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Ussery E, McMaster M, Palace V, Parrott J, Blandford NC, Frank R, Kidd K, Birceanu O, Wilson J, Alaee M, Cunningham J, Wynia A, Clark T, Campbell S, Timlick L, Michaleski S, Marshall S, Nielsen K. Effects of metformin on wild fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) using in-lake mesocosms in a boreal lake ecosystem. Sci Total Environ 2024; 929:172457. [PMID: 38649046 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Due to its widespread use for the treatment of Type-2 diabetes, metformin is routinely detected in surface waters globally. Laboratory studies have shown that environmentally relevant concentrations of metformin can adversely affect the health of adult fish, with effects observed more frequently in males. However, the potential risk to wild fish populations has yet to be fully elucidated and remains a topic of debate. To explore whether environmentally relevant metformin exposure poses a risk to wild fish populations, the present study exposed wild fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to 5 or 50 μg/L metformin via 2 m diameter in-lake mesocosms deployed in a natural boreal lake in Northern Ontario at the International Institute for Sustainable Development - Experimental Lakes Area (IISD-ELA). Environmental monitoring was performed at regular intervals for 8-weeks, with fish length, weight (body, liver and gonad), condition factor, gonadosomatic index, liver-somatic index, body composition (water and biomolecules) and hematocrit levels evaluated at test termination. Metabolic endpoints were also evaluated using liver, brain and muscle tissue, and gonads were evaluated histologically. Results indicate that current environmental exposure scenarios may be sufficient to adversely impact the health of wild fish populations. Adult male fish exposed to metformin had significantly reduced whole body weight and condition factor and several male fish from the high-dose metformin had oocytes in their testes. Metformin-exposed fish had altered moisture and lipid (decrease) content in their tissues. Further, brain (increase) and liver (decrease) glycogen were altered in fish exposed to high-dose metformin. To our knowledge, this study constitutes the first effort to understand metformin's effects on a wild small-bodied fish population under environmentally relevant field exposure conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Ussery
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark McMaster
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vince Palace
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; International Institute for Sustainable Development-Experimental Lakes Area, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Joanne Parrott
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas C Blandford
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; International Institute for Sustainable Development-Experimental Lakes Area, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Richard Frank
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Kidd
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oana Birceanu
- Western University, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanna Wilson
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mehran Alaee
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessie Cunningham
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abby Wynia
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Clark
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sheena Campbell
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren Timlick
- International Institute for Sustainable Development-Experimental Lakes Area, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sonya Michaleski
- International Institute for Sustainable Development-Experimental Lakes Area, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Stephanie Marshall
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristin Nielsen
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Marine Science, Port Aransas, TX, USA
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Li WL, Shunthirasingham C, Wong F, Smyth SA, Pajda A, Alexandrou N, Hung H, Huo CY, Bisbicos T, Alaee M, Pacepavicius G, Marvin C. Assessing Contributions of Synthetic Musk Compounds from Wastewater Treatment Plants to Atmospheric and Aquatic Environments. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:5524-5533. [PMID: 38466636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The high environmental concentrations, persistence, and toxicity of synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) necessitate a better grasp of their fate in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). To investigate the importance of WWTPs as pathways of SMCs to the environment, air and wastewater samples were collected at four WWTPs in Ontario, Canada. Polycyclic musks (PCMs) were present at higher concentrations than nitro musks (NMs) and macrocyclic musks (MCMs). Three PCMs [galaxolide (HHCB), tonalide (AHTN), and iso-E super (OTNE)] were the most abundant compounds (0.30-680 ng/m3 in air, 0.40-15 μg/L in influent, and 0.007-6.0 μg/L in effluent). Analyses of multiyear data suggest that risk management measures put in place have been effective in reducing the release of many SMCs into the environment. The highest removal efficiency, up to almost 100% of some SMCs, was observed for the plant with the longest solid retention time. A fugacity-based model was established to simulate the transport and fate of SMCs in the WWTP, and good agreement was obtained between the measured and modeled values. These findings indicate that the levels of certain SMCs discharged into the atmospheric and aquatic environments were substantial, potentially resulting in exposure to both humans and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Li
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chubashini Shunthirasingham
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Fiona Wong
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Shirley Anne Smyth
- Science and Risk Assessment Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Artur Pajda
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Nick Alexandrou
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Chun-Yan Huo
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Tommy Bisbicos
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Mehran Alaee
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Grazina Pacepavicius
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Chris Marvin
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
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Nielsen KM, DeCamp L, Birgisson M, Palace VP, Kidd KA, Parrott JL, McMaster ME, Alaee M, Blandford N, Ussery EJ. Comparative Effects of Embryonic Metformin Exposure on Wild and Laboratory-Spawned Fathead Minnow ( Pimephales promelas) Populations. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:10193-10203. [PMID: 35748754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is routinely detected in aquatic ecosystems because of its widespread use as a treatment for Type 2 diabetes. Laboratory studies have shown that exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of metformin can alter metabolic pathways and impact the growth of early life stage (ELS) fish; however, it is unknown whether these effects occur in wild populations. Herein, we evaluate whether findings from laboratory studies are representative and describe the relative sensitivities of both populations. Duplicate exposures (0, 5, or 50 μg/L metformin) were conducted using wild- and lab-spawned fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) embryos. Apart from the water source, exposure conditions remained constant. Wild embryos were exposed to previously dosed lake water to account for changes in bioavailability, while reconstituted freshwater was used for the laboratory study. Developmental metformin exposure differentially impacted the growth and morphology of both cohorts, with energy dyshomeostasis and visual effects indicated. The fitness of wild-spawned larvae was impacted to a greater extent relative to lab-spawned fish. Moreover, baseline data reveal important morphological differences between wild- and lab-spawned ELS fatheads that may diminish representativeness of lab studies. Findings also confirm the bioavailability of metformin in naturally occurring systems and suggest current exposure scenarios may be sufficient to negatively impact developing fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Nielsen
- Department of Marine Science, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas 78373, USA
| | - Lily DeCamp
- Department of Marine Science, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas 78373, USA
| | - Mona Birgisson
- Department of Marine Science, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas 78373, USA
| | - Vince P Palace
- International Institute for Sustainable Development─Experimental Lakes Area, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 0T4, Canada
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Karen A Kidd
- Department of Biology & School of Earth, Environment & Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Joanne L Parrott
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Mark E McMaster
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Mehran Alaee
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | | | - Erin J Ussery
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
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Parrott JL, Restivo VE, Kidd KA, Zhu J, Shires K, Clarence S, Khan H, Sullivan C, Pacepavicius G, Alaee M. Chronic Embryo-Larval Exposure of Fathead Minnows to the Pharmaceutical Drug Metformin: Survival, Growth, and Microbiome Responses. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022; 41:635-647. [PMID: 33788292 PMCID: PMC9291798 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is a glucose-lowering drug commonly found in municipal wastewater effluents (MWWEs). The present study investigated the chronic effects of metformin in early-life stages of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Endpoints assessed were growth, survival, and deformities. The larval gut microbiome was also examined using 16 S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing to determine microbial community composition and alpha and beta diversity. Eggs and larvae were exposed to metformin measured concentrations (mean [standard deviation]) of 0.020 (0.017) μg/L (for controls) and 3.44 (0.23), 33.6 (1.6), and 269 (11) μg/L in a daily static-renewal setup, with 20 embryos per beaker. The low and middle metformin exposure concentrations represent river and MWWE concentrations of metformin. To detect small changes in growth, we used 18 replicate beakers for controls and 9 replicates for each metformin treatment. Over the 21-d exposure (5 d as embryos and 16 d posthatch [dph]), metformin did not affect survival or growth of larval fish. Hatch success, time to hatch, deformities in hatched fry, and survival were similar across all treatments. Growth (wet wt, length, and condition factor) assessed at 9 and 16 dph was also unaffected by metformin. Assessment of the microbiome showed that the larvae microbiome was dominant in Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, with small increases in Proteobacteria and decreases in Firmicutes with increasing exposure to metformin. No treatment effects were found for microbiome diversity measures. Control fish euthanized with the anesthetic tricaine methane sulfonate had decreased alpha diversity compared to those sampled by spinal severance. This experiment demonstrates that metformin at environmentally relevant concentrations (3.44 and 33.6 μg/L) and at 10 times MWWE concentrations (269 µg/L) does not adversely affect larval growth or gut microbiome in this ubiquitous freshwater fish species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:635-647. © 2021 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L. Parrott
- Water Science and Technology DirectorateEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaBurlingtonOntarioCanada
| | | | - Karen A. Kidd
- Department of BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
- School of Earth, Environment and SocietyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Juliet Zhu
- Department of BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Kallie Shires
- Water Science and Technology DirectorateEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaBurlingtonOntarioCanada
| | - Stacey Clarence
- Water Science and Technology DirectorateEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaBurlingtonOntarioCanada
| | - Hufsa Khan
- Water Science and Technology DirectorateEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaBurlingtonOntarioCanada
| | - Cheryl Sullivan
- Water Science and Technology DirectorateEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaBurlingtonOntarioCanada
| | - Grazina Pacepavicius
- Water Science and Technology DirectorateEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaBurlingtonOntarioCanada
| | - Mehran Alaee
- Water Science and Technology DirectorateEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaBurlingtonOntarioCanada
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Parrott JL, Pacepavicius G, Shires K, Clarence S, Khan H, Gardiner M, Sullivan C, Alaee M. Fathead minnow exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of metformin for one life cycle show no adverse effects. Facets (Ott) 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2020-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is a glucose-lowering drug taken for diabetes. It is excreted by humans in urine and detected in municipal wastewater effluents and rivers. Fathead minnows ( Pimephales promelas) were exposed over a life cycle to measured concentrations of metformin: 3.0, 31, and 322 μg/L. No significant changes were observed in survival, maturation, growth, condition factor, or liver size. Relative ovary size of females exposed to 322 μg/L metformin was significantly larger than controls. There was no induction of vitellogenin in plasma of minnows, and gonad maturation was not statistically different from controls. The start of breeding was delayed by 9–10 d in the mid- and high metformin treatments (statistically significant only in the mid-concentration), but numbers and quality of eggs were not statistically different from controls. There were no effects of metformin on survival or growth of offspring. Exposure to metformin at environmentally relevant concentrations (i.e., 3.0 and 31 μg/L metformin) caused no adverse effects in fathead minnows exposed for a life cycle, with the exception of a delay in time to first breeding (that did not impact overall egg production). The results of the study are important to help understand whether metformin concentrations in rivers and lakes can harm fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L. Parrott
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Grazina Pacepavicius
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Kallie Shires
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Stacey Clarence
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Hufsa Khan
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Madelaine Gardiner
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Cheryl Sullivan
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Mehran Alaee
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
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Amri J, Parastesh M, Sadegh M, Latifi SA, Alaee M. High-intensity interval training improved fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles in type 2 diabetic rats more than endurance training; possible involvement of irisin and betatrophin. Physiol Int 2019; 106:213-224. [PMID: 31578075 DOI: 10.1556/2060.106.2019.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of 10 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and endurance training (END) on irisin, betatrophin, insulin, fasting blood glucose (FBG) concentrations, and lipid profiles in diabetic rats. METHODS Twenty-four Wistar rats (weight: 200-250 g) were randomly assigned into four groups as follows: (1) control (Cnt), (2) diabetic (Dibt), (3) diabetic HIIT (Dibt-HIIT), and (4) diabetic END (Dibt-END). For inducing diabetes, after 12 h of food starvation, nicotinamide (120 mg/kg) and streptozotocin (STZ; 65 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally injected. The diabetic training groups received 10 weeks of HIIT or END training following the induction of diabetes. Twenty-four hours following the last training session, blood serum samples were collected for evaluating the concentration of irisin, betatrophin, and insulin hormones through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS FBG and lipid profiles were measured by biochemical kits. A significant increase in the serum concentration of irisin (p < 0.05), betatrophin (p < 0.05), and insulin (p < 0.001) and significant decrease in the FBG (P < 0.01) and lipid profiles (p < 0.01) were observed in the Dibt-HIIT group compared to the Dibt-END group. In addition, irisin revealed a significant positive association with betatrophin and insulin values in diabetic training groups (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS It seems that HIIT leads to a more extensive improvement in diabetic conditions compared to the END training. Therefore, HIIT appears to be an important time-efficient approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Amri
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - M Parastesh
- Department of Sports Physiology and Pathology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - M Sadegh
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - S A Latifi
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - M Alaee
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
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Hoobin SJ, Byer JD, Alaee M, Brown RS, Hodson PV. Dioxin-like contaminants are no longer a risk to the American eel (Anguilla rostrata) in Lake Ontario. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018; 37:1061-1070. [PMID: 29193243 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The embryotoxicity of extracts of American eels (Anguilla rostrata) was measured to determine whether maternally derived contaminants contribute to the declining recruitment of eels to Lake Ontario. Sexually maturing, large yellow and silver eels were sampled in 2007 and 2008 from 5 locations in eastern Canada, including Lake Ontario; positive controls included eels from the Hudson River, United States, and Canal Dessel-Schoten, Belgium (European eel, Anguilla anguilla). Japanese medaka eggs were injected immediately after fertilization with 1 or 10 nL of eel extract and, after 12 d, scored for signs of toxicity. Eel extracts did not cause dioxin-like embryotoxicity, reflecting the low concentrations of total dioxin equivalents measured chemically in these same extracts. Embryo mortality and reduced hatching success at high doses of eel extracts may reflect the bioaccumulation of legacy or emerging chemicals of concern. The results were consistent with long-term trends of declining concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in tissues of eels and other fish species from Lake Ontario, trends of declining embryotoxicity of eel tissue extracts, and recent increases of recruitment of juvenile eels to Lake Ontario. If dioxin-like compounds contributed in the past to the decline of recruitment and abundance of American eels in Lake Ontario, these data suggest that recruitment should recover, following the same trends as the recovery of lake trout reproduction in Lake Ontario. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1061-1070. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharilyn J Hoobin
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- BluMetric Environmental, The Woolen Mill, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Byer
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mehran Alaee
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Stephen Brown
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter V Hodson
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Sadeghabadi ZA, Nourbakhsh M, Alaee M, Larijani B, Razzaghy-Azar M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and angiopoietin-like protein 4 levels in obese children and adolescents. J Endocrinol Invest 2018; 41:241-247. [PMID: 28733963 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is highly expressed in adipose tissue and functions as transcriptional regulator of metabolism and adipocyte differentiation. Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4), a central player in various aspects of energy homoeostasis, is induced by PPARγ. The aim of this study was to evaluate ANGPTL4 plasma levels and PPARγ gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of children and adolescents with obesity and their association with metabolic parameters. METHODS Seventy children and adolescents (35 obese and 35 age- and gender-matched control subjects), were selected. PBMCs were separated and their total RNA was extracted. After cDNA synthesis, PPARG gene expression was analyzed by real-time PCR. Relative differences in gene expression were calculated by ΔCt method using β-actin as a normalizer. Serum ANGPTL4 and insulin were measured using ELISA, and insulin resistance (IR) was calculated by the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL-C were also measured. RESULTS The expression of the PPARG gene as well as the plasma ANGPTL4 levels were significantly diminished in obese subjects as compared to control ones. However, they were not significantly different in obese children with IR compared to obese children without IR or in those with or without metabolic syndrome. A significant positive correlation was found between PPARγ and ANGPTL4 (r = 0.364, p = 0.002). PPARγ expression levels were also significantly correlated with FPG (r = -0.35, p = 0.003). CONCLUSION PPARγ is decreased in childhood obesity and may be responsible for diminished ANGPTL4 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z A Sadeghabadi
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Nourbakhsh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - M Alaee
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - B Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Razzaghy-Azar
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- H. Aliasghar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Fernie KJ, Chabot D, Champoux L, Brimble S, Alaee M, Marteinson S, Chen D, Palace V, Bird DM, Letcher RJ. Spatiotemporal patterns and relationships among the diet, biochemistry, and exposure to flame retardants in an apex avian predator, the peregrine falcon. Environ Res 2017; 158:43-53. [PMID: 28599194 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FR) are industrial chemicals and some are proven environmental contaminants that accumulate in predatory birds. Few studies have examined the influence of diet on FR profiles in nestling raptors and the possible physiological implications of such FR exposure. The objectives of this research were (1) to determine spatial patterns of ≤ 48 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and ≤ 26 non-PBDE FRs, including organophosphate esters (OPEs), in nestling peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) across the Canadian Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin (GL-SLR; 2010) and in the eastern Canadian Arctic (2007); (2) to identify temporal changes in FR concentrations from the mid-2000s to 2010 in GL-SLR peregrine nestlings; (3) to investigate the role of diet using stable isotopes on exposure patterns of quantifiable FRs; and (4) to assess possible associations between circulating FRs and total (T) thyroxine (TT4) and triiodothyronine (TT3), tocopherol, retinol and oxidative status (isoprostanes). The summed concentrations of the top 5 PBDEs (Σ5) (BDE-47, -99, -100, -154, -153) were significantly higher in rural nestlings than urban nestlings in the GL-SLR, followed by the eastern Arctic nestlings. The PBDE congener profile of rural nestlings was dominated by BDE-99 (34‰), whereas BDE-209 (31‰) became dominant in the 2010 urban PBDE profile marking a shift since the mid-2000s. Low (ppb) concentrations of 25 novel non-PBDE FRs (e.g., 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE)) were measured in the nestlings in at least one region, with the first report in peregrines of 15 novel non-PBDE FRs (e.g., 2-ethyl-1-hyxyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB), pentabromo allyl ether (PBPAE), tetrabromoethylcyclohexane (α-, β-DBE-DBCH)) as well as of tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) (0-7.5ng/g ww) > tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) (0.1-5.5ng/g ww) > tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) (0.02-2.0ng/g ww) > tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) (0-1.0ng/g ww). Within the GL-SLR, the urban nestlings' diet had significantly more terrestrial sources (greater δ13C values) than the broader, more aquatic-based diet of rural peregrines. Dietary source (δ13C) was significantly associated with concentrations of Σ5PBDE, BDE-209, EHTBB, and 2,2-4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153), with trophic level (δ15N) also positively associated with BDE-209 levels. Compared to urban nestlings, the rural nestlings had significantly lower circulating concentrations of thyroxine (TT4), triiodothyronine (TT3), a greater proportion of TT3 relative to TT4 (TT3:TT4), tocopherol and oxidative status (isoprostanes), but higher retinol levels; the most recalcitrant PBDE congener, BDE-153, in combination with low concentrations of some novel FRs, particularly octabromotrimethylphenyllindane (OBIND), may influence circulating thyroid hormones, especially TT4, and retinol levels of peregrine falcon nestlings. These associations of FR-endocrine-biochemical measures suggest possible exposure-related changes in these birds and further study is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim J Fernie
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Dominique Chabot
- Avian Science and Conservation Centre, Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louise Champoux
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Samantha Brimble
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada; Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mehran Alaee
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Marteinson
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Da Chen
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Vince Palace
- International Institute for Sustainable Development - Experimental Lakes Area (IISD-ELA), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David M Bird
- Avian Science and Conservation Centre, Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Gilroy ÈAM, Muir DCG, McMaster ME, Darling C, Campbell LM, Alaee M, Brown SB, Sherry JP. Halogenated phenolic compounds in wild fish from Canadian Areas of Concern. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36:2266-2273. [PMID: 28256742 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of halogenated phenolic compounds were measured in the plasma of brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) from 4 Canadian Areas of Concern (AOCs), to assess exposure to suspected thyroid-disrupting chemicals. Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) were detected in every sample collected in 3 of the AOCs; the detection frequency was lower in samples from the Detroit River AOC. The OH-PCBs most frequently detected were pentachloro, hexachloro, and heptachloro congeners, which are structurally similar to thyroid hormones. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was detected at highest concentrations (1.8 ng/g) in fish from Prince Edward Bay, the Bay of Quinte Lake reference site, and Hillman Marsh (the Wheatley Harbour reference site), suggesting local sources of contamination. Elevated PCP concentrations were also detected in the plasma of brown bullhead from exposed sites in the Toronto and Region AOC (0.4-0.6 ng/g). Triclosan was consistently detected in the Toronto and Region AOC (0.05-0.9 ng/g), consistent with wastewater emission. Greater concentrations were occasionally detected in the plasma of brown bullhead from the Bay of Quinte AOC. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers were highest in the Toronto and Region AOC, and at 2 of the Bay of Quinte AOC exposed sites near Trenton and Belleville. Distribution patterns reflected the properties and usage of the compounds under investigation and the characteristics of each AOC. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2266-2273. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark E McMaster
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin Darling
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linda M Campbell
- Faculty of Environmental Studies, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mehran Alaee
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott B Brown
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - James P Sherry
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Freese M, Sühring R, Marohn L, Pohlmann JD, Wolschke H, Byer JD, Alaee M, Ebinghaus R, Hanel R. Maternal transfer of dioxin-like compounds in artificially matured European eels. Environ Pollut 2017; 227:348-356. [PMID: 28482314 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Several eel species of the genus Anguilla are considered endangered due to a severe decline in recruitment. Up to now, the reasons for this threatening development are not fully understood. The eel's highly specialized biology can lead to explicitly high accumulation of globally distributed organic lipophilic contaminants during its continental life. Because of this and due the particular toxicological sensitivity of early life stages of oviparous organisms towards dioxin-like compounds, it is crucial to improve our understanding concerning toxicokinetics and maternal transfer of organic contaminants in eels. This study presents analytical data on maternal transfer of dioxin-like (dl) compounds in relevant tissue samples taken from artificially matured and non-matured European silver eels (Anguilla anguilla) from German inland waters using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS). Detected concentrations revealed a lipid-driven transfer of targeted compounds from muscle-fat-reserves to gonads and eggs respectively, with no distinct preferences concerning the chlorination degree of targeted compounds. Dl-PCBs were shown to contribute the major share of toxicity equivalents found in analysed eel tissues. Maternal muscle tissue to egg concentration ratios in wet weight-based samples had a mean of 6.95 ± 1.49 in accordance with the differences in total lipid content in the respective body matrices. Dioxins and furans in analysed samples were (from a toxicological point of view) of less relevance. Furthermore it was shown that muscle concentrations in silver eels could be used in future assessments to make conservative predictions for expected egg concentrations in female eels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Freese
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Roxana Sühring
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, United Kingdom
| | - Lasse Marohn
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Dag Pohlmann
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Wolschke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Jonathan D Byer
- Life Science and Chemical Analysis, LECO Corporation, St. Joseph, MI, United States
| | - Mehran Alaee
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7R4A6, Canada
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Reinhold Hanel
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Wang DG, de Solla SR, Lebeuf M, Bisbicos T, Barrett GC, Alaee M. Determination of linear and cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in blood of turtles, cormorants, and seals from Canada. Sci Total Environ 2017; 574:1254-1260. [PMID: 27663360 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We measured the concentrations of linear and cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (VMS) concentrations in the blood plasma of turtles, cormorants, and seals collected from Canadian freshwater and marine ecosystems. A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method was developed to quantify the levels of linear and cyclic VMS in the plasma samples. The cyclic VMS of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) were present in the plasma of all three species. Linear VMS compounds were observed only in seal plasma from one contaminated site. There was no statistically significant difference among species and locations for D3, D4, and D6 concentrations. Average D5 concentrations ranged from 0.143 to 7.39ngg-1; these concentrations appeared to be associated with diffuse/urban sources. Snapping turtles, cormorants, and seals all exhibited elevated D5 concentrations in contaminated sites relative to the reference sites. Our data indicate that local urban sources of VMS contributed significantly to the observed D5 concentrations in free-ranging wildlife. The presence of cyclic VMS in the plasma of the three species from Canada demonstrates that these chemicals are ubiquitous in aquatic biological systems. This finding raises concerns regarding their persistence in freshwater and marine environments. To the best of our knowledge, this study reports the first measurements of VMS compounds in the plasma of reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Gao Wang
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Shane R de Solla
- Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Michel Lebeuf
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, P.O. Box 1000, Mont-Joli, QC G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | - Tommy Bisbicos
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Glenn C Barrett
- Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Mehran Alaee
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
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13
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Rigaud C, Couillard CM, Pellerin J, Légaré B, Byer JD, Alaee M, Lebeuf M, Casselman JM, Hodson PV. Temporal variations in embryotoxicity of Lake Ontario American eel (Anguilla rostrata) extracts to developing Fundulus heteroclitus. Sci Total Environ 2016; 541:765-775. [PMID: 26433333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The recruitment of American eel (Anguilla rostrata) juveniles to Lake Ontario (LO), Canada has declined significantly since the 1980s. To investigate the possible contribution of maternally-transferred persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to this decline, this study measured temporal variations in the toxicity of complex organic mixtures extracted from LO American eels captured in 1988, 1998 and 2008 to developing Fundulus heteroclitus exposed by intravitelline (IVi) injection. The 1988 and 1998 eel extracts were most toxic, causing a pattern of sublethal embryotoxic responses similar to those previously reported in F. heteroclitus embryos exposed to single dioxin-like compounds (DLCs): stunted growth, craniofacial deformities, EROD activity induction, and reduced predatory capacities. The potency of extracts declined over time; the only significant effect of the 2008 eel extracts was EROD induction. The chemically-derived TCDD-TEQs of eel extracts, calculated using measured concentrations of some DLCs and their relative potencies for F. heteroclitus, overestimated their potency to induce EROD activity possibly due to interactions among POPs. Other POPs measured in eel extracts (non-dioxin-like PCBs, PBDEs and organochlorinated pesticides) did not appear to be important agonistic contributors to the observed toxicity. The toxicity of the complex mixtures of POPs measured in LO eels may have been underestimated as a result of several factors, including the loss of POPs during extracts preparation and a focus only on short-term effects. Based on the model species examined, our results support the hypothesis that contamination of LO with DLCs may have represented a threat to the American eel population through ecologically-relevant effects such as altered larval prey capture ability. These results prioritize the need to assess early life stage (ELS) toxicity of DLCs in Anguilla species, to investigate long-term effects of complex eel extracts to ELS of fish, and to develop biomarkers for potential effects in eel ELS sampled in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Rigaud
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada; Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, P.O. Box 1000, Mont-Joli, Québec G5H 3Z4, Canada.
| | - Catherine M Couillard
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, P.O. Box 1000, Mont-Joli, Québec G5H 3Z4, Canada.
| | - Jocelyne Pellerin
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Benoît Légaré
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, P.O. Box 1000, Mont-Joli, Québec G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Byer
- Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada; Queen's University, 99 University Avenue, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Mehran Alaee
- Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Michel Lebeuf
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, P.O. Box 1000, Mont-Joli, Québec G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | - John M Casselman
- Queen's University, 99 University Avenue, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Peter V Hodson
- Queen's University, 99 University Avenue, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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14
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Mackintosh SA, Wallace JS, Gross MS, Navarro DD, Pérez-Fuentetaja A, Alaee M, Montecastro D, Aga DS. Review on the occurrence and profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the Philippines. Environ Int 2015; 85:314-326. [PMID: 26453821 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The environmental occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has been a subject of concern for the past decade because they are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic. These compounds have been listed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by the Stockholm Convention and are expected to disperse in the global environment even after their use and production. While the occurrence of PBDEs has been well characterized in environmental and biological samples from North America, Europe, and some Asian countries (i.e. China, Japan, and Korea), there is a scarcity of available data in developing Asian countries, such as the Philippines. Examination of PBDE contamination in the Philippine environment is particularly important because regulations have only recently been implemented on the production and use of PBDEs in this country. Additionally, the Philippines receives e-waste from Western countries, which is becoming a major source of organic contaminants in the tropical Asian regions. Ultimately, the Philippines may be a hot spot for contributing to on-going global PBDE pollution due to long-range atmospheric transport. This paper presents a review of the available literature on PBDEs in both environmental and biological samples collected from the Philippines. It is also intended to provide an overview on the levels and congener profiles of PBDEs in samples from the Philippines and to compare these data with other Asian countries. New data are presented on PBDE occurrence and congener profiles in fish commonly consumed by Filipinos and in particulate matter samples collected in Metro Manila, the capital of the Philippines. Both studies contribute to the available knowledge of PBDEs in the Philippines. We aim to stress the importance of future studies in countries receiving e-wastes, such as the Philippines, and suggest what future directions might be taken to enhance the available data on the presence of PBDEs in the Philippine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Mackintosh
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Joshua S Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Michael S Gross
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Denise D Navarro
- Department of Chemistry, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Alicia Pérez-Fuentetaja
- Department of Biology and Great Lakes Center, The State University of New York- Buffalo State, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA.
| | - Mehran Alaee
- Aquatic Ecosystem Protection Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada.
| | - Doris Montecastro
- Department of Chemistry, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Diana S Aga
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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15
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Sühring R, Freese M, Schneider M, Schubert S, Pohlmann JD, Alaee M, Wolschke H, Hanel R, Ebinghaus R, Marohn L. Maternal transfer of emerging brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in European eels. Sci Total Environ 2015; 530-531:209-218. [PMID: 26042896 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is regarded as a critically endangered species. Scientists are in agreement that the "quality of spawners" is a vital factor for the survival of the species. This quality can be impaired by parasites, disease and pollution. Especially endocrine disrupting organic chemicals pose a potential threat to reproduction and development of offspring. To our knowledge, the findings in this publication for the first time describe maternal transfer of contaminants in eels. We analysed the concentrations of in total 53 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their halogenated substitutes in muscle, gonads and eggs of artificially matured European eels and in muscle and gonads of untreated European eels that were used for comparison. We found evidence that persistent organic pollutants such as PBDEs, as well as their brominated and chlorinated substitutes are redistributed from muscle tissue to gonads and eggs. Concentrations ranged from 0.001 ng g(-1)ww for sum Dechlorane metabolites (DPMA, aCL10DP, aCl11DP) to 2.1 ng g(-1)ww for TBA in eggs, 0.001 ng g(-1)ww for Dechlorane metabolites to 9.4 ng g(-1)ww for TBA in gonads and 0.002 ng g(-1)ww for Dechlorane metabolites to 54 ng g(-1)ww for TBA in muscle tissue. Average egg muscle ratios (EMRs) for compounds detectable in artificially matured eels from both Schlei Fjord and Ems River ranged from 0.01 for Dechlorane 602 (DDC-DBF) to 10.4 for PBEB. Strong correlations were found between flame retardant concentrations and lipid content in the analysed tissue types, as well as transfer rates and octanol-water partitioning coefficient, indicating that these parameters were the driving factors for the observed maternal transfer. Furthermore, indications were found, that TBP-DBPE, TBP-AE, BATE and TBA have a significant uptake from the surrounding water, rather than just food and might additionally be formed by metabolism or biotransformation processes. Dechloranes seem to be of increasing relevance as contaminants in eels and are transferred to eggs. A change of the isomer pattern in comparison to the technical product of Dechlorane Plus (DP) was observed indicating a redistribution of DP from muscle tissue to gonads during silvering with a preference of the syn-isomer. The highly bioaccumulative DDC-DBF was the most abundant Dechlorane in all fish of the comparison group even though it is not produced or imported in the EU. The aldrin related "experimental flame retardant" dibromoaldrin (DBALD) was detected for the first time in the environment in similar or higher concentrations than DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Sühring
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Leuphana University Lüneburg, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Scharnhorststraße 1, 21335 Lüneburg.
| | - Marko Freese
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg
| | - Mandy Schneider
- Leuphana University Lüneburg, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Scharnhorststraße 1, 21335 Lüneburg
| | - Sophia Schubert
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg
| | - Jan-Dag Pohlmann
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg
| | - Mehran Alaee
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, L7R4A6 Canada
| | - Hendrik Wolschke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Leuphana University Lüneburg, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Scharnhorststraße 1, 21335 Lüneburg
| | - Reinhold Hanel
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Lasse Marohn
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg
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16
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Byer JD, Lebeuf M, Trottier S, Raach M, Alaee M, Stephen Brown R, Backus S, Casselman JM, Hodson PV. Trends of persistent organic pollutants in American eel (Anguilla rostrata) from eastern Lake Ontario, Canada, and their potential effects on recruitment. Sci Total Environ 2015; 529:231-42. [PMID: 26022407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the history of contamination of American eels (Anguilla rostrata) from eastern Lake Ontario (LO) by persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Three groups of 10 large female eels captured in eastern LO in each of 1988, 1998, and 2008 were analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans, polychlorinated biphenyls, several organochlorine pesticides, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Mean concentrations were up to 3-fold lower in 2008 compared to previous years. When combined with the results of previous studies, these data show that concentrations of POPs in American eels have declined exponentially since the early 1980s by an average of 9.1±1.9% per year. Toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations of dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) were calculated from fish toxic equivalency factors. Assuming an efficient transfer of DLCs to their eggs, egg TEQs prior to 2000 exceeded the threshold for chronic toxicity to embryos of European eels (Anguilla anguilla) and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) (4-5 pg/g ww of TEQ). These results suggest that embryotoxicity of maternally-derived DLCs from LO eels, historically a major contributor to the spawning stock of American eels, could have impaired the reproductive and recruitment success of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Byer
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Canada; Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Michel Lebeuf
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Mont-Joli G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | | | - Meriem Raach
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Mont-Joli G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | - Mehran Alaee
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - R Stephen Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Sean Backus
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - John M Casselman
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Peter V Hodson
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Canada; School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Guerra P, Kim M, Teslic S, Alaee M, Smyth SA. Bisphenol-A removal in various wastewater treatment processes: operational conditions, mass balance, and optimization. J Environ Manage 2015; 152:192-200. [PMID: 25684568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA) was analyzed in 499 liquid and 347 solid samples collected from twenty-five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to investigate parameters affecting BPA occurrence, removal, and fate. Lagoons, chemically-assisted primary treatment, secondary treatment, and advanced treatment processes were included. Median BPA concentrations in influent and final effluent were 400 ng/L and 150 ng/L, respectively. Median removal efficiencies ranged from 1 to 77%. Respective median BPA levels in primary sludge, secondary biological sludge, and biosolids were 230, 260, and 460 ng/g with digested biosolids having the highest concentrations. The biological aerated filter and membrane bioreactor processes showed the best performance, while chemically-assisted primary treatment achieved the lowest removal. Biodegradation and sorption contributing to BPA removal were influenced by operational conditions: hydraulic retention time (HRT), solids retention time (SRT), and mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS). The influence of HRT, SRT, and MLSS in the bioreactor was stronger during cold temperatures. In order to achieve above 80% removal, the required conditions for HRT, SRT, and MLSS were 13 h, 7 days, and 1600 mg/L during summer (median temperature 19 °C) and 13 h, 17 days, and 5300 mg/L during winter (median temperature 10 °C); indicating that longer SRT and higher MLSS were needed during winter. BPA's sorption tendency to sludge was strongly influenced by the degree of nitrification and HRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Guerra
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington L7R 4A6, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Kim
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington L7R 4A6, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Teslic
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington L7R 4A6, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Alaee
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington L7R 4A6, Ontario, Canada
| | - S A Smyth
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington L7R 4A6, Ontario, Canada.
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18
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Wang DG, Aggarwal M, Tait T, Brimble S, Pacepavicius G, Kinsman L, Theocharides M, Smyth SA, Alaee M. Fate of anthropogenic cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in a wastewater treatment plant. Water Res 2015; 72:209-217. [PMID: 25455042 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The fate of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) - octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) - was evaluated in a typical secondary activated sludge wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Water samples (influent, primary effluent, and final effluent) and sludge (primary sludge and waste activated sludge) samples were collected at overnight low, morning high, afternoon low, and evening high flows. Concentrations of cVMS in influents fluctuated with the influent flows, ranging from 0.166 to 1.13 μg L(-1), 3.47-19.3 μg L(-1), and 0.446-3.87 μg L(-1) for D4, D5, and D6, respectively. Mass balance analysis of cVMS showed the average mass of D4, D5, and D6 entering and exiting the plant in influent and effluent, respectively, were 109 g d(-1), 2050 g d(-1), 280 g d(-1), and 1.41 g d(-1), 27.0 g d(-1), 1.90 g d(-1). The total removal efficiency of cVMS was >96%. To elucidate their detailed removal mechanisms, Mackay's fugacity-based treatment plant model was used to simulate the fate of cVMS through the WWTP. Due to the unusual combination of high hydrophobicity and volatility of cVMS, volatilization in the aeration tank and adsorption to sludge were the two main pathways of cVMS removal from water in this WWTP based on the experimental and modeled results. The morning and evening high influent mass flows contributed almost equally at approximately 40% of the total daily cVMS mass, with D5 accounting for the majority of this daily loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Gao Wang
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Monica Aggarwal
- Chemicals Sector Directorate, Environment Canada, 351 St-Joseph Boulevard, Gatineau, Quebec K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Tara Tait
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Samantha Brimble
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Grazina Pacepavicius
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Laura Kinsman
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Mike Theocharides
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Shirley Anne Smyth
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Mehran Alaee
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada.
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19
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Sühring R, Byer J, Freese M, Pohlmann JD, Wolschke H, Möller A, Hodson PV, Alaee M, Hanel R, Ebinghaus R. Brominated flame retardants and Dechloranes in European and American eels from glass to silver life stages. Chemosphere 2014; 116:104-111. [PMID: 24290300 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The populations of American (Anguilla rostrata) and European eels (Anguilla anguilla) have been declining rapidly in the last decades. Organic contaminants are suspected to be one of the possible causes for the decline; however, so far there have been few investigations of the uptake of specific compounds by different life cycle stages (e.g. freshwater or marine stage) and how the contamination patterns develop throughout the eel's life cycle. In the present study we measured concentrations of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), alternate brominated flame retardants (alternate BFRs) and Dechloranes (Decs) in different life stages of European and American eels to compare the contamination patterns and their development throughout the eel's life cycle. In general, concentrations of flame retardants (FRs) were similar to or higher in American than in European eels, and a greater number of FRs were detected. PBDE congeners that are characteristic of the Penta-PBDE formulation were the most abundant FRs in all adult eels as well as American glass eels. In European glass eels the alternate BFR 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenylether (DPTE) and Dechlorane Plus were the dominating FRs, with average concentrations of 1.1±0.31 ng g(-1) ww and up to 0.32 ng g(-1) ww respectively. Of the PBDEs BDE-183 was the most abundant congener in European glass eels. Low concentrations (less than 10% of the total contamination) of Tetra and Penta-PBDEs in juvenile European eels indicated that bans of technical Penta-PBDE in the European Union are effective. Enrichment of PBDEs was observed over the life stages of both European and American eels. However, a greater relative contribution of PBDEs to the sum FR contamination in American eels indicated an on-going exposure to these substances. High contributions of alternate BFRs in juvenile eels indicated an increased use of these substances in recent years. Concentrations seemed to be driven primarily by location, rather than life stage or age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Sühring
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Leuphana University Lüneburg, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Scharnhorststraße 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Byer
- Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada; Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7R4A6, Canada
| | - Marko Freese
- Thünen-Institut (TI), Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Dag Pohlmann
- Thünen-Institut (TI), Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Wolschke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Leuphana University Lüneburg, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Scharnhorststraße 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Axel Möller
- GBA Gesellschaft für Bioanalytik mbH, Goldtschmidtstraße 5, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Mehran Alaee
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7R4A6, Canada
| | - Reinhold Hanel
- Thünen-Institut (TI), Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
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20
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Kim M, Guerra P, Alaee M, Smyth SA. Occurrence and fate of four novel brominated flame retardants in wastewater treatment plants. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2014; 21:13394-13404. [PMID: 24999183 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Four novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), i.e., decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), and hexabromobenzene (HBB) were studied in 377 liquid samples and 288 solid samples collected from 20 wastewater treatment plants. Lagoon, primary, secondary, and advanced treatment processes were included, in order to investigate NBFR occurrence and the effects of WWTP operational conditions on NBFR removal. Median influent and effluent levels were 14 to 3,700 and 1.0 to 180 pg/L respectively, with DBDPE being the highest in both. Overall median removal efficiencies for DBDPE, BTBPE, HBB, and PBEB across all process types were 81 to 93, 76 to 98, 61 to 97, and 54 to 97 %, respectively with advanced treatment processes obtaining the best removals. NBFRs removal was related to retention time, surface loading rate, and biomass concentration. Median NBFR levels in treated biosolids were 80 to 32,000 pg/g, influenced by solids treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kim
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Canada, L7R 4A6
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21
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Byer JD, Pacepavicius G, Lebeuf M, Brown RS, Backus S, Hodson PV, Alaee M. Qualitative analysis of halogenated organic contaminants in American eel by gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Chemosphere 2014; 116:98-103. [PMID: 24703010 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Target compound analysis with scanning mass spectrometers such as quadrupole or magnetic sector instruments is used extensively in environmental chemistry because of the selectivity, sensitivity, and robustness. Yet, target compound analysis selectively ignores the majority of compounds present in a sample, especially in complex matrices like fish. In this study, time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to screen for and identify halogenated compounds in American eels (Anguilla rostrata). Individual and then pooled eel samples were analysed using electron ionization and electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) modes. Eels were differentiated by principal component analysis of chemical profiles and were grouped corresponding to their capture location, all with a single instrument injection per sample. Bromine containing compounds were further investigated by taking advantage of the selectivity of ECNI by utilizing the Br(-) ion m/z 79 and 81. A total of 51 brominated compounds were detected and their identities were attempted by authentic standards, library searching, and/or chemical formula prediction based on accurate mass measurements. Several PBDEs were identified in the samples, and the majority of the non-PBDEs identified were bromophenols, bromoanisoles, and bromobenzenes. These classes of compounds are synthesized for use in flame retardant production either as intermediates or as final products. However, their occurrence in eels was most likely the result of metabolism or break-down products of high production volume flame retardants like polybrominated diphenyl ethers and bromophenoxy compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Byer
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington L7R 4A6, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Grazina Pacepavicius
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Michel Lebeuf
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Mont-Joli G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | - R Stephen Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Sean Backus
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Peter V Hodson
- Department of Biology and School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Mehran Alaee
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington L7R 4A6, Canada.
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22
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Wang DG, Alaee M, Guo MX, Pei W, Wu Q. Concentration, distribution, and human health risk assessment of endosulfan from a manufacturing facility in Huai'an, China. Sci Total Environ 2014; 491-492:163-169. [PMID: 24491393 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Endosulfan concentrations and its distribution in air, soil, sediment and foodstuffs in the area surrounding a production facility in Huai'an, China were investigated because of its threats to the environment and human health. Air concentrations for endosulfan Ι, endosulfan II and endosulfan sulfate measured in this study were several orders of magnitude higher than those reported previously for this region. Surface soil concentration ranges of endosulfan I, endosulfan II, and endosulfan sulfate were greater than in sediment. Endosulfan II was the greatest contributor to total endosulfan concentrations in both surface sediment and soil followed by endosulfan sulfate and endosulfan Ι. However, a different concentration profile was observed in fish and crop samples, with endosulfan sulfate having the highest concentration followed by endosulfan I and endosulfan II. The concentration of Σendosulfans (endosulfans Ι and II) in soil decreased rapidly with increasing distance from the plant by a factor of 10 within 45 km. Trace amounts of Σendosulfans were observed in deep soil layers which implied that these compounds are transported through the leaching of pore water in soil. This demonstrated that emissions from the manufacturing facility can lead to ground water contamination in the area near the plant. A screening level human health risk assessment of Σendosulfans based on the worst-case scenario was performed for people living in the vicinity of the manufacturing facility. The hazard indices were at least 2 orders of magnitude of <1, indicating no adverse health effects are likely to occur at current exposure levels, and the risk to human health is generally acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Gao Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, PR China.
| | - Mehran Alaee
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Toronto, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ming-Xing Guo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Wei Pei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, PR China
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23
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Guerra P, Kim M, Kinsman L, Ng T, Alaee M, Smyth SA. Parameters affecting the formation of perfluoroalkyl acids during wastewater treatment. J Hazard Mater 2014; 272:148-54. [PMID: 24691135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the fate and behaviour of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in liquid and solid samples from five different wastewater treatment types: facultative and aerated lagoons, chemically assisted primary treatment, secondary aerobic biological treatment, and advanced biological nutrient removal treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest data set from a single study available in the literature to date for PFAAs monitoring study in wastewater treatment. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the predominant PFAA in wastewater with levels from 2.2 to 150ng/L (influent) and 1.9 to 140ng/L (effluent). Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was the predominant compound in primary sludge, waste biological sludge, and treated biosolids with concentrations from 6.4 to 2900ng/g dry weight (dw), 9.7 to 8200ng/gdw, and 2.1 to 17,000ng/gdw, respectively. PFAAs were formed during wastewater treatment and it was dependant on both process temperature and treatment type; with higher rates of formation in biological wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) operating at longer hydraulic retention times and higher temperatures. PFAA removal by sorption was influenced by different sorption tendencies; median log values of the solid-liquid distribution coefficient estimated from wastewater biological sludge and final effluent were: PFOS (3.73)>PFDA (3.68)>PFNA (3.25)>PFOA (2.49)>PFHxA (1.93). Mass balances confirmed the formation of PFAAs, low PFAA removal by sorption, and high PFAA levels in effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Guerra
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - M Kim
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - L Kinsman
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - T Ng
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - M Alaee
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - S A Smyth
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada.
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24
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Guerra P, Kim M, Shah A, Alaee M, Smyth SA. Occurrence and fate of antibiotic, analgesic/anti-inflammatory, and antifungal compounds in five wastewater treatment processes. Sci Total Environ 2014; 473-474:235-43. [PMID: 24370698 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the aquatic environment as a result of wastewater effluent discharge is a concern in many countries. In order to expand our understanding on the occurrence and fate of PPCPs during wastewater treatment processes, 62 antibiotic, analgesic/anti-inflammatory, and antifungal compounds were analyzed in 72 liquid and 24 biosolid samples from six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) during the summer and winter seasons of 2010-2012. This is the first scientific study to compare five different wastewater treatment processes: facultative and aerated lagoons, chemically-enhanced primary treatment, secondary activated sludge, and advanced biological nutrient removal. PPCPs were detected in all WWTP influents at median concentrations of 1.5 to 92,000 ng/L, with no seasonal differences. PPCPs were also found in all final effluents at median levels ranging from 3.6 to 4,200 ng/L with higher values during winter (p<0.05). Removal efficiencies ranged between -450% and 120%, depending on the compound, WWTP type, and season. Mass balance showed that the fate of analgesic/anti-inflammatory compounds was predominantly biodegradation during biological treatment, while antibiotics and antifungal compounds were more likely to sorb to sludge. However, some PPCPs remained soluble and were detected in effluent samples. Overall, this study highlighted the occurrence and behavior of a large set of PPCPs and determined how their removal is affected by environmental/operational factors in different WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Guerra
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - M Kim
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - A Shah
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - M Alaee
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - S A Smyth
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada.
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Kim M, Guerra P, Shah A, Parsa M, Alaee M, Smyth SA. Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a membrane bioreactor wastewater treatment plant. Water Sci Technol 2014; 69:2221-9. [PMID: 24901615 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2014.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ninety-nine pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) were analyzed in influent, final effluent, and biosolids samples from a wastewater treatment plant employing a membrane bioreactor (MBR). High concentrations in influent were found for acetaminophen, caffeine, metformin, 2-hydroxy-ibuprofen, paraxanthine, ibuprofen, and naproxen (10(4)-10(5) ng/L). Final effluents contained clarithromycin, metformin, atenolol, carbamazepine, and trimethoprim (>500 ng/L) at the highest concentrations, while triclosan, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, triclocarban, metformin, caffeine, ofloxacin, and paraxanthine were found at high concentrations in biosolids (>10(3) ng/g dry weight). PPCP removals varied from -34% to >99% and 23 PPCPs had ≥90% removal. Of the studied PPCPs, 26 compounds have been rarely or never studied in previous membrane bioreactor (MBR) investigations. The removal pathway showed that acetaminophen, 2-hydroxy-ibuprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen, codeine, metformin, enalapril, atorvastatin, caffeine, paraxanthine, and cotinine exhibited high degradation/transformation. PPCPs showing strong sorption to solids included triclocarban, triclosan, miconazole, tetracycline, 4-epitetracycline, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, paroxetine, and ofloxacin. Trimethoprim, oxycodone, clarithromycin, thiabendazole, hydrochlorothiazide, erythromycin-H2O, carbamazepine, meprobamate, and propranolol were not removed during treatment, and clarithromycin was even formed during treatment. This investigation extended our understanding of the occurrence and fate of PPCPs in an MBR process through the analysis of the largest number of compounds in an MBR study to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kim
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Canada, L7R 4A6 E-mail:
| | - P Guerra
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Canada, L7R 4A6 E-mail:
| | - A Shah
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Canada, L7R 4A6 E-mail:
| | - M Parsa
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Canada, L7R 4A6 E-mail:
| | - M Alaee
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Canada, L7R 4A6 E-mail:
| | - S A Smyth
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Canada, L7R 4A6 E-mail:
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26
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Kim M, Guerra P, Theocharides M, Barclay K, Smyth SA, Alaee M. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sewage sludge and treated biosolids: effect factors and mass balance. Water Res 2013; 47:6496-6505. [PMID: 24091190 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants have been consistently detected in sewage sludge and treated biosolids. Two hundred and eighty-eight samples including primary sludge (PS), waste biological sludge (WBS) and treated biosolids from fifteen wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Canada were analyzed to investigate the factors affecting accumulation of PBDEs in sludge and biosolids. Factors examined included environmental/sewershed conditions and operational parameters of the WWTPs. PBDE concentrations in PS, WBS and treated biosolids were 230-82,000 ng/g, 530-8800 ng/g and 420-6000 ng/g, respectively; BDE-209,-99, and -47 were the predominant congeners. Concentrations were influenced by industrial input, leachate, and temperature. Several examinations including the measurement of BDE-202 indicated minimal debromination during wastewater treatment. Estimated solids-liquid distribution coefficients were moderately correlated to hydraulic retention time, solids loading rate, mixed liquor suspended solids, solids retention time, and removal of organic solids, indicating that PBDE partitioning to solids can be optimized by WWTPs' operational conditions. Solids treatment type strongly affected PBDE levels in biosolids: 1.5 times increase after solids digestion, therefore, digestion efficiency could be a potential factor for variability of PBDEs concentration. In contrast, alkaline treatment reduced PBDE concentrations in biosolids. Overall, mass balance approaches confirmed that PBDEs were removed from the liquid stream through partitioning to solids. Variability of PBDE levels in biosolids could result in different PBDEs burdens to agricultural land, and different exposure levels to soil organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kim
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd., P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
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Wang DG, Alaee M, Steer H, Tait T, Williams Z, Brimble S, Svoboda L, Barresi E, Dejong M, Schachtschneider J, Kaminski E, Norwood W, Sverko E. Determination of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in water, sediment, soil, biota, and biosolid using large-volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chemosphere 2013; 93:741-748. [PMID: 23211330 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Several methods were developed to detect the cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMSs) including octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) in water, sediment, soil, biota, and biosolid samples. Analytical techniques employed to optimize measurement of this compound class in various matrices included membrane-assisted solvent extraction in water, liquid-solid extraction for sediment, soil, biota, and biosolid samples. A subsequent analysis of the extract was conducted by large-volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (LVI-GC-MS). These methods employed no evaporative techniques to avoid potential losses and contamination of the volatile siloxanes. To compensate for the inability to improve detection limits by concentrating final sample extract volumes we used a LVI-GC-MS. Contamination during analysis was minimized by using a septumless GC configuration to avoid cVMS's associated with septum bleed. These methods performed well achieving good linearity, low limits of detection, good precision, recovery, and a wide dynamic range. In addition, stability of cVMS in water and sediment was assessed under various storage conditions. D4 and D5 in Type-I (Milli-Q) water stored at 4°C were stable within 29d; however, significant depletion of D6 (60-70%) occurred only after 3d. Whereas cVMS in sewage influent and effluent were stable at 4°C within 21d. cVMS in sediment sealed in amber glass jars at -20°C and in pentane extracts in vials at -15°C were stable during 1month under both storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Gao Wang
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, Canada L7R 4A6
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Abstract
The cyclic siloxane decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) is a high production volume chemical which has recently been assessed under the Canadian Chemicals Management Plan (CMP). Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMS) are one of the challenge substances in the CMP batches. To provide toxicity and growth information on a species of relevance to the Canadian environment, we assessed D5 in a fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) embryo to young adult assay. The test was 65d in length, and exposed fathead minnow eggs to juveniles until near maturity (60d post-hatch). The D5 concentrations in flow-through fish exposure aquaria were about one-third of nominal D5 concentrations. Fathead minnows were exposed to 0.25, 0.82, 1.7, 3.6, and 8.7μgL(-1) D5. During the exposure of fathead minnows to D5 there were few effects seen. Egg hatching and larval fish survival and growth were normal. Juvenile fish survival and growth were good in all environmentally-relevant concentrations of D5, and were similar to control fish. The two highest D5 concentrations (8.7μgL(-1) and 3.6μgL(-1), mean measured D5) increased the condition factors of fathead minnows compared to water control and DMSO control fish. Although there were few effects of D5 in our fathead minnow study, the compound was taken up and stored in fish bodies over the 65-d exposure. The bioconcentration factor for D5 in fathead minnows was 4450, for the lowest environmentally-relevant D5 exposure water concentrations, and 4920 for all D5 exposure concentrations tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Parrott
- Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6.
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Norwood WP, Alaee M, Sverko E, Wang D, Brown M, Galicia M. Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) spiked sediment: bioaccumulation and toxicity to the benthic invertebrate Hyalella azteca. Chemosphere 2013; 93:805-812. [PMID: 23273736 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic toxicity and bioaccumulation of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) to Hyalella azteca was examined in a series of spiked sediment exposures. Juvenile H. azteca were exposed for 28d (chronic) to a concentration series of D5 in two natural sediments of differing organic carbon content (O.C.) and particle size composition. The chronic, LC50s were 191 and 857μgD5g(-1) dry weight for Lakes Erie (0.5% O.C.) and Restoule (11% O.C.) respectively. Inhibition of growth only occurred with the L. Restoule spiked sediment with a resultant EC25 of 821μgg(-1)dw. Lethality was a more sensitive endpoint than growth inhibition. Biota sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs, 28d) were <1 indicating that D5 did not bioconcentrate based on lipid normalized tissue concentrations and organic carbon normalized sediment concentrations. Organic carbon (OC) in the sediment appeared to be protective, however normalization to OC did not normalize the toxicity. Normalization of D5 concentrations in the sediments to sand content did normalize the toxicity and LC50 values of 3180 and 3570μg D5g(-1) sand dw were determined to be statistically the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Norwood
- Aquatic Ecosystems Protection Research Division, Environment Canada, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6.
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Wang DG, Norwood W, Alaee M, Byer JD, Brimble S. Review of recent advances in research on the toxicity, detection, occurrence and fate of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes in the environment. Chemosphere 2013; 93:711-25. [PMID: 23211328 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The fate and behavior of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) in the environment were reviewed. We evaluated their usage data and patterns, physico-chemical properties, toxicology, partitioning and degradation, methods of detection, and concentrations. The use of cVMS as an intermediate in the formation of silicone polymers, personal care and household products has resulted in their widespread environmental exposure; they have been detected in biogas, air, water, soil, biosolid, sediment, and biota samples. Modeled and experimental results suggest that cVMS may be subject to long-range atmospheric transport, but have low potential to contaminate the Arctic. For D4 and D5, there was no evidence of trophic biomagnification in aquatic food webs, while some aquatic organisms demonstrated a high degree of bioconcentration and bioaccumulation. High concentrations of cVMS observed in indoor air and biosolids resulted from point sources. Concentrations of cVMS in water, sediment, and soil were all below their no-observed-effect-concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Gao Wang
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, Canada L7R 4A6
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Shunthirasingham C, Wania F, MacLeod M, Lei YD, Quinn CL, Zhang X, Scheringer M, Wegmann F, Hungerbühler K, Ivemeyer S, Heil F, Klocke P, Pacepavicius G, Alaee M. Mountain cold-trapping increases transfer of persistent organic pollutants from atmosphere to cows' milk. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:9175-9181. [PMID: 23885857 DOI: 10.1021/es400851d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of long-lived organic contaminants in snow, soil, lake water, and vegetation have been observed to increase with altitude along mountain slopes. Such enrichment, called "mountain cold-trapping", is attributed to a transition from the atmospheric gas phase to particles, rain droplets, snowflakes, and Earth's surface at the lower temperatures prevailing at higher elevations. Milk sampled repeatedly from cows that had grazed at three different altitudes in Switzerland during one summer was analyzed for a range of persistent organic pollutants. Mountain cold-trapping significantly increased air-to-milk transfer factors of most analytes. As a result, the milk of cows grazing at higher altitudes was more contaminated with substances that have regionally uniform air concentrations (hexachlorobenzene, α-hexachlorocyclohexane, endosulfan sulfate). For substances that have sources, and therefore higher air concentrations, at lower altitudes (polychlorinated biphenyls, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane), alpine milk has lower concentrations, but not as low as would be expected without mountain cold-trapping. Differences in the elevational gradients in soil concentrations and air-to-milk transfer factors highlight that cold-trapping of POPs in pastures is mostly due to increased gas-phase deposition as a result of lower temperatures causing higher uptake capacity of plant foliage, whereas cold-trapping in soils more strongly depends on wet and dry particle deposition. Climatic influences on air-to-milk transfer of POPs needs to be accounted for when using contamination of milk lipids to infer contamination of the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chubashini Shunthirasingham
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C1A4
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32
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Byer JD, Alaee M, Brown RS, Lebeuf M, Backus S, Keir M, Pacepavicius G, Casselman J, Belpaire C, Oliveira K, Verreault G, Hodson PV. Spatial trends of dioxin-like compounds in Atlantic anguillid eels. Chemosphere 2013; 91:1439-1446. [PMID: 23528832 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Several temperate freshwater eel stocks have experienced unsustainable declines, yet to be explained. The decline of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Ontario has been linked to aryl-hydrocarbon receptor agonists such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and the question remains whether eels are affected similarly by these compounds. Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, and PCNs were determined in eels collected at seven locations in eastern Canada including L. Ontario, one location in New York, USA, and one location in Flanders, Belgium. Concentrations varied greatly among origins, indicating dissimilar historic loadings to local areas. The risk to eel reproduction was evaluated with 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents, and increased by 10-fold from the least to most contaminated site. The risk to eel recruitment from dioxin-like compounds in American eel using available guidelines is low. The development of a more comprehensive model for eel recruitment risk assessment due to dioxin-like compounds, using eel-specific guidelines, is recommended. Toxic equivalents were 5-fold higher when based on mammalian toxic equivalency factors compared to fish values. About half of the eels captured in L. Ontario exceeded the Canadian guideline for fish consumption (20pg TEQ g(-1) ww), but there were no other exceedances in Canada. The current risk to eel consumers in Canada is low overall, except for highly urbanized and industrialized areas.
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Tomy GT, Sverko E, Palace V, Rosenberg B, McCrindle R, McAlees A, Smith LAP, Byer J, Pacepavicius G, Alaee M, McCarry BE. Dechlorane plus monoadducts in a Lake Ontario (Canada) food web and biotransformation by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) liver microsomes. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013; 32:1376-1381. [PMID: 23427074 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Compounds related to the high-production-volume flame retardant Dechlorane Plus (DP) were measured in a Lake Ontario food web located downstream of a DP manufacturing plant. These compounds, 1,3- and 1,5-DP-monoadducts (DPMA), are positional isomers and are thought to arise from the incomplete reaction of DP or impurities in the DP starting material during its manufacture. The 1,3-DPMA isomer was measured (0.12-199 ng g(-1) lipid wt) in all trophic levels, whereas 1,5-DPMA was measured only sporadically in the food web and was not detectable in the apex predator, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Concentrations of DPMA isomers when detected in Lake Ontario biota were greater than that of total DP for all trophic levels. The prevalence of 1,3-DPMA in the food web, and especially in lake trout, may be due to obstruction of the existing carbon double bond to enzyme attack, rendering it less readily metabolized. To examine this hypothesis, biotransformation kinetic experiments using in vitro lake trout liver microsomal exposures were performed. Zero-order depletion rate constants for 1,3- and 1,5-DPMA were 92.2 and 134.6 pmole h(-1) , respectively, with corresponding half-lives of 2.03 ± 0.14 h (1,3-DPMA) and 1.39 ± 0.09 h (1,5-DPMA). Furthermore, the 1,5-isomer was depleted to a greater extent than 1,3-DPMA. Specific biotransformation products were not identified. These data support the hypothesis that 1,5-DPMA is more readily metabolized than 1,3-DPMA by lake trout. The present study also shows that the concentrations of these isomers, which the authors speculate might be unintended impurities or byproducts in some technical DP formulations, exceed that of the intended product in biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg T Tomy
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Arctic Aquatic Research Division, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Kim M, Guerra P, Theocharides M, Barclay K, Smyth SA, Alaee M. Parameters affecting the occurrence and removal of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in twenty Canadian wastewater treatment plants. Water Res 2013; 47:2213-2221. [PMID: 23466032 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study determined PBDE levels in influent, primary effluent, and final effluent collected from diverse treatment processes including four aerated lagoons, two facultative lagoons, four primary treatments, eight secondary biological treatments and two advanced treatments. Parameters examined for correlation included seasonal temperature, community sizes, industrial inputs, and operational conditions. PBDE levels in influent were 21-1000 ng/L (median 190 ng/L). Higher concentrations in influent samples were found during summer, and in WWTPs which treated leachate and higher proportions of industrial wastewater vs. residential wastewater. Final effluent levels ranged between 3 and 270 ng/L (median 12 ng/L). Among all congeners, the sum of BDE-209, -47 and -99 accounted for 79 and 71% of total PBDEs in influent and final effluent, respectively, with BDE-209 having the highest proportion. Median removal efficiencies for all process types exceeded 90% except primary treatment at 70%. PBDE levels and removals were correlated to the levels and removals of conventional parameters that represent wastewater strength, such as chemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids. The role of the primary clarifier was significant (∼82% removal) and removal was associated with hydraulic retention time (HRT) and surface loading rate. Best removal of PBDEs was achieved at greater than 2000 mg/L mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), longer than 10 h of HRT, and 9 days of solids retention time.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kim
- Emerging Priorities Division, Science and Risk Assessment Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Burlington, Canada
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35
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Wang DG, Alaee M, Byer JD, Brimble S, Pacepavicius G. Human health risk assessment of occupational and residential exposures to dechlorane plus in the manufacturing facility area in China and comparison with e-waste recycling site. Sci Total Environ 2013; 445-446:329-36. [PMID: 23354373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A screening level human health risk assessment based on the worst-case scenario was conducted on the occupational and residential exposures to dechlorane plus (DP) in the manufacturing facility region and an electronic-waste (e-waste) recycling site in China, which are two of the most polluted areas of DP in the world. Total estimated exposure doses (EEDs) via dietary intake, dermal contact, and inhalation was approximately 0.01 mg kg(-1) d(-1) for people living in the manufacturing facility region. In comparison, total EEDs (approximate 0.03 μg kg(-1), d(-1)) were 300-fold lower in people living near an e-waste recycling site in China. Chronic oral, dermal, and inhalation reference doses (RfDs) were estimated to be 5.0, 2.0, and 0.01 mg kg(-1)d (-1), respectively. The oral RfD was markedly greater than Mirex (2×10(-4) mg kg(-1) d(-1)) and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209; 7×10(-3) mg kg(-1) d(-1)), which have been or might be replaced by DP as a flame retardant with less toxicity. Monte Carlo simulation was used to generate the probability densities and functions for the hazard index which was calculated from the EEDs and RfDs to assess the human health risk. The hazard index was three orders of magnitude lower than 1, suggesting that occupational and residential exposures were relatively safe in the manufacturing facility region and e-waste recycling site.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Gao Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, PR China.
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Byer JD, Lebeuf M, Alaee M, Stephen BR, Trottier S, Backus S, Keir M, Couillard CM, Casselman J, Hodson PV. Spatial trends of organochlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Atlantic Anguillid eels. Chemosphere 2013; 90:1719-1728. [PMID: 23168331 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation of lipophilic contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) can result in a reduction in fitness and spawner quality in eels and may be a factor in Anguillid sp. population declines. Contaminant concentrations in eels have been studied extensively in Europe, but data for American eels are severely lacking. Concentrations of PCBs, OCPs, and PBDEs were determined in American eel from eastern Canada and New York, USA, along with European eel from Belgium. Principal component analysis revealed that eels captured in the St. Lawrence estuary were a mixture of upstream migrants from the St. Lawrence River watershed, and fish captured in local tributaries. Contaminant concentrations were dependent on origin, related to the local environment, and were lower than historic values. In Canada, concentrations of OCPs and PCBs in eel tissues were below the Canadian human consumption guidelines for contaminants in fish, indicating that the current risk to consumers is low. However, concentrations of PCBs, total DDT, and mirex in eels from L. Ontario and the upper St. Lawrence R. were above Great Lakes guidelines for the protection of piscivorous predators. Concentrations of penta-BDE homologs exceeded the Canadian guideline for environmental quality in over half of the eels in this study, but concentrations of the other homolog groups were below the guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Byer
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
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De la Torre A, Pacepavicius G, Martínez MA, Darling C, Muir D, Sherry J, McMaster M, Alaee M. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their methoxylated and hydroxylated analogs in Brown Bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) plasma from Lake Ontario. Chemosphere 2013; 90:1644-1651. [PMID: 23121987 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) and hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs) were detected and quantified in Brown Bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) from Lake Ontario. Samples were collected in 2006 from three different locations near the city of Toronto: Frenchman's Bay, Toronto Island, and Tommy Thompson Park. A total of 117 plasma samples were pooled into 19 samples, separating males and females by site of capture. Pooled samples were analyzed for 36 PBDEs, 20 MeO-PBDEs and 20 OH-PBDEs, but only six PBDEs, five MeO- and eight OH-compounds were confirmed against standards currently available. These peaks were quantified as "identified" peaks, while peaks matching ion ratios but not matching the retention time of the available standards were quantified as "unidentified" peaks. Both "identified" and "unidentified" concentrations were combined to obtain a total concentration. No significant variations were obtained for total PBDE concentrations, ranging from 3.33 to 9.02 ng g(-1)wet weight. However, OH- and MeO-PBDE totals ranged over 1 order of magnitude among the samples (not detected - 3.57 ng g(-1)wet weight for OH-PBDEs and not detected -0.10 ng/g wet weight for MeO-PBDE). The results of this study suggested that these compounds are ubiquitous in biota. Source estimation of MeO- and OH-PBDEs in freshwater fish were discussed. Considering that up to date no freshwater sources for MeO- or OH-PBDEs have been reported, concentrations found should be mainly related to bioaccumulation from anthropogenic sources, although other sources could not be dismissed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De la Torre
- Persistent Organic Pollutant Group, Environmental Department. CIEMAT, Avd. Complutense 40 Madrid, Spain
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Bergman A, Rydén A, Law RJ, de Boer J, Covaci A, Alaee M, Birnbaum L, Petreas M, Rose M, Sakai S, Van den Eede N, van der Veen I. A novel abbreviation standard for organobromine, organochlorine and organophosphorus flame retardants and some characteristics of the chemicals. Environ Int 2012; 49:57-82. [PMID: 22982223 PMCID: PMC3483428 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the interest in organic environmental contaminants first emerged 50years ago, there has been a need to present discussion of such chemicals and their transformation products using simple abbreviations so as to avoid the repetitive use of long chemical names. As the number of chemicals of concern has increased, the number of abbreviations has also increased dramatically, sometimes resulting in the use of different abbreviations for the same chemical. In this article, we propose abbreviations for flame retardants (FRs) substituted with bromine or chlorine atoms or including a functional group containing phosphorus, i.e. BFRs, CFRs and PFRs, respectively. Due to the large number of halogenated and organophosphorus FRs, it has become increasingly important to develop a strategy for abbreviating the chemical names of FRs. In this paper, a two step procedure is proposed for deriving practical abbreviations (PRABs) for the chemicals discussed. In the first step, structural abbreviations (STABs) are developed using specific STAB criteria based on the FR structure. However, since several of the derived STABs are complicated and long, we propose instead the use of PRABs. These are, commonly, an extract of the most essential part of the STAB, while also considering abbreviations previously used in the literature. We indicate how these can be used to develop an abbreviation that can be generally accepted by scientists and other professionals involved in FR related work. Tables with PRABs and STABs for BFRs, CFRs and PFRs are presented, including CAS (Chemical Abstract Service) numbers, notes of abbreviations that have been used previously, CA (Chemical Abstract) name, common names and trade names, as well as some fundamental physico-chemical constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ake Bergman
- Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Longstaffe JG, Courtier-Murias D, Soong R, Simpson MJ, Maas WE, Fey M, Hutchins H, Krishnamurthy S, Struppe J, Alaee M, Kumar R, Monette M, Stronks HJ, Simpson AJ. In-situ molecular-level elucidation of organofluorine binding sites in a whole peat soil. Environ Sci Technol 2012; 46:10508-10513. [PMID: 22946434 DOI: 10.1021/es3026769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The chemical nature of xenobiotic binding sites in soils is of vital importance to environmental biogeochemistry. Interactions between xenobiotics and the naturally occurring organic constituents of soils are strongly correlated to environmental persistence, bioaccessibility, and ecotoxicity. Nevertheless, because of the complex structural and chemical heterogeneity of soils, studies of these interactions are most commonly performed indirectly, using correlative methods, fractionation, or chemical modification. Here we identify the organic components of an unmodified peat soil where some organofluorine xenobiotic compounds interact using direct molecular-level methods. Using (19)F→(1)H cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CP-MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, the (19)F nuclei of organofluorine compounds are used to induce observable transverse magnetization in the (1)H nuclei of organic components of the soil with which they interact after sorption. The observed (19)F→(1)H CP-MAS spectra and dynamics are compared to those produced using model soil organic compounds, lignin and albumin. It is found that lignin-like components can account for the interactions observed in this soil for heptafluoronaphthol (HFNap) while protein structures can account for the interactions observed for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). This study employs novel comprehensive multi-phase (CMP) NMR technology that permits the application of solution-, gel-, and solid-state NMR experiments on intact soil samples in their swollen state.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Longstaffe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M1C 1A4
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40
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Mackintosh SA, Pérez-Fuentetaja A, Zimmerman LR, Pacepavicius G, Clapsadl M, Alaee M, Aga DS. Analytical performance of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer compared to a high resolution mass spectrometer for the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 747:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Guerra P, Alaee M, Jiménez B, Pacepavicius G, Marvin C, MacInnis G, Eljarrat E, Barceló D, Champoux L, Fernie K. Emerging and historical brominated flame retardants in peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs from Canada and Spain. Environ Int 2012; 40:179-186. [PMID: 21862134 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Comparisons of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in the eggs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) recently collected (2003-2007), are made between Canada (N=12) and Spain (N=13). Overall, concentrations of sum (Σ) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; 16 di-deca-BDE congeners) exceeded Σhexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and were an order of magnitude higher than 2,2'4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153)>hexachlorocyclopentenyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCBDCO)>1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE)>decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE)>octabromotrimethylphenyllindane (OBIND)>hexabromobenzene (HBB)>bis(2-ethyl-1hexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP). This is the first report of detectable HBCDCO and BEHTBP concentrations in biota, and the highest in ovo concentration of ∑HBCD (14,617 ng/glw; Montreal, Canada) to date. There were significantly greater egg concentrations of BB-153, ΣHBCD, and ΣPBDE including BDE-153, -99, -100 and -183, in Canadian than Spanish peregrines with a terrestrial diet. HBB, BTBPE, and OBIND were detected in eggs from both countries, but only Canadian peregrine eggs had detectable levels of HCDBCO (25%) and DBDPE (N=1). The in ovo PBDE congener profile was dominated by BDE-153>BDE-99>BDE-47>BDE-183>BDE-100>BDE-209, with the isomeric HBCD pattern being α-HBCD>γ-HBCD (β-HBCD undetected). The Canadian peregrine eggs had lower enantiomeric HBCD values consistent with their higher fractions of (-) α-HBCD, suggesting selective enantiomeric enrichment or that the (+) α-isomer is more readily metabolized and so deposited in the egg through maternal transfer. Continental differences in egg burdens of peregrines are discussed relative to BFR usage patterns and exposure of peregrines on their breeding grounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Guerra
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mehran Alaee
- Water Science and Technology, Science & Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6
| | - Begoña Jiménez
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Grazina Pacepavicius
- Water Science and Technology, Science & Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6
| | - Chris Marvin
- Water Science and Technology, Science & Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6
| | - Gordia MacInnis
- Water Science and Technology, Science & Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Pic de Peguera 15, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Louise Champoux
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health, Science & Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada G1V 4H5
| | - Kim Fernie
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health, Science & Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6.
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McKelvie JR, Wolfe DM, Celejewski MA, Alaee M, Simpson AJ, Simpson MJ. Metabolic responses of Eisenia fetida after sub-lethal exposure to organic contaminants with different toxic modes of action. Environ Pollut 2011; 159:3620-3626. [PMID: 21856054 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)--based metabolomics has the potential to identify toxic responses of contaminants within a mixture in contaminated soil. This study evaluated the metabolic response of Eisenia fetida after exposure to an array of organic compounds to determine whether contaminant-specific responses could be identified. The compounds investigated in contact tests included: two pesticides (carbaryl and chlorpyrifos), three pharmaceuticals (carbamazephine, estrone and caffeine), two persistent organohalogens (Aroclor 1254 and PBDE 209) and two industrial compounds (nonylphenol and dimethyl phthalate). Control and contaminant-exposed metabolic profiles were distinguished using principal component analysis and potential contaminant-specific biomarkers of exposure were found for several contaminants. These results suggest that NMR-based metabolomics offers considerable promise for differentiating between the different toxic modes of action (MOA) associated with sub-lethal toxicity to earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R McKelvie
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
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43
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Muñoz-Arnanz J, Sáez M, Hiraldo F, Baos R, Pacepavicius G, Alaee M, Jiménez B. Dechlorane plus and possible degradation products in white stork eggs from Spain. Environ Int 2011; 37:1164-1168. [PMID: 21529947 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of the emerging chlorinated flame retardant Dechlorane Plus (DP) and three of its possible degradation products was investigated in white stork eggs from two colonies in Spain. The average DP concentrations were 401 pg/g wet weight (w.w.) for the urban/industrial colony and 105 pg/g w.w. for the rural colony. One possible degradation product, anti-[DP-1Cl], was found in approximately 10% of the samples. No significant stereoisomer enrichments were detected in any colony based on the average anti-DP fractional abundances found which agrees with previous studies in herring gulls. The relationship between DP and PBDE contents in both colonies was explored leading to different scenarios, i.e. no correlation was found in the urban colony but they were statistically correlated in the rural colony. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report DP in a species from a terrestrial food web, and also to report a DP degradation product in biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Muñoz-Arnanz
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, CSIC. Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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44
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Gómara B, Herrero L, Pacepavicius G, Ohta S, Alaee M, González MJ. Occurrence of co-planar polybrominated/chlorinated biphenyls (PXBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in breast milk of women from Spain. Chemosphere 2011; 83:799-805. [PMID: 21435683 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, for the first time, levels and accumulation profiles of eight currently available polybrominated/chlorinated biphenyl congeners (PXBs; XB-77, -105, -118, -126A, -126B, -126C, -156 and -169, named according to IUPAC nomenclature) in human breast milk collected form Spanish women in 2005 were reported. Concentrations and congener specific profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), including co-planar PCBs, (co-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were also reported. A concentration of 0.45 pg g(-1) lipid weight was found for total PXBs, and arithmetic mean concentrations of 125, 25 and 5.5 ng g(-1) lipid weight were determined for total PCBs, co-PCBs and total PBDEs respectively. Detectable levels of all congeners investigated, except CB-123 and XB-169 were found. Levels of PCBs were similar to those found in Spanish samples collected after 2000, and lower than those obtained before 2000. CB-138, -153 and -180 were the predominant PCB congeners. PBDE levels, dominated by BDE-47, -99, -100 and -209, were lower than PCB levels. PXB concentrations were the lowest, with XB-156 being the most abundant. The concentration levels of PCBs and PBDEs found in this study were in the same range as those from other European countries. Levels of PXBs were much lower than published values determined in Japan which were the only data found in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gómara
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, IQOG-CSIC., Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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45
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Muñoz-Arnanz J, Sáez M, Aguirre JI, Hiraldo F, Baos R, Pacepavicius G, Alaee M, Jiménez B. Predominance of BDE-209 and other higher brominated diphenyl ethers in eggs of white stork (Ciconia ciconia) colonies from Spain. Environ Int 2011; 37:572-576. [PMID: 21193230 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous pollutants for which there is still a lack of knowledge about the environmental behavior and fate of the higher brominated congeners (octa- to deca-BDEs). In this study, the PBDE content and congener profiles in failed eggs from two colonies of white stork (Ciconia ciconia) in Spain were studied. The average total PBDE concentration was 1.64ng/g (wet weight, w.w.) for the rural colony and 9.08ng/g (w.w.) for the urban colony. Higher brominated BDEs dominated the congener profiles of both colonies. Of particular interest was the determination of BDE-209 as the dominant congener accounting for 44.1% and 38.6% of the total PBDE content in the rural and urban colonies, respectively. BDE-202, considered an indicator of BDE 209 debromination, was detected in 83% and all of the samples from rural and urban colonies, respectively. The observed congener profile in which BDE-207>BDE-208>BDE-206 does not correspond to any known technical PBDE mixture and is evidence for possible BDE-209 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Muñoz-Arnanz
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, CSIC. Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Guerra P, Fernie K, Jiménez B, Pacepavicius G, Shen L, Reiner E, Eljarrat E, Barceló D, Alaee M. Dechlorane plus and related compounds in peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs from Canada and Spain. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:1284-1290. [PMID: 21222481 DOI: 10.1021/es103333j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of Mirex, Dechlorane (Dec) Plus (DP), Dec 602, Dec 603, and Dec 604 were significantly higher in peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs from Canada than Spain, with the former having the only measurable concentrations of the dechlorinated DP products, decachloropentacyclooctadecadiene (aCl10DP) and undecachloropentacyclooctadecadiene (aCl11DP). Large variations also occurred in the in ovo concentrations of the DP monoadduct, DPMA. This is the first study to report the accumulation and metabolism of DP by peregrines, both DP and dechloranes in European biota, as well as dechloranes in a terrestrial organism and one at the top of the food web. The geographical differences in the measured in ovo concentrations reflect local exposure of the adult peregrines on their breeding grounds, likely differences in diet of the adults, the production of DP on the Niagara River, and the greater use of Mirex and dechloranes as flame retardants in North America than Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Guerra
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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47
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Wang DG, Alaee M, Byer J, Liu YJ, Tian CG. Fugacity approach to evaluate the sediment–water diffusion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:1589-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c0em00731e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Wang DG, Alaee M, Sverko E, Li YF, Reiner EJ, Shen L. Analysis and occurrence of emerging chlorinated and brominated flame retardants in surficial sediment of the Dalian costal area in China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:3104-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c1em10241a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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de la Torre A, Sverko E, Alaee M, Martínez MÁ. Concentrations and sources of Dechlorane Plus in sewage sludge. Chemosphere 2011; 82:692-697. [PMID: 21122888 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge from 31 urban Spanish wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) was analyzed for the emerging halogenated flame retardant Dechlorane Plus (DP). Concentrations of the two major isomers in the technical mixture, syn and anti, ranged between 0.903-19.2 and 1.55-75.1ngg(-1) dry weight, respectively. Overall, concentrations of DP were lower than those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (9.10-995ngg(-1) dry weight) and this is likely related to the higher usage of brominated flame retardants. The average ratio of the syn isomer to total DP (f(syn)) was 0.28±0.05, which is similar to that of the commercial mixture. Comparing different wastewater treatment methods, we found lower concentrations in those using biological nitrogen and phosphorous elimination, suggesting that DP is susceptible to microbial degradation and that anti-DP is more so, given the enrichment of syn-DP in the sewage sludge. Principal components analysis revealed significant positive correlation (r=0.619, p<0.05) between total DP concentrations with the contribution of industrial input to waste streams. This implies release of DP is related to industrial activity, likely stemming from the use of the technical product during manufacture of consumer goods. However, use and disposal of products containing DP could not be dismissed. According to our knowledge, this is the first report on DP in WWTP sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián de la Torre
- Persistent Organic Pollutants Group, Environment Department, CIEMAT, Avd. Complutense 22, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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50
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Munschy C, Héas-Moisan K, Tixier C, Pacepavicius G, Alaee M. Dietary exposure of juvenile common sole (Solea solea L.) to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): Part 2. Formation, bioaccumulation and elimination of hydroxylated metabolites. Environ Pollut 2010; 158:3527-3533. [PMID: 20864231 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The uptake, elimination and transformation of six PBDE congeners (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -209) were studied in juvenile common sole (Solea solea L.) exposed to spiked contaminated food over a three-month period, and then depurated over a five-month period. Methoxylated (MeO-) and hydroxylated (OH-) PBDEs were determined in fish plasma exposed to PBDEs and compared to those obtained in control fish. While all MeO- and some OH- congeners identified in fish plasma were found to originate from non-metabolic sources, several OH- congeners, i.e., OH-tetraBDEs and OH-pentaBDEs, were found to originate from fish metabolism. Among these, 4'-OH-BDE-49 was identified as a BDE-47 metabolite. Congener 4'-OH-BDE-101, identified here for the first time, may be the result of BDE-99 metabolic transformation. Our results unequivocally showed that PBDEs are metabolised in juvenile sole via the formation of OH- metabolites. However, this was not a major biotransformation route compared to biotransformation through debromination.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Munschy
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, Cedex 3, France.
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