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Eriksson U, Mueller JF, Toms LML, Hobson P, Kärrman A. Temporal trends of PFSAs, PFCAs and selected precursors in Australian serum from 2002 to 2013. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:168-177. [PMID: 27726977 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a family of compounds that includes numerous compound classes. To date, only a subset of these PFASs have been studied thoroughly in the general population. In this study, pooled serum samples from Australia collected in 2002-2013 were analyzed for PFASs according to gender and age (age categories of 0-4 years, 5-15 years, 16-30 years, 31-45 years, 46-60 years, and >60 years), in total 54 pooled samples and 4920 individuals. Compound classes included were perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs), and two groups of PFCA precursor compounds; polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters (diPAPs), and fluorotelomer sulfonic acids (FTSAs). Several PFASs that were not reported in previous studies of Australian serum samples were found in this sample set including; diPAPs, FTSAs, perfluoropentane sulfonic acid (PFPeS), perfluoroheptane sulfonic acid (PFHpS), perfluoroheptane carboxylic acid (PFHpA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA), and perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA). Various temporal trends were observed with a significant reduction (p < 0.05) between 2002 and 2013 for 8:2 FTSA, perflurohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), PFHpS, PFOS, and perflurooctanoic acid (PFOA). Levels of longer-chained PFDA and PFUnDA started to decrease more recently, between 2006 and 2013, while PFDoDA increased during the same time period. Higher levels in younger age groups (0-4 and 5-15 years) compared to adults (>15 years) were found for 8:2 FTSA and PFHpA, while levels of PFHpS, PFOS, PFUnDA, PFDoDA and PFTrDA were higher in adult age groups compared to younger age groups. Gender-specific patterns were seen for PFOA, PFHxS, PFHpS and PFOS, where levels were lower in women. Changes in manufacturing processes were reflected in the temporal time trends, and differences in bioaccumulation potential between homologues could be associated with age trends. Our results emphasize the importance of including emerging classes of PFASs in biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Eriksson
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Entox, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Leisa-Maree L Toms
- School of Public Health and Social Work and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia.
| | - Peter Hobson
- Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Australia.
| | - Anna Kärrman
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
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102
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Occurrence, temporal trends, and half-lives of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in occupational workers in China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38039. [PMID: 27905562 PMCID: PMC5131319 DOI: 10.1038/srep38039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Paired serum and urine samples were collected from workers in a fluorochemical plant from 2008 to 2012 (n = 302) to investigate the level, temporal trends, and half-lives of PFAAs in workers of a fluorochemical plant. High levels of perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) were detected in serum with median concentrations of 764, 427, and 1725 ng mL−1, respectively. The half-lives of PFAAs in workers were estimated by daily clearance rates and annual decline rates of PFAAs in serum by a first-order model. The geometric mean and median value for PFHxS, PFOA, and PFOS were 14.7 and 11.7, 4.1 and 4.0, 32.6 and 21.6 years, respectively, by the daily clearance rates, and they were 3.6, 1.7, and 1.9 years estimated by annual decline rates. The half-lives estimated by the limited clearance route information could be considered as the upper limits for PFAAs, however, the huge difference between two estimated approaches indicated that there were other important elimination pathways of PFAAs other than renal clearance in human. The half-lives estimated by annual decline rates in the present study were the shortest values ever reported, and the intrinsic half-lives might even shorter due to the high levels of ongoing exposure to PFAAs.
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103
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Stubleski J, Salihovic S, Lind L, Lind PM, van Bavel B, Kärrman A. Changes in serum levels of perfluoroalkyl substances during a 10-year follow-up period in a large population-based cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 95:86-92. [PMID: 27542758 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of man-made fluorinated chemicals which have, at background levels, been associated with negative health effects in humans. Thus far, most human biomonitoring studies have evaluated the general change in PFAS concentration over time by continuously testing various individuals. This is one of the few studies to report the longitudinal trend of a range of PFAS concentrations in humans. In addition, this is the first known longitudinal study to include a large background level exposed cohort of both men and women with the same age and location who were repeatedly sampled from 2001 to 2014. The longitudinal change in concentration of eight PFASs detected in serum collected from the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) cohort were determined and compared to results from general population studies. The sex-dependent changes in PFAS concentrations over time were also assessed. Serum was sampled from the same individuals at ages 70 (collection period 2001-2004), 75 (2006-2009) and 80 (2011-2014,). Eight (C6-11) of fourteen (C4-13) analyzed PFASs were usually detected in over 75% of individuals and assessed using a random effects (mixed) model. In the 579 individuals attending all three examinations, PFOSA and PFOS concentrations significantly decreased, while the remaining six PFASs significantly increased between ages 70 and 75. However, between ages 75 and 80 all PFAS concentrations significantly decreased. Overall from age 70 to 80, concentrations of PFHxS, PFUnDA, PFNA, and PFDA showed a significant increase (7% to 34%), whereas concentrations of PFOSA, PFHpA, PFOS, and PFOA (-75% to -27%) significantly decreased. Over time PFHxS concentrations increased more among women, while PFHpA concentrations showed a greater decrease among men. From age 70 to age 80, spanning from 2001-2004 to 2011-2014, the PIVUS cohort showed decreases in circulating levels of some PFASs phased out of production with the exception of PFHxS and C>8 PFASs. Contrary to other studies, PFHxS concentrations showed the greatest overall increase, which is likely attributed to a local drinking water contamination incident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Stubleski
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 70182 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Samira Salihovic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75141 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Monica Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bert van Bavel
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 70182 Örebro, Sweden; Norwegian Institute for Water Research, NIVA, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Kärrman
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 70182 Örebro, Sweden
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104
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Goudarzi H, Miyashita C, Okada E, Kashino I, Kobayashi S, Chen CJ, Ito S, Araki A, Matsuura H, Ito YM, Kishi R. Effects of prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids on prevalence ofallergic diseases among 4-year-old children. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:124-132. [PMID: 27236407 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are ubiquitous chemicals extremely resistant and widespread throughout the environment, frequently being detected in human blood samples. Animal studies have revealed that exposure to PFAAs results in immunotoxicity. However, the association between PFAAs, especially long-chain PFAAs, and allergies in humans is not well established. We examined whether prenatal exposure to PFAAs is associated with allergic diseases among 4-year-old children in a large-scale prospective birth cohort in Hokkaido, Japan. In total, 1558 mother-child pairs were included in this study and prenatal levels of eleven PFAAs were measured in maternal plasma samples obtained between 28 and 32weeks of pregnancy by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Participant demographic and characteristic information were obtained from self-administered pre- and postnatal questionnaires and medical birth records. Infant allergies were assessed using the Japanese version of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Three questionnaire, which was administered 4years post-delivery. Symptoms included eczema, wheezing and rhinoconjunctivitis with a prevalence of 19.0%, 18.7%, and 5.4%, respectively. Associations of PFAA quartiles with allergic outcomes were examined using logistic models. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) in the 4th quartile vs. 1st quartile (Q4 vs. Q1) for total allergic diseases (including at least one allergic outcome) significantly decreased for perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDa) (Q4 vs. Q1 OR: 0.621; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.454, 0.847) and perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) (Q4 vs. Q1 OR: 0.712; 95% CI: 0.524, 0.966) in all children. We obtained similar results when examining the association between PFAAs and eczema. The adjusted OR (Q4 vs. Q1) for wheezing in relation to higher maternal PFHxS levels was 0.728 (95% CI: 0.497, 1.06) in all children. In conclusion, prenatal exposure to long-chain PFAAs, such as PFDoDa and PFTrDA may have an immunosuppressive effect on allergic diseases in 4-year-old children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Goudarzi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12 West 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12 West 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Emiko Okada
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Ikuko Kashino
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12 West 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Sumitaka Kobayashi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12 West 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Chi-Jen Chen
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12 West 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Department of Public Health, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Sachiko Ito
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12 West 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Atsuko Araki
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12 West 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Matsuura
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12 West 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yoichi M Ito
- Department of Biostatistics, Division of Advanced Medical Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12 West 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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105
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Halsne R, Tandberg JI, Lobert VH, Østby GC, Thoen E, Ropstad E, Verhaegen S. Effects of perfluorinated alkyl acids on cellular responses of MCF-10A mammary epithelial cells in monolayers and on acini formation in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2016; 259:95-107. [PMID: 27511595 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) are stable chemicals detected in tissue and serum from various species, including humans, and have been linked to adverse health outcomes. Experimental PFAA exposure in rodents has been associated with changes in mammary gland development. The estrogen receptor (ER)-negative human breast epithelial cell line, MCF-10A, can be grown as monolayer, but also has the ability to form three-dimensional acini in vitro, reflecting aspects of mammary glandular morphogenesis. Cells were exposed to five different PFAAs, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), both in monolayer and acini cultures. In monolayer cultures only the higher concentrations of PFOS, PFNA and PFDA (400-500μM) caused a significant increase in cell death, whereas PFOA and PFUnDA had no effect. Normal acini maturation was negatively impacted by PFOS, PFNA and PFDA already at the lowest concentration tested (0.6μM). Observed effects included loss of organization of the cell clusters and absence of a hollow lumen. Overall, this study demonstrated that PFAAs can interfere with cellular events related to normal development of glandular breast tissue through ER-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Halsne
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Julia Isabel Tandberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, Oslo University, P.O. Box 1068, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Viola Hélène Lobert
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunn Charlotte Østby
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Even Thoen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik Ropstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven Verhaegen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway
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106
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Grandjean P. Paracelsus Revisited: The Dose Concept in a Complex World. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 119:126-32. [PMID: 27214290 PMCID: PMC4942381 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
At the time that Paracelsus coined his famous dictum, 'What is there that is not poison? All things are poison and nothing is without poison. Solely the dose determines that a thing is not a poison', embryonic toxicology was a fairly focused discipline that mainly dealt with occupational poisonings and side effects of pharmaceuticals, such as mercury. While Paracelsus paved the way for the modern threshold concept and the no-adverse effect level, modern-day toxicology is now tussling with highly complex issues, such as developmental exposures, genetic predisposition and other sources of hypersusceptibility, multiple causes of underestimated toxicity, and the continuous presence of uncertainty, even in regard to otherwise well-studied mercury compounds. Further, the wealth of industrial chemicals now challenges the 'untested-chemical assumption', that the lack of documentation means that toxic potentials can be ignored. Unfortunately, in its ambition to provide solid evidence, toxicology has been pushed into almost endless replications, as evidenced by the thousands of toxicology publications every year that focus on toxic metals, including mercury, while less well-known hazards are ignored. From a public health viewpoint, toxicology needs to provide better guidance on decision-making under ever-present uncertainty. In this role, we need to learn from the stalwart Paracelsus the insistence on relying on facts rather than authority alone to protect against chemical hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Grandjean
- Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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107
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Jin H, Zhang Y, Jiang W, Zhu L, Martin JW. Isomer-Specific Distribution of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Blood. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7808-7815. [PMID: 27295125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) such as perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and PFOS-precursors are routinely measured in human plasma and serum, but their relative abundance in the blood cell fraction has not been carefully examined, particularly at the isomer-specific level. Human plasma and whole blood were collected and partitioning behaviors of PFASs and their isomers between plasma and blood cells were investigated. In human samples, mass fraction in plasma (Fp) for PFASs increased among perfluoroalkyl carboxylates as the carbon chain length increased from C6 (mean 0.24) to C11 (0.87), indicating preference for the plasma fraction with increasing chain length. However, among perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, PFHxS (mean 0.87) had a slightly higher Fp than PFOS (0.85). In vitro assays with spiked Sprague-Dawley rat blood were also conducted, and the results showed that PFOS-precursors had lower Fp values than perfluoroalkyl acids, with perfluoroctanesulfonamide having the lowest Fp (mean 0.24). Consistently, linear isomers of PFOS and PFOS-precursors had lower mean Fp than their corresponding total branched isomers. Multiplying by a factor of 2 is not a reasonable method to convert from whole blood to plasma PFAS concentrations, and current ratios could be used as more accurate conversion factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin, P.R. China
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin, P.R. China
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- South China Institute of Environmental Science , Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2G3
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108
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Kwon EJ, Shin JS, Kim BM, Shah-Kulkarni S, Park H, Kho YL, Park EA, Kim YJ, Ha EH. Prenatal Exposure to Perfluorinated Compounds Affects Birth Weight Through GSTM1 Polymorphism. J Occup Environ Med 2016; 58:e198-205. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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109
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Reiner JL, Blaine AC, Higgins CP, Huset C, Jenkins TM, Kwadijk CJAF, Lange CC, Muir DCG, Reagen WK, Rich C, Small JM, Strynar MJ, Washington JW, Yoo H, Keller JM. Polyfluorinated substances in abiotic standard reference materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 407:2975-83. [PMID: 26005739 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has a wide range of Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) which have values assigned for legacy organic pollutants and toxic elements. Existing SRMs serve as homogenous materials that can be used for method development, method validation, and measurement for contaminants that are now of concern. NIST and multiple groups have been measuring the mass fraction of a group of emerging contaminants, polyfluorinated substances (PFASs), in a variety of SRMs. Here we report levels determined in an interlaboratory comparison of up to 23 PFASs determined in five SRMs: sediment (SRMs 1941b and 1944), house dust (SRM 2585), soil (SRM 2586), and sludge (SRM 2781). Measurements presented show an array of PFASs, with perfluorooctane sulfonate being the most frequently detected. SRMs 1941b, 1944, and 2586 had relatively low concentrations of most PFASs measured while 23 PFASs were at detectable levels in SRM 2585 and most of the PFASs measured were at detectable levels in SRM 2781. The measurements made in this study were used to add values to the Certificates of Analysis for SRMs 2585 and 2781.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Reiner
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Mail Stop 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8392, USA.
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110
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Rosenmai AK, Taxvig C, Svingen T, Trier X, van Vugt-Lussenburg BMA, Pedersen M, Lesné L, Jégou B, Vinggaard AM. Fluorinated alkyl substances and technical mixtures used in food paper-packaging exhibit endocrine-related activity in vitro. Andrology 2016; 4:662-72. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. K. Rosenmai
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention, and Toxicology; National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg Denmark
| | - C. Taxvig
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention, and Toxicology; National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg Denmark
| | - T. Svingen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention, and Toxicology; National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg Denmark
| | - X. Trier
- Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry; National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg Denmark
| | | | - M. Pedersen
- Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry; National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg Denmark
| | - L. Lesné
- Inserm (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale); IRSET, U1085; Rennes CEDEX France
- Université de Rennes I; Rennes CEDEX France
| | - B. Jégou
- Inserm (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale); IRSET, U1085; Rennes CEDEX France
- Université de Rennes I; Rennes CEDEX France
- EHESP - School of Public Health; Rennes CEDEX France
| | - A. M. Vinggaard
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention, and Toxicology; National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søborg Denmark
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111
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Bjerregaard-Olesen C, Bach CC, Long M, Ghisari M, Bossi R, Bech BH, Nohr EA, Henriksen TB, Olsen J, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC. Time trends of perfluorinated alkyl acids in serum from Danish pregnant women 2008-2013. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 91:14-21. [PMID: 26891270 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to estimate the levels and time trends of perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) in serum of 1533 Danish pregnant nulliparous women between 2008 and 2013. The selection criterion of only including nulliparous women was chosen to avoid confounding from parity. The serum samples were analyzed for sixteen PFAAs using solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We investigated the time trends for seven PFAAs, which were detected in more than 50% of the samples: perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluoroheptane sulfonate (PFHpS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA). We found that the serum levels of all seven PFAAs decreased during the period from 2008 to 2013; on average PFHxS decreased with 7.0% per year, PFHpS with 14.8%, PFOS with 9.3%, PFOA with 9.1%, PFNA with 6.2%, PFDA with 6.3%, and PFUnA with 7.1% per year. Adjustment for maternal age, body mass index (BMI), educational level and gestational age at blood sampling did not change the time trends much. To our knowledge, we are the first to report decreasing trends of PFNA, PFDA and PFUnA since year 2000, thereby indicating that the phase-out of these compounds are beginning to show an effect on human serum levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bjerregaard-Olesen
- Centre for Arctic Health & Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cathrine C Bach
- Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark
| | - Manhai Long
- Centre for Arctic Health & Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mandana Ghisari
- Centre for Arctic Health & Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Bodil H Bech
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Research Unit for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tine B Henriksen
- Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark
| | - Jørn Olsen
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eva C Bonefeld-Jørgensen
- Centre for Arctic Health & Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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112
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The Current Epidemiologic Evidence on Exposures to Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) and Male Reproductive Health. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40471-016-0071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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113
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Naile JE, Garrison AW, Avants JK, Washington JW. Isomers/enantiomers of perfluorocarboxylic acids: Method development and detection in environmental samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1722-1728. [PMID: 26519804 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances are globally distributed in both urban and remote settings, and routinely are detected in wildlife, humans, and the environment. One of the most prominent and routinely detected perfluoroalkyl substances is perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which has been shown to be toxic to both humans and animals. PFOA exists as both linear and branched isomers; some of the branched isomers are chiral. A novel GC-NCI-MS method was developed to allow for isomer/enantiomer separation, which was achieved using two columns working in tandem; a 30-m DB-5MS column and a 30-m BGB-172 Analytik column. Samples were derivatized with diazomethane to form methyl esters of the PFOA isomers. In standards, at least eight PFOA isomers were detected, of which at least four were enantiomers of chiral isomers; one chiral isomer (P3) was sufficiently separated to allow for enantiomer-fraction calculations. Soil, sediment and plant samples from contaminated locations in Alabama and Georgia were analyzed. P3 was observed in most of these environmental samples, and was non-racemic in at least one sediment, suggesting the possibility of chirally selective generation from precursors or enantioselective sorption. In addition, the ratio of P3/linear PFOA was inversely related to distance from source, which we suggest might reflect a higher sorption affinity for the P3 over the linear isomer. This method focuses on PFOA, but preliminary results suggest that it should be broadly applicable to other chiral and achiral perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs); e.g., we detected several other homologous PFCA isomers in our PFCA standards and some environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Naile
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - A Wayne Garrison
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Athens, GA, 30605, USA.
| | | | - John W Washington
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Athens, GA, 30605, USA.
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114
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Chang ET, Adami HO, Boffetta P, Wedner HJ, Mandel JS. A critical review of perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate exposure and immunological health conditions in humans. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46:279-331. [PMID: 26761418 PMCID: PMC4819831 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1122573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Whether perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), two widely used and biopersistent synthetic chemicals, are immunotoxic in humans is unclear. Accordingly, this article systematically and critically reviews the epidemiologic evidence on the association between exposure to PFOA and PFOS and various immune-related health conditions in humans. Twenty-four epidemiologic studies have reported associations of PFOA and/or PFOS with immune-related health conditions, including ten studies of immune biomarker levels or gene expression patterns, ten studies of atopic or allergic disorders, five studies of infectious diseases, four studies of vaccine responses, and five studies of chronic inflammatory or autoimmune conditions (with several studies evaluating multiple endpoints). Asthma, the most commonly studied condition, was evaluated in seven studies. With few, often methodologically limited studies of any particular health condition, generally inconsistent results, and an inability to exclude confounding, bias, or chance as an explanation for observed associations, the available epidemiologic evidence is insufficient to reach a conclusion about a causal relationship between exposure to PFOA and PFOS and any immune-related health condition in humans. When interpreting such studies, an immunodeficiency should not be presumed to exist when there is no evidence of a clinical abnormality. Large, prospective studies with repeated exposure assessment in independent populations are needed to confirm some suggestive associations with certain endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen T Chang
- a Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc , Menlo Park , CA , USA ;,b Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Hans-Olov Adami
- c Department of Epidemiology , Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- d Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute , New York , NY , USA
| | - H James Wedner
- e Division of Allergy and Immunology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Jack S Mandel
- a Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc , Menlo Park , CA , USA
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115
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Association between perfluorinated compound concentrations in cord serum and birth weight using multiple regression models. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 59:53-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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116
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Martín J, Rodríguez-Gómez R, Zafra-Gómez A, Alonso E, Vílchez JL, Navalón A. Validated method for the determination of perfluorinated compounds in placental tissue samples based on a simple extraction procedure followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Talanta 2015; 150:169-76. [PMID: 26838396 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotic exposure during pregnancy is inevitable. Determination of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), chemicals described as environmental contaminants by Public Health Authorities due to their persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity, is a challenge. In the present work, a method based on a simplified sample treatment involving freeze-drying, solvent extraction and dispersive clean-up of the extracts using C18 sorbents followed by an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis was developed and validated for the determination of five perfluorinated carboxylic acids (C4-C8) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in placental tissue samples. The most influential parameters affecting the extraction method and clean-up were optimized using Design of Experiments (DOE). The method was validated using matrix-matched calibration. Found limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.03 to 2 ng g(-1) and limits of quantification (LOQs) from 0.08 to 6 ng g(-1), while inter- and intra-day variability was under 14% in all cases. Recovery rates for spiked samples ranged from 94% to 113%. The method was satisfactorily applied for the determination of compounds in human placental tissue samples collected at delivery from 25 randomly selected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Martín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Superior Polytechnic School, University of Seville, C/Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain
| | - R Rodríguez-Gómez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - A Zafra-Gómez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - E Alonso
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Superior Polytechnic School, University of Seville, C/Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain
| | - J L Vílchez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - A Navalón
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain
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117
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Worley RR, Fisher J. Application of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to explore the role of kidney transporters in renal reabsorption of perfluorooctanoic acid in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 289:428-41. [PMID: 26522833 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Renal elimination and the resulting clearance of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from the serum exhibit pronounced sex differences in the adult rat. The literature suggests that this is largely due to hormonally regulated expression of organic anion transporters (OATs) on the apical and basolateral membranes of the proximal tubule cells that facilitate excretion and reabsorption of PFOA from the filtrate into the blood. Previously developed PBPK models of PFOA exposure in the rat have not been parameterized to specifically account for transporter-mediated renal elimination. We developed a PBPK model for PFOA in male and female rats to explore the role of Oat1, Oat3, and Oatp1a1 in sex-specific renal reabsorption and excretion of PFOA. Descriptions of the kinetic behavior of these transporters were extrapolated from in vitro studies and the model was used to simulate time-course serum, liver, and urine data for intravenous (IV) and oral exposures in both sexes. Model predicted concentrations of PFOA in the liver, serum, and urine showed good agreement with experimental data for both male and female rats indicating that in vitro derived physiological descriptions of transporter-mediated renal reabsorption can successfully predict sex-dependent excretion of PFOA in the rat. This study supports the hypothesis that sex-specific serum half-lives for PFOA are largely driven by expression of transporters in the kidney and contribute to the development of PBPK modeling as a tool for evaluating the role of transporters in renal clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Rogers Worley
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Community Health Investigations, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States; Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, 341 Pharmacy South, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
| | - Jeffrey Fisher
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, 341 Pharmacy South, Athens, GA 30602, United States; Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
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118
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Gribble MO, Bartell SM, Kannan K, Wu Q, Fair PA, Kamen DL. Longitudinal measures of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in serum of Gullah African Americans in South Carolina: 2003-2013. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 143:82-8. [PMID: 25819541 PMCID: PMC4583839 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Charleston Harbor has elevated concentrations of PFAS in dolphins, but local human exposure data are limited. OBJECTIVES We sought to describe PFAS serum concentrations' temporal trends among Gullah African American residents of coastal South Carolina. METHODS Longitudinal measures of PFAS in blood serum from a Gullah clinical sample, without lupus, were examined using spaghetti plots and visit-to-visit change scores (e.g., differences in concentrations between visits) among the 68 participants with repeated measures available. We also modeled population-level trends among the 71 participants with any data using proportionate percentile models, accounting for clustering through robust standard errors. In a post-hoc analysis we examined heterogeneity of temporal trends by age through mixed-effects models for the log-transformed PFAS compounds. RESULTS Population concentrations of PFOS dropped approximately 9 (95% CI: 8, 10) percent each year over 2003-2013. This was concordant with individual PFOS trajectories (median PFOS change score -21.7 ng/g wet weight, interquartile range of PFOS change scores: -32.8, -14.9) and reports for other populations over this time period. Several other compounds including PFOA, PFHxS, and PFuNDA also showed a population-level decrease. However, examination of individual trajectories suggested substantial heterogeneity. Post-hoc analyses indicated that PFAS trajectories were heterogeneous by age. CONCLUSIONS Many PFAS compounds are decreasing in a sample of Gullah African Americans from coastal South Carolina. There may be age differences in the elimination kinetics of PFASs. The possible role of age as a modifier of PFAS serum trends merits further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O Gribble
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Scott M Bartell
- Program in Public Health and Department of Statistics; University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Qian Wu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Patricia A Fair
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environmental Health & Biomolecular Research, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Diane L Kamen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston, SC, USA
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119
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Kato H, Fujii S, Takahashi M, Matsumoto M, Hirata-Koizumi M, Ono A, Hirose A. Repeated dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity of perfluorododecanoic acid in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:1244-63. [PMID: 24753098 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are a series of environmental contaminants that have received attention because of their possible adverse effects on wildlife and human health. Although many toxicological studies have been performed on perfluorooctanoic acid with carbon chain length C8, available toxicity data on PFCAs with longer chains are still insufficient to evaluate their hazard. A combined repeated dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity screening study for perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA; C12) was conducted in accordance with OECD guideline 422 to fill these toxicity data gaps. PFDoA was administered by gavage to male and female rats at 0.1, 0.5, or 2.5 mg/kg/day. The administration of PFDoA at 0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg/day for 42-47 days mainly affected the liver, in which hypertrophy, necrosis, and inflammatory cholestasis were noted. Body weight gain was markedly inhibited in the 2.5 mg/kg/day group, and a decrease in hematopoiesis in the bone marrow and atrophic changes in the spleen, thymus, and adrenal gland were also observed. Regarding reproductive/developmental toxicity, various histopathological changes, including decreased spermatid and spermatozoa counts, were observed in the male reproductive organs, while continuous diestrous was observed in the females of the 2.5 mg/kg/day group. Seven of twelve females receiving 2.5 mg/kg/day died during late pregnancy while four other females in this group did not deliver live pups. No reproductive or developmental parameters changed at 0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg/day. Based on these results, the NOAELs of PFDoA were concluded to be 0.1 mg/kg/day for repeated dose toxicity and 0.5 mg/kg/day for reproductive/developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Kato
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Sakiko Fujii
- Safety Research Institute for Chemical Compounds Co., Ltd., 363-24 Sin-ei, Kiyota-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 004-0839, Japan
| | - Mika Takahashi
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Mariko Matsumoto
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Mutsuko Hirata-Koizumi
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiko Hirose
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
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120
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Ng CA, Hungerbuehler K. Exploring the Use of Molecular Docking to Identify Bioaccumulative Perfluorinated Alkyl Acids (PFAAs). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12306-14. [PMID: 26393377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Methods to predict the bioaccumulation potential of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are sorely needed, given the proliferation of these substances and lack of data on their properties and behavior. Here, we test whether molecular docking, a technique where interactions between proteins and ligands are simulated to predict both bound conformation and interaction affinity, can be used to predict PFAS binding strength and biological half-life. We show that an easy-to-implement docking program, Autodock Vina, can successfully redock perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) to human serum albumin with deviations smaller than 2 Å. Furthermore, predicted binding strengths largely fall within one standard deviation of measured values for perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs). Correlations with half-lives suggest both membrane partitioning and protein interactions are important, and that serum albumin is only one of a number of proteins controlling the fate of these chemicals in organisms. However, few data are available for validation of our approach as a broad screening tool, and available data are highly variable. We therefore call for collection of new data, particularly including proteins other than serum albumin and substances beyond perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and PFOS. The methods we discuss in this work can serve as a framework for guiding such data collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Ng
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Hungerbuehler
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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121
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Wilhelm M, Wittsiepe J, Völkel W, Fromme H, Kasper-Sonnenberg M. Perfluoroalkyl acids in children and their mothers: Association with drinking water and time trends of inner exposures—Results of the Duisburg birth cohort and Bochum cohort studies. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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122
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De Felip E, Abballe A, Albano FL, Battista T, Carraro V, Conversano M, Franchini S, Giambanco L, Iacovella N, Ingelido AM, Maiorana A, Maneschi F, Marra V, Mercurio A, Nale R, Nucci B, Panella V, Pirola F, Porpora MG, Procopio E, Suma N, Valentini S, Valsenti L, Vecchiè V. Current exposure of Italian women of reproductive age to PFOS and PFOA: A human biomonitoring study. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 137:1-8. [PMID: 25965289 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) concentrations were determined in serum samples collected in 2011-2012 from 549 nulliparous Italian women of reproductive age who resided in six different Italian Regions. Assessment of exposure to perfluorinated compounds was part of a large human biomonitoring study (Project Life Plus "Womenbiopop") that aimed at examining the exposure of women of reproductive age to priority organic pollutants. The median concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were 2.43, and 1.55 ng g(-1), respectively. Significant differences in the concentrations of both compounds were observed among the six Regions. Women from central Italy had the highest levels of both compounds, followed by women from northern Italy, and southern Italy. No differences in the PFOS concentrations were found between women from urban/industrial areas and women from rural areas, whereas the levels of PFOA were significantly higher in women residing in urban/industrial areas than in women residing in rural areas. Taken together, the observed concentrations confirm that the overall exposure of the Italian population is among the lowest observed in industrialized countries. A downward temporal trend in exposure was observed for both compounds when comparing the results from the present study with those assessed in a study conducted in 2008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Felip
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e connessa Prevenzione Primaria, Roma, Italy
| | - Annalisa Abballe
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e connessa Prevenzione Primaria, Roma, Italy
| | - Fulvia Lucia Albano
- Ospedale Ostetrico Ginecologico Sant'Anna, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Valter Carraro
- Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari della Provincia Autonoma di Trento, Unità Operativa Igiene e Sanità Pubblica, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Silva Franchini
- Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari della Provincia Autonoma di Trento, Unità Operativa Igiene e Sanità Pubblica, Trento, Italy
| | - Laura Giambanco
- Azienda di rilievo Nazionale e di Alta Specializzazione, Ospedale Civico di Palermo, U.O.C. di Ginecologia e Ostetricia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicola Iacovella
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e connessa Prevenzione Primaria, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Ingelido
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e connessa Prevenzione Primaria, Roma, Italy.
| | - Antonio Maiorana
- Azienda di rilievo Nazionale e di Alta Specializzazione, Ospedale Civico di Palermo, U.O.C. di Ginecologia e Ostetricia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Maneschi
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Latina, P.O. Nord "S. Maria Goretti", U.O.C. Ostetricia e Ginecologia, Latina, Italy
| | - Valentina Marra
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e connessa Prevenzione Primaria, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonella Mercurio
- Azienda di rilievo Nazionale e di Alta Specializzazione, Ospedale Civico di Palermo, U.O.C. di Ginecologia e Ostetricia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberta Nale
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Latina, P.O. Nord "S. Maria Goretti", U.O.C. Ostetricia e Ginecologia, Latina, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Maria Grazia Porpora
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ginecologiche e Ostetriche eScienze Urologiche - Università di Roma, "Sapienza" Roma, Italy
| | | | | | - Silvia Valentini
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e connessa Prevenzione Primaria, Roma, Italy
| | - Luisa Valsenti
- ex ASL 4 Terni (now ASL Umbria 2), U.O.C. Igiene e Sanità Pubblica, Terni, Italy
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Chen X, Zhu L, Pan X, Fang S, Zhang Y, Yang L. Isomeric specific partitioning behaviors of perfluoroalkyl substances in water dissolved phase, suspended particulate matters and sediments in Liao River Basin and Taihu Lake, China. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 80:235-244. [PMID: 26005784 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and distribution of eleven perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and the isomers of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) were investigated in water dissolved phase, sediment and suspended particulate matter (SPM) in two typical watersheds in China: Liao River Basin and Taihu Lake. The total concentrations of the PFASs in the dissolved phase were 44.4-781 ng/L in Liao River with high contribution of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) (75.7%) and PFOA (9.86%). The ∑PFASs in the dissolved phase in Taihu Lake was 17.2-94.4 ng/L with PFOA (39.8%), perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA) (30.1%) and PFOS (16.8%) as the dominant PFASs. The log Koc values of the PFASs in both SPM and sediment increased with increasing the perfluorinated carbon chain length. In Liao River Basin, the long chain perfluorocarboxylates (C10-12) bound with SPM contributed >30% to the total amount in water, suggesting that SPM could not be ignored when the environmental load of long chain PFASs in water was assessed. For the isomers of PFOA, PFOS and PFOSA, the linear isomers always displayed higher partition coefficients on particulate phases than the branched ones. An established isomer-profiling technique was applied to assess the relative contributions of various industrial origins for PFOA. In Liao River, when SPM was included in the water samples, there were contributions of PFOA from electrochemical fluorination (ECF) (∼55%), linear telomer (∼41%) and isopropyl telomer (∼4%) sources. While, the results based on the dissolved phase alone indicated more contribution of ECF (∼70%) source and lower contribution from linear telomer (∼26%) source. The discrepancy suggests that omitting SPM from water samples might lead to misunderstanding on the industrial origins of PFOA. In Taihu Lake, the isomer profile of PFOA was influenced mainly by ECF (∼88%) and partially by linear-telomer (∼12%) sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- College of Marine Science of Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Shuhong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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Abstract
Perfluorinated alkyl substances have been in use for over sixty years. These highly stable substances were at first thought to be virtually inert and of low toxicity. Toxicity information slowly emerged on perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate. More than thirty years ago, early studies reported immunotoxicity and carcinogenicity effects. The substances were discovered in blood samples from exposed workers, then in the general population and in community water supplies near U.S. manufacturing plants. Only recently has research publication on perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate intensified. While the toxicology database is still far from complete, carcinogenicity and immunotoxicity now appear to be relevant risks at prevalent exposure levels. Existing drinking water limits are based on less complete evidence that was available before 2008 and may be more than 100-fold too high. As risk evaluations assume that untested effects do not require regulatory attention, the greatly underestimated health risks from perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate illustrate the public health implications of assuming the safety of incompletely tested industrial chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Grandjean
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Clapp
- Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, MA, USA
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125
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Gyllenhammar I, Berger U, Sundström M, McCleaf P, Eurén K, Eriksson S, Ahlgren S, Lignell S, Aune M, Kotova N, Glynn A. Influence of contaminated drinking water on perfluoroalkyl acid levels in human serum--A case study from Uppsala, Sweden. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 140:673-83. [PMID: 26079316 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In 2012 a contamination of drinking water with perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) was uncovered in the City of Uppsala, Sweden. The aim of the present study was to determine how these substances have been distributed from the contamination source through the groundwater to the drinking water and how the drinking water exposure has influenced the levels of PFAAs in humans over time. The results show that PFAA levels in groundwater measured 2012-2014 decreased downstream from the point source, although high ΣPFAA levels (>100ng/L) were still found several kilometers from the point source in the Uppsala aquifer. The usage of aqueous film forming fire-fighting foams (AFFF) at a military airport in the north of the city is probably an important contamination source. Computer simulation of the distribution of PFAA-contaminated drinking water throughout the City using a hydraulic model of the pipeline network suggested that consumers in the western and southern parts of Uppsala have received most of the contaminated drinking water. PFAA levels in blood serum from 297 young women from Uppsala County, Sweden, sampled during 1996-1999 and 2008-2011 were analyzed. Significantly higher concentrations of perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) were found among women who lived in districts modeled to have received contaminated drinking water compared to unaffected districts both in 1996-1999 and 2008-2011, indicating that the contamination was already present in the late 1990s. Isomer-specific analysis of PFHxS in serum showed that women in districts with contaminated drinking water also had an increased percentage of branched isomers. Our results further indicate that exposure via contaminated drinking water was the driving factor behind the earlier reported increasing temporal trends of PFBS and PFHxS in blood serum from young women in Uppsala.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Urs Berger
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Sundström
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philip McCleaf
- Uppsala Vatten och Avfall, Box 1444, 751 44 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Eurén
- Uppsala Vatten och Avfall, Box 1444, 751 44 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Eriksson
- Uppsala Vatten och Avfall, Box 1444, 751 44 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sven Ahlgren
- Uppsala Vatten och Avfall, Box 1444, 751 44 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sanna Lignell
- National Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, 751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie Aune
- National Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, 751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Natalia Kotova
- National Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, 751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Glynn
- National Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, 751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
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126
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Wang P, Lu Y, Wang T, Zhu Z, Li Q, Zhang Y, Fu Y, Xiao Y, Giesy JP. Transport of short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids from concentrated fluoropolymer facilities to the Daling River estuary, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:9626-9636. [PMID: 25616381 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
After global commercialization of short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) as substitutes to conventional long-chain PFAAs by the major manufacturers, two fluorine industry parks for production of short-chain PFAAs located in the Daling River Basin of northern China have developed rapidly in the last few years. This study provides a systematic assessment of sources, emissions, transportation, and potential risks of the PFAAs in this area. The C4 perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) were the predominant short-chain PFAAs in river water, with maximum concentrations of 2.90 and 1.35 μg/L, respectively. Park 1 equipped with a telomerization process was identified to be the source of linear and branched mixtures of PFBS, PFBA, and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), while park 2 with an electrochemical fluorination process (ECF) was identified to be the source of linear and branched mixtures of PFBS and PFOA. Partition coefficients between water and sediment were consistent for C4-C8 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) but directly proportional to C9-C11 PFCAs and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs). Analysis on the health risk of PFBS and PFBA suggested that they were not without risk since short chain PFAAs are known to be recalcitrant during water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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127
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Wang T, Wang P, Meng J, Liu S, Lu Y, Khim JS, Giesy JP. A review of sources, multimedia distribution and health risks of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 129:87-99. [PMID: 25262946 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been recognized as emerging pollutants because of their ubiquitous occurrence in the environment, biota and humans. In order to investigate their sources, fate and environmental effects, a great number of surveys have been carried out over the past several years. In the present review, we summarized the status of sources and emission, concentration, distribution and risks of PFAAs in China. Concentrations of PFAAs, especially perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in various environmental media including water, sediment, soil, rain, snow and organisms, as well as human tissues are summarized based on the available data. Concentrations of PFAAs in aquatic systems are higher in relatively more industrialized and urbanized areas than those from the less populated and remote regions in China, indicating that their emission and distribution are closely related to regional urbanization and industrialization. PFAAs and related products have been widely used over the past several decades, which have brought about high concentrations detected in environmental matrixes, biota and even local residents. Ecological risk assessment of PFAAs is still less developed in China. Most existing studies compared concentrations of PFAAs to guideline values derived for single species to evaluate the risk. In order to reveal the transport, partitioning and degradation of PFAAs in the environment, further studies on their behavior, fate, bioaccumulation and adverse effects in different trophic levels should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieyu Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Meng
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shijie Liu
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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128
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129
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Optimization and comparison of several extraction methods for determining perfluoroalkyl substances in abiotic environmental solid matrices using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5767-81. [PMID: 26025550 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8759-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, four extraction methods of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in soils and sediments were validated and compared in order to select the one that provides the best recoveries and the highest sensitivity. The determination of PFASs was carried out by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The extraction methods compared were based on (i) an aqueous solution of acetic acid and methanol (recoveries 44-125%, relative standard deviation (RSD) <25%), (ii) methanol (34-109%, <25%), (iii) sodium hydroxide digestion (24-178%, <49%), and (iv) ion pair (35-179%, <31%). The best results were obtained with methanol extraction, which recovered a greater number of PFASs and provided values between 45-103% in sediment and 34-109% in soil with RSDs <25% and limits of quantification (LOQs) between 0.02-0.31 and 0.01-6.00 ng g(-1), respectively. The selected method was successfully applied to Segura River sediments and soil samples taken near the Turia River. This study demonstrates the presence of PFASs in the studied rivers of the Valencian Community (0.07-14.91 ng g(-1) in Segura River sediments; 0.02-64.04 ng g(-1) in Turia River soils). Graphical Abstract Selected matrices and extraction methods for determination of perfluoroalkyl substances.
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130
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Miralles-Marco A, Harrad S. Perfluorooctane sulfonate: a review of human exposure, biomonitoring and the environmental forensics utility of its chirality and isomer distribution. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 77:148-59. [PMID: 25728452 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) found extensive use for over 60 years up until its restriction in the early 2000s, culminating in its listing under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in 2009. Efforts to minimise human body burdens are hindered by uncertainty over their precise origins. While diet appears the principal source for the majority of western populations (with other pathways like dust ingestion, drinking water and inhalation also important contributors); the role played by exposure to PFOS-precursor compounds followed by in vivo metabolism to PFOS as the ultimate highly stable end-product is unclear. Such PFOS-precursor compounds include perfluorooctane sulfonamide derivates, e.g., perfluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs) and sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs). Understanding the indirect contribution of such precursors to human body burdens of PFOS is important as a significant contribution from this pathway would render the margin of safety between the current exposure limits and estimates of external exposure to PFOS alone, narrower than hitherto appreciated. Estimates derived from mathematical modelling studies, put the contribution of so-called "precursor exposure" at between 10% and 40% of total PFOS body burdens. However, there are substantial uncertainties associated with such approaches. This paper reviews current understanding of human exposure to PFOS, with particular reference to recent research highlighting the potential of environmental forensics approaches based on the relative abundance and chiral signatures of branched chain PFOS isomers to provide definitive insights into the role played by "precursor exposure".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Miralles-Marco
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Stuart Harrad
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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131
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were assessed in relation to miscarriage in a population of mid-Ohio River Valley residents highly exposed to PFOA through contaminated drinking water. METHODS Serum PFOA and PFOS concentrations were measured in 1129 women in 2005-2006 who reported pregnancy outcomes in follow-up interviews between 2008 and 2011. In the analysis, we included 1438 reported live births, stillbirths, and miscarriages with estimated conception dates after the serum measurements. Preconception serum levels of PFOA and PFOS were analyzed in relation to miscarriage using logistic regression and generalized estimating equations. RESULTS There was little evidence of association between PFOA and miscarriage. For PFOS, when including all reported prospective pregnancies, the odds ratio of miscarriage per log ng/ml increase was 1.21 (95% confidence interval = 0.94-1.55); in subanalyses restricted to each woman's first pregnancy conceived after the serum measurement, the odds ratio was 1.34 (1.02-1.76). Categorical analyses showed elevated odds ratios for the top 4 quintiles relative to the first quintile, without a monotonic trend. Positive associations between PFOS and miscarriage were strongest among nulligravid pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS In this prospective study of miscarriage in a population exposed to high levels of PFOA and background levels of PFOS, we found little evidence of association with serum levels of PFOA and limited evidence of association with serum levels of PFOS.
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132
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Russell MH, Himmelstein MW, Buck RC. Inhalation and oral toxicokinetics of 6:2 FTOH and its metabolites in mammals. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 120:328-35. [PMID: 25180935 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The toxicokinetics of 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (6:2 FTOH) and its terminal perfluorinated and polyfluorinated metabolites (PFBA, PFHxA, PFHpA and 5:3 Acid) have been calculated from laboratory studies of rats and from a biomonitoring study of humans. In vitro studies with mouse, rat and human hepatocytes indicate qualitatively similar metabolic pathways of 6:2 FTOH. In a one-day inhalation study of 6:2 FTOH in rats, PFBA, PFHxA, PFHpA and 5:3 Acid were determined to be the major metabolites in plasma with calculated elimination half-lives of 1.3-15.4h and metabolic yields up to 2.7 mol%. In five-day and 23-day inhalation studies and a 90-day oral study of 6:2 FTOH, the plasma or serum concentration profile of 5:3 Acid was several-fold higher than concentrations observed in the single day study, resulting in an estimated elimination half-life of 20-30 d. In contrast, the concentrations of PFBA, PFHxA and PFHpA showed little or no concentration increase with repeated exposure. Elimination half-lives of PFHxA, PFHpA and 5:3 Acid in humans were estimated from a study of professional ski wax technicians who were occupationally exposed to aerosolized and volatilized components of fluorinated glide wax. The resulting human elimination half-life values of PFHxA, PFHpA and 5:3 Acid were 32, 70 and 43 d, respectively. Based on a one compartment toxicokinetic model, current environmental air concentrations of 6:2 FTOH are estimated to result in plasma concentrations of PFHxA, PFHpA and 5:3 Acid that are less than or equal to typical LOQ values, in agreement with extant biomonitoring results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Russell
- DuPont Haskell Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Inc., 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, DE 19711-3507, USA.
| | - Matthew W Himmelstein
- DuPont Haskell Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Inc., 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, DE 19711-3507, USA
| | - Robert C Buck
- E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Inc., Chemicals and Fluoroproducts, 974 Centre Road, Wilmington, DE 19805, USA
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133
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Liu Y, Pereira AS, Beesoon S, Vestergren R, Berger U, Olsen GW, Glynn A, Martin JW. Temporal trends of perfluorooctanesulfonate isomer and enantiomer patterns in archived Swedish and American serum samples. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 75:215-222. [PMID: 25490284 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Human perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) body burdens are attributable to both direct PFOS and indirect PFOS precursor (PreFOS) exposure. The relative importance of these two pathways has been estimated, but the relative temporal trajectory of exposure to PFOS and PreFOS has not been examined. Here, two hypothesized biomarkers of PreFOS exposure, PFOS isomer profiles (quantified as percent branched PFOS, %br-PFOS) and chiral 1m-PFOS enantiomer fractions (1m-PFOS EF) were analyzed in archived human serum samples of individual American adults (1974-2010) and pooled samples of Swedish primiparous women (1996-2010). After correcting for potential confounders, significant correlations between %br-PFOS and 1m-PFOS EFs were observed in American samples and in Swedish samples for the 1996-2000 period, supporting the hypothesis that both %br-PFOS and 1m-PFOS EF are biomarkers of PreFOS exposure. Significant trends of increasing %br-PFOS, from 2000 to 2010, and increasingly non-racemic 1m-PFOS EFs, from 1996 to 2000, were detected in Swedish samples. No statistically significant trend for %br-PFOS or 1m-PFOS EF was observed in American samples, but American males had significantly higher %br-PFOS and significantly lower 1m-PFOS EF (i.e. more non-racemic) than females, and a similar significant difference was shown in the older age group, relative to the younger age group. These temporal trends in %br-PFOS and 1m-PFOS EF are not easily explained and the results highlight uncertainties about how humans are exposed to PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Liu
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G3, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alberto S Pereira
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G3, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sanjay Beesoon
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G3, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robin Vestergren
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Hjalmar Johansens gt. 14, Tromsø NO-9296, Norway
| | - Urs Berger
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Geary W Olsen
- 3M Company, Medical Department, St. Paul 55144, MN, USA
| | - Anders Glynn
- Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, National Food Agency, Uppsala SE-751 26, Sweden
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G3, Alberta, Canada.
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134
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Gebbink WA, Berger U, Cousins IT. Estimating human exposure to PFOS isomers and PFCA homologues: the relative importance of direct and indirect (precursor) exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 74:160-9. [PMID: 25454233 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Contributions of direct and indirect (via precursors) pathways of human exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) isomers and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are estimated using a Scenario-Based Risk Assessment (SceBRA) modelling approach. Monitoring data published since 2008 (including samples from 2007) are used. The estimated daily exposures (resulting from both direct and precursor intake) for the general adult population are highest for PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), followed by perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), while lower daily exposures are estimated for perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA). The precursor contributions to the individual perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) daily exposures are estimated to be 11-33% for PFOS, 0.1-2.5% for PFBA, 3.7-34% for PFHxA, 13-64% for PFOA, 5.2-66% for PFDA, and 0.7-25% for PFDoDA (ranges represent estimated precursor contributions in a low- and high-exposure scenario). For PFOS, direct intake via diet is the major exposure pathway regardless of exposure scenario. For PFCAs, the dominant exposure pathway is dependent on perfluoroalkyl chain length and exposure scenario. Modelled PFOS and PFOA concentrations in human serum using the estimated intakes from an intermediate-exposure scenario are in agreement with measured concentrations in different populations. The isomer pattern of PFOS resulting from total intakes (direct and via precursors) is estimated to be enriched with linear PFOS (84%) relative to technical PFOS (70% linear). This finding appears to be contradictory to the observed enrichment of branched PFOS isomers in recent human serum monitoring studies and suggests that either external exposure is not fully understood (e.g. there are unknown precursors, missing or poorly quantified exposure pathways) and/or that there is an incomplete understanding of the isomer-specific human pharmacokinetic processes of PFOS, its precursors and intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A Gebbink
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Urs Berger
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ian T Cousins
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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135
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Ludwicki JK, Góralczyk K, Struciński P, Wojtyniak B, Rabczenko D, Toft G, Lindh CH, Jönsson BAG, Lenters V, Heederik D, Czaja K, Hernik A, Pedersen HS, Zvyezday V, Bonde JP. Hazard quotient profiles used as a risk assessment tool for PFOS and PFOA serum levels in three distinctive European populations. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 74:112-118. [PMID: 25454227 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) blood levels are commonly used as biomarkers of human environmental exposure to these compounds. Many biomonitoring studies indicate 100% detection for PFOS and PFOA thus justifying a concern of possible risk for the most exposed individuals. This study addresses the predictive value of hazard quotients (HQs) calculated on the basis of serum PFOS and PFOA in male and female populations of reproductive age in Greenland, Poland and Ukraine. Overall, 2026 results of PFOS and PFOA serum concentrations (589 males, 1437 females) were obtained from the INUENDO database. HQs were calculated from the actual biomonitoring results and literature-based animal data linking toxicological outcomes and critical PFOS/PFOA serum levels. HQs for serum PFOS were calculated based on Points of Departure (PoD) at 13μgmL(-1) (cynomolgus monkeys, 183days, changes in THS and T3) and for PFOA at 7.1μgmL(-1) serum (male rats, 90days, hepatocellular necrosis, increased liver weight). Uncertainty factors were applied to reflect interspecies differences and human variability. Serum HQs were expressed as a ratio relative to the point of departure for each PFOS and PFOA. Only in the three cases of males in Greenland were there serum PFOS levels showing HQ values exceeding 1, so indicating that such serum levels may be of concern. The mean serum concentration of PFOS was significantly higher in male than in female populations. Despite significant differences between HQ profiles for PFOS and PFOA in donors from Greenland, Poland and Ukraine, the concentrations of these perfluoroalkylated compounds do not indicate a cause for concern, except for the three aforementioned cases from Greenland. This study demonstrates that the HQ approach can help to interpret human biomonitoring data and thus serve as a valuable tool in further risk assessment priority settings and may also be used as a basis for taking decisions in risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan K Ludwicki
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Góralczyk
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paweł Struciński
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Bogdan Wojtyniak
- Centre of Monitoring and Analyses of Population Health, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Daniel Rabczenko
- Centre of Monitoring and Analyses of Population Health, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Gunnar Toft
- Danish Ramazzini Centre, Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Building 2c, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Bo A G Jönsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Virissa Lenters
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Dick Heederik
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Katarzyna Czaja
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Hernik
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | - Valentyna Zvyezday
- Department of Social Medicine and Organization of Public Health, Kharkiv National Medical University, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine.
| | - Jens Peter Bonde
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
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136
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Ye F, Tokumura M, Islam MS, Zushi Y, Oh J, Masunaga S. Spatial distribution and importance of potential perfluoroalkyl acid precursors in urban rivers and sewage treatment plant effluent--case study of Tama River, Japan. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 67:77-85. [PMID: 25262552 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Production and use of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is regulated worldwide. However, numerous potential precursors that eventually decompose into PFOS and other perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are still being used and have not been studied in detail. Therefore, knowledge about the levels and sources of the precursors is essential. We investigated the total concentration of potential PFAA precursors in the Tama River, which is one of the major rivers flowing into the Tokyo Bay, by converting all the perfluorinated carboxylic acid (PFCA) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid (PFSA) precursors into PFCAs by chemical oxidation. The importance of controlling PFAA precursors was determined by calculating the ratios of PFCAs formed by oxidation to the PFAAs originally present (ΣΔ[PFCAC4-C12]/Σ[PFAAs]before oxidation) (average = 0.28 and 0.69 for main and tributary branch rivers, respectively). Higher total concentrations of Δ[PFCAs] were found in sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents. However, the ratios found in the effluents were lower (average = 0.21) than those found in the river water samples, which implies the decomposition of some precursors into PFAAs during the treatment process. On the other hand, higher ratios were observed in the upstream water samples and the existence of emission sources other than the STP effluents was indicated. This study showed that although the treatment process converting a part of the PFAA precursors into PFAAs, STPs were important sources of precursors to the Tama River. To reduce the levels of PFAAs in the aquatic environment, it is necessary to reduce the emission of the PFAA precursors as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ye
- Faculty and Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Tokumura
- Faculty and Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Faculty and Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Zushi
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Jungkeun Oh
- Faculty and Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeki Masunaga
- Faculty and Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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137
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Chen N, Li J, Li D, Yang Y, He D. Chronic exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate induces behavior defects and neurotoxicity through oxidative damages, in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113453. [PMID: 25412474 PMCID: PMC4239059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is an emerging persistent pollutant which shows multiple adverse health effects. However, the neurotoxicity of PFOS and its mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Using a combination of in vivo and in vitro methods, the present study provides a detailed description of PFOS-induced neurotoxicity. Results showed that the median lethal concentration of PFOS was 2.03 mM in Caenorhabditis elegans for 48 h exposure. 20 µM PFOS caused decrease of locomotor behaviors including forward movement, body bend and head thrash. Additionally, PFOS exposure reduced chemotaxis index of C. elegans, which indicates the decline of chemotaxis learning ability. Using green fluorescent protein (GFP) labelled transgenic strains, we found that PFOS caused down-regulated expression of a chemoreceptor gene, gcy-5, in ASE chemosensory neurons, but did not affect cholinergic neurons and dopaminergic neurons. In SH-SY5Y cells, 48 h exposure to 25 µM and 50 µM PFOS induced cell damage, apoptosis and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. PFOS caused significant increases of lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase activity, but an actual decrease of glutathione peroxidase activity. Furthermore, antioxidant N-acetylcysteine rescued cells from PFOS-induced apoptosis via blocking ROS. Our results demonstrate that chronic exposure to PFOS can cause obvious neurotoxicity and behavior defects. Oxidative damage and anti-oxidative deficit are crucial mechanisms in neurotoxicity of PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- Lab of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Li
- Lab of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Li
- Lab of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongsheng Yang
- Lab of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Defu He
- Lab of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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138
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Gao Y, Fu J, Zeng L, Li A, Li H, Zhu N, Liu R, Liu A, Wang Y, Jiang G. Occurrence and fate of perfluoroalkyl substances in marine sediments from the Chinese Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 194:60-68. [PMID: 25094058 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 166 surface sediments and 3 sediment cores from the Bohai Sea (BS), Yellow Sea (YS) and East China Sea (ECS) in China were collected to investigate the spatial and temporal distributions and the transport of PFASs. PFASs concentrations in the surface sediments ranged from below detection limit (<LOD) to 2.78 ng g(-1) with an average value of 0.55 ng g(-1) on a dry weight basis (dw). A general decreasing trend of PFASs from the coast areas to the open sea was found. Multivariate regression analysis indicated pH and longitude were the major factors influencing surficial distributions of PFASs in the sampling areas (R(2) = 0.29, p < 0.01). Total PFASs concentrations in the sediment cores ranged from <LOD to 1.65 ng g(-1) dw, with an increasing trend from the lower to the upper layers, corresponding well to the increasing production and usage in China in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Huijuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Nali Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Runzeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Aifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
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139
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Petro EML, D'Hollander W, Covaci A, Bervoets L, Fransen E, De Neubourg D, De Pauw I, Leroy JLMR, Jorssen EPA, Bols PEJ. Perfluoroalkyl acid contamination of follicular fluid and its consequence for in vitro oocyte developmental competence. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 496:282-288. [PMID: 25089690 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been shown to induce negative effects in laboratory animals and in vitro experiments. Also, PFAAs have been detected in human tissues and body fluids. The ovarian follicle constitutes a fragile micro-environment where interactions between hormones, growth factors, the oocyte and surrounding somatic cells are essential to generate a fully competent oocyte. In vitro experiments suggest that PFAAs can influence this balance, but very scarce in vivo data are available to confirm this assumption. In fact, the potential PFAA-presence in the follicular micro-environment is currently unknown. Therefore, we investigated if PFAAs are present in human follicular fluid and if their presence could be a risk factor for in vivo exposed developing oocytes. Furthermore, we compared the PFAA-distribution within serum and follicular fluid. PFAAs were analyzed by LC/MS in follicular fluid (n=38) and serum (n=20) samples from women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Statistical models were used to investigate PFAA-distribution in both body fluids, to compare this behavior with the distribution of lipophilic organic pollutants and to explore the relationship between patient characteristics, ART-results and follicular fluid contamination. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the PFAA found in the highest concentration in follicular fluid [7.5 (0.1-30.4) ng/mL] and serum [7.6 (2.8-12.5) ng/mL]. A new variable, Principal Component 1, representing the overall PFAA-contamination of the follicular fluid samples, was associated with a higher fertilization rate (p<0.05) and a higher proportion of top embryos relative to the amount of retrieved oocytes (p<0.05), after adjusting for age, estradiol-concentration, BMI, male subfertility and the presence of other organic pollutants as explanatory variables. To conclude, overall higher PFAA-contamination in the follicular micro-environment was associated with a higher chance of an oocyte to develop into a high quality embryo. Also, PFAAs have different distribution patterns between serum and follicular fluid compared to the lipophilic organic pollutants. Further research is of course crucial to confirm these new observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi M L Petro
- Gamete Research Center, Laboratory for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Wendy D'Hollander
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erik Fransen
- StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Diane De Neubourg
- Leuven University Fertility Center, UZ Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Pauw
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, ZNA Middelheim, Lindendreef 1, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jo L M R Leroy
- Gamete Research Center, Laboratory for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ellen P A Jorssen
- Gamete Research Center, Laboratory for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Peter E J Bols
- Gamete Research Center, Laboratory for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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140
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Toms LML, Thompson J, Rotander A, Hobson P, Calafat AM, Kato K, Ye X, Broomhall S, Harden F, Mueller JF. Decline in perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate serum concentrations in an Australian population from 2002 to 2011. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 71:74-80. [PMID: 24980755 PMCID: PMC4724209 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Some perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have become widespread pollutants detected in human and wildlife samples worldwide. The main objective of this study was to assess temporal trends of PFAS concentrations in human blood in Australia over the last decade (2002-2011), taking into consideration age and sex trends. Pooled human sera from 2002/03 (n=26); 2008/09 (n=24) and 2010/11 (n=24) from South East Queensland, Australia were obtained from de-identified surplus pathology samples and compared with samples collected previously from 2006/07 (n=84). A total of 9775 samples in 158 pools were available for an assessment of PFASs. Stratification criteria included sex and age: <16 years (2002/03 only); 0-4 (2006/07, 2008/09, 2010/11); 5-15 (2006/07, 2008/09, 2010/11); 16-30; 31-45; 46-60; and >60 years (all collection periods). Sera were analyzed using on-line solid-phase extraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution-tandem mass spectrometry. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was detected in the highest concentrations ranging from 5.3-19.2 ng/ml (2008/09) to 4.4-17.4 ng/ml (2010/11). Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) was detected in the next highest concentration ranging from 2.8-7.3 ng/ml (2008/09) to 3.1-6.5 ng/ml (2010/11). All other measured PFASs were detected at concentrations <1 ng/ml with the exception of perfluorohexane sulfonate which ranged from 1.2-5.7 ng/ml (08/09) and 1.4-5.4 ng/ml (10/11). The mean concentrations of both PFOS and PFOA in the 2010/11 period compared to 2002/03 were lower for all adult age groups by 56%. For 5-15 year olds, the decrease was 66% (PFOS) and 63% (PFOA) from 2002/03 to 2010/11. For 0-4 year olds the decrease from 2006/07 (when data were first available for this age group) was 50% (PFOS) and 22% (PFOA). This study provides strong evidence for decreasing serum PFOS and PFOA concentrations in an Australian population from 2002 through 2011. Age trends were variable and concentrations were higher in males than in females. Global use has been in decline since around 2002 and hence primary exposure levels are expected to be decreasing. Further biomonitoring will allow assessment of PFAS exposures to confirm trends in exposure as primary and eventually secondary sources are depleted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-M L Toms
- School of Clinical Sciences and Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point, Brisbane 4001, Australia.
| | - J Thompson
- Queensland Health Scientific Services, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - A Rotander
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - P Hobson
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, 125 Whitmore St, Taringa, QLD 4068, Australia
| | - A M Calafat
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - K Kato
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - X Ye
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - S Broomhall
- Department of the Environment, GPO Box 787, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - F Harden
- School of Clinical Sciences and Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point, Brisbane 4001, Australia
| | - J F Mueller
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
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141
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Roth N, Wilks M. Neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioural effects of polybrominated and perfluorinated chemicals: A systematic review of the epidemiological literature using a quality assessment scheme. Toxicol Lett 2014; 230:271-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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142
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Ryu MH, Jha A, Ojo OO, Mahood TH, Basu S, Detillieux KA, Nikoobakht N, Wong CS, Loewen M, Becker AB, Halayko AJ. Chronic exposure to perfluorinated compounds: Impact on airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L765-74. [PMID: 25217661 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00100.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging epidemiological evidence reveals a link between lung disease and exposure to indoor pollutants such as perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). PFC exposure during critical developmental stages may increase asthma susceptibility. Thus, in a murine model, we tested the hypothesis that early life and continued exposure to two ubiquitous household PFCs, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perflurooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), can induce lung dysfunction that exacerbates allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation. Balb/c mice were exposed to PFOA or PFOS (4 mg/kg chow) from gestation day 2 to 12 wk of age by feeding pregnant and nursing dams, and weaned pups. Some pups were also sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA). We assessed lung function and inflammatory cell and cytokine expression in the lung and examined bronchial goblet cell number. PFOA, but not PFOS, without the OVA sensitization/challenge induced AHR concomitant with a 25-fold increase of lung macrophages. PFOA exposure did not affect OVA-induced lung inflammatory cell number. In contrast, PFOS exposure inhibited OVA-induced lung inflammation, decreasing total cell number in lung lavage by 68.7%. Interferon-γ mRNA in the lung was elevated in all PFC-exposed groups. Despite these effects, neither PFOA nor PFOS affected OVA-induced AHR. Our data do not reveal PFOA or PFOS exposure as a risk factor for more severe allergic asthma-like symptoms, but PFOA alone can induce airway inflammation and alter airway function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min H Ryu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Aruni Jha
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Oluwaseun O Ojo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Thomas H Mahood
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sujata Basu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Karen A Detillieux
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Neda Nikoobakht
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences, The University of Winnipeg, Richardson College for the Environment, Winnipeg, Canada; and Department of Chemistry, The University of Winnipeg, Richardson College for the Environment, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Charles S Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences, The University of Winnipeg, Richardson College for the Environment, Winnipeg, Canada; and Department of Chemistry, The University of Winnipeg, Richardson College for the Environment, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Mark Loewen
- Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Allan B Becker
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Andrew J Halayko
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Canada;
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143
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Vested A, Giwercman A, Bonde JP, Toft G. Persistent organic pollutants and male reproductive health. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:71-80. [PMID: 24369135 PMCID: PMC3901884 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.122345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental contaminants such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are man-made bioaccumulative compounds with long half-lives that are found throughout the world as a result of heavy use in a variety of consumer products during the twentieth century. Wildlife and animal studies have long suggested adverse effects of exposure to these compounds on human reproductive health, which, according to the endocrine disrupter hypothesis, are ascribed to the compounds’ potential to interfere with endocrine signaling, especially when exposure occurs during certain phases of fetal and childhood development. An extensive number of epidemiological studies have addressed the possible effects of exposure to POPs on male reproductive health, but the results are conflicting. Thus far, most studies have focused on investigating exposure and the different reproductive health outcomes during adulthood. Some studies have addressed the potential harmful effects of fetal exposure with respect to malformations at birth and/or reproductive development, whereas only a few studies have been able to evaluate whether intrauterine exposure to POPs has long-term consequences for male reproductive health with measurable effects on semen quality markers and reproductive hormone levels in adulthood. Humans are not exposed to a single compound at a time, but rather, to a variety of different substances with potential divergent hormonal effects. Hence, how to best analyze epidemiological data on combined exposures remains a significant challenge. This review on POPs will focus on current knowledge regarding the potential effects of exposure to POPs during fetal and childhood life and during adulthood on male reproductive health, including a critical revision of the endocrine disruption hypothesis, a comment on pubertal development as part of reproductive development and a comment on how to account for combined exposures in epidemiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vested
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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144
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Orthogonal zirconium diol/C18 liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis of poly and perfluoroalkyl substances in landfill leachate. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1359:202-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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145
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Berg V, Nøst TH, Huber S, Rylander C, Hansen S, Veyhe AS, Fuskevåg OM, Odland JØ, Sandanger TM. Maternal serum concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and their predictors in years with reduced production and use. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 69:58-66. [PMID: 24815340 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Determining maternal concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and the relative impact of various demographic and dietary predictors is important for assessing fetal exposure and for developing proper lifestyle advisories for pregnant women. This study was conducted to investigate maternal PFAS concentrations and their predictors in years when the production and use of several PFASs declined, and to assess the relative importance of significant predictors. Blood from 391 pregnant women participating in The Northern Norway Mother-and-Child Contaminant Cohort Study (MISA) was collected in the period 2007-2009 and serum analyses of 26 PFASs were conducted. Associations between PFAS concentrations, sampling date, and demographic and dietary variables were evaluated by multivariate analyses and linear models including relevant covariates. Parity was the strongest significant predictor for all the investigated PFASs, and nulliparous women had higher concentrations compared to multiparous women (10 ng/mL versus 4.5 ng/mL in median PFOS, respectively). Serum concentrations of PFOS and PFOA of women recruited day 1-100 were 25% and 26% higher, respectively, compared to those women recruited in the last 167 days of the study (day 601-867), and the concentrations of PFNA, PFDA and PFUnDA increased with age. Dietary predictors explained 0-17% of the variation in concentrations for the different PFASs. Significantly elevated concentrations of PFOS, PFNA, PFDA and PFUnDA were found among high consumers of marine food. The concentrations of PFHxS, PFHpS and PFNA were also increased in high consumers of game and elevated concentrations of PFHpS and PFOS were detected in high consumers of white meat. Study subjects with a high intake of salty snacks and beef had significantly higher concentrations of PFOA. The present study demonstrates that parity, sampling date and birth year are the most important predictors for maternal PFAS concentrations in years following a decrease in production and use of several PFASs. Further, dietary predictors of PFAS concentrations were identified and varied in importance according to compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Berg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Diagnostic Clinic, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Sykehusveien 38, NO-9038 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Environmental Chemistry, Norwegian Institute of Air Research, Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, NO-9019 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Therese Haugdahl Nøst
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Diagnostic Clinic, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Sykehusveien 38, NO-9038 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Environmental Chemistry, Norwegian Institute of Air Research, Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, NO-9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sandra Huber
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Diagnostic Clinic, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Sykehusveien 38, NO-9038 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Environmental Chemistry, Norwegian Institute of Air Research, Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Charlotta Rylander
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, NO-9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Solrunn Hansen
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, NO-9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anna Sofía Veyhe
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, NO-9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ole Martin Fuskevåg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Diagnostic Clinic, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Sykehusveien 38, NO-9038 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jon Øyvind Odland
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, NO-9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torkjel Manning Sandanger
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Norwegian Institute of Air Research, Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, NO-9019 Tromsø, Norway
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146
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Zhang Y, Jiang W, Fang S, Zhu L, Deng J. Perfluoroalkyl acids and the isomers of perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in the sera of 50 new couples in Tianjin, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 68:185-191. [PMID: 24747327 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A total of 100 serum samples from 50 new couples (none of the females in this study has ever been pregnant) in Tianjin, North China, were analyzed for eleven perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) with isomer-specific method. Among all samples, total perfluorooctanesulfonate (∑PFOS, mean 11.3 ng/mL) was predominant followed by total perfluorooctanoate (∑PFOA, 2.95 ng/mL), perfluorodecanoate (PFDA, 1.17 ng/mL), perfluorononanoate (PFNA, 0.93 ng/mL) and perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS, 0.67 ng/mL). The mean concentrations of ∑PFOS and PFHxS in males (14.2 and 0.89 ng/mL) were significantly higher (p=0.001) than in females (8.36 and 0.45 ng/mL). No statistical difference between genders was observed for the other PFAAs. This suggests that menstruation is one important elimination pathway for ∑PFOS and PFHxS in females. Linear PFOA was the dominant isomer with mean proportion of 99.7%, suggesting that telomeric PFOA (and its precursors), which contains almost pure linear isomer, might be the dominant exposure source of PFOA in Tianjin. On average, the proportion of linear PFOS (n-PFOS) was 59.2% of ∑PFOS, which was lower than that in technical PFOS products (ca. 70% linear). Except perfluoroisopropyl PFOS, all the other monomethyl branched PFOS isomers were enriched in human serum compared to the commercial products, suggesting the monomethyl branched PFOS precursors were preferentially biotransformed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Shuhong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
| | - Jimin Deng
- Maternity and Child Care Center, Heping District, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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147
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Chu S, Letcher RJ. In vitro metabolic formation of perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides from copolymer surfactants of pre- and post-2002 scotchgard fabric protector products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:6184-91. [PMID: 24784168 DOI: 10.1021/es500169x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Currently there is a scientific debate on whether fluorinated polymers (or copolymers) are a source, as a result of their degradation and subsequent formation, of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorinated alkanesulfonates (PFSAs). The present study investigated whether commercially available fluorinated surfactants, such as Scotchgard fabric protector (3M Company), can be metabolically degraded, using a model microsomal in vitro assay (Wistar-Han rats liver microsomes), and with concomitant formation of PFCAs, PFASs, and/or their precursors. The results showed that the main in vitro metabolite from the pre-2002 product was perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), and coincident with the detection of the major fabric protector components, which contains the N-ethyl-perfluorooctanesulfonyl chemical moiety (C8F17SO2N(C2H5)-); the main in vitro metabolite of the post-2002 product was perfluorobutane sulfonamide (FBSA), which was coincident with the detection of the major fabric protector components, and contains the N-methyl-perfluorobutanesulfonyl chemical moiety (C4F9SO2N(CH3)-). FOSA or FBSA metabolite concentrations increased over the 0-60 min microsomal incubation period. However, concentrations of their small molecule precursors such as alkylated FOSAs or FBSAs were not detectable (<LODs) in these fabric protector original standard solutions. Thus, the FOSA or FBSA metabolites were derived from the copolymer product itself rather than nonreacted reagents in the Scotchgard products. This result is consistent with reports of high concentrations of PFASs detected in the plasma of persons in households where Scotchgard products are heavily used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaogang Chu
- Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University , Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
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148
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Nøst TH, Vestergren R, Berg V, Nieboer E, Odland JØ, Sandanger TM. Repeated measurements of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from 1979 to 2007 in males from Northern Norway: assessing time trends, compound correlations and relations to age/birth cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 67:43-53. [PMID: 24657493 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Longitudinal biomonitoring studies can provide unique information on how human concentrations change over time, but have so far not been conducted for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in a background exposed population. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to determine: i) serum PFAS time trends on an individual level; ii) relative compositions and correlations between different PFASs; and iii) assess selected PFAS concentrations with respect to periodic (calendar year), age and birth cohort (APC) effects. METHODS Serum was sampled from the same 53 men in 1979, 1986, 1994, 2001 and 2007 in Northern Norway and analysed for 10 PFASs. APC effects were assessed by graphical and mixed effect analyses. RESULTS The median concentrations of perfluorooctane sulphonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) increased five-fold from 1979 to 2001 and decreased by 26% and 23%, respectively, from 2001 to 2007. The concentrations of PFOS and PFOA peaked during 1994-2001 and 2001, respectively, whereas perfluorohexane sulphonic acid (PFHxS) increased to 2001, but did not demonstrate a decrease between 2001 and 2007. Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) displayed increasing trends throughout the entire study period (1979-2007). Although PFOS comprised dominating and stable proportions of PFAS burdens during these years, the contributions from PFOA and PFHxS were considerable. The evaluation of APC effects demonstrated that calendar year was the dominating influence on concentrations of PFOA, PFUnDA, and PFOS, although time-variant and weaker associations with age/birth cohort were indicated. CONCLUSIONS The concentration changes of 10 PFASs in the repeated measurements from 1979 to 2007 demonstrated divergent time trends between the different PFASs. The temporal trends of PFASs in human serum during these 30years reflect the overall trends in historic production and use, although global transport mechanisms and bioaccumulation potential of the different PFASs together with a varying extent of consumer exposure influenced the observed trends. Sampling year was the strongest descriptor of PFOA, PFUnDA and PFOS concentrations, and the calendar-year trends were apparent for all birth year quartiles. Discrepancies between the trends in this current longitudinal study and previous cross-sectional studies were observed and presumably reflect the different study designs and population characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Haugdahl Nøst
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Sykehusveien 44, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Diagnostic Clinic, University Hospital of North Norway, Sykehusveien 38, NO-9038 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Robin Vestergren
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Applied Environmental Science, ITM, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivian Berg
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Sykehusveien 44, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Diagnostic Clinic, University Hospital of North Norway, Sykehusveien 38, NO-9038 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Evert Nieboer
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Sykehusveien 44, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jon Øyvind Odland
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Sykehusveien 44, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torkjel Manning Sandanger
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Sykehusveien 44, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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149
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Klaunig JE, Shinohara M, Iwai H, Chengelis CP, Kirkpatrick JB, Wang Z, Bruner RH. Evaluation of the Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Perfluorohexanoic Acid (PFHxA) in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 43:209-20. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623314530532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), a 6-carbon perfluoroalkyl (C6; CAS # 307-24-4), has been proposed as a replacement for the commonly used 8-carbon perfluoroalkyls: perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate. PFHxA is not currently a commercial product but rather the ultimate degradation product of C6 fluorotelomer used to make C6 fluorotelomer acrylate polymers. It can be expected that, to a greater or lesser extent, the environmental loading of PFHxA will increase, as C6 fluorotelomer acrylate treatments are used and waste is generated. This article reports on a chronic study (duration 104 weeks) that was performed to evaluate the possible toxicologic and carcinogenic effects of PFHxA in gavage (daily gavage, 7 days per week) treated male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. In the current study, dosage levels of 0, 2.5, 15, and 100 mg/kg/day of PFHxA (males) and 5, 30, and 200 mg/kg/day of PFHxA (females) were selected based on a previous subchronic investigation. No effects on body weights, food consumption, a functional observational battery, or motor activity were observed after exposure to PFHxA. While no difference in survival rates in males was seen, a dose-dependent decrease in survival in PFHxA-treated female rats was observed. Hematology and serum chemistry were unaffected by PFHxA. PFHxA-related histologic changes were noted in the kidneys of the 200-mg/kg/day group females. Finally, there was no evidence that PFHxA was tumorigenic in male or female SD rats at any of the dosage levels examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Klaunig
- Department of Environmental Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Motoki Shinohara
- AGC Chemicals, Asahi Glass Com., Ltd., Ichihara-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Iwai
- Daikin Industries, Ltd. Chemicals Division EHS Department, Settsu, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Zemin Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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150
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Butenhoff JL, Kennedy GL, Jung R, Chang SC. Evaluation of perfluorooctanoate for potential genotoxicity. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:252-270. [PMID: 28962243 PMCID: PMC5598378 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) is a fully fluorinated eight-carbon fatty acid analog with exceptional stability toward degradation that has been used as an industrial surfactant and has been detected in environmental and biological matrices. Exposures to PFOA in the workplace and in the environment have continuously stimulated investigations into its potential human health hazards. In this article, the results of fifteen unpublished genotoxicity assays conducted with perfluorooctanoate (as either the linear or linear/branched ammonium salt (APFO) or the linear/branched sodium salt) are reported and include: seven mutation assays (three in vitro reverse mutation assays with histidine auxotrophic strains of Salmonella typhimurium, two in vitro reverse mutation assays with the tryptophan auxotrophic Escherichia coli WP2uvr strain, one in vitro mitotic recombination (gene conversion) assay with Saccharomyces cerevisiae D4, and an in vitro Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) HGPRT forward mutation assay); seven studies to assess potential for chromosomal damage (three in vitro CHO chromosomal aberration studies, an in vitro human whole blood lymphocyte chromosomal aberration study, and three in vivo mouse micronucleus assays); and an in vitro C3H 10T1/2 cell transformation assay. Although PFOA has not been demonstrated to be metabolized, all in vitro assays were conducted both in the presence and in the absence of a mammalian hepatic microsomal activation system. These assays were originally described in twelve contract laboratory reports which have been available via the United States Environmental Protection Agency public docket (Administrative Record 226) for over a decade; however, the details of these assays have not been published previously in the open scientific literature. With the exception of limited positive findings at high and cytotoxic concentrations in some assay trials which reflected the likely consequence of cytotoxic disruption of normal cellular processes and not a specific genotoxic effect, the results of the studies presented in this paper and other published results clearly demonstrate the absence of direct mutagenic or genotoxic risk associated with PFOA. This finding is consistent with the physical/chemical characteristics of PFOA and is supported by other published genotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reinhard Jung
- Toxicology Consultant, Muellerwies 12, Taunusstein 65232, Germany
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