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Detection of PBDE effects on mRNA expression in chicken (Gallus domesticus) neuronal cells using real-time RT-PCR and a new differential display method. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1337-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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102
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Frederiksen M, Vorkamp K, Thomsen M, Knudsen LE. Human internal and external exposure to PBDEs--a review of levels and sources. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2008; 212:109-34. [PMID: 18554980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 04/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the existing literature on human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), with particular focus on external exposure routes (e.g. dust, diet, and air) and the resulting internal exposure to PBDEs (e.g. breast milk and blood). Being lipophilic and persistent organic compounds, PBDEs accumulate in lipid-rich tissues. Consequently, food items like fish from high trophic levels or lipid-rich oils have been found to contain relatively high concentrations of PBDEs, thus presenting an important exposure pathway to humans. The presence of PBDEs in various products of everyday use may lead to some additional exposure in the home environment. Dust seem to be an aggregate of the indoor source, and the ingestion of dust conveys the highest intake of BDE-209 of all sources, possibly also of other PBDE congeners. The PBDE exposure through dust is significant for toddlers who ingest more dust than adults. Infants are also exposed to PBDEs via breast milk. Internal human exposure has generally been found to be one order of magnitude larger in North America than in Europe and Asia. These differences cannot solely be explained by the dietary intake as meat products are the only food group where some differences has been observed. However, indoor air and dust concentrations have been found to be approximately one order of magnitude higher in North America than in Europe, possibly a result of different fire safety standards. Within Europe, higher PBDE concentrations in dust were found in the UK than in continental Europe. Recent studies have shown that BDE-209 also accumulates in humans. A shift in congener composition from maternal to umbilical cord blood has been observed in several cases. A shift has also been observed for BDE-209, which is present in larger ratios in umbilical cord blood and in particular in placenta than in maternal blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Frederiksen
- Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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103
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Vorkamp K, Rigét FF, Glasius M, Muir DCG, Dietz R. Levels and trends of persistent organic pollutants in ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from Central West Greenland, with particular focus on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2008; 34:499-508. [PMID: 18155150 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and the organochlorine compounds polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDTs, HCB, chlordane-related pesticides, HCH and toxaphene were analysed in blubber of juvenile ringed seals from Central West Greenland collected between 1982 and 2006. The longest time series could be established for PBDEs, partly based on archived material, while PCBs and DDTs covered a study period from 1994-2006. All organochlorines showed decreasing trends, most pronounced for DDT and HCH with an annual change of 8%. BDE-47 had a significantly increasing trend of 5% annually. It was the only BDE congener consistently above the detection limit, with annual median concentrations between 0.78 ng/g lw to 3.54 ng/g lw, i.e. about 10 times lower than values from East Greenland observed in a similar time trend study on ringed seal blubber [Rigét F, Vorkamp K, Dietz R, Rastogi SC. Temporal trend studies on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in ringed seals from East Greenland. J Environ Monit 2006; 8: 1000-5]. A clear East>West difference was also found for PCBs and DDTs, but not for chlordanes, toxaphene or HCHs. Sigma 10-PCB, Sigma DDT and Sigma Chlordanes had similar annual median concentrations, typically exceeding SigmaPBDE by two orders of magnitude. The concentrations of HCH and toxaphene were in an intermediate group, with highest annual median concentrations of 135 ng/g lw and 20 ng/g lw, respectively. For most compound groups, the circumpolar trend previously established under for example the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme was confirmed, but apparently, more data are needed for chlordane-related compounds and toxaphene. Statistical analyses of the compound patterns in the ringed seal samples revealed significantly greater differences between seals from East and West than between different sampling years. Higher proportions of PCBs and DDTs and lower proportions of chlordanes and HCHs were found in seals from East Greenland than in those from West Greenland. Based on principal component analysis of individual congener and compounds, seals from East Greenland were found to contain higher proportions of the higher chlorinated CB congeners. Varying patterns between sampling locations may be caused by different exposure situations related to contaminant emissions and transport, but different feeding habits may also affect the contaminant composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Vorkamp
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Microbiology, National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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104
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Moeckel C, Macleod M, Hungerbühler K, Jones KC. Measurement and modeling of diel variability of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and chlordanes in air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:3219-3225. [PMID: 18522097 DOI: 10.1021/es702341q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Short-term variability of concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and chlordanes in air at a semirural site in England over a 5 day period is reported. Four-hour air samples were collected during a period dominated by a high pressure system that produced stable diel (24-h) patterns of meteorological conditions such as temperature and atmospheric boundary layer height. PBDE and chlordane concentrations showed clear diel variability with concentrations in the afternoon and evening being 1.9 - 2.7 times higher than in the early morning. The measurements are interpreted using a multimedia mass balance model parametrized with forcing functions representing local temperature, atmospheric boundary layer height, wind speed and hydroxyl radical concentrations. Model results indicate that reversible, temperature-controlled air-surface exchange is the primary driver of the diel concentration pattern observed for chlordanes and PBDE 28. For higher brominated PBDE congeners (47, 99 and 100), the effect of variable atmospheric mixing height in combination with irreversible deposition on aerosol particles is dominant and explains the diel patterns almost entirely. Higher concentrations of chlordanes and PBDEs in air observed at the end of the study period could be related to likely source areas using back trajectory analysis. This is the first study to clearly document diel variability in concentrations of PBDEs in air over a period of several days. Our model analysis indicates that high daytime and low nighttime concentrations of semivolatile organic chemicals can arise from different underlying driving processes, and are not necessarily evidence of reversible air-surface exchange on a 24-h time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Moeckel
- Centre for Chemicals Management and Department of Environmental Science, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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105
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Verreault J, Dietz R, Sonne C, Gebbink WA, Shahmiri S, Letcher RJ. Comparative fate of organohalogen contaminants in two top carnivores in Greenland: captive sledge dogs and wild polar bears. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 147:306-15. [PMID: 18248775 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The limited knowledge and/or the inability to control physiological condition parameters that influence the fate of organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) has been the foremost confounding aspect in monitoring programs and health risk assessments of wild top predators in the Arctic such as the polar bear (Ursus maritimus). In the present comparative study, we used a potential surrogate Canoidea species for the East Greenland polar bear, the captive sledge dog (Canis familiaris), to investigate some factors that may influence the bioaccumulation and biotransformation of major chlorinated and brominated OHCs in adipose tissue and blood (plasma) of control (fed commercial pork fat) and exposed (fed West Greenland minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) blubber) adult female sledge dogs. Furthermore, we compared the patterns and concentrations of OHCs and their known or suggested hydroxylated (OH) metabolites (e.g., OH-PCBs) in sledge dogs with those in adipose tissue and blood (plasma) of East Greenland adult female polar bears, and blubber of their main prey species, the ringed seal (Pusa hispida). The two-year feeding regime conducted with sledge dogs led to marked differences in overall adipose tissue (and plasma) OHC residue accumulation between the control and exposed groups. Characteristic prey-to-predator OHC bioaccumulation dynamics for major PCB and PBDE congeners (patterns and concentrations) and biotransformation capacity with respect to PCB metabolite formation and OH-PCB retention distinguished, to some extent, captive sledge dogs and wild polar bears. Based on the present findings, we conclude that the use of surrogate species in toxicological investigations for species in the Canoidea family should be done with great caution, although they remain essential in the context of contaminants research with sensitive arctic top carnivore species such as the polar bear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Verreault
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
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106
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Dietz R, Bossi R, Rigét FF, Sonne C, Born EW. Increasing perfluoroalkyl contaminants in east greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus): a new toxic threat to the Arctic bears. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:2701-7. [PMID: 18505019 DOI: 10.1021/es7025938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A well-defined subsample of 128 subadult (3-5 years) polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from 19 sampling years within the period 1984-2006 was investigated for perfluoroalkyl contaminants (PFCs). Linear regression analysis of logarithmic-transformed median concentrations showed significant annual increases for PFOS (4.7%), PFNA (6.1%), PFUnA (5.9%), PFDA (4.3%), PFTrA (8.5%), PFOA (2.3%), and PFDoA (5.2%). For four of the PFCs, a LOESS smoother model provided significantly better descriptions, revealing steeper linear annual increases for PFOSA of 9.2% after 1990 and between 18.6 and 27.4% for PFOS, PFDA, and PFTrA after 2000. Concentrations of SigmaPFCs, by 2006, exceeded the concentrations of all conventional OHCs (organohalogen compounds), of which several have been documented to correlate with a number of negative health effects. If the PFC concentrations in polar bears continue to increase with the steepest observed trends, then the lowest no-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and lowest-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) detected for rats and monkeys will be exceeded in 2014-2024. In addition, the rapidly increasing concentrations of PFCs are likely to cause cumulative and combined effects on the polar bear, compounding the already detected threats from OHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dietz
- Department of Arctic Environment, National Environmental Research Institute, University of Aarhus, Frederiksborgvej 399, P. O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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107
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Gebbink WA, Sonne C, Dietz R, Kirkegaard M, Riget FF, Born EW, Muir DCG, Letcher RJ. Tissue-specific congener composition of organohalogen and metabolite contaminants in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 152:621-9. [PMID: 17707109 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Congener patterns of the major organohalogen contaminant classes of PCBs, PBDEs and their metabolites and/or by-products (OH-PCBs, MeSO2-PCBs, OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs) were examined in adipose tissue, liver, brain and blood of East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus). PCB, OH-PCB, MeSO2-PCB and PBDE congener patterns showed significant differences (p<or=0.05) mainly in the liver and the brain relative to the adipose tissue and the blood. OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs were not detected in the brain and liver, but had different patterns in blood versus the adipose tissue. Novel OH-polybrominated biphenyls (OH-PBBs), one tri- and two tetra-brominated OH-PBBs were detected in all tissues and blood. Congener pattern differences among tissues and blood are likely due to a combination of factors, e.g., biotransformation and retention in the liver, retention in the blood and blood-brain barrier transport. Our findings suggest that different congener pattern exposures to these classes of contaminants should be considered with respect to potential target tissue-specific effects in East Greenland polar bears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A Gebbink
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
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108
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Ueno D, Darling C, Alaee M, Pacepavicius G, Teixeira C, Campbell L, Letcher RJ, Bergman A, Marsh G, Muir D. Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) in the abiotic environment: surface water and precipitation from Ontario, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:1657-1664. [PMID: 18441817 DOI: 10.1021/es7021279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) have been identified as metabolites of PBDEs, and also as compounds of natural origin in the marine environment; however, there has only been very limited study of their presence in the abiotic environment. In the present study, OH-PBDEs were determined in samples of surface water and precipitation (rain and snow) collected from sites in Ontario, Canada. OH-PBDEs were detected in all the samples analyzed, although half of the observed peaks did not correspond to any of the 18 authentic standards available. Fluxes of sigmaOH-PBDEs ranged from 3.5 to 190 pg/m2 in snow and from 15 to 170 pg/m2/day in rain, and those were higher at three of the southern Ontario locations relative to a single northern remote site. Concentrations of sigmaOH-PBDEs ranged from 2.2 to 70 pg/L in water and from < 1 to 420 pg/g in particulate organic carbon (POC), and higher values were found near sewage treatment plant (STP) outfalls in Lake Ontario. Partition coefficients (log K(oc)) for OH-PBDEs ranged from 4.0 to 5.1. The results in this study suggest that OH-PBDEs are ubiquitous in the abiotic environment and most likely are produced through reaction of PBDEs with atmospheric OH radicals. As well, they may be present in surface waters near STPs due to oxidation of PBDEs and inflows from metabolism by humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ueno
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Honjo 1, Saga 840-8502, Japan.
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109
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Sonne C, Dietz R, Kirkegaard M, Letcher RJ, Shahmiri S, Andersen S, Møller P, Olsen AK, Jensen AL. Effects of organohalogen pollutants on haematological and urine clinical-chemical parameters in Greenland sledge dogs (Canis familiaris). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2008; 69:381-90. [PMID: 17434585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Seven West Greenland sledge dog bitches (Canis familiaris) and their three pups were fed 50-200 g of contaminated West Greenland minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) blubber, and in a control cohort eight sister bitches and their five pups were fed a similar amount pork fat. Blood plasma and urine clinical-chemical parameters were measured and compared between the bitches and pups form the control and exposed cohorts. Based on existing reference intervals, Arctic mammals may have blood clinical-chemical endpoint levels that differ from comparable species at lower latitudes. The cortisol:creatinine ratio, protein:creatinine ratio, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol and inorganic phosphate were significantly highest (ANCOVA: all p<0.05) in the pup generation. The cortisol:creatinine ratio, cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine kinase were significantly higher (ANCOVA: all p<0.05) in the control group, while glucose was significantly highest (ANCOVA: p<0.05) in the exposed group. Furthermore, the blood cholesterol levels indicate that exposure via the diet to marine mammal blubber has a preventive effect on the development of cardiovascular diseases. We therefore suggest that the consumption of contaminated Arctic marine blubber impacted liver and kidney function in adult and pup sledge dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sonne
- Section for Contaminants and Marine Mammals, Department of Arctic Environment, National Environmental Research Institute, University of Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark.
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110
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Bechshøft TØ, Wiig Ø, Sonne C, Rigét FF, Dietz R, Letcher RJ, Muir DCG. Temporal and Spatial Variation in Metric Asymmetry in Skulls of Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) from East Greenland and Svalbard. ANN ZOOL FENN 2008. [DOI: 10.5735/086.045.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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111
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Kunisue T, Takayanagi N, Isobe T, Takahashi S, Nakatsu S, Tsubota T, Okumoto K, Bushisue S, Shindo K, Tanabe S. Regional trend and tissue distribution of brominated flame retardants and persistent organochlorines in raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) from Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:685-691. [PMID: 18323088 DOI: 10.1021/es071565z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated concentrations and patterns of brominated flame retardants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and persistent organochlorines (OCs) in liver and adipose tissues of raccoon dogs (RD: Nyctereutes procyonoides) collected from two metropolises and a local prefecture in Japan during 2001-2006. Relatively high concentrations of PBDEs were found in RD livers, while HBCD levels were the lowest among the measured organohalogen compounds. Among PBDE congeners, BDE 209 was predominant in RDs from all the regions, indicating that pollution derived from the technical decaBDE product is extensive across Japan. On the other hand, concentrations of tetra- to nona-BDE congeners in RDs from a metropolis were significantly higher than those from the other two regions, implying that there were regional differences in the past usage of the technical tetraBDE and octaBDE products. Such a regional difference was also observed for HBCD levels. Lipid-normalized concentration ratios of liver to adipose tissue (L/A ratio) for tri to hepta-BDE congeners were lower than 1.0 in the investigated eight RDs, suggesting lipid-dependent accumulation. However, the LA ratios of BDE 209 exceeded 1.0 in all the specimens, suggesting hepatic retention of this compound. In addition, lipid-dependent accumulation of a-HBCD was observed, but the L/A ratios of gamma-HBCD were greater than 1.0 in some specimens. These results indicate that Japanese RDs have been recently exposed to BDE 209 and gamma-HBCD and accumulated both these compounds preferentially in blood-rich organs, probably due to their binding to proteins and/or rapid biotransformation, as reported in experimental rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kunisue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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112
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Gebbink WA, Sonne C, Dietz R, Kirkegaard M, Born EW, Muir DCG, Letcher RJ. Target tissue selectivity and burdens of diverse classes of brominated and chlorinated contaminants in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from East Greenland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:752-759. [PMID: 18323098 DOI: 10.1021/es071941f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The tissue-specific composition of sum classes of brominated and chlorinated contaminants and metabolic/degradation byproducts was determined in adult male and female polar bears from East Greenland. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher concentrations of sigma-PCBs, various other organochlorines such as sigma-CHL, p,p'-DDE, sigma-CBz, sigma-HCHs, octachlorostyrene (OCS), sigma-mirex, dieldrin, the flame retardants sigma-PBDEs, and total-(alpha)-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), sigma-methylsulfonyl (MeSO2)-PCBs and 3-MeSO2-p,p'-DDE, were found in the adipose and liver tissues relative to whole blood and brain. In contrast, sigma-hydroxyl (OH)-PCB, 4-OH-heptachlorostyrene and sigma-OH-PBDE concentrations were significantly highest (p < 0.05) in whole blood, whereas the highest concentrations of sigma-OH-PBBs were found in the adipose tissue. Based on the total concentrations of all organohalogens in all three tissues and blood, the combined body burden was estimated to be 1.34 +/- 0.12 g, where > 91% of this amount was accounted for by the adipose tissue alone, followed by the liver, whole blood, and brain. These results show that factors such as protein association and lipid solubility appear to be differentially influencing the toxicokinetics, in terms of tissue composition/ localization and burden, of organohalogen classes with respect to chemical structure and properties such as the type of halogenation (e.g., chlorination or bromination), and the presence or absence of additional phenyl group substituents (e.g., MeO and OH groups). The tissue- and blood-specific accumulation (or retention) among organohalogen classes indicates that exposure and any potential contaminant-mediated effects in these polar bears are likely tissue or blood specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A Gebbink
- Science and Technology Branch, National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment Canada, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OH3, Canada
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113
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Sonne C, Leifsson PS, Dietz R, Kirkegaard M, Jensen AL, Shahmiri S, Letcher RJ. Greenland sledge dogs (Canis familiaris) develop liver lesions when exposed to a chronic and dietary low dose of an environmental organohalogen cocktail. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2008; 106:72-80. [PMID: 17904542 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the relationship between exposure to organohalogen polluted minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) blubber and liver morphology and function in a generational controlled study of 28 Greenland sledge dogs (Canis familiaris). The prevalence of portal fibrosis, mild bile duct hyperplasia, and vascular leukocyte infiltrations was significantly higher in the exposed group (all Chi-square: p<0.05). In case of granulomas, the frequency was significantly highest in the bitches (P generation) while the prevalence of portal fibrosis was highest in the F generation (pups) (both Chi-square: p<0.05). No significant difference between exposed and controls was found for bile acid, ALAT, and ALKP, while ASAT and LDH were significantly highest in the control group (both ANOVA: p<0.05). We therefore suggest that a daily intake of 50-200g environmentally organohalogen polluted minke whale blubber can cause liver lesions in Greenland sledge dogs. It is reasonable to infer that other apex predators such as polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and humans may suffer from similar impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sonne
- Section for Contaminants, Effects and Marine Mammals, Department of Arctic Environment, National Environmental Research Institute, University of Aarhus, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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114
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Chapter 15 Brominated Flame Retardants as Food Contaminants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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115
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116
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Fair PA, Mitchum G, Hulsey TC, Adams J, Zolman E, McFee W, Wirth E, Bossart GD. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in blubber of free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from two southeast Atlantic estuarine areas. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2007; 53:483-94. [PMID: 17612784 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-006-0244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Blubber tissue samples from bottlenose dolphins collected during the summers of 2003 and 2004 were screened for 13 (17, 28, 47, 66, 71, 85, 99, 100, 138, 154, 153, 183, 190) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from dolphin populations in the Indian River Lagoon, FL (n = 58) and the Charleston Harbor estuary, SC (n = 53). Within each population, we investigated contaminant levels of PBDEs and the effects of factors including age, sex, the interaction of age and sex, and location. Six PBDE congeners (28, 47, 99, 100, 153, and 154) were routinely detected in all samples using gas chromatography/mass spectometry methods. Significantly higher (p <or= 0.0001) mean SigmaPBDE blubber concentrations were observed for Charleston dolphins (X = 5,860 ng/g lipid; range = 429-22,780 ng/g lipid) when compared to Indian River Lagoon dolphins (X= 1,260 ng/g lipid; range = 195-3,790 ng/g lipid). PBDE 47 was the major congener representing approximately 61% of the SigmaPBDE in both dolphin populations, followed by BDE100, BDE154, BDE99, BDE153, and BDE28, respectively. Significantly higher (p < 0.0001) mean SigmaPBDE were observed in adult male dolphins compared to pregnant and adult female dolphins at both sites, with gender differences two-fold in the Indian River Lagoon and twelve-fold for Charleston. For Charleston dolphins, the juveniles in addition to the adult males also had significantly higher levels compared to pregnant and adult females. This study establishes baseline levels of PBDEs in bottlenose dolphins for these two areas and is the first assessment of PBDEs in free-ranging dolphins. The levels of PBDEs in Charleston dolphins represent some of the highest measured in marine mammals and warrants further investigation of these emerging, bioaccumulative chemicals and their potential deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Fair
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environmental Health & Biomolecular Research, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
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Isobe T, Ramu K, Kajiwara N, Takahashi S, Lam PKS, Jefferson TA, Zhou K, Tanabe S. Isomer specific determination of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in small cetaceans from the South China Sea--Levels and temporal variation. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2007; 54:1139-45. [PMID: 17568625 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 04/08/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A diastereoisomer (alpha, beta, and gamma) specific analytical method for measuring hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) was developed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The method developed was applied to analyze blubber of small cetaceans to divulge the distribution and temporal variation of HBCDs in the Asian marine environment. HBCDs were detected in all the blubber samples of finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) and Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) collected from the South China Sea during 1990-2001. Concentrations of HBCDs were higher in humpback dolphins (31-380 ng/g lipid) than in finless porpoises (4.7-55 ng/g lipid), which can be attributed to habitat differences. Average concentrations of alpha-HBCD in finless porpoises increased from 9.5 ng/g lipid in 1990 to 35 ng/g lipid in 2000/01. alpha-HBCD was predominant among the three isomers with some exceptions in finless porpoises collected in 1990. This is the first report on HBCDs contamination in marine mammals from Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Isobe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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118
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Kannan K, Perrotta E, Thomas NJ, Aldous KM. A comparative analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in Southern sea otters that died of infectious diseases and noninfectious causes. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2007; 53:293-302. [PMID: 17587145 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-006-0251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) from the California coast continue to exhibit a slower population regrowth rate than the population in Alaska. Infectious diseases have been identified as a frequent cause of death. Infectious diseases caused by varied pathogens including bacteria, fungi, and parasites were suggestive of compromised immunological health of mature animals in this population. To test the hypothesis that elevated exposure to immunotoxic contaminants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contribute to disease susceptibility via immunosuppression, we determined concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in livers of 80 adult female sea otters that died of infectious diseases, noninfectious causes, or emaciation. Concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs in sea otter livers varied widely (10-26,800 ng/g and 81-210,000 ng/g, lipid weight, respectively). Concentrations of PBDEs in sea otters were some of the highest values reported for marine mammals so far. Although PCB concentrations in sea otters have declined during 1992-2002, the mean concentration was at the threshold at which adverse health effects are elicited. Concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs were significantly correlated, suggesting co-exposure of these contaminants in sea otters. No significant association was found between the concentrations of PBDEs and the health status of sea otters. Concentrations of PCBs were significantly higher in otters in the infectious disease category than in the noninfectious category, suggesting an association between elevated PCB concentrations and infectious diseases in Southern sea otters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, Albany, P.O. Box 509, New York 12201-0509, USA.
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119
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Sonne C, Fonfara S, Dietz R, Kirkegaard M, Letcher RJ, Shahmiri S, Andersen S, Møller P. Multiple cytokine and acute-phase protein gene transcription in West Greenland sledge dogs (Canis familiaris) dietary exposed to organic environmental pollutants. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2007; 53:110-8. [PMID: 17396211 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-006-0135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure levels of persistent organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls and DDTs, are high in Arctic apex predators and Inuit peoples and are suspected to have negative impacts on their immune systems. We conducted a controlled generational study on liver tissue and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood cytokine and acute-phase protein (APP) mRNA expressions using reverse transcriptionase-polymerase chain reaction in West Greenland sledge dogs (Canis familiaris); contaminated minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) blubber serves as dietary pollutant source. Two of seven blood cytokine expressions (IL-6 and IL-12) and three of five APP expressions (haptoglobin [HP], heat shock protein, and fatty acid-binding protein [FABP]) were lowest in the exposed group, whereas the remaining five blood cytokine expressions (IL-2, IL-10, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and TGF-beta) and two APP expressions (MT1 and MT2) were highest in the exposed group. In liver tissue, three cytokine expressions (IL-10, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha) and two APP expressions (MT1 and MT2) were highest in the exposed group, and the remaining cytokine and APP expressions were lowest in the exposed group. Of these, the liver tissue expression of HP and FABP was significantly lowest in the exposed group (both p < 0.05). As a consequence of our findings, we suggest that a daily intake of 50 to 200 g polluted whale blubber is associated with a genotoxic decrease in HP and FABP gene expression in the liver of sledge dog and possibly of other top mammalian marine predators and consumers in the Arctic, indicating a restricted acute-phase reaction and insufficient immune response. Finally, HP and FABP liver expression appear to be new and sensitive biomarkers of organohalogen compound exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sonne
- Department of Arctic Environment Section for Contaminants and Marine Mammals, National Environmental Research Institute, University of Aarhus, Frederiksborgvej 399, P. O. Box 358, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
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120
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Covaci A, Voorspoels S, Ramos L, Neels H, Blust R. Recent developments in the analysis of brominated flame retardants and brominated natural compounds. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1153:145-71. [PMID: 17156788 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews recent literature on the analysis of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and brominated natural compounds (BNCs). The main literature sources are reviews from the last five years and research articles reporting new analytical developments published between 2003 and 2006. Sample pretreatment, extraction, clean-up and fractionation, injection techniques, chromatographic separation, detection methods, quality control and method validation are discussed. Only few new techniques, such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) or pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), have been investigated for their ability of combining the extraction and clean-up steps. With respect to the separation of BFRs, the most important developments were the use of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and the growing tendency for liquid-chromatographic techniques for hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) stereoisomers and of tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A). At the detection stage, mass spectrometry (MS) has been developed as well-established and reliable technology in the identification and quantification of BFRs. A growing attention has been paid to quality assurance. Interlaboratory exercises directed towards BFRs have grown in popularity and have enabled laboratories to validate analytical methods and to guarantee the quality of their results. The analytical procedures used for the identification and characterization of several classes of BNCs, such as methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) (also metabolites of PBDEs), halogenated methyl or dimethyl bipyrroles (DBPs), are reviewed here for the first time. These compounds were generally identified during the routine analysis of BFRs and have received little attention until recently. For each topic, an overview is presented of its current status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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121
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Gocht T, Moeckel C, Chaemfa C, Thomas GO, Jones KC. Validation of an passive atmospheric deposition sampler for polybrominated diphenyl ethers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:1176-82. [DOI: 10.1039/b709341a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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122
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Verreault J, Norstrom RJ, Ramsay MA, Mulvihill M, Letcher RJ. Composition of chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants among major adipose tissue depots of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from the Canadian high Arctic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2006; 370:580-7. [PMID: 16978684 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of environmental contaminants in Canadian Arctic polar bears (Ursus maritimus) typically has used superficial adipose tissue samples collected as part of controlled native subsistence hunts. However, little attention has been paid to the compositional difference in contaminants that may exist among the major adipose depots that are routinely collected. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the profiles and concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants (CHCs), including major polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and organochlorine (OC) pesticides and metabolites, in six major adipose depots (i.e. superficial, inter-muscular and intra-abdominal regions) obtained from adult male polar bears in the vicinity of Resolute Bay, Canadian high Arctic. Concentrations and congener patterns of PCBs (20 congeners) and OCs (14 compounds; chlordanes and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes and metabolites, chlorinated benzenes, hexachlorocyclohexane isomers, octachlorostyrene and dieldrin) were found to be relatively uniform throughout the adipose tissue of male polar bears. The only exception was the inter-muscular adipose depot from the cervical region, which was characterized, compared to other major depots routinely sampled, by lower proportions of higher-chlorinated and recalcitrant congeners such as CB170/190, 180, 194 and 206, and higher contribution of the lower-chlorinated PCBs, CB47, 74 and 99. No difference in the OC makeup and concentrations was found among the adipose depots investigated. In view of this, we conclude that the determination of CHCs in adipose tissue of polar bears from any major depots, with the potential exception of the fat under the neck muscles, would give a representative picture of the overall CHC composition and concentrations in polar bear fat for purpose of trend monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Verreault
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3
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123
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de Wit CA, Alaee M, Muir DCG. Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the Arctic. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 64:209-33. [PMID: 16458344 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) containing two to seven bromines are ubiquitous in Arctic biotic and abiotic samples (from zooplankton to polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and humans; air, soil, sediments). The fully brominated decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) are also present in biotic and abiotic samples. Spatial trends of PBDEs and HBCD in top predators are similar to those seen for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and indicate western Europe and eastern North America as source regions. Concentrations of tetra- to heptaBDEs have increased significantly in North American and Greenlandic Arctic biota and in Greenland freshwater sediments paralleling trends seen further south. For BDE-209, increasing concentrations in Greenlandic peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) and in dated lake sediment cores in the Canadian Arctic have been seen during the 1990s. BDE-47, -99, -100 and -153 are observed to biomagnify in Arctic food webs. summation operatorPBDE concentrations in Arctic samples are lower than in similar sample types from more southerly regions and are one or more orders of magnitude lower than summation operatorPCB concentrations except for some levels for air. Air and harbor sediment results for PBDEs indicate that there are local sources near highly populated areas within the Arctic. Findings of PBBs on moss and TBBPA on an air filter, and that both are found in biota at high trophic levels indicates that these compounds may also reach the Arctic by long-range atmospheric transport. Based on the evidence of their presence in the Arctic and indications that most if not all are undergoing long-range transport, these brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have characteristics that qualify them as POPs according to the Stockholm Convention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A de Wit
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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124
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Rigét F, Vorkamp K, Dietz R, Rastogi SC. Temporal trend studies on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in ringed seals from East Greenland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:1000-5. [PMID: 17240905 DOI: 10.1039/b609522d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) 17, 28, 47, 49, 66, 85, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183 were determined in ringed seal blubber from central East Greenland collected in 1986, 1994, 1999 and during the period 2001 to 2004. The trend of PBDEs was compared with the trends of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 28, 31, 52, 101, 105, 118, 138, 153, 156, and 180 during the same period. The levels of sigmaPBDE in East Greenland ringed seals ranged from 21.8 ng g(-1) lipid weight (1w) in 1986 to 39.3 ng g(-1) lw in 2001 and are among the highest observed in ringed seal from the Arctic. The dominating congeners were BDE-47 (75.4%) and BDE-99 (9.7%). The concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs increased with the age of the seals, and therefore only young seals < or =4 years old) were included in the temporal trend analyses. No significant trend (p > 0.14) was observed in sigmaPBDE or the congeners BDE 28, 47 and, 99 during the period while sigmaPCB decreased significantly (p = 0.004) over the period from 1986 to 2004 with an estimated annual rate of 4.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Rigét
- National Environmental Research Institute, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, DK-4000, Denmark.
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