1
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Ussery E, McMaster M, Palace V, Parrott J, Blandford NC, Frank R, Kidd K, Birceanu O, Wilson J, Alaee M, Cunningham J, Wynia A, Clark T, Campbell S, Timlick L, Michaleski S, Marshall S, Nielsen K. Effects of metformin on wild fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) using in-lake mesocosms in a boreal lake ecosystem. Sci Total Environ 2024; 929:172457. [PMID: 38649046 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Due to its widespread use for the treatment of Type-2 diabetes, metformin is routinely detected in surface waters globally. Laboratory studies have shown that environmentally relevant concentrations of metformin can adversely affect the health of adult fish, with effects observed more frequently in males. However, the potential risk to wild fish populations has yet to be fully elucidated and remains a topic of debate. To explore whether environmentally relevant metformin exposure poses a risk to wild fish populations, the present study exposed wild fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to 5 or 50 μg/L metformin via 2 m diameter in-lake mesocosms deployed in a natural boreal lake in Northern Ontario at the International Institute for Sustainable Development - Experimental Lakes Area (IISD-ELA). Environmental monitoring was performed at regular intervals for 8-weeks, with fish length, weight (body, liver and gonad), condition factor, gonadosomatic index, liver-somatic index, body composition (water and biomolecules) and hematocrit levels evaluated at test termination. Metabolic endpoints were also evaluated using liver, brain and muscle tissue, and gonads were evaluated histologically. Results indicate that current environmental exposure scenarios may be sufficient to adversely impact the health of wild fish populations. Adult male fish exposed to metformin had significantly reduced whole body weight and condition factor and several male fish from the high-dose metformin had oocytes in their testes. Metformin-exposed fish had altered moisture and lipid (decrease) content in their tissues. Further, brain (increase) and liver (decrease) glycogen were altered in fish exposed to high-dose metformin. To our knowledge, this study constitutes the first effort to understand metformin's effects on a wild small-bodied fish population under environmentally relevant field exposure conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Ussery
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark McMaster
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vince Palace
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; International Institute for Sustainable Development-Experimental Lakes Area, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Joanne Parrott
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas C Blandford
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; International Institute for Sustainable Development-Experimental Lakes Area, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Richard Frank
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Kidd
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oana Birceanu
- Western University, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanna Wilson
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mehran Alaee
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessie Cunningham
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abby Wynia
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Clark
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sheena Campbell
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren Timlick
- International Institute for Sustainable Development-Experimental Lakes Area, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sonya Michaleski
- International Institute for Sustainable Development-Experimental Lakes Area, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Stephanie Marshall
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristin Nielsen
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Marine Science, Port Aransas, TX, USA
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2
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Cormican S, Connaughton DM, Kennedy C, Murray S, Živná M, Kmoch S, Fennelly NK, O'Kelly P, Benson KA, Conlon ET, Cavalleri G, Foley C, Doyle B, Dorman A, Little MA, Lavin P, Kidd K, Bleyer AJ, Conlon PJ. Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD) in Ireland. Ren Fail 2020; 41:832-841. [PMID: 31509055 PMCID: PMC6746258 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2019.1655452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD) is a rare genetic cause of renal impairment resulting from mutations in the MUC1, UMOD, HNF1B, REN, and SEC61A1 genes. Neither the national or global prevalence of these diseases has been determined. We aimed to establish a database of patients with ADTKD in Ireland and report the clinical and genetic characteristics of these families. Methods: We identified patients via the Irish Kidney Gene Project and referral to the national renal genetics clinic in Beaumont Hospital who met the clinical criteria for ADTKD (chronic kidney disease, bland urinary sediment, and autosomal dominant inheritance). Eligible patients were then invited to undergo genetic testing by a variety of methods including panel-based testing, whole exome sequencing and, in five families who met the criteria for diagnosis of ADTKD but were negative for causal genetic mutations, we analyzed urinary cell smears for the presence of MUC1fs protein. Results: We studied 54 individuals from 16 families. We identified mutations in the MUC1 gene in three families, UMOD in five families, HNF1beta in two families, and the presence of abnormal MUC1 protein in urine smears in three families (one of which was previously known to carry the genetic mutation). We were unable to identify a mutation in 4 families (3 of whom also tested negative for urinary MUC1fs). Conclusions: There are 4443 people with ESRD in Ireland, 24 of whom are members of the cohort described herein. We observe that ADTKD represents at least 0.54% of Irish ESRD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cormican
- Nephrology Department, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - D M Connaughton
- Nephrology Department, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland.,Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute , Dublin , Ireland
| | - C Kennedy
- Nephrology Department, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland.,Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons , Dublin , Ireland
| | - S Murray
- Nephrology Department, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland.,Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons , Dublin , Ireland
| | - M Živná
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Research Unit for Rare Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - S Kmoch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Research Unit for Rare Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - N K Fennelly
- Pathology Department, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - P O'Kelly
- Nephrology Department, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - K A Benson
- Nephrology Department, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland.,Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons , Dublin , Ireland
| | - E T Conlon
- Nephrology Department, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - G Cavalleri
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons , Dublin , Ireland
| | - C Foley
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute , Dublin , Ireland.,Clinical Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons , Dublin , Ireland
| | - B Doyle
- Pathology Department, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - A Dorman
- Pathology Department, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - M A Little
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute , Dublin , Ireland.,Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Tallaght Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - P Lavin
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Tallaght Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - K Kidd
- Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , NC , USA
| | - A J Bleyer
- Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , NC , USA
| | - P J Conlon
- Nephrology Department, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland.,Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons , Dublin , Ireland
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3
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Erdozain M, Kidd K, Kreutzweiser D, Sibley P. Increased reliance of stream macroinvertebrates on terrestrial food sources linked to forest management intensity. Ecol Appl 2019; 29:e01889. [PMID: 30929306 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of how forest management practices affect the relative importance of autochthonous vs. allochthonous resource use by headwater stream food webs is relatively poor. To address this, we used stable isotope (C, N, and H) analyses of food sources and macroinvertebrates from 15 streams in New Brunswick (Canada) and assessed how different catchment conditions arising from the gradient in forest management intensity affect the contribution of autochthonous resources to these food webs. Aquatic primary production contributed substantially to the biomass of invertebrates in these headwater streams, especially for scrapers and collector-gatherers (25-75%). However, the contribution of algae to food webs decreased as forest management intensity (road density and associated sediments, water cations/carbon, and dissolved organic matter humification) increased, and as canopy openness decreased. This trend was probably due to an increase in the delivery of organic and inorganic terrestrial materials (dissolved and in suspension) in areas of greater harvesting intensity and road density, which resulted in more heterotrophic biofilms. Overall, results suggest that, despite the presence of riparian buffers, forest management can affect stream food web structure via changes in energy flows, and that increased protection should be directed at minimizing ground disturbance in areas with direct hydrological connection to streams and at reducing dissolved and particulate matter inputs from roads and stream crossings in catchments with high degrees of management activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitane Erdozain
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Biology Department, University of New Brunswick, 100 Tucker Park Road, Saint John, New Brunswick, E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Karen Kidd
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Biology Department, University of New Brunswick, 100 Tucker Park Road, Saint John, New Brunswick, E2L 4L5, Canada
- Department of Biology, School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - David Kreutzweiser
- Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2E5, Canada
| | - Paul Sibley
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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4
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Erdozain M, Kidd K, Kreutzweiser D, Sibley P. Linking stream ecosystem integrity to catchment and reach conditions in an intensively managed forest landscape. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maitane Erdozain
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Biology Department University of New Brunswick 100 Tucker Park road Saint John New Brunswick E2L 4L5 Canada
| | - Karen Kidd
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Biology Department University of New Brunswick 100 Tucker Park road Saint John New Brunswick E2L 4L5 Canada
- Department of Biology and School of Geography and Earth Sciences McMaster University 1280 Main St W Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L8 Canada
| | - David Kreutzweiser
- Canadian Forest Service Great Lakes Forestry Centre Natural Resources Canada 1219 Queen St. East Sault Ste. Marie Ontario P6A 2E5 Canada
| | - Paul Sibley
- School of Environmental Sciences University of Guelph Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
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5
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Diamond J, Altenburger R, Coors A, Dyer SD, Focazio M, Kidd K, Koelmans AA, Leung KMY, Servos MR, Snape J, Tolls J, Zhang X. Use of prospective and retrospective risk assessment methods that simplify chemical mixtures associated with treated domestic wastewater discharges. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018; 37:690-702. [PMID: 29068498 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A framework is presented that is intended to facilitate the evaluation of potential aquatic ecological risks resulting from discharges of down-the-drain chemicals. A scenario is presented using representatives of many of the types of chemicals that are treated domestically. Predicted environmental chemical concentrations are based on reported loading rates and routine removal rates for 3 types of treatment: trickling filter, activated sludge secondary treatment, and activated sludge plus advanced oxidation process as well as instream effluent dilution. In tier I, predicted effluent concentrations were compared with the lowest predicted-no-effect concentration (PNEC) obtained from the literature using safety factors as needed. A cumulative risk characterization ratio (cumRCR) < 1.0 indicates that risk is unlikely and no further action is needed. Otherwise, a tier 2 assessment is used, in which PNECs are based on trophic level. If tier 2 indicates a possible risk, then a retrospective assessment is recommended. In tier 1, the cumRCR was > 1.0 for all 3 treatment types in our scenario, even though no chemical exceeded a hazard quotient of 1.0 in activated sludge or advanced oxidation process. In tier 2, activated sludge yielded a lower cumRCR than trickling filter because of higher removal rates, and the cumRCR in the advanced oxidation process was << 1.0. Based on the maximum cumulative risk ratio (MCR), more than one-third of the predicted risk was accounted for by one chemical, and at least 90% was accounted for by 3 chemicals, indicating that few chemicals influenced the mixture risk in our scenario. We show how a retrospective assessment can test whether certain chemicals hypothesized as potential drivers in the prospective assessment could have, or are having, deleterious effects on aquatic life. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:690-702. © 2017 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rolf Altenburger
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Coors
- ECT Oekotoxikologie, Flörsheim am Main, Germany
| | - Scott D Dyer
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Karen Kidd
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Jason Snape
- AstraZeneca UK, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Xiaowei Zhang
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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6
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Diamond J, Thornton K, Munkittrick K, Kidd K, Bartell S, Kapo K. Diagnostic Tools to Evaluate Impacts of Trace Organic Compounds Final Report. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2166/9781780403335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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7
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8
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Harris R, Kidd K, Shanley J. Bridging the knowledge gaps on the sources, speciation, fate and bioaccumulation of mercury in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Environ Pollut 2008; 154:1-2. [PMID: 18433955 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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9
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Ryan MJ, Stern GA, Diamond M, Croft MV, Roach P, Kidd K. Temporal trends of organochlorine contaminants in burbot and lake trout from three selected Yukon lakes. Sci Total Environ 2005; 351-352:501-22. [PMID: 16140362 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Revised: 07/28/2004] [Accepted: 08/28/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Historical studies have demonstrated that organochlorine (OC) concentrations in top predators can vary considerably from lake to lake within a small geographic region but temporal trends of these contaminants have rarely been monitored in a sub-Arctic area for a long period of time. This study examined OC concentrations, including chlordane (CHL), DDT, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), toxaphene (CHB), PCB and chlorinated benzenes (CBz) in lake trout and burbot, from three Yukon lakes (Laberge, Kusawa, Quiet), over a span of 11 years (1992-2003). Temporal and spatial differences continue to exist in the OC concentrations of burbot and lake trout between these lakes. There is strong evidence that these contaminants are declining at various rates in lake trout (Salveninus namaycush) in Laberge, Kusawa and Quiet Lakes. For example, SigmaDDT concentrations have decreased 39%, 85% and 84% in Kusawa, Quiet and Laberge Lakes, respectively. Conversely, no consistent trends were observed in OC concentrations for burbot (Lota lota). For example, there is no evidence of a decline in toxaphene concentrations of Kusawa burbot yet a 58% decrease was observed in Laberge samples. Increases were also observed in the SigmaHCH levels of Kusawa Lake burbot, as well as increases in all OC groups (except SigmaHCH) for the Quiet Lake burbot samples. Decreases in burbot were evident in SigmaHCH and SigmaCHB for Lake Laberge fish and in SigmaCHL for Kusawa Lake samples. Spatial variations in OC levels are quite evident as Lake Laberge trout and burbot continued to maintain the highest levels over the eleven-year period from 1992 to 2003 followed by Kusawa Lake and then Quiet Lake. These differences were related to a variety of factors especially the species morphological characteristics such as log age, log weights and fish lipid content. A decreasing trend in Quiet and Laberge Lake trout lipid content, coupled with fluctuating condition factors and increases in body masses, suggest biotic changes may be occurring within the food webs due to fish population variations related to the cessation of commercial fishing or potentially an increase in lake plankton productivity related to annual climate variation. It is suspected that biotic factors rather than atmospheric inputs are the primary factors affecting the contaminant concentrations in lake trout and burbot in the study lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ryan
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg, MB and U. Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB 501 University Cresent, Canada, R3T 2N6.
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10
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Lockhart WL, Stern GA, Low G, Hendzel M, Boila G, Roach P, Evans MS, Billeck BN, DeLaronde J, Friesen S, Kidd K, Atkins S, Muir DCG, Stoddart M, Stephens G, Stephenson S, Harbicht S, Snowshoe N, Grey B, Thompson S, DeGraff N. A history of total mercury in edible muscle of fish from lakes in northern Canada. Sci Total Environ 2005; 351-352:427-63. [PMID: 16169059 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2004] [Revised: 06/05/2004] [Accepted: 11/27/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Subsistence fishing has been an important source of food for Native People in northern Canada since prehistoric time. Measurements of the levels of mercury in edible muscle of northern fish have been undertaken for over three decades in efforts to evaluate the risks of consuming northern fish. This report summarizes the data obtained from 7974 fish of 25 species from sites distributed from the Yukon to Labrador. The most abundant species were lake trout, lake whitefish, arctic char, walleye, northern pike and burbot. The question being asked was essentially "Are the fish safe to eat?" The results were used to support decisions on fishing and consumption of fish. They were sorted in several ways, into concentration ranges corresponding to human consumption guidelines, into political jurisdictions and into types of bedrock geology. Overall walleye, northern pike and lake trout, usually exceeded the subsistence consumption guideline of 0.2 microg g-1 total mercury and often exceeded the higher guideline of 0.5 microg g-1 total mercury for commercial sales of fish. Mercury in burbot, another facultative predator, was often lower but several still exceeding a guideline. Arctic char collections were mostly from anadromous populations and these had very low levels of mercury, presumably reflecting marine food sources. Lake whitefish were among the cleanest fish examined with 69 of 81 collections falling in the lowest range. Most collections were from sites in sedimentary rock. However a few sites were in metamorphic, intrusive or volcanic rocks and these, taken together, tended to have a higher proportion of sites in the higher ranges of mercury. These results indicate a widespread problem with mercury in subsistence fisheries for predator species of fish with the problem being most problematic for Nunavut.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Lockhart
- North-South Consultants Inc., 833 Harstone Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3R 1E1
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11
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Evans MS, Lockhart WL, Doetzel L, Low G, Muir D, Kidd K, Stephens G, Delaronde J. Elevated mercury concentrations in fish in lakes in the Mackenzie River Basin: the role of physical, chemical, and biological factors. Sci Total Environ 2005; 351-352:479-500. [PMID: 16183101 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.12.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Revised: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 12/12/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
During the mid-1990s and through the early 2000s, researchers determined that elevated mercury concentrations were a common occurrence in predatory fish in many lakes in the Mackenzie River Basin (MRB), located in northern Canada. Here we present the results of studies investigating factors contributing to higher mercury concentrations in fish in many of these lakes. Twenty-two percent of lake trout, 33% of northern pike, and 50% of walleye populations had mean mercury concentrations >0.5 microg/g, the guideline for the commercial sale of fish. Higher mercury concentrations were strongly associated with the relatively old age of MRB predatory fish; mean age ranged from 7.6 to 24.9 years for the three species. In contrast, none of the lake trout sampled in eight lakes further south in northern Saskatchewan and Alberta had mean mercury concentrations >0.5 microg/g; fish also were younger (mean age 6 years for the 8 lakes). Mercury concentrations in MRB fish generally increased with fish length, age, and trophic feeding although the nature of these relationships varied with the lake. Mean length was a good predictor of mean mercury concentrations in walleye populations across the study lakes but not for whitefish, lake trout, and pike; age was a good predictor for lake trout and walleye. Mercury concentrations in water and invertebrates were similar to those observed in more southerly regions where fish do not have elevated mercury concentrations. Mercury concentrations tended to be higher in fish in smaller vs. larger lakes and as a probable consequence of higher summer epilimnion temperatures, which favour a higher net methylation rate, and higher mercury and methyl mercury concentrations in water which enter these lakes from the watershed. Increasing fishing pressures on MRB lakes may be a means of reducing mean fish age, improving growth rates, and decreasing mercury body burdens. Increased global warming may result in higher mercury concentrations in fish through increased water temperatures, a longer ice free season, and increased release of stored mercury from the watershed into these lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Evans
- National Water Research Institute, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 3H5.
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12
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Park BJ, Kidd K. Effects of the synthetic estrogen ethinylestradiol on early life stages of mink frogs and green frogs in the wild and in situ. Environ Toxicol Chem 2005; 24:2027-36. [PMID: 16152976 DOI: 10.1897/04-227r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic contaminants are known to disrupt growth and development in amphibians. Field-based research is needed to elucidate their potential impacts on wild populations. Hatch success, larval growth and development rates, and gonad development were examined in native amphibians exposed to low ng/L concentrations of 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in a whole-lake addition experiment at the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario, Canada. Egg masses were reared in situ in the EE2-amended lake and in two reference lakes in 2001 and 2002. Hatching success was reduced significantly in green frogs (Rana clamitans) but not in mink frogs (Rana septentrionalis) exposed to EE2. Ethinylestradiol had no consistent effect on mass or development stage of hatchlings in the early larval stages of the caging study. Ethinylestradiol had no effect on sex ratios of either species in situ, and no intersex gonads were observed in exposed or reference green frog tadpoles or in reference mink frog tadpoles. However, 5.6% (total n = 18) and 12.5% (total n = 56) of EE2-exposed mink frog tadpoles were intersex in the 2001 and 2002 caging studies, respectively. Wild mink frog tadpoles also were examined, and EE2 had no effect on sex ratios. No intersex gonads were observed in reference lake tadpoles or in tadpoles from the experimental lake prior to EE2 additions; however, 2.4, 0, and 28.6% of wild EE2-exposed first-year tadpoles had intersex gonads (2001, 2002, and 2003, respectively). These results indicate that exposure to EE2 in the wild and in situ at concentrations comparable to those detected in effluents and, occasionally, in surface waters can impact gonad development and hatch success in native amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Park
- Department of Zoology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
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13
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Asplund A, Gustafsson AC, Wikonkal NM, Sela A, Leffell DJ, Kidd K, Lundeberg J, Brash DE, Pontén F. PTCH codon 1315 polymorphism and risk for nonmelanoma skin cancer. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152:868-73. [PMID: 15888139 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The PTCH tumour suppressor gene is involved in the development of nearly all basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) of the skin and a fraction of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). A nonconservative Pro/Leu nucleotide polymorphism within PTCH exon 23 at codon 1315 was recently reported to be potentially important for the development of breast epithelial cell cancers. Objectives Accordingly, the status of PTCH codon 1315 was analysed for a possible association with the development of nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) in a pilot study. Because skin cancer risk is affected by specific population-dependent phenotypes such as skin and hair colour, codon 1315 was also analysed for normal allele frequency variation in human populations having differing extents of eumelanin vs. phaeomelanin. METHODS The single nucleotide polymorphism in codon 1315 of the human PTCH gene was analysed in genomic DNA from six different populations comprising 472 blood samples and from 170 patients in four different categories with NMSC. Polymerase chain reaction and pyrosequencing were used to determine the allele frequencies. Allelic loss was furthermore determined in tumours following microdissection. RESULTS The Pro/Pro genotype frequency ranged from 30% to 65% between populations, with a significant trend for a reduced frequency of the Pro/Pro genotype in populations having lighter pigmentation (P = 0.020). Pro/Pro frequency showed an increasing trend with increasing tumour case severity (P = 0.027). In 260 samples from 180 Swedish patients with NMSC and a control group of 96 healthy ethnically matched volunteers, no statistically significant pairwise differences between groups were detected in the PTCH codon 1315 allelic distribution, neither was a difference seen for multiple or early onset cases of BCC in the Swedish population. In Swedish patients with single tumours, allelic loss (loss of heterozygosity) was observed in 20 of 30 (67%) patients with BCC and four of 22 (18%) patients with SCC, with no preference in the allele lost. In contrast, the Pro/Pro genotype was frequent in seven U.S. patients having multiple independent BCCs. One of these patients was heterozygous, enabling allelic loss studies. Of 20 independent tumours, 11 had lost an allele; 10 of the 11 had lost Leu, suggesting nonrandom loss that favoured retention of Pro (P = 0.0059). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate an association between the eumelanin-to-phaeomelanin shift and a shift from the Pro/Pro genotype to Leu-containing genotypes. Failure to lose Pro during the shift to phaeomelanin may be associated with an increased population risk for BCC and increased individual risk for multiple BCC. During development of a tumour, the effect of Pro may be magnified by loss of the Leu allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Asplund
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Werner J, Wautier K, Evans RE, Baron CL, Kidd K, Palace V. Waterborne ethynylestradiol induces vitellogenin and alters metallothionein expression in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Aquat Toxicol 2003; 62:321-328. [PMID: 12595171 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-445x(02)00104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic contaminants isolated from waters receiving sewage treatment plant effluents are known to induce the egg yolk precursor vitellogenin (VTG) in male fish. Levels of the metal binding protein metallothionein (MT) have also been shown to be affected by estrogens in fish. It has been postulated that MT declines in estrogen exposed fish to facilitate transfer of the essential metal Zn to cellular components required for VTG synthesis. To examine the changes in MT and VTG concentrations in fish exposed to an estrogen contaminant, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were exposed to waterborne ethynylestradiol at 0, 4, 40 or 400 ng/l(-1) for 21 days. Blood and tissues were collected after 21 days of exposure to measure circulating levels of VTG as well as MT concentrations in liver and kidney. VTG increased in male and female fish from all three exposure groups compared to control fish. MT in liver significantly decreased in males and females compared to the controls, in the two highest exposures. MT in kidney was significantly higher in both sexes of fish exposed to the two highest concentrations of ethynylestradiol. These data are supportive of a relationship between estrogen exposure and the regulation of MT. Further studies to examine the specific links between estrogen exposure, VTG induction and regulation of essential metals like Zn are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Werner
- Department of Zoology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N2
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15
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Palace VP, Wautier K, Evans RE, Baron CL, Werner J, Ranson C, Klaverkamp JF, Kidd K. Effects of 17-beta estradiol exposure on metallothionein and fat soluble antioxidant vitamins in juvenile lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2001; 66:591-596. [PMID: 11443328 DOI: 10.1007/s001280049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2000] [Accepted: 02/08/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V P Palace
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Canada, R3T 2N6
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16
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Killien M, Bigby JA, Champion V, Fernandez-Repollet E, Jackson RD, Kagawa-Singer M, Kidd K, Naughton MJ, Prout M. Involving minority and underrepresented women in clinical trials: the National Centers of Excellence in Women's Health. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2000; 9:1061-70. [PMID: 11153102 DOI: 10.1089/152460900445974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent attention to reducing health disparities among population groups has focused on the need to include in clinical studies, especially clinical trials, participants who represent the diversity of the populations to which study results will be applied. While scientists generally applaud the goal of broadening the characteristics of participants in clinical trials, they are faced with multiple challenges as they seek to include historically underrepresented populations in their research. This article examines the historical and sociocultural context of participation by underrepresented groups, especially women and minorities, in clinical trials, identifies major barriers and challenges facing researchers, and suggests strategies for meeting these challenges. The article draws upon the experiences of the investigators affiliated with the National Centers of Excellence of Women's Health (CoEs).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Killien
- Department of Family and Child Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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17
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Powers JS, White S, Varnell L, Turvy C, Kidd K, Harrell D, Knight B, Floyd K, Zupko K. An autonomy supportive model of geriatric team function. Tenn Med 2000; 93:295-7. [PMID: 10943147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Interdisciplinary teams play a critical role in the delivery of geriatric health care. Health care professionals are commonly left to develop teamwork skills by chance. Medical team function differs from traditional group theory in that all members are caregivers. A non-competitive supportive atmosphere is appropriate for patient care. We propose a participatory (autonomy supportive) model fostering self-realization and positive reinforcement as an organizing philosophy. The primary group task is to maximize patient functional independence and personal goals. Leadership is task-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Powers
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
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18
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Barrow Heaton MB, Kidd K, Bradley D, Paiva M, Mitchell J, Walker DW. Prenatal ethanol exposure reduces spinal cord motoneuron number in the fetal rat but does not affect GDNF target tissue protein. Dev Neurosci 2000; 21:444-52. [PMID: 10640863 DOI: 10.1159/000017412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal rats were exposed throughout gestation to one of three diets: an ethanol-containing liquid diet, a liquid diet with the isocaloric substitution of sucrose for ethanol or a laboratory chow control diet. At postnatal day 1 (P1), the spinal cords were taken for analyses of motoneuron number and size. These analyses revealed a significant loss of motoneurons and a reduction of motoneuron size in the ethanol-exposed animals, compared to both sucrose and chow controls. Spinal cord length and ventral horn volume were not altered as a result of ethanol treatment, so the change in motoneuron number cannot be attributed to volumetric changes. The content of the motoneuron survival factor glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was also assessed in the P1 limb motoneuron target tissue. This analysis was undertaken because GDNF is a potent survival factor for developing motoneurons and has been shown to protect this population from ethanol neurotoxicity. Thus, its depletion could contribute to motoneuron loss. These analyses, using the ELISA assay, did not detect reductions in GDNF in the ethanol-exposed animals. Therefore, alterations in other neurotrophic factors or ethanol neurotoxicity by other means appear to be responsible for the motoneuron loss. These results are consistent with earlier studies in the chick embryo, which also found reduced motoneuron numbers as a function of developmental ethanol exposure, and point again to the general lethality of ethanol to the developing nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Barrow Heaton
- University of Florida Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Alcohol Research, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0244, USA.
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19
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Abstract
One of the primary objectives in the captive management of any endangered primate is to preserve as much as possible the genetic diversity that has evolved and still exists in wild gene pools. The rationale for this is based on the theoretical understanding of the relationship between genetic diversity and fitness in response to selection. There remains little consensus, however, as to the type of genetic data that should be used to monitor captive populations. In order to develop a deeper understanding of the degree and nature of genetic diversity among "wild" chimpanzee gene pools, as well as to determine if one type of genetic data is more useful than others, DNA sequence data were generated at three unlinked, nonrepetitive nuclear loci, one polymorphic microsatellite, and the mitochondrial D-loop for 59 unrelated common and pygmy chimpanzees. The results suggest that: 1) data from nuclear loci can be used to differentiate common chimpanzee subspecies; 2) pygmy chimpanzees may have less genetic diversity than common chimpanzees; 3) shared microsatellite alleles do not always indicate identity by descent; and 4) nonrepetitive loci provide unique insights into evolutionary relationships and provide useful information for captive management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Deinard
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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20
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Deinard A, Dorit R, Castiglione C, Jiang Z, Becker D, Ruddle F, Schugart K, Kidd K. Evolution of the HOXB6 intergenic region: motif conservation at the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) enhancer element. J Exp Zool 1999; 285:170-6. [PMID: 10440728 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19990815)285:2<170::aid-jez9>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the results of a comparative sequencing study in higher primates, focusing on the intergenic region located between HOXB6 and HOXB7. We have examined an 832 bp. region, encompassing a putative Lateral Plate Mesoderm (LPM) enhancer element in a variety of anthropoid apes. The interspecific comparisons reveal extensive substitutions occurring within this region, with a marked bias in favor of C-->T transitions within the enhancer element. The pattern of these substitutions suggests that the LPM enhancer region is subject to specific sequence and compositional constraints that are only revealed through comparative sequencing. These constraints produce an enhancer signature, the CpG microisland, which may be useful in identifying additional regulatory elements located within the HOX complexes. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 285:170-176, 1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Deinard
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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21
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Braune B, Muir D, DeMarch B, Gamberg M, Poole K, Currie R, Dodd M, Duschenko W, Eamer J, Elkin B, Evans M, Grundy S, Hebert C, Johnstone R, Kidd K, Koenig B, Lockhart L, Marshall H, Reimer K, Sanderson J, Shutt L. Spatial and temporal trends of contaminants in Canadian Arctic freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems: a review. Sci Total Environ 1999; 230:145-207. [PMID: 10466229 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The state of knowledge of contaminants in Canadian Arctic biota of the freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems has advanced enormously since the publication of the first major reviews by Lockhart et al. and Thomas et al. in The Science of the Total Environment in 1992. The most significant gains are new knowledge of spatial trends of organochlorines and heavy metal contaminants in terrestrial animals, such as caribou and mink, and in waterfowl, where no information was previously available. Spatial trends in freshwater fish have been broadened, especially in the Yukon, where contaminant measurements of, for example, organochlorines were previously non-existent. A review of contaminants data for fish from the Northwest Territories, Yukon and northern Quebec showed mercury as the one contaminant which consistently exceeds guideline limits for subsistence consumption or commercial sale. Lake trout and northern pike in the Canadian Shield lakes of the Northwest Territories and northern Quebec generally had the most elevated levels. Levels of other heavy metals were generally not elevated in fish. Toxaphene was the major organochlorine contaminant in all fish analyzed. The concentrations of organochlorine contaminants in fish appear to be a function not only of trophic level but of other aspects of the lake ecosystem. Among Arctic terrestrial mammals, PCBs and cadmium were the most prominent contaminants in the species analyzed. Relatively high levels (10-60 micrograms g-1) of cadmium were observed in kidney and liver of caribou from the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and northern Quebec, with concentrations in western herds being higher than in those from the east. For the organochlorine contaminants, a west to east increase in zigma PCBs, HCB and zigma HCH was found in caribou, probably as a result of the predominant west to east/north-east atmospheric circulation pattern which delivers these contaminants from industrialized regions of central and eastern North America to the Arctic via long-range atmospheric transport. Radiocesium contamination of lichens and caribou has continued to decrease. Significant contamination by PCBs and lead of soils and vascular plants was observed in the immediate vicinity and within a 20-km radius of DEW line sites in the Canadian Arctic. There was also evidence for transfer of PCBs from plants to lemmings. There was no evidence, however, that large mammals such as caribou living in the general area of the DEW line sites had elevated levels of PCBs. There is very limited temporal trend information for most contaminants in biota of Arctic terrestrial and freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Braune
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Center, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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22
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Abstract
Data accumulated over the past decade from several loci suggest that nonhuman primates have a greater amount of intraspecific genetic variation relative to humans. In phylogenetic reconstructions among primates that are based on genetic data, therefore, it becomes essential to adequately sample the population(s) being analyzed. Inadequate sampling may not only underestimate variation within any given population, but such an underestimate may confound any phylogenetic or population-specific conclusions implied by the data. Here we present inter- and intraspecific data on the molecular evolution of an approximately 1.0 kb intergenic HOXB6 sequence among humans, common chimpanzees, pygmy chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans. To date, this study represents the most comprehensive investigation of a noncoding nuclear locus among the great apes and humans that examines the nature and amount of intraspecific variation in DNA sequences. Not only do these HOXB6 data continue to support earlier findings that Homo sapiens sapiens has less genetic variation than any great ape species (Ruano et al., 1992; Deinard & Kidd, 1995), but they strongly suggest that a high level of genetic polymorphism existed within the common ancestor of the African ape clade (Homo-Pan-Gorilla). Despite detecting two nucleotide substitutions linking Pan and Homo, we caution against concluding that the HOXB6 data definitively support a Homo-Pan clade to the exclusion of Gorilla. Rather, we believe that taking into consideration the level of genetic polymorphism that is likely to have existed within the common ancestor, the most prudent conclusion that can be made from all available data, including morphological, karyotypic and genetic data, may be that speciation among Homo-Pan-Gorilla is best represented by a "trichotomy".
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Affiliation(s)
- A Deinard
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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23
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Bradley DM, Beaman FD, Moore DB, Kidd K, Heaton MB. Neurotrophic factors BDNF and GDNF protect embryonic chick spinal cord motoneurons from ethanol neurotoxicity in vivo. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1999; 112:99-106. [PMID: 9974163 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(98)00155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Maternal consumption of ethanol is widely recognized as a leading cause of mental and physical deficits. Many populations of the central nervous system are affected by the teratogenic effects of ethanol. Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) have been shown to protect against ethanol neurotoxicity in culture, although there have been no demonstrations of such protection in vivo, in specific neuronal populations. Previous studies have demonstrated that ethanol is toxic to developing chick embryo motoneurons when administered from embryonic day 10 (E10) to E15. NTFs such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) have been shown to support developing spinal cord motoneurons, and when exogenously applied, decrease naturally occurring cell death, and protect against axotomy. The concurrent delivery of BDNF or GDNF with ethanol to the embryonic chick from E10 to E15 was designed to examine the capacity of these NTFs to provide in vivo neuroprotection for this ethanol-sensitive motoneuron population. Analysis of motoneuron numbers indicated that both BDNF and GDNF provided protection to developing spinal cord motoneurons from ethanol toxicity, restoring motoneuron numbers to control levels. This study represents the first demonstration of in vivo neuroprotection from ethanol toxicity with respect to specific neuronal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Bradley
- University of Florida Brain Institute, Gainesville 32610-0244, USA
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24
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Abstract
DNA Workbench (DW) is a client-server database to manage physical mapping data that will form the basis for sequencing and efforts in biologically interesting regions of a chromosome. DW draws maps at different levels of resolution in either of two modes: proportional, when the sizes of objects and the physical distances between them are known accurately or approximately, and nonproportional, when most physical distance information in a region is not available, but order information is. DW interacts with the user primarily through the map graphic. Selection of individual objects on the graphic lets the user inspect and modify the underlying data. DW also manages dependency tracking between map objects and has a rudimentary form of version control. It is currently used to manage information on the DRD2 region on chromosome 11, and on the HOX region of chromosome 17.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nadkarni
- Center for Medical Informatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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25
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Grishko VP, Gettleman G, Kidd K, Fitts RH. METABOLITE PROFILE OF RHESUS SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS: EFFECT OF 16 DAY ESOP CONSTRAINT. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-199505001-01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Deficiency of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) has been previously reported in South American Indians. We therefore assayed five individuals from each of five South American Indian populations (Quechua, Karitiana, Ticuna, Surui, Guahiba), and two North American populations (Maya and Moskoke) for the presence of the Oriental ALDH2(2) variant. These samples were also surveyed for other alleles altering ALDH2 function. Allele-specific amplification assay (ASA) did not detect the ALDH2(2) allele in any of the New World populations studied. The entire coding sequence of the ALDH2 cDNA was enzymatically amplified in partially overlapping fragments. Each fragment was digested using restriction endonucleases and subfragments 148-285 b.p. in length were analyzed by the single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique. No variants were detected within the coding region of the ALDH2 gene in any of the seven American Indian populations. Three potentially correct explanations for these results are suggested. First, an ALDH2 polymorphism is present but undetectable by SSCP; second, none of the studied individuals were ALDH2 negative; third, the polymorphism occurs beyond the coding region of ALDH2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Novoradovsky
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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27
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Kozman HM, Keith TP, Donis-Keller H, White RL, Weissenbach J, Dean M, Vergnaud G, Kidd K, Gusella J, Royle NJ. The CEPH consortium linkage map of human chromosome 16. Genomics 1995; 25:44-58. [PMID: 7774955 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(95)80108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) consortium map of human chromosome 16 has been constructed. The map contains 158 loci defined by 191 different probe/restriction enzyme combinations or primer pairs. The marker genotypes, contributed by 9 collaborating laboratories, originated from the CEPH families DNA. A total of 60 loci, with an average heterozygosity of 68%, have been placed on the framework genetic map. The genetic map contains 7 genes. The length of the sex-averaged map is 165 cM, with a mean genetic distance between loci of 2.8 cM; the median distance between markers is 2.0 cM. The male map length is 136 cM, and the female map length is 197 cM. The map covers virtually the entire chromosome, from D16S85, within 170 to 430 kb of the 16p telomere, to D16S303 at 16qter. The markers included in the linkage map have been physically mapped on a partial human chromosome 16 somatic cell hybrid panel, thus anchoring the genetic map to the cytogenetic-based physical map.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Kozman
- Department of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
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28
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Canada A, Herman L, Kidd K, Robertson C, Trump D. Glutathione depletion increases the cytotoxicity of melphalan to PC-3, an androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cell line. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1993; 32:73-7. [PMID: 8462127 DOI: 10.1007/bf00685880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer that is androgen-insensitive is unresponsive to a wide spectrum of cytotoxic agents, including all of the alkylating agents. Since a major pathway for the detoxification of the alkylating agents is conjugation with glutathione (GSH), GSH depletion has proved to be effective as a technique to restore melphalan sensitivity in melphalan-resistant cancer cell lines. However, the effect of GSH depletion has not been widely studied in tumor cell lines that have not developed resistance due to previous exposure to alkylating agents. Thus, we decided to investigate GSH depletion as a technique to increase melphalan cytotoxicity to PC-3 cells, an androgen-insensitive prostate cancer line. After 2 and 6 h incubation with 0.25-5 microM melphalan, virtually no effect was observed on either clonogenic lethality or MTT viability until 5 microM exposures. A 24-h incubation of the cells with 100 microM buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, reduced the GSH content by 70%-75%. Following GSH depletion, an increase in clonogenic lethality and a decrease in MTT viability occurred after exposure to concentrations as low as 0.25 microM. The dose modification factor ranged from 2.9 after 2 h incubation to 4.5 at 6 h. These results provide support for additional studies in prostate cancer for further investigation of GSH depletion as a technique to induce sensitivity to alkylating agents in this chemotherapy-resistant tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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29
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Williamson R, Bowcock A, Kidd K, Pearson P, Schmidtke J, Ceverha P, Chipperfield M, Cooper D, Coutelle C, Hewitt J, Klinger K, Langley K, Beckmann J, Tolley M, Maidak B, Hewett D, Linch C, Maslen G. Report of the DNA committee and catalogues of cloned and mapped genes, markers formatted for PCR and DNA polymorphisms (Part 13 of 27). Cytogenet Genome Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1159/000317225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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30
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Williamson R, Bowcock A, Kidd K, Pearson P, Schmidtke J, Ceverha P, Chipperfield M, Cooper D, Coutelle C, Hewitt J, Klinger K, Langley K, Beckmann J, Tolley M, Maidak B, Hewett D, Linch C, Maslen G. Report of the DNA committee and catalogues of cloned and mapped genes, markers formatted for PCR and DNA polymorphisms (Part 26 of 27). Cytogenet Genome Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1159/000317239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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31
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Williamson R, Bowcock A, Kidd K, Pearson P, Schmidtke J, Ceverha P, Chipperfield M, Cooper D, Coutelle C, Hewitt J, Klinger K, Langley K, Beckmann J, Tolley M, Maidak B, Hewett D, Linch C, Maslen G. Report of the DNA committee and catalogues of cloned and mapped genes, markers formatted for PCR and DNA polymorphisms (Part 6 of 27). Cytogenet Genome Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1159/000317218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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32
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Williamson R, Bowcock A, Kidd K, Pearson P, Schmidtke J, Ceverha P, Chipperfield M, Cooper D, Coutelle C, Hewitt J, Klinger K, Langley K, Beckmann J, Tolley M, Maidak B, Hewett D, Linch C, Maslen G. Report of the DNA committee and catalogues of cloned and mapped genes, markers formatted for PCR and DNA polymorphisms (Part 18 of 27). Cytogenet Genome Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1159/000317230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Williamson R, Bowcock A, Kidd K, Pearson P, Schmidtke J, Ceverha P, Chipperfield M, Cooper D, Coutelle C, Hewitt J, Klinger K, Langley K, Beckmann J, Tolley M, Maidak B, Hewett D, Linch C, Maslen G. Report of the DNA committee and catalogues of cloned and mapped genes, markers formatted for PCR and DNA polymorphisms (Part 2 of 27). Cytogenet Genome Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1159/000317214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Williamson R, Bowcock A, Kidd K, Pearson P, Schmidtke J, Ceverha P, Chipperfield M, Cooper D, Coutelle C, Hewitt J, Klinger K, Langley K, Beckmann J, Tolley M, Maidak B, Hewett D, Linch C, Maslen G. Report of the DNA committee and catalogues of cloned and mapped genes, markers formatted for PCR and DNA polymorphisms (Part 15 of 27). Cytogenet Genome Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1159/000317227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Williamson R, Bowcock A, Kidd K, Pearson P, Schmidtke J, Ceverha P, Chipperfield M, Cooper D, Coutelle C, Hewitt J, Klinger K, Langley K, Beckmann J, Tolley M, Maidak B, Hewett D, Linch C, Maslen G. Report of the DNA committee and catalogues of cloned and mapped genes, markers formatted for PCR and DNA polymorphisms (Part 14 of 27). Cytogenet Genome Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1159/000317226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Williamson R, Bowcock A, Kidd K, Pearson P, Schmidtke J, Ceverha P, Chipperfield M, Cooper D, Coutelle C, Hewitt J, Klinger K, Langley K, Beckmann J, Tolley M, Maidak B, Hewett D, Linch C, Maslen G. Report of the DNA committee and catalogues of cloned and mapped genes, markers formatted for PCR and DNA polymorphisms (Part 20 of 27). Cytogenet Genome Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1159/000317232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Williamson R, Bowcock A, Kidd K, Pearson P, Schmidtke J, Ceverha P, Chipperfield M, Cooper D, Coutelle C, Hewitt J, Klinger K, Langley K, Beckmann J, Tolley M, Maidak B, Hewett D, Linch C, Maslen G. Report of the DNA committee and catalogues of cloned and mapped genes, markers formatted for PCR and DNA polymorphisms (Part 22 of 27). Cytogenet Genome Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1159/000317234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Williamson R, Bowcock A, Kidd K, Pearson P, Schmidtke J, Ceverha P, Chipperfield M, Cooper D, Coutelle C, Hewitt J, Klinger K, Langley K, Beckmann J, Tolley M, Maidak B, Hewett D, Linch C, Maslen G. Report of the DNA committee and catalogues of cloned and mapped genes, markers formatted for PCR and DNA polymorphisms (Part 11 of 27). Cytogenet Genome Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1159/000317223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Williamson R, Bowcock A, Kidd K, Pearson P, Schmidtke J, Ceverha P, Chipperfield M, Cooper D, Coutelle C, Hewitt J, Klinger K, Langley K, Beckmann J, Tolley M, Maidak B, Hewett D, Linch C, Maslen G. Report of the DNA committee and catalogues of cloned and mapped genes, markers formatted for PCR and DNA polymorphisms (Part 16 of 27). Cytogenet Genome Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1159/000317228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Williamson R, Bowcock A, Kidd K, Pearson P, Schmidtke J, Ceverha P, Chipperfield M, Cooper D, Coutelle C, Hewitt J, Klinger K, Langley K, Beckmann J, Tolley M, Maidak B, Hewett D, Linch C, Maslen G. Report of the DNA committee and catalogues of cloned and mapped genes, markers formatted for PCR and DNA polymorphisms (Part 23 of 27). Cytogenet Genome Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1159/000317235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Williamson R, Bowcock A, Kidd K, Pearson P, Schmidtke J, Ceverha P, Chipperfield M, Cooper D, Coutelle C, Hewitt J, Klinger K, Langley K, Beckmann J, Tolley M, Maidak B, Hewett D, Linch C, Maslen G. Report of the DNA committee and catalogues of cloned and mapped genes, markers formatted for PCR and DNA polymorphisms (Part 3 of 27). Cytogenet Genome Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1159/000317215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Williamson R, Bowcock A, Kidd K, Pearson P, Schmidtke J, Ceverha P, Chipperfield M, Cooper D, Coutelle C, Hewitt J, Klinger K, Langley K, Beckmann J, Tolley M, Maidak B, Hewett D, Linch C, Maslen G. Report of the DNA committee and catalogues of cloned and mapped genes, markers formatted for PCR and DNA polymorphisms (Part 12 of 27). Cytogenet Genome Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1159/000317224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Williamson R, Bowcock A, Kidd K, Pearson P, Schmidtke J, Ceverha P, Chipperfield M, Cooper D, Coutelle C, Hewitt J, Klinger K, Langley K, Beckmann J, Tolley M, Maidak B, Hewett D, Linch C, Maslen G. Report of the DNA committee and catalogues of cloned and mapped genes, markers formatted for PCR and DNA polymorphisms (Part 8 of 27). Cytogenet Genome Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1159/000317220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Williamson R, Bowcock A, Kidd K, Pearson P, Schmidtke J, Ceverha P, Chipperfield M, Cooper D, Coutelle C, Hewitt J, Klinger K, Langley K, Beckmann J, Tolley M, Maidak B, Hewett D, Linch C, Maslen G. Report of the DNA committee and catalogues of cloned and mapped genes, markers formatted for PCR and DNA polymorphisms (Part 5 of 27). Cytogenet Genome Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1159/000317217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Williamson R, Bowcock A, Kidd K, Pearson P, Schmidtke J, Ceverha P, Chipperfield M, Cooper D, Coutelle C, Hewitt J, Klinger K, Langley K, Beckmann J, Tolley M, Maidak B, Hewett D, Linch C, Maslen G. Report of the DNA committee and catalogues of cloned and mapped genes, markers formatted for PCR and DNA polymorphisms (Part 24 of 27). Cytogenet Genome Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1159/000317237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Williamson R, Bowcock A, Kidd K, Pearson P, Schmidtke J, Ceverha P, Chipperfield M, Cooper D, Coutelle C, Hewitt J, Klinger K, Langley K, Beckmann J, Tolley M, Maidak B, Hewett D, Linch C, Maslen G. Report of the DNA committee and catalogues of cloned and mapped genes, markers formatted for PCR and DNA polymorphisms (Part 7 of 27). Cytogenet Genome Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1159/000317219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Williamson R, Bowcock A, Kidd K, Pearson P, Schmidtke J, Ceverha P, Chipperfield M, Cooper D, Coutelle C, Hewitt J, Klinger K, Langley K, Beckmann J, Tolley M, Maidak B, Hewett D, Linch C, Maslen G. Report of the DNA committee and catalogues of cloned and mapped genes, markers formatted for PCR and DNA polymorphisms (Part 9 of 27). Cytogenet Genome Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1159/000317221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Williamson R, Bowcock A, Kidd K, Pearson P, Schmidtke J, Ceverha P, Chipperfield M, Cooper D, Coutelle C, Hewitt J, Klinger K, Langley K, Beckmann J, Tolley M, Maidak B, Hewett D, Linch C, Maslen G. Report of the DNA committee and catalogues of cloned and mapped genes, markers formatted for PCR and DNA polymorphisms (Part 17 of 27). Cytogenet Genome Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1159/000317229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Williamson R, Bowcock A, Kidd K, Pearson P, Schmidtke J, Ceverha P, Chipperfield M, Cooper D, Coutelle C, Hewitt J, Klinger K, Langley K, Beckmann J, Tolley M, Maidak B, Hewett D, Linch C, Maslen G. Report of the DNA committee and catalogues of cloned and mapped genes, markers formatted for PCR and DNA polymorphisms. Cytogenet Genome Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1159/000133727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Williamson R, Bowcock A, Kidd K, Pearson P, Schmidtke J, Ceverha P, Chipperfield M, Cooper D, Coutelle C, Hewitt J, Klinger K, Langley K, Beckmann J, Tolley M, Maidak B, Hewett D, Linch C, Maslen G. Report of the DNA committee and catalogues of cloned and mapped genes, markers formatted for PCR and DNA polymorphisms (Part 19 of 27). Cytogenet Genome Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1159/000317231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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