
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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106
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Pharmaceutical formulation and manufacturing using particle/powder technology for personalized medicines. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2019.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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107
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Anfray C, Mainini F, Andón FT. Nanoparticles for immunotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-102828-5.00011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
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108
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Guimaraes PPG, Zhang R, Spektor R, Tan M, Chung A, Billingsley MM, El-Mayta R, Riley RS, Wang L, Wilson JM, Mitchell MJ. Ionizable lipid nanoparticles encapsulating barcoded mRNA for accelerated in vivo delivery screening. J Control Release 2019; 316:404-417. [PMID: 31678653 PMCID: PMC7032071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) has recently emerged as a promising class of nucleic acid therapy, with the potential to induce protein production to treat and prevent a range of diseases. However, the widespread use of mRNA as a therapeutic requires safe and effective in vivo delivery technologies. Libraries of ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have been designed to encapsulate mRNA, prevent its degradation, and mediate intracellular delivery. However, these LNPs are typically characterized and screened in an in vitro setting, which may not fully replicate the biological barriers that they encounter in vivo. Here, we designed and evaluated a library of engineered LNPs containing barcoded mRNA (b-mRNA) to accelerate the screening of mRNA delivery platforms in vivo. These b-mRNA are similar in structure and function to regular mRNA, and contain barcodes that enable their delivery to be quantified via deep sequencing. Using a mini-library of b-mRNA LNPs formulated via microfluidic mixing, we show that these different formulations can be pooled together, administered intravenously into mice as a single pool, and their delivery to multiple organs (liver, spleen, brain, lung, heart, kidney, pancreas, and muscle) can be quantified simultaneously using deep sequencing. In the context of liver and spleen delivery, LNPs that exhibited high b-mRNA delivery also yielded high luciferase expression, indicating that this platform can identify lead LNP candidates as well as optimal formulation parameters for in vivo mRNA delivery. Interestingly, LNPs with identical formulation parameters that encapsulated different types of nucleic acid barcodes (b-mRNA versus a DNA barcode) altered in vivo delivery, suggesting that the structure of the barcoded nucleic acid affects LNP in vivo delivery. This platform, which enables direct barcoding and subsequent quantification of a functional mRNA, can accelerate the in vivo screening and design of LNPs for mRNA therapeutic applications such as CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, mRNA vaccination, and other mRNA-based regenerative medicine and protein replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro P G Guimaraes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Roman Spektor
- Graduate Field of Genetics, Genomics and Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Mingchee Tan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Amanda Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Margaret M Billingsley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rakan El-Mayta
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rachel S Riley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lili Wang
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - James M Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael J Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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109
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Sieber S, Grossen P, Bussmann J, Campbell F, Kros A, Witzigmann D, Huwyler J. Zebrafish as a preclinical in vivo screening model for nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 151-152:152-168. [PMID: 30615917 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of nanomedicines with biological environments is heavily influenced by their physicochemical properties. Formulation design and optimization are therefore key steps towards successful nanomedicine development. Unfortunately, detailed assessment of nanomedicine formulations, at a macromolecular level, in rodents is severely limited by the restricted imaging possibilities within these animals. Moreover, rodent in vivo studies are time consuming and expensive, limiting the number of formulations that can be practically assessed in any one study. Consequently, screening and optimisation of nanomedicine formulations is most commonly performed in surrogate biological model systems, such as human-derived cell cultures. However, despite the time and cost advantages of classical in vitro models, these artificial systems fail to reflect and mimic the complex biological situation a nanomedicine will encounter in vivo. This has acutely hampered the selection of potentially successful nanomedicines for subsequent rodent in vivo studies. Recently, zebrafish have emerged as a promising in vivo model, within nanomedicine development pipelines, by offering opportunities to quickly screen nanomedicines under in vivo conditions and in a cost-effective manner so as to bridge the current gap between in vitro and rodent studies. In this review, we outline several advantageous features of the zebrafish model, such as biological conservation, imaging modalities, availability of genetic tools and disease models, as well as their various applications in nanomedicine development. Critical experimental parameters are discussed and the most beneficial applications of the zebrafish model, in the context of nanomedicine development, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Sieber
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philip Grossen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen Bussmann
- Department of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frederick Campbell
- Department of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Kros
- Department of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dominik Witzigmann
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada..
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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110
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Paunovska K, Loughrey D, Sago CD, Langer R, Dahlman JE. Using Large Datasets to Understand Nanotechnology. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902798. [PMID: 31429126 PMCID: PMC6810779 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Advances in sequencing technologies have made studying biological processes with genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics commonplace. As a result, this suite of increasingly integrated techniques is well positioned to study drug delivery, a process that is influenced by many biomolecules working in concert. Omics-based approaches can be used to study the vast nanomaterial chemical space as well as the biological factors that affect the safety, toxicity, and efficacy of nanotechnologies. The generation and analysis of large datasets, methods to interpret them, and dataset applications to nanomaterials to date, are demonstrated here. Finally, new approaches for how sequencing-generated datasets can answer fundamental questions in nanotechnology based drug delivery are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Paunovska
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - David Loughrey
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Cory D Sago
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - James E Dahlman
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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111
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Lokugamage MP, Sago CD, Gan Z, Krupczak BR, Dahlman JE. Constrained Nanoparticles Deliver siRNA and sgRNA to T Cells In Vivo without Targeting Ligands. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902251. [PMID: 31465135 PMCID: PMC6819129 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
T cells help regulate immunity, which makes them an important target for RNA therapies. While nanoparticles carrying RNA have been directed to T cells in vivo using protein- and aptamer-based targeting ligands, systemic delivery to T cells without targeting ligands remains challenging. Given that T cells endocytose lipoprotein particles and enveloped viruses, two natural systems with structures that can be similar to lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), it is hypothesized that LNPs devoid of targeting ligands can deliver RNA to T cells in vivo. To test this hypothesis, the delivery of siRNA to 9 cell types in vivo by 168 nanoparticles using a novel siGFP-based barcoding system and bioinformatics is quantified. It is found that nanomaterials containing conformationally constrained lipids form stable LNPs, herein named constrained lipid nanoparticles (cLNPs). cLNPs deliver siRNA and sgRNA to T cells at doses as low as 0.5 mg kg-1 and, unlike previously reported LNPs, do not preferentially target hepatocytes. Delivery occurs via a chemical composition-dependent, size-independent mechanism. These data suggest that the degree to which lipids are constrained alters nanoparticle targeting, and also suggest that natural lipid trafficking pathways can promote T cell delivery, offering an alternative to active targeting approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa P Lokugamage
- Wallace H. Coulter, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Cory D Sago
- Wallace H. Coulter, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Zubao Gan
- Wallace H. Coulter, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Brandon R Krupczak
- Wallace H. Coulter, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - James E Dahlman
- Wallace H. Coulter, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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112
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Peng L, Wagner E. Polymeric Carriers for Nucleic Acid Delivery: Current Designs and Future Directions. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3613-3626. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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113
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Perche F, Clemençon R, Schulze K, Ebensen T, Guzmán CA, Pichon C. Neutral Lipopolyplexes for In Vivo Delivery of Conventional and Replicative RNA Vaccine. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 17:767-775. [PMID: 31446119 PMCID: PMC6716064 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid vaccination relies on injecting DNA or RNA coding antigen(s) to induce a protective immune response. RNA vaccination is being increasingly used in preclinical and clinical studies. However, few delivery systems have been reported for in vivo delivery of RNA of different sizes. Using a tripartite formulation with RNA, cationic polymer, and anionic liposomes, we were able to encapsulate RNA into neutral lipopolyplexes (LPPs). LPPs were stable in vitro and successfully delivered conventional RNA and replicative RNA to dendritic cells in cellulo. Their injection led to reporter gene expression in mice. Finally, administration of LPP-Replicon RNA (RepRNA) led to an adaptive immune response against the antigen coded by the RepRNA. Accordingly, LPPs may represent a universal formulation for RNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perche
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR4301 CNRS Rue Charles Sadron Orléans, Orléans Cedex 02, France.
| | - Rudy Clemençon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR4301 CNRS Rue Charles Sadron Orléans, Orléans Cedex 02, France
| | - Kai Schulze
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Ebensen
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carlos A Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Chantal Pichon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR4301 CNRS Rue Charles Sadron Orléans, Orléans Cedex 02, France.
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114
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Negron K, Khalasawi N, Lu B, Ho CY, Lee J, Shenoy S, Mao HQ, Wang TH, Hanes J, Suk JS. Widespread gene transfer to malignant gliomas with In vitro-to-In vivo correlation. J Control Release 2019; 303:1-11. [PMID: 30978431 PMCID: PMC6579670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy of malignant gliomas has shown a lack of clinical success to date due in part to inability of conventional gene vectors to achieve widespread gene transfer throughout highly disseminated tumor areas within the brain. Here, we demonstrate that newly engineered polymer-based DNA-loaded nanoparticles (DNA-NP) possessing small particle diameters (~50 nm) and non-adhesive surface polyethylene glycol (PEG) coatings efficiently penetrate brain tumor tissue as well as healthy brain parenchyma. Specifically, this brain-penetrating nanoparticle (BPN), following intracranial administration via convection enhanced delivery (CED), provides widespread transgene expression in heathy rodent striatum and an aggressive brain tumor tissue established orthotopically in rats. The ability of BPN to efficiently traverse both tissues is of great importance as the highly invasive glioma cells infiltrated into normal brain tissue are responsible for tumor recurrence. Of note, the transgene expression within the orthotopic tumor tissue occurred preferentially in glioma cells over microglial cells. We also show that three-dimensional (3D) multicellular spheroids established with malignant glioma cells, unlike conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures, serve as an excellent in vitro model reliably predicting gene vector behaviors in vivo. Briefly, DNA-NP possessing greater surface PEG coverage exhibited more uniform and higher-level transgene expression both in the 3D model and in vivo, whereas the trend was opposite in 2D culture. The finding here alerts that gene transfer studies based primarily on 2D cultures should be interpreted with caution and underscores the relevance of 3D models for screening newly engineered gene vectors prior to their in vivo evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Negron
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States of America
| | - Namir Khalasawi
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Billy Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Chi-Ying Ho
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States of America; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Jason Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Siddharth Shenoy
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States of America; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States of America
| | - Hai-Quan Mao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States of America; Department of Material Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Justin Hanes
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States of America; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States of America
| | - Jung Soo Suk
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States of America; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States of America.
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115
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Gomez JA, Beitnere U, Segal DJ. Live-Animal Epigenome Editing: Convergence of Novel Techniques. Trends Genet 2019; 35:527-541. [PMID: 31128888 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epigenome editing refers to the generation of precise chromatin alterations and their effects on gene expression and cell biology. Until recently, much of the efforts in epigenome editing were limited to tissue culture models of disease. However, the convergence of techniques from different fields including mammalian genetics, virology, and CRISPR engineering is advancing epigenome editing into a new era. Researchers are increasingly embracing the use of multicellular model organisms to test the role of specific chromatin alterations in development and disease. The challenge of successful live-animal epigenomic editing will depend on a well-informed foundation of the current methodologies for cell-specific delivery and editing accuracy. Here we review the opportunities for basic research and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Antonio Gomez
- Genome Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ulrika Beitnere
- Genome Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David J Segal
- Genome Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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116
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Moss KH, Popova P, Hadrup SR, Astakhova K, Taskova M. Lipid Nanoparticles for Delivery of Therapeutic RNA Oligonucleotides. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2265-2277. [PMID: 31063396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is an exciting field that has the potential to address emerging scientific and therapeutic tasks. RNA-based gene therapy has made remarkable progress in recent decades. Nevertheless, efficient targeted delivery of RNA therapeutics is still a prerequisite for entering the clinics. In this review, we introduce current delivery methods for RNA gene therapeutics based on lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). We focus on the clinical appeal of recent RNA NPs and discuss existing challenges of fabrication and screening LNP candidates for effective translation into drugs of human metabolic diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Henry Moss
- DTU Health Technology , 202 Kemitorvet , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Petya Popova
- DTU Chemistry , 206-207 Kemitorvet , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Sine R Hadrup
- DTU Health Technology , 202 Kemitorvet , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Kira Astakhova
- DTU Chemistry , 206-207 Kemitorvet , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Maria Taskova
- DTU Chemistry , 206-207 Kemitorvet , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
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117
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Buck J, Grossen P, Cullis PR, Huwyler J, Witzigmann D. Lipid-Based DNA Therapeutics: Hallmarks of Non-Viral Gene Delivery. ACS NANO 2019; 13:3754-3782. [PMID: 30908008 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a promising strategy for the treatment of monogenic disorders. Non-viral gene delivery systems including lipid-based DNA therapeutics offer the opportunity to deliver an encoding gene sequence specifically to the target tissue and thus enable the expression of therapeutic proteins in diseased cells. Currently, available gene delivery approaches based on DNA are inefficient and require improvements to achieve clinical utility. In this Review, we discuss state-of-the-art lipid-based DNA delivery systems that have been investigated in a preclinical setting. We emphasize factors influencing the delivery and subsequent gene expression in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. In addition, we cover aspects of nanoparticle engineering and optimization for DNA therapeutics. Finally, we highlight achievements of lipid-based DNA therapies in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Buck
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Philip Grossen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Pieter R Cullis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of British Columbia , 2350 Health Sciences Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z3 , Canada
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Dominik Witzigmann
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of British Columbia , 2350 Health Sciences Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z3 , Canada
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118
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Paunovska K, Da Silva Sanchez AJ, Sago CD, Gan Z, Lokugamage MP, Islam FZ, Kalathoor S, Krupczak BR, Dahlman JE. Nanoparticles Containing Oxidized Cholesterol Deliver mRNA to the Liver Microenvironment at Clinically Relevant Doses. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1807748. [PMID: 30748040 PMCID: PMC6445717 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201807748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Using mRNA to produce therapeutic proteins is a promising approach to treat genetic diseases. However, systemically delivering mRNA to cell types besides hepatocytes remains challenging. Fast identification of nanoparticle delivery (FIND) is a DNA barcode-based system designed to measure how over 100 lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) deliver mRNA that functions in the cytoplasm of target cells in a single mouse. By using FIND to quantify how 75 chemically distinct LNPs delivered mRNA to 28 cell types in vivo, it is found that an LNP formulated with oxidized cholesterol and no targeting ligand delivers Cre mRNA, which edits DNA in hepatic endothelial cells and Kupffer cells at 0.05 mg kg-1 . Notably, the LNP targets liver microenvironmental cells fivefold more potently than hepatocytes. The structure of the oxidized cholesterols added to the LNP is systematically varied to show that the position of the oxidative modification may be important; cholesterols modified on the hydrocarbon tail associated with sterol ring D tend to outperform cholesterols modified on sterol ring B. These data suggest that LNPs formulated with modified cholesterols can deliver gene-editing mRNA to the liver microenvironment at clinically relevant doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Paunovska
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Alejandro J Da Silva Sanchez
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Cory D Sago
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Zubao Gan
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Melissa P Lokugamage
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Fatima Z Islam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Sujay Kalathoor
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Brandon R Krupczak
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - James E Dahlman
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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119
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Patel S, Kim J, Herrera M, Mukherjee A, Kabanov AV, Sahay G. Brief update on endocytosis of nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 144:90-111. [PMID: 31419450 PMCID: PMC6986687 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of nanoscale interactions between biomaterials and cells has limited the realization of the ultimate vision of nanotechnology in diagnostics and therapeutics. As such, significant effort has been devoted to advancing our understanding of the biophysical interactions of the myriad nanoparticles. Endocytosis of nanomedicine has drawn tremendous interest in the last decade. Here, we highlight the ever-present barriers to efficient intracellular delivery of nanoparticles as well as the current advances and strategies deployed to breach these barriers. We also introduce new barriers that have been largely overlooked such as the glycocalyx and macromolecular crowding. Additionally, we draw attention to the potential complications arising from the disruption of the newly discovered functions of the lysosomes. Novel strategies of exploiting the inherent intracellular defects in disease states to enhance delivery and the use of exosomes for bioanalytics and drug delivery are explored. Furthermore, we discuss the advances in imaging techniques like electron microscopy, super resolution fluorescence microscopy, and single particle tracking which have been instrumental in our growing understanding of intracellular pathways and nanoparticle trafficking. Finally, we advocate for the push towards more intravital analysis of nanoparticle transport phenomena using the multitude of techniques available to us. Unraveling the underlying mechanisms governing the cellular barriers to delivery and biological interactions of nanoparticles will guide the innovations capable of breaching these barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Jeonghwan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Marco Herrera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Anindit Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Laboratory of Chemical Design of Bionanomaterials, Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
| | - Gaurav Sahay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
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120
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Van Hoecke L, Roose K. How mRNA therapeutics are entering the monoclonal antibody field. J Transl Med 2019; 17:54. [PMID: 30795778 PMCID: PMC6387507 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1804-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1975, Milstein and Köhler revolutionized the medical world with the development of the hybridoma technique to produce monoclonal antibodies. Since then, monoclonal antibodies have entered almost every branch of biomedical research. Antibodies are now used as frontline therapeutics in highly divergent indications, ranging from autoimmune disease over allergic asthma to cancer. Wider accessibility and implementation of antibody-based therapeutics is however hindered by manufacturing challenges and high development costs inherent to protein-based drugs. For these reasons, alternative ways are being pursued to produce and deliver antibodies more cost-effectively without hampering safety. Over the past decade, messenger RNA (mRNA) based drugs have emerged as a highly appealing new class of biologics that can be used to encode any protein of interest directly in vivo. Whereas current clinical efforts to use mRNA as a drug are mainly situated at the level of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination, three recent preclinical studies have addressed the feasibility of using mRNA to encode therapeutic antibodies directly in vivo. Here, we highlight the potential of mRNA-based approaches to solve several of the issues associated with antibodies produced and delivered in protein format. Nonetheless, we also identify key hurdles that mRNA-based approaches still need to take to fulfill this potential and ultimately replace the current protein antibody format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Van Hoecke
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kenny Roose
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Departement of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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121
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Hajj KA, Ball RL, Deluty SB, Singh SR, Strelkova D, Knapp CM, Whitehead KA. Branched-Tail Lipid Nanoparticles Potently Deliver mRNA In Vivo due to Enhanced Ionization at Endosomal pH. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1805097. [PMID: 30637934 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201805097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The potential of mRNA therapeutics will be realized only once safe and effective delivery systems are established. Unfortunately, delivery vehicle development is stymied by an inadequate understanding of how the molecular properties of a vehicle confer efficacy. Here, a small library of lipidoid materials is used to elucidate structure-function relationships and identify a previously unappreciated parameter-lipid nanoparticle surface ionization-that correlates with mRNA delivery efficacy. The two most potent materials of the library, 306O10 and 306Oi10 , induce substantial luciferase expression in mice following a single 0.75 mg kg-1 mRNA dose. These lipidoids, which have ten-carbon tails and identical molecular weights, vary only in that the 306O10 tail is straight and the 306Oi10 tail has a one-carbon branch. Remarkably, this small difference in structure conferred a tenfold improvement in 306Oi10 efficacy. The enhanced potency of this branched-tail lipidoid is attributed to its strong surface ionization at the late endosomal pH of 5.0. A secondary lipidoid library confirms that Oi10 materials ionize more strongly and deliver mRNA more potently than lipidoids containing linear tails. Together, these data highlight the exquisite control that lipid chemistry exerts on the mRNA delivery process and show that branched-tail lipids facilitate protein expression in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A Hajj
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Rebecca L Ball
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Sarah B Deluty
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Shridhar R Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Daria Strelkova
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Christopher M Knapp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Kathryn A Whitehead
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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122
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Sago CD, Lokugamage MP, Islam FZ, Krupczak BR, Sato M, Dahlman JE. Nanoparticles That Deliver RNA to Bone Marrow Identified by in Vivo Directed Evolution. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:17095-17105. [PMID: 30394729 PMCID: PMC6556374 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow endothelial cells (BMECs) regulate their microenvironment, which includes hematopoietic stem cells. This makes BMECs an important target cell type for siRNA or gene editing (e.g., CRISPR) therapies. However, siRNA and sgRNA have not been delivered to BMECs using systemically administered nanoparticles. Given that in vitro nanoparticle screens have not identified nanoparticles with BMEC tropism, we developed a system to quantify how >100 different nanoparticles deliver siRNA in a single mouse. This is the first barcoding system capable of quantifying functional cytosolic siRNA delivery (where the siRNA drug is active), distinguishing it from in vivo screens that quantify biodistribution (where the siRNA drug went). Combining this approach with bioinformatics, we performed in vivo directed evolution, and identified BM1, a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) that delivers siRNA and sgRNA to BMECs. Interestingly, chemical analysis revealed BMEC tropism was not related to LNP size; tropism changed with the structure of poly(ethylene glycol), as well as the presence of cholesterol. These results suggest that significant changes to vascular targeting can be imparted to a LNP by making simple changes to its chemical composition, rather than using active targeting ligands. BM1 is the first nanoparticle to efficiently deliver siRNA and sgRNA to BMECs in vivo, demonstrating that this functional in vivo screen can identify nanoparticles with novel tropism in vivo. More generally, in vivo screening may help reveal the complex relationship between nanoparticle structure and tropism, thereby helping scientists understand how simple chemical changes control nanoparticle targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory D Sago
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Melissa P Lokugamage
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Fatima Z Islam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Brandon R Krupczak
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Manaka Sato
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - James E Dahlman
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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123
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Sago CD, Lokugamage MP, Lando GN, Djeddar N, Shah NN, Syed C, Bryksin AV, Dahlman JE. Modifying a Commonly Expressed Endocytic Receptor Retargets Nanoparticles in Vivo. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:7590-7600. [PMID: 30216729 PMCID: PMC6426696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are often targeted to receptors expressed on specific cells, but few receptors are (i) highly expressed on one cell type and (ii) involved in endocytosis. One unexplored alternative is manipulating an endocytic gene expressed on multiple cell types; an ideal gene would inhibit delivery to cell type A more than cell type B, promoting delivery to cell type B. This would require a commonly expressed endocytic gene to alter nanoparticle delivery in a cell type-dependent manner in vivo; whether this can occur is unknown. Based on its microenvironmental regulation, we hypothesized Caveolin 1 (Cav1) would exert cell type-specific effects on nanoparticle delivery. Fluorescence was not sensitive enough to investigate this question, and as a result, we designed a platform named QUANT to study nanoparticle biodistribution. QUANT is 108× more sensitive than fluorescence and can be multiplexed. By measuring how 226 lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) delivered nucleic acids to multiple cell types in vivo in wild-type and Cav1 knockout mice, we found Cav1 altered delivery in a cell-type specific manner. Cav1 knockout did not alter LNP delivery to lung and kidney macrophages but substantially reduced LNP delivery to Kupffer cells, which are liver-resident macrophages. These data suggest caveolin-mediated endocytosis of nanomedicines by macrophages varies with tissue type. These results suggest manipulating receptors expressed on multiple cell types can tune drug delivery.
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124
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Sago CD, Kalathoor S, Fitzgerald JP, Lando GN, Djeddar N, Bryksin AV, Dahlman JE. Barcoding chemical modifications into nucleic acids improves drug stability in vivo. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:7197-7203. [PMID: 30555697 PMCID: PMC6238725 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01642a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of nucleic acid therapies can be limited by unwanted degradation. Chemical modifications are known to improve nucleic acid stability, but the (i) types, (ii) positions, and (iii) numbers of modifications all matter, making chemically optimizing nucleic acids a combinatorial problem. As a result, in vivo studies of nucleic acid stability are time consuming and expensive. We reasoned that DNA barcodes could simultaneously study how chemical modification patterns affect nucleic acid stability, saving time and resources. We confirmed that rationally designed DNA barcodes can elucidate the role of specific chemical modifications in serum, in vitro and in vivo; we also identified a modification pattern that enhanced stability. This approach to screening chemical modifications in vivo can efficiently optimize nucleic acid structure, which will improve biomaterial-based nucleic acid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory D Sago
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , GA 30332 , USA .
| | - Sujay Kalathoor
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , GA 30332 , USA
| | - Jordan P Fitzgerald
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , GA 30332 , USA .
| | - Gwyneth N Lando
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , GA 30332 , USA .
| | - Naima Djeddar
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , GA 30332 , USA
| | - Anton V Bryksin
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , GA 30332 , USA
| | - James E Dahlman
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , GA 30332 , USA .
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125
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Sago CD, Lokugamage MP, Paunovska K, Vanover DA, Monaco CM, Shah NN, Gamboa Castro M, Anderson SE, Rudoltz TG, Lando GN, Munnilal Tiwari P, Kirschman JL, Willett N, Jang YC, Santangelo PJ, Bryksin AV, Dahlman JE. High-throughput in vivo screen of functional mRNA delivery identifies nanoparticles for endothelial cell gene editing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9944-E9952. [PMID: 30275336 PMCID: PMC6196543 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811276115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional endothelium causes more disease than any other cell type. Systemically administered RNA delivery to nonliver tissues remains challenging, in large part because there is no high-throughput method to identify nanoparticles that deliver functional mRNA to cells in vivo. Here we report a system capable of simultaneously quantifying how >100 lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) deliver mRNA that is translated into functional protein. Using this system (named FIND), we measured how >250 LNPs delivered mRNA to multiple cell types in vivo and identified 7C2 and 7C3, two LNPs that efficiently deliver siRNA, single-guide RNA (sgRNA), and mRNA to endothelial cells. The 7C3 delivered Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA to splenic endothelial cells as efficiently as hepatocytes, distinguishing it from LNPs that deliver Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA to hepatocytes more than other cell types. These data demonstrate that FIND can identify nanoparticles with novel tropisms in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory D Sago
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Melissa P Lokugamage
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Kalina Paunovska
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Daryll A Vanover
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Christopher M Monaco
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Nirav N Shah
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Marielena Gamboa Castro
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Shannon E Anderson
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Tobi G Rudoltz
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Gwyneth N Lando
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Pooja Munnilal Tiwari
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Jonathan L Kirschman
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Nick Willett
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033
| | - Young C Jang
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Philip J Santangelo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Anton V Bryksin
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - James E Dahlman
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332;
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Paunovska K, Gil CJ, Lokugamage MP, Sago CD, Sato M, Lando GN, Gamboa Castro M, Bryksin AV, Dahlman JE. Analyzing 2000 in Vivo Drug Delivery Data Points Reveals Cholesterol Structure Impacts Nanoparticle Delivery. ACS NANO 2018; 12:8341-8349. [PMID: 30016076 PMCID: PMC6115295 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are formulated using unmodified cholesterol. However, cholesterol is naturally esterified and oxidized in vivo, and these cholesterol variants are differentially trafficked in vivo via lipoproteins including LDL and VLDL. We hypothesized that incorporating the same cholesterol variants into LNPs-which can be structurally similar to LDL and VLDL-would alter nanoparticle targeting in vivo. To test this hypothesis, we quantified how >100 LNPs made with six cholesterol variants delivered DNA barcodes to 18 cell types in wild-type, LDLR-/-, and VLDLR-/- mice that were both age-matched and female. By analyzing ∼2000 in vivo drug delivery data points, we found that LNPs formulated with esterified cholesterol delivered nucleic acids more efficiently than LNPs formulated with regular or oxidized cholesterol when compared across all tested cell types in the mouse. We also identified an LNP containing cholesteryl oleate that efficiently delivered siRNA and sgRNA to liver endothelial cells in vivo. Delivery was as-or more-efficient as the same LNP made with unmodified cholesterol. Moreover, delivery to liver endothelial cells was 3 times more efficient than delivery to hepatocytes, distinguishing this oleate LNP from hepatocyte-targeting LNPs. RNA delivery can be improved by rationally selecting cholesterol variants, allowing optimization of nanoparticle targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Paunovska
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Carmen J Gil
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Melissa P Lokugamage
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Cory D Sago
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Manaka Sato
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Gwyn N Lando
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Marielena Gamboa Castro
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Anton V Bryksin
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - James E Dahlman
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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127
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Lokugamage MP, Sago CD, Dahlman JE. Testing thousands of nanoparticles in vivo using DNA barcodes. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018; 7:1-8. [PMID: 30931416 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles improve drug efficacy by delivering drugs to sites of disease. To effectively deliver a drug in vivo, a nanoparticle must overcome physical and physiological hurdles that are not present in cell culture, yet in vitro screens are used to predict nanoparticle delivery in vivo. An ideal nanoparticle discovery pipeline would enable scientists to study thousands of nanoparticles in vivo. Here, we discuss technologies that enable high throughput in vivo screens, focusing on DNA barcoded nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa P Lokugamage
- Address: Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cory D Sago
- Address: Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James E Dahlman
- Address: Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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128
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Robinson E, MacDonald KD, Slaughter K, McKinney M, Patel S, Sun C, Sahay G. Lipid Nanoparticle-Delivered Chemically Modified mRNA Restores Chloride Secretion in Cystic Fibrosis. Mol Ther 2018; 26:2034-2046. [PMID: 29910178 PMCID: PMC6094356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The promise of gene therapy for the treatment of cystic fibrosis has yet to be fully clinically realized despite years of effort toward correcting the underlying genetic defect in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). mRNA therapy via nanoparticle delivery represents a powerful technology for the transfer of genetic material to cells with large, widespread populations, such as airway epithelia. We deployed a clinically relevant lipid-based nanoparticle (LNP) for packaging and delivery of large chemically modified CFTR mRNA (cmCFTR) to patient-derived bronchial epithelial cells, resulting in an increase in membrane-localized CFTR and rescue of its primary function as a chloride channel. Furthermore, nasal application of LNP-cmCFTR restored CFTR-mediated chloride secretion to conductive airway epithelia in CFTR knockout mice for at least 14 days. On day 3 post-transfection, CFTR activity peaked, recovering up to 55% of the net chloride efflux characteristic of healthy mice. This magnitude of response is superior to liposomal CFTR DNA delivery and is comparable with outcomes observed in the currently approved drug ivacaftor. LNP-cmRNA-based systems represent a powerful platform technology for correction of cystic fibrosis and other monogenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema Robinson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Kelvin D MacDonald
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kai Slaughter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Madison McKinney
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Siddharth Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Conroy Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA; Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Gaurav Sahay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
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129
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Zhang H, De Smedt SC, Remaut K. Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy to find the critical balance between extracellular association and intracellular dissociation of mRNA complexes. Acta Biomater 2018; 75:358-370. [PMID: 29753914 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) is a promising tool to study interactions on a single molecule level. The diffusion of fluorescent molecules in and out of the excitation volume of a confocal microscope leads to the fluorescence fluctuations that give information on the average number of fluorescent molecules present in the excitation volume and their diffusion coefficients. In this context, we complexed mRNA into lipoplexes and polyplexes and explored the association/dissociation degree of complexes by using gel electrophoresis and FCS. FCS enabled us to measure the association and dissociation degree of mRNA-based complexes both in buffer and protein-rich biological fluids such as human serum and ascitic fluid, which is a clear advantage over gel electrophoresis that was only applicable in protein-free buffer solutions. Furthermore, following the complex stability in buffer and biological fluids by FCS assisted to understand how complex characteristics, such as charge ratio and strength of mRNA binding, correlated to the transfection efficiency. We found that linear polyethyleneimine prevented efficient translation of mRNA, most likely due to a too strong mRNA binding, whereas the lipid based carrier Lipofectamine® messengerMAX did succeed in efficient release and subsequent translation of mRNA in the cytoplasm of the cells. Overall, FCS is a reliable tool for the in depth characterization of mRNA complexes and can help us to find the critical balance keeping mRNA bound in complexes in the extracellular environment and efficient intracellular mRNA release leading to protein production. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The delivery of messenger RNA (mRNA) to cells is promising to treat a variety of diseases. Therefore, the mRNA is typically packed in small lipid particles or polymer particles that help the mRNA to reach the cytoplasm of the cells. These particles should bind and carry the mRNA in the extracellular environment (e.g. blood, peritoneal fluid, …), but should release the mRNA again in the intracellular environment. In this paper, we evaluated a method (Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy) that allows for the in depth characterization of mRNA complexes and can help us to find the critical balance keeping mRNA bound in complexes in the extracellular environment and efficient intracellular mRNA release leading to protein production.
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130
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Tietjen GT, Bracaglia LG, Saltzman WM, Pober JS. Focus on Fundamentals: Achieving Effective Nanoparticle Targeting. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:598-606. [PMID: 29884540 PMCID: PMC6028308 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Successful molecular targeting of nanoparticle drug carriers can enhance therapeutic specificity and reduce systemic toxicity. Typically, ligands specific for cognate receptors expressed on the intended target cell type are conjugated to the nanoparticle surface. This approach, often called active targeting, seems to imply that the conjugated ligand imbues the nanoparticle with homing capacity. However, ligand-receptor interactions are mediated by short-range forces and cannot produce magnetic-like attraction over larger distances. Successful targeting actually involves two key characteristics: contact of the nanoparticle with the intended target cell and subsequent ligand-mediated retention at the site. Here we propose a conceptual framework, based on recent literature combined with basic principles of molecular interactions, to guide rational design of nanoparticle targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Tietjen
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Laura G Bracaglia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - W Mark Saltzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jordan S Pober
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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