101
|
A toxicogenomics approach to screen chlorinated flame retardants tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate for potential health effects. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 38:459-470. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
102
|
Wang G, Shi H, Du Z, Chen H, Peng J, Gao S. Bioaccumulation mechanism of organophosphate esters in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:177-187. [PMID: 28599202 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been detected with growing frequency in water ecosystems, the underlying accumulation mechanisms of these compounds in fish are still unknown. Here, we investigated the tissue-specific accumulation and depuration of seven OPEs in adult zebrafish at three levels (0, 1/150 LC50 (environmentally relevant level), and 1/30 LC50 per OPE congener) in laboratory after 19 days exposure and 3 days depuration. The bioaccumulation of OPEs varied among tissues. Muscle contained the lowest level of OPEs and liver had the highest level of two (TPP and TCEP) of the seven OPEs at steady state. The high levels and slow depuration rates of TDCIPP, TPHP, and TCP observed in roe indicated that the accumulated OPEs were potentially stored in roe and transferred to the next generation. After examination of the major metabolites (organophosphate diesters) in selected tissues, a physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model used in fish was adopted to explore the key factors affecting the bioaccumulation of OPEs in zebrafish. Biotransformation of OPEs with polychlorinated alkyl moieties (i.e. TDCIPP) and aryl moieties (i.e. TPHP and TCP) has more significant impacts on the accumulation than those of OPEs with alkyl or short chain chlorinated alkyl moieties. Furthermore, the partition process between tissues and blood was also investigated, and was demonstrated to be the dominant process for OPEs accumulation in zebrafish. This study provides critical information on the bioaccumulation, tissue distribution, and metabolization of OPEs in relation with OPE structures in fish, as well as the underlying bioaccumulation mechanisms/pathways of OPEs in aquatic life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Huanhuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Zhongkun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Hanyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Jianbiao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Fernie KJ, Chabot D, Champoux L, Brimble S, Alaee M, Marteinson S, Chen D, Palace V, Bird DM, Letcher RJ. Spatiotemporal patterns and relationships among the diet, biochemistry, and exposure to flame retardants in an apex avian predator, the peregrine falcon. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 158:43-53. [PMID: 28599194 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FR) are industrial chemicals and some are proven environmental contaminants that accumulate in predatory birds. Few studies have examined the influence of diet on FR profiles in nestling raptors and the possible physiological implications of such FR exposure. The objectives of this research were (1) to determine spatial patterns of ≤ 48 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and ≤ 26 non-PBDE FRs, including organophosphate esters (OPEs), in nestling peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) across the Canadian Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin (GL-SLR; 2010) and in the eastern Canadian Arctic (2007); (2) to identify temporal changes in FR concentrations from the mid-2000s to 2010 in GL-SLR peregrine nestlings; (3) to investigate the role of diet using stable isotopes on exposure patterns of quantifiable FRs; and (4) to assess possible associations between circulating FRs and total (T) thyroxine (TT4) and triiodothyronine (TT3), tocopherol, retinol and oxidative status (isoprostanes). The summed concentrations of the top 5 PBDEs (Σ5) (BDE-47, -99, -100, -154, -153) were significantly higher in rural nestlings than urban nestlings in the GL-SLR, followed by the eastern Arctic nestlings. The PBDE congener profile of rural nestlings was dominated by BDE-99 (34‰), whereas BDE-209 (31‰) became dominant in the 2010 urban PBDE profile marking a shift since the mid-2000s. Low (ppb) concentrations of 25 novel non-PBDE FRs (e.g., 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE)) were measured in the nestlings in at least one region, with the first report in peregrines of 15 novel non-PBDE FRs (e.g., 2-ethyl-1-hyxyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB), pentabromo allyl ether (PBPAE), tetrabromoethylcyclohexane (α-, β-DBE-DBCH)) as well as of tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) (0-7.5ng/g ww) > tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) (0.1-5.5ng/g ww) > tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) (0.02-2.0ng/g ww) > tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) (0-1.0ng/g ww). Within the GL-SLR, the urban nestlings' diet had significantly more terrestrial sources (greater δ13C values) than the broader, more aquatic-based diet of rural peregrines. Dietary source (δ13C) was significantly associated with concentrations of Σ5PBDE, BDE-209, EHTBB, and 2,2-4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153), with trophic level (δ15N) also positively associated with BDE-209 levels. Compared to urban nestlings, the rural nestlings had significantly lower circulating concentrations of thyroxine (TT4), triiodothyronine (TT3), a greater proportion of TT3 relative to TT4 (TT3:TT4), tocopherol and oxidative status (isoprostanes), but higher retinol levels; the most recalcitrant PBDE congener, BDE-153, in combination with low concentrations of some novel FRs, particularly octabromotrimethylphenyllindane (OBIND), may influence circulating thyroid hormones, especially TT4, and retinol levels of peregrine falcon nestlings. These associations of FR-endocrine-biochemical measures suggest possible exposure-related changes in these birds and further study is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim J Fernie
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Dominique Chabot
- Avian Science and Conservation Centre, Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louise Champoux
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Samantha Brimble
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada; Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mehran Alaee
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Marteinson
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Da Chen
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Vince Palace
- International Institute for Sustainable Development - Experimental Lakes Area (IISD-ELA), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David M Bird
- Avian Science and Conservation Centre, Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Hou R, Liu C, Gao X, Xu Y, Zha J, Wang Z. Accumulation and distribution of organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) and their di-alkyl phosphates (DAPs) metabolites in different freshwater fish from locations around Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:548-556. [PMID: 28688305 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) can be rapidly metabolized in the body, and recent studies have shown that the di-alkyl phosphates (DAPs) are important metabolites. The accumulation and distribution of 8 PFRs and their 4 DAPs metabolites were first investigated in whole-body samples and various tissues of three freshwater fish species (topmouth gudgeon, crucian carp and loach) with different feeding habits from locations around Beijing, China. Concentrations of ΣPFRs in whole-body samples across all sampling locations ranged from 264.7 to 1973 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw), while all the paired DAP metabolites were detected in the total range from 35.3 to 510 ng g-1 lw. The calculated log bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of PFRs in whole fish were correlated with their log KOW (P < 0.05). The metabolite/parent ratios (MPRs) of ΣDAPs were calculated and ranged from 0.10 to 1.12 in whole-fish of all species. The MPRs of BBOEP/TBOEP were the highest. With respect to their distribution in different tissues, both the parent PFRs and metabolites were found at relatively higher levels in the liver than in other tissues (muscle, intestine, kidney and ovary), which was markedly different from those observed in avian species in previous studies. The accumulation of PFRs and DAPs in various tissues was not significantly correlated with the lipid content. The highest PFRs level in the liver may be related to the active hepatic accumulation processes. Meanwhile, the MPRs for all 4 pairs were the highest in the kidney relative to the other tissues. To the best of our knowledge, this is first study of DAPs in wild animals, and our study may improve the understanding of the accumulation and metabolism of PFRs in the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cao Liu
- Beijing Water Sciences Technology Institute, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaozhong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Giraudo M, Dubé M, Lépine M, Gagnon P, Douville M, Houde M. Multigenerational effects evaluation of the flame retardant tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) using Daphnia magna. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 190:142-149. [PMID: 28711770 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) is an organophosphate ester used as substitute following the phase-out of brominated flamed retardants. Because of its high production volume and its use in a broad range of applications, this chemical is now frequently detected in the environment and biota. However, limited information is available on the long-term effects of TBOEP in aquatic organisms. In this study, Daphnia magna were exposed over three 21d generations to an environmentally relevant concentration of TBOEP (10μg/L) and effects were evaluated at the gene transcription, protein, and life-history (i.e., survival, reproduction and growth) levels. Chronic exposure to TBEOP did not impact survival or reproduction of D. magna but affected the growth output. The mean number of molts was also found to be lower in daphnids exposed to the chemical compared to control for a given generation, however there were no significant differences over the three generations. Molecular responses indicated significant differences in the transcription of genes related to growth, molting, ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone signaling, proteolysis, oxidative stress, and oxygen transport within generations. Levels of mRNA were also found to be significantly different for genes known to be involved in endocrine-mediated mechanisms such as reproduction and growth between generations F0, F1, and F2, indicating effects of parental exposure on offspring. Transcription results were supported by protein analyses with the significant decreased in catalase (CAT) activity in F1 generation, following the decreased transcription of cat in the parental generation. Taken together, these multi-biological level results suggest long-term potential endocrine disruption effects of TBOEP in D. magna exposed to an environmentally relevant concentration. This study highlights the importance of using chronic and multigenerational biological evaluation to assess risks of emerging chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maeva Giraudo
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate,105 McGill Street, Montreal, QC, H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Maxime Dubé
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate,105 McGill Street, Montreal, QC, H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Mélanie Lépine
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate,105 McGill Street, Montreal, QC, H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Pierre Gagnon
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate,105 McGill Street, Montreal, QC, H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Mélanie Douville
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate,105 McGill Street, Montreal, QC, H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Magali Houde
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate,105 McGill Street, Montreal, QC, H2Y 2E7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Zhao F, Chen M, Gao F, Shen H, Hu J. Organophosphorus Flame Retardants in Pregnant Women and Their Transfer to Chorionic Villi. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6489-6497. [PMID: 28516762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The potential for prenatal exposure has recently raised concerns over the health risks of endocrine disruptors; however, knowledge about human prenatal exposure to organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) is lacking. In this study, 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), tributyl phosphate (TBP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were detected in the majority of chorionic villus samples, with median concentrations of 13.6, 18.8, 11.1, and 0.51 ng/g of dry weight (dw), respectively, significantly higher than those in the matching maternal decidua samples (5.96, 10.8, 1.44, and 0.26 ng/g of dw, respectively). The ratios of concentrations in chorionic villi (containing embryos) to those in maternal deciduae (CMRs) were 4.17, 3.82, 2.81, and 2.00 for EHDPP, TPHP, TBP, and TCEP, respectively, which correlated with their log Kow values (p = 0.003). The results of transthyretin (TTR) binding assays indicated that the stronger the binding ability to TTR, the higher the CMRs. The median concentrations of the metabolites diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), dibutyl phosphate (DBP), and bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP) were 4.11, 429, and 157 ng/g of dw in chorionic villi, higher than those in deciduae (1.64, 181, and 25.4 ng/g of dw, respectively). The ratios of DPHP/TPHP and DPHP/EHDPP were 0.20 and 0.43 in chorionic villi and 1.24 and 2.03 in deciduae, respectively, much lower than those of DBP/TBP and BCEP/TCEP (20.9 and 165.6 in chorionic villi and 13.1 and 35.3 in deciduae, respectively), suggesting that the difference in metabolism between the deciduae and chorionic villi would affect their maternal transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanrong Zhao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Mo Chen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Fumei Gao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Shen
- Reproductive Medical Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University , Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianying Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Hu W, Gao F, Zhang H, Hiromori Y, Arakawa S, Nagase H, Nakanishi T, Hu J. Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma and Disruption of Progesterone Synthesis of 2-Ethylhexyl Diphenyl Phosphate in Human Placental Choriocarcinoma Cells: Comparison with Triphenyl Phosphate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4061-4068. [PMID: 28282128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), an organophosphate flame retardant (OPFR), is frequently detected in human blood. In this study, the sensitive dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and molecular docking were used to investigate the activation of EHDPP to human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG). Results show that EHDPP exhibited stronger PPARG activation (EC20: 2.04 μM) than triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) (EC20: 2.78 μM). EHDPP upregulated the gene expression of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (3β-HSD1) in human placental choriocarcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner, and the lowest observable effective concentration was 10 μM, lower than that of TPhP (20 μM). EHDPP significantly altered progesterone secretion at a lower concentration (10 μM) than that of TPhP (20 μM), and both EHDPP and TPhP significantly promoted human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) production at 20 μM. Furthermore, inactivation of PPARG by either a pharmacological inhibitor (GW9662) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) abolished the change in progesterone secretion and gene expression in the cells exposed to EHDPP, suggesting that the PPARG signaling pathway plays a role in the upregulation of progesterone by the two OPFRs. This is the first report to show that OPFRs can alter the biosynthesis of progesterone in the placenta, which could affect female reproduction and fetal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Hu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fumei Gao
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Youhei Hiromori
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University , 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science 3500-3, Minamitamagaki, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670, Japan
| | - Shuhei Arakawa
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University , 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hisamitsu Nagase
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University , 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University , 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Jianying Hu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Guo J, Venier M, Salamova A, Hites RA. Bioaccumulation of Dechloranes, organophosphate esters, and other flame retardants in Great Lakes fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 583:1-9. [PMID: 28110879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We measured the concentrations of 60 flame retardants (and related compounds) in fish samples collected in the Great Lakes basin. These analytes include dechlorane-related compounds (Decs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Composite lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) or walleye (Sander vitreus, from Lake Erie) samples were collected (N=3 for each lake) in 2010 from each of the five Great Lakes (a total of 15 samples). Among the dechlorane-related compounds, Dechlorane, Dechlorane Plus, Dechlorane-602, Dechlorane-603, and Dechlorane-604 (with zero to three bromines and with four chlorines) were detected in >73% of the fish samples. The concentrations of some of these dechlorane-related compounds were 3-10 times higher in Lake Ontario trout than in fish from the other four lakes. Tris(1-chloroisopropyl) phosphate, tri-n-butylphosphate, tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, and triphenyl phosphate were found in >50% of the fish samples. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were the most abundant of the flame retardants in fish, with a mean concentration of 250ng/g lipid. Our findings suggest that the Decs and BFRs with 3-6 bromines are more bioaccumulative in the fish than the OPEs and high molecular weight BFRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiehong Guo
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Marta Venier
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Amina Salamova
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Ronald A Hites
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Guigueno MF, Fernie KJ. Birds and flame retardants: A review of the toxic effects on birds of historical and novel flame retardants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 154:398-424. [PMID: 28193557 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) are a diverse group of chemicals, many of which persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in biota. Although some FRs have been withdrawn from manufacturing and commerce (e.g., legacy FRs), many continue to be detected in the environment; moreover, their replacements and/or other novel FRs are also detected in biota. Here, we review and summarize the literature on the toxic effects of various FRs on birds. Birds integrate chemical information (exposure, effects) across space and time, making them ideal sentinels of environmental contamination. Following an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) approach, we synthesized information on 8 of the most commonly reported endpoints in avian FR toxicity research: molecular measures, thyroid-related measures, steroids, retinol, brain anatomy, behaviour, growth and development, and reproduction. We then identified which of these endpoints appear more/most sensitive to FR exposure, as determined by the frequency of significant effects across avian studies. The avian thyroid system, largely characterized by inconsistent changes in circulating thyroid hormones that were the only measure in many such studies, appears to be moderately sensitive to FR exposure relative to the other endpoints; circulating thyroid hormones, after reproductive measures, being the most frequently examined endpoint. A more comprehensive examination with concurrent measurements of multiple thyroid endpoints (e.g., thyroid gland, deiodinase enzymes) is recommended for future studies to more fully understand potential avian thyroid toxicity of FRs. More research is required to determine the effects of various FRs on avian retinol concentrations, inconsistently sensitive across species, and to concurrently assess multiple steroid hormones. Behaviour related to courtship and reproduction was the most sensitive of all selected endpoints, with significant effects recorded in every study. Among domesticated species (Galliformes), raptors (Accipitriformes and Falconiformes), songbirds (Passeriformes), and other species of birds (e.g. gulls), raptors seem to be the most sensitive to FR exposure across these measurements. We recommend that future avian research connect biochemical disruptions and changes in the brain to ecologically relevant endpoints, such as behaviour and reproduction. Moreover, connecting in vivo endpoints with molecular endpoints for non-domesticated avian species is also highly important, and essential to linking FR exposure with reduced fitness and population-level effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie F Guigueno
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7S 1A1; Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - Kim J Fernie
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7S 1A1.
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Cao D, Guo J, Wang Y, Li Z, Liang K, Corcoran MB, Hosseini S, Bonina SMC, Rockne KJ, Sturchio NC, Giesy JP, Liu J, Li A, Jiang G. Organophosphate Esters in Sediment of the Great Lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1441-1449. [PMID: 28084727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study on organophosphate ester (OPEs) flame retardants and plasticizers in the sediment of the Great Lakes. Concentrations of 14 OPEs were measured in three sediment cores and 88 Ponar surface grabs collected from Lakes Ontario, Michigan, and Superior of North America. The sum of these OPEs (Σ14OPEs) in Ponar grabs averaged 2.2, 4.7, and 16.6 ng g-1 dw in Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Ontario, respectively. Multiple linear regression analyses demonstrated statistically significant associations between logarithm concentrations of Σ14OPEs as well as selected congeners in surface grab samples and sediment organic carbon content as well as a newly developed urban distance factor. Temporal trends observed in dated sediment cores from Lake Michigan demonstrated that the recent increase in depositional flux to sediment is dominated by chlorinated OPEs, particularly tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), which has a doubling time of about 20 years. Downward diffusion within sediment may have caused vertical fractionation of OPEs over time. Two relatively hydrophilic OPEs including TCPP had much higher concentrations in sediment than estimated based on equilibria between water and sediment organic carbon. Approximately a quarter (17 tonnes) of the estimated total OPE burden (63 tonnes) in Lake Michigan resides in sediment, which may act as a secondary source releasing OPEs to the water column for years to come.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jiehong Guo
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhuona Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Kang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Margaret B Corcoran
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Soheil Hosseini
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Solidea M C Bonina
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Karl J Rockne
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Neil C Sturchio
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Iqbal M, Syed JH, Katsoyiannis A, Malik RN, Farooqi A, Butt A, Li J, Zhang G, Cincinelli A, Jones KC. Legacy and emerging flame retardants (FRs) in the freshwater ecosystem: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 152:26-42. [PMID: 27741446 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review article, we have compiled and reviewed the previously published available literature on environmental distribution, behaviour, fate and regional trends of legacy and emerging flame retardants (FRs) including brominated (BFRs), organo-phosphate (OPFRs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and dechlorane plus (DP) in the freshwater ecosystem. Transport and fate is discussed briefly with the evidences of de-bromination, sedimentation and accumulation in biota. De-bromination of BDE-209 is considered of concern because the lower brominated congeners are more toxic and mobile thus posing increased risk to the freshwater ecosystem. The available data on temporal and spatial trends as yet, is too few to show any consistent trends, enabling only general conclusions to be drawn. There is a lack of temporal studies in Asia, while, overall the trends are mixed, with both increasing and decreasing concentrations of BFRs and OPFRs. OPFRs and NBFRs have replaced classical BFRs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)) in some countries but the amount of PBDEs in the environment is still considerable. Knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research are discussed emphasizing on further monitoring, advanced analytical methodologies, and risk assessment studies to completely understand the science of flame retardants in the freshwater ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehreen Iqbal
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Athanasios Katsoyiannis
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) - FRAM High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, Hjalmar Johansens gt. 14 NO - 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Abida Farooqi
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Butt
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3 - 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Italian National Research Council (IDPA-CNR), Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Yu L, Jia Y, Su G, Sun Y, Letcher RJ, Giesy JP, Yu H, Han Z, Liu C. Parental transfer of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and transgenerational inhibition of growth of zebrafish exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:196-203. [PMID: 27646168 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) is a re-emerging environmental contaminant that has been frequently detected at sub-ppb (<μg/L) concentrations in natural waters. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of TDCIPP on growth in initial generation (F0) zebrafish after chronic exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations, and to examine possible parental transfer of TDCIPP and transgenerational effects on growth of first generation (F1) larvae. When zebrafish (1-month old) were exposed to 580 or 7500 ng TDCIPP/L for 240 days, bioconcentration resulted in significantly less growth as measured by body length, body mass, brain-somatic index (BSI) and hepatic-somatic index (HSI) in F0 females but not F0 males. These effects were possibly due to down-regulation of expression of genes along the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis. Furthermore, residues of TDCIPP were detected in F1 eggs after exposure of parents, which resulted in less survival, body length and heart rate in F1 individuals. Down-regulation of genes in the GH/IGF axis (e.g., gh, igf1) might be responsible for transgenerational toxicity. This study provides the first known evidence that exposure of zebrafish to environmentally relevant concentrations of TDCIPP during development can inhibit growth of offspring, which were not exposed directly to TDCIPP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Yu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yali Jia
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Yongkai Sun
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210089, China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Zhihua Han
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEP, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Hunan, Changde 415000, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, China.
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Greaves AK, Letcher RJ. A Review of Organophosphate Esters in the Environment from Biological Effects to Distribution and Fate. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 98:2-7. [PMID: 27510993 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are synthetic phosphoric acid derivatives used in a wide variety of applications including as flame retardants and plasticizers. Their production and usage has increased in recent years, due to the phase-out of other flame retardant formulations (e.g., polybrominated diphenyl ethers). As such, there has been a recent push to understand the global distribution of OPEs and their behaviour in biota. Multiple studies have been published over the last few years pertaining to OPE concentrations in biotic and abiotic environmental compartments, as well as the metabolism of OPEs in biota. This paper aims to provide a brief review of the occurrence and levels of OPEs in the environment, as well as recent developments concerning the elucidation of OPE metabolism in biota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alana K Greaves
- Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Eng ML, Letcher RJ, Williams TD, Elliott JE. In ovo tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate concentrations significantly decrease in late incubation after a single exposure via injection, with no evidence of effects on hatching success or latent effects on growth or reproduction in zebra finches. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:83-88. [PMID: 27207485 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) eggs were injected with the organophosphate triester flame retardant tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) at 0 μg/g, 0.01 μg/g, 1 μg/g, 10 μg/g, or 50 μg/g egg. Subsets of high-dose eggs were collected throughout incubation to measure TBOEP, which started declining in late incubation and then decreased rapidly to 28% of injected concentration by hatching. The authors found no effects of TBOEP on survival, growth, or reproduction even at very high doses. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:83-88. © 2016 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Eng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Pacific Wildlife Research Centre, Delta, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tony D Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John E Elliott
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Pacific Wildlife Research Centre, Delta, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Salamova A, Peverly AA, Venier M, Hites RA. Spatial and Temporal Trends of Particle Phase Organophosphate Ester Concentrations in the Atmosphere of the Great Lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:13249-13255. [PMID: 27993071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of six organophosphate esters (OPEs) in atmospheric particle phase samples collected once every 12 days at five sites in the North American Great Lakes basin over the period of March 2012 to December 2014, inclusive, are reported. These OPEs include tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDP). Median total OPE concentrations (∑OPE) ranged from 93 pg/m3 at Sleeping Bear Dunes to 1046 pg/m3 at Chicago. The ∑OPE levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher at Chicago and Cleveland, our urban sites, than at our rural and remote sites. The composition profiles were dominated by chlorinated OPEs at the urban and rural sites and by nonchlorinated OPEs at the remote sites. The concentrations of all OPEs were significantly (P < 0.001) correlated to one another, suggesting that these compounds share similar sources. Most atmospheric ∑OPE concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) decreasing over time, with halving times of about 3.5 years at the urban sites and about 1.5 years at the rural and remote sites. Interestingly, TCEP and EHDP concentrations were increasing over time at the rural and remote sites with doubling times of 2.2 and 3.7 years, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amina Salamova
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Angela A Peverly
- Science and Mathematics Department, Eureka College , Eureka, Illinois 61530, United States
| | - Marta Venier
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Ronald A Hites
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Wang G, Du Z, Chen H, Su Y, Gao S, Mao L. Tissue-Specific Accumulation, Depuration, and Transformation of Triphenyl Phosphate (TPHP) in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:13555-13564. [PMID: 27993046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding bioaccumulation and metabolism is critical for evaluating the fate and potential toxicity of compounds in vivo. We recently investigated, for the first time, the bioconcentration and tissue distribution of triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and its main metabolites in selected tissues of adult zebrafish. To further confirm the metabolites, deuterated TPHP (d15-TPHP) was used in the exposure experiments at an environmentally relevant level (20 μg/L) and at 1/10 LC50 (100 μg/L). After 11-14 days of exposure to 100 μg/L of d15-TPHP, the accumulation and excretion of d15-TPHP reached equilibrium, at which point the intestine contained the highest d15-TPHP (μg/g wet weight, ww) concentration (3.12 ± 0.43), followed by the gills (2.76 ± 0.12) > brain (2.58 ± 0.19) > liver (2.30 ± 0.34) ≫ muscle (0.53 ± 0.04). The major metabolite of d15-TPHP, d10-diphenyl phosphate (d10-DPHP), was detected at significantly higher contents in the liver and intestine, at levels up to 3.0-3.5 times those of d15-TPHP. The metabolic pathways of TPHP were elucidated, including hydrolysis, hydroxylation, and glucuronic acid conjugation after hydroxylation. Finally, a physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model was used to explore the key factors influencing the bioaccumulation of d15-TPHP in zebrafish. These results provide important information for the understanding of the metabolism, disposition, and toxicology of TPHP in aquatic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhongkun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hanyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Liang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Zhang X, Zou W, Mu L, Chen Y, Ren C, Hu X, Zhou Q. Rice ingestion is a major pathway for human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 318:686-693. [PMID: 27484948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Although organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been shown to accumulate in abiotic and biotic environmental compartments, data about OPFRs concentrations in various foods are limited and are none in humans through diets. In this work, the concentrations of 6 typical OPFRs were investigated in 50 rice samples, 75 commonly consumed foods and 45 human hair samples from China. The dietary intakes of OPFRs for adult people via food ingestion were estimated. The concentrations of ΣOPFRs in foods ranged from 0.004ng/g to 287ng/g. OPFRs were detected in 53.3% of the human hair samples. The highest OPFRs concentrations were found in rice and vegetables. Tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate(TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate(TCIPP), and tri(2-ethyltexyl)phosphate(TEHP) were predominant in all food samples. OPFRs concentrations in foods were not significantly affected by the packaging materials. The mean dietary intakes of ΣOPFRs for adult males and females were 539 and 601ng/kg body weight/day, respectively. The greatest contribution to these values is from rice, accounting for approximately 60% of the total intake, particularly from rice protein. Rice ingestion was considered a potential major pathway for human exposure to OPFRs, and regional differences in the levels of OPFRs in foods and dietary differences should be given more attention in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wei Zou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li Mu
- Institute of Agro-environmental Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Yuming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chaoxiu Ren
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiangang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Qixing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Jin Y, Chen G, Fu Z. Effects of TBEP on the induction of oxidative stress and endocrine disruption in Tm3 Leydig cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1276-86. [PMID: 25808963 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The flame retardant tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) is a frequently detected contaminant in the environment. In the cultured TM3 cells (originated from ATCC), effects of TBEP on the induction of oxidative stress and endocrine disruption were evaluated. It was observed that exposure to 100 μg/mL TBEP for 24 h significantly reduced the viability of TM3 cells. The mRNA levels of genes related to oxidative stress including Sod, Gpx1, Cat, and Gsta1 were changed in a dose-dependent and/or time-dependent manner after exposure to 30 and 100 μg/mL TBEP for 6, 12, or 24 h. Moreover, notable decrease in glutathione (GSH) contents and increases in oxidized glutathione (GSSG) contents as well as the antioxidant enzyme activities like superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase were found in the group treated with 100 μg/mL TBEP for 24 h, indicating that TBEP induced oxidative stress in TM3 Leydig cells. In addition, the expression of genes related to testosterone (T) synthesis including cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (P450-17α), and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) and T levels in medium were remarkably declined by the treatment of 100 μg/mL TBEP for 24 h. And TBEP could inhibit the expression of P450-17α and 17β-HSD and T levels up-regulated by hCG in TM3 cells. Taken together, these findings indicated that TBEP can induce oxidative stress and alter steroidogenesis in TM3 cells. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1276-1286, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiang Jin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Guanliang Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Greaves AK, Su G, Letcher RJ. Environmentally relevant organophosphate triesters in herring gulls: In vitro biotransformation and kinetics and diester metabolite formation using a hepatic microsomal assay. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 308:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
120
|
Greaves AK, Letcher RJ, Chen D, McGoldrick DJ, Gauthier LT, Backus SM. Retrospective analysis of organophosphate flame retardants in herring gull eggs and relation to the aquatic food web in the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:255-263. [PMID: 27322497 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
With the phase-out and regulation of some flame retardant chemicals, the production and usage of organophosphate triester flame retardants (OPFRs) has increased in recent years. In the present study, 14 OPFRs (either chlorinated, brominated or non-halogenated) were analyzed in egg pools of 10-13 individual herring gull eggs from five colonial nesting sites for 11 years spanning 1990-2010, (for a total of n=55 egg pools) in the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America (Chantry Island, Fighting Island, Agawa Rocks, Toronto Harbour and Gull Island). OPFR profiles varied slightly between colony sites and collection years. For all five sites tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) were detected, while triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) was only quantifiable in eggs from Chantry Island and Gull Island collected in 2008 and 2010. For the 2010 egg pools, the ΣOPFR concentrations were generally low and ranged from 2.02 to 6.69 ng/g wet weight (ww). ΣOPFR concentrations in 2010 were significantly higher (p<0.05) than they were between 1990 and 2004 (4.06 vs. 1.55 ng/g ww, respectively). In a pilot examination of Great Lakes aquatic food webs, 2010-collected alewife and rainbow smelt (major herring gull fish prey) and lake trout from western Lake Erie and Ontario, only contained TBOEP at low to sub ng/g ww concentrations. These results demonstrate that low to sub-ppb concentrations of at least three OPFRs, TCIPP, TCEP and TBOEP, have been persistent in herring gull eggs from the Great Lakes for at least the past 20 years, probably bioaccumulate mainly via the fish diet, and are transferred to the eggs of exposed herring gulls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alana K Greaves
- Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Da Chen
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale IL 62901, USA
| | - Daryl J McGoldrick
- Water Science & Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Lewis T Gauthier
- Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Sean M Backus
- Water Science & Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Zhao F, Wan Y, Zhao H, Hu W, Mu D, Webster TF, Hu J. Levels of Blood Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Association with Changes in Human Sphingolipid Homeostasis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:8896-8903. [PMID: 27434659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
While a recent toxicological study has shown that organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) may disrupt sphingolipid homeostasis, epidemiologic evidence is currently lacking. In this study, a total of 257 participants were recruited from Shenzhen, China. Eleven OPFRs were for the first time simultaneously determined in the human blood samples by ultraperformance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Six OPFRs, tributyl phosphate (TNBP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), triethyl phosphate (TEP), and TPHP, were detectable in at least 90% of participants, with median concentrations of 37.8, 1.22, 0.71, 0.54, 0.49, and 0.43 ng/mL, respectively. Sphingomyelin (SM) levels in the highest quartile of EHDPP, TPHP, TNBP, TBOEP, TEP, and TCIPP were 45.3% [95% confidence interval; 38.1%, 53.0%], 51.9% (45.5%, 58.6%), 153.6% (145.1%, 162.3%), 20.6% (14.5%, 27.0%), 59.0% (52.1%, 66.2%), and 62.8% (55.2%, 70.6%) higher than those in the lowest quartile, respectively, after adjusting for covariates. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) levels in the highest quartile of EHDPP, TPHP, and TNBP were 36% (-39%, -33%), 16% (-19%, -14%), and 36% (-38%, -33%) lower than those in the lowest quartile, respectively. A similar pattern emerged when exposures were modeled continuously. We for the first time found the associations between OPFRs and changes in human sphingolipid homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanrong Zhao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Wan
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haoqi Zhao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenxin Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Di Mu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Thomas F Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Jianying Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Su G, Greaves AK, Teclechiel D, Letcher RJ. In Vitro Metabolism of Photolytic Breakdown Products of Tetradecabromo-1,4-diphenoxybenzene Flame Retardant in Herring Gull and Rat Liver Microsomal Assays. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:8335-8343. [PMID: 27351066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tetradecabromo-1,4-diphenoxybenzene (TeDB-DiPhOBz) is used as a flame retardant chemical and has been hypothesized to be the precursor of methoxylated polybrominated diphenoxybenzene (MeO-PB-DiPhOBz) contaminants reported in herring gulls from sites across the Laurentian Great Lakes. Here, by irradiating the parent TeDB-DiPhOBz (solution 1) with natural sunlight or UV, we prepared three solutions where solution 2 was dominated by the Br8-11-PB-DiPhOBzs, along with Br5-8-PB-DiPhOBzs (solution 3) and Br4-6-PB-DiPhOBzs (solution 4). The in vitro metabolism of TeDB-DiPhOBz and PB-DiPhOBzs was investigated using harvested wild herring gull (Larus argentatus) and adult male Wister-Han rat liver microsomal assays. After a 90 min incubation period of solution 1 in gull or rat microsomal assays, there was no significant (p > 0.05) depletion of TeDB-DiPhOBz. OH-PB-DiPhOBz metabolites were detectable after gull and rat microsomal assay incubation with solutions 3 or 4, and showed clear species-specific differences. Also detected were two polybrominated hydroxylated metabolites having polybenzofuran structures. Overall, this study suggested that TeDB-DiPhOBz is slowly metabolized in vitro, and also indicated that if wild herring gulls are exposed (e.g., via the diet) to photolytic products of TeDB-DiPhOBz, OH-PB-DiPhOBz and other metabolites could be formed. OH-PH-DiPhOBz are likely precursors to MeO-PB-DiPhOBz contaminants that we reported previously in eggs of wild Great Lakes herring gulls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanyong Su
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Alana K Greaves
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Daniel Teclechiel
- AccuStandard , 125 Market Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06513, United States
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Xu F, Giovanoulis G, van Waes S, Padilla-Sanchez JA, Papadopoulou E, Magnér J, Haug LS, Neels H, Covaci A. Comprehensive Study of Human External Exposure to Organophosphate Flame Retardants via Air, Dust, and Hand Wipes: The Importance of Sampling and Assessment Strategy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7752-60. [PMID: 27350238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We compared the human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) via inhalation, dust ingestion, and dermal absorption using different sampling and assessment strategies. Air (indoor stationary air and personal ambient air), dust (floor dust and surface dust), and hand wipes were sampled from 61 participants and their houses. We found that stationary air contains higher levels of ΣPFRs (median = 163 ng/m(3), IQR = 161 ng/m(3)) than personal air (median = 44 ng/m(3), IQR = 55 ng/m(3)), suggesting that the stationary air sample could generate a larger bias for inhalation exposure assessment. Tris(chloropropyl) phosphate isomers (ΣTCPP) accounted for over 80% of ΣPFRs in both stationary and personal air. PFRs were frequently detected in both surface dust (ΣPFRs median = 33 100 ng/g, IQR = 62 300 ng/g) and floor dust (ΣPFRs median = 20 500 ng/g, IQR = 30 300 ng/g). Tris(2-butoxylethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) accounted for 40% and 60% of ΣPFRs in surface and floor dust, respectively, followed by ΣTCPP (30% and 20%, respectively). TBOEP (median = 46 ng, IQR = 69 ng) and ΣTCPP (median = 37 ng, IQR = 49 ng) were also frequently detected in hand wipe samples. For the first time, a comprehensive assessment of human exposure to PFRs via inhalation, dust ingestion, and dermal absorption was conducted with individual personal data rather than reference factors of the general population. Inhalation seems to be the major exposure pathway for ΣTCPP and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), while participants had higher exposure to TBOEP and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) via dust ingestion. Estimated exposure to ΣPFRs was the highest with stationary air inhalation (median =34 ng·kg bw(-1)·day(-1), IQR = 38 ng·kg bw(-1)·day(-1)), followed by surface dust ingestion (median = 13 ng·kg bw(-1)·day(-1), IQR = 28 ng·kg bw(-1)·day(-1)), floor dust ingestion and personal air inhalation. The median dermal exposure on hand wipes was 0.32 ng·kg bw(-1)·day(-1) (IQR = 0.58 ng·kg bw(-1)·day(-1)) for ΣTCPP. The selection of sampling and assessment strategies could significantly affect the results of exposure assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuchao Xu
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Sofie van Waes
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Juan Antonio Padilla-Sanchez
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Lovisenberggata 8, Oslo N-0403, Norway
| | - Eleni Papadopoulou
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Lovisenberggata 8, Oslo N-0403, Norway
| | - Jorgen Magnér
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute , SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Line Småstuen Haug
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Lovisenberggata 8, Oslo N-0403, Norway
| | - Hugo Neels
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Phillips AL, Chen A, Rock KD, Horman B, Patisaul HB, Stapleton HM. Editor's Highlight: Transplacental and Lactational Transfer of Firemaster® 550 Components in Dosed Wistar Rats. Toxicol Sci 2016; 153:246-57. [PMID: 27370412 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Firemaster® 550 (FM 550) is a commercial mixture of organophosphate and brominated flame retardants currently in use as a replacement for pentaBDE. Its organophosphate components include triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and a suite of isopropylated triarylphosphate isomers (ITPs); its brominated components include 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) and bis (2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP). Taken together, these chemicals have been shown to be endocrine disrupting and potentially toxic, and human exposure to them is widespread. In this study, maternal transfer of FM 550 components, and in some cases their metabolites, was investigated in dosed Wistar rats. Gestational and lactational transfer were examined separately, with dams orally exposed to 300 or 1000 µg of FM 550 for 10 consecutive days during gestation (gestational day [GD] 9-18) or lactation (postnatal day [PND] 3-12). Levels of parent compounds were measured in fetus and whole pup tissue homogenates, and in dam and pup serum, and several metabolites were measured in dam and pup urine. EH-TBB body burdens resulting from lactational transfer were approximately 200- to 300-fold higher than those resulting from placental transfer, whereas low levels of BEH-TEBP were transferred during both lactation and gestation. TPHP and ITPs were rapidly metabolized by the dams and were not detected in whole tissue homogenates. However, diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) and mono-isopropylphenyl phenyl phosphate (ip-PPP) were detected in urine from the dosed animals. This study is the first to confirm ip-PPP as a urinary metabolite of ITPs and establish a pharmacokinetic profile of FM 550 in a mammalian model. KEY WORDS Firemaster 550 ;: lactational transfer ;: gestational transfer; metabolites; rodent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Phillips
- *Nicholas School of the Environment, Levine Science Research Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Albert Chen
- *Nicholas School of the Environment, Levine Science Research Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Kylie D Rock
- Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695
| | - Brian Horman
- Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- *Nicholas School of the Environment, Levine Science Research Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710;
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Ding J, Xu Z, Huang W, Feng L, Yang F. Organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in human placenta in Eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 554-555:211-7. [PMID: 26950635 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been widely used in various products as alternatives to brominated flame retardants. Although widespread OPE exposure is expected in humans, the accumulation of OPEs has seldom been studied in the human body. In this study, 12 OPE analogs were analyzed in 50 human placentas collected in Eastern China. The concentrations of the 9 most frequently detected OPEs (Σ9OPEs) ranged from 34.4 to 862ng/g lipid weight (lw), with a median of 301ng/g lw. Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) was identified as the most abundant analog, with a median concentration of 142ng/g lw, followed by tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP). Statistical analysis showed no analog of OPEs or Σ9OPEs was positively correlated with the lipid content of the placentas. There were no correlations observed between the OPE concentrations and maternal characteristics. Food consumption habits exhibited weak effects on OPE levels in the placentas. Further investigation is required to determine the effects of OPEs on fetuses due to the expected increase in maternal exposure to these esters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjian Ding
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zemin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Limin Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Fangxing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Hou R, Xu Y, Wang Z. Review of OPFRs in animals and humans: Absorption, bioaccumulation, metabolism, and internal exposure research. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 153:78-90. [PMID: 27010170 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to their widespread use, organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are commonly detected in various environmental matrices and have been identified as emerging contaminants. Considering the adverse effects of OPFRs, many researchers have paid their attention on the absorption, bioaccumulation, metabolism and internal exposure processes of OPFRs in animals and humans. In this article, we first review the diverse absorption routes of OPFRs by animals and humans (e.g., inhalation, ingestion, dermal absorption and gill absorption). Bioaccumulation and biomagnification potentials of OPFRs in different types of organisms and food webs are also summarized, based on quite limited available data and results. For metabolism, we review the Phase-I and Phase-II metabolic processes for each type of OPFRs (chlorinated OPFRs, alkyl-OPFRs and aryl-OPFRs) in the animals and humans, as well as toxicokinetic information and putative exposure biomarkers on OPFRs. Finally, we highlight gaps in our knowledge and critical directions for future internal exposure studies of OPFRs in animals and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Yiping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Zheng X, Xu F, Luo X, Mai B, Covaci A. Phosphate flame retardants and novel brominated flame retardants in home-produced eggs from an e-waste recycling region in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:545-550. [PMID: 26460270 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate flame retardants (PFRs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) (2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-benzoate (EH-TBB) and bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-phthalate (BEH-TEBP)) were measured in free-range chicken eggs from three e-waste recycling sites and a negative control site located in Guangdong province, Southern China. BEH-TEBP, tris-(chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP), tris-(chloropropyl)-phosphate (∑TCPP, two isomers) and tris-(1,3-dichloroisopropyl)-phosphate (TDCIPP) were detected in more than 50% of eggs samples with low concentrations. The median values of BEH-TEBP and total PFRs were 0.17-0.46 ng/g ww (wet weight) and 1.62-2.59 ng/g ww in eggs from the e-waste sites, respectively. The results indicate that EH-TBB, BEH-TEBP and PFRs are less persistent and bioaccumulative than polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in chicken eggs, and possibly also in other bio-matrices. Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were identified in albumen with higher frequencies, but at similar concentrations compared to yolk, while BEH-TEBP was mainly detected in yolk. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of BEH-TEBP and total PFRs from consumption of chicken eggs ranged from 0.03 to 0.09 and 0.32-0.52 ng/kg bw/day for adults, and 0.20-0.54 and 1.89-3.02 ng/kg bw/day for children in e-waste sites, respectively. Indoor dust ingestion seems to be a more important pathway for the intake of these FRs, while egg consumption is probably a more important exposure pathway for PBDEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China; Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium; College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchao Xu
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Liu LY, He K, Hites RA, Salamova A. Hair and Nails as Noninvasive Biomarkers of Human Exposure to Brominated and Organophosphate Flame Retardants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3065-73. [PMID: 26926265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
After the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the use of alternative flame retardants (AFRs), such as FireMaster 550, and of organophosphate esters (OPEs) has increased. However, little is known about human exposure to these chemicals. This lack of biomonitoring studies is partially due to the absence of reliable noninvasive biomarkers of exposure. Human hair and nails can provide integrated exposure measurements, and as such, these matrices can potentially be used as noninvasive biomarkers of exposure to these flame retardants. Paired human hair, fingernail, toenail, and serum samples obtained from 50 adult participants recruited at Indiana University Bloomington campus were analyzed by gas chromatographic mass spectrometry for 36 PBDEs, 9 AFRs, and 12 OPEs. BDE-47, BDE-99, 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), di(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP), and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were the most abundant compounds detected in almost all hair, fingernail, and toenail samples. The concentrations followed the order OPEs > TBB+TBPH > Σpenta-BDE. PBDE levels in the hair and nail samples were significantly correlated with their levels in serum (P < 0.05), suggesting that human hair and nails can be used as biomarkers to assess human exposure to PBDEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Ying Liu
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs and ‡School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Ka He
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs and ‡School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Ronald A Hites
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs and ‡School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Amina Salamova
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs and ‡School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
TPhP exposure disturbs carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and the DNA damage repair system in zebrafish liver. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21827. [PMID: 26898711 PMCID: PMC4761896 DOI: 10.1038/srep21827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate is a high production volume organophosphate flame retardant that has been detected in multiple environmental media at increasing concentrations. The environmental and health risks of triphenyl phosphate have drawn attention because of the multiplex toxicity of this chemical compound. However, few studies have paid close attention to the impacts of triphenyl phosphate on liver metabolism. We investigated hepatic histopathological, metabolomic and transcriptomic responses of zebrafish after exposure to 0.050 mg/L and 0.300 mg/L triphenyl phosphate for 7 days. Metabolomic analysis revealed significant changes in the contents of glucose, UDP-glucose, lactate, succinate, fumarate, choline, acetylcarnitine, and several fatty acids. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that related pathways, such as the glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, PPAR signaling pathway and fatty acid elongation, were significantly affected. These results suggest that triphenyl phosphate exposure markedly disturbs hepatic carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in zebrafish. Moreover, DNA replication, the cell cycle, and non-homologous end-joining and base excision repair were strongly affected, thus indicating that triphenyl phosphate hinders the DNA damage repair system in zebrafish liver cells. The present study provides a systematic analysis of the triphenyl phosphate-induced toxic effects in zebrafish liver and demonstrates that low concentrations of triphenyl phosphate affect normal metabolism and cell cycle.
Collapse
|
130
|
Ma Z, Tang S, Su G, Miao Y, Liu H, Xie Y, Giesy JP, Saunders DMV, Hecker M, Yu H. Effects of tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) on endocrine axes during development of early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1920-1927. [PMID: 26547027 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to phasing out of additive flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) is widely used as a substitute. TBOEP is ubiquitous in the environment and has been measured at concentrations of micrograms per liter (μg L(-1)) in surface waters and wastewater. Information on potential adverse effects on development of aquatic organisms caused by exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TBOEP is limited, especially for effects that may be caused through impairment of endocrine-modulated homeostasis. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine effects of TBOEP on ontogeny and transcription profiles of genes along the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroidal (HPT), hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA), and hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes in embryos/larvae of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Exposure to TBOEP (2-5,000 μg L(-1)) from 3 h post-fertilization (hpf) to 120 hpf induced developmental malformations in zebrafish with a LC50 of 288.54 μg L(-1) at both 96 hpf and 120 hpf. The predicted no observed effect concentration (PNOEC) was 2.40 μg L(-1). Exposure to 2, 20, or 200 μg TBOEP L(-1) altered expression of genes involved in three major molecular pathways in a concentration-dependent manner after 120 hpf. TBOEP caused lesser expression of some genes involved in synthesis of hormones, such as (pomc and fshβ) as well as upregulating expression of some genes coding for receptors (thr, tshr, gr, mr, er and ar) in zebrafish larvae. These changes at the molecular level could result in alterations of endocrine function, which could result in edema or deformity and ultimately death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Song Tang
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Guanyong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yueqiu Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hongling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Yuwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - John P Giesy
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - David M V Saunders
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Van den Eede N, Tomy G, Tao F, Halldorson T, Harrad S, Neels H, Covaci A. Kinetics of tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) metabolism in human liver microsomes and serum. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1299-1305. [PMID: 26473552 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) is an emerging contaminant which is ubiquitous in the indoor and outdoor environment. Moreover, its presence in human body fluids and biota has been evidenced. Since no quantitative data exist on the biotransformation or stability of TCIPP in the human body, we performed an in vitro incubation of TCIPP with human liver microsomes (HLM) and human serum (HS). Two metabolites, namely bis(2-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate (BCIPP) and bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) 1-hydroxy-2-propyl phosphate (BCIPHIPP), were quantified in a kinetic study using HLM or HS (only BCIPP, the hydrolysis product) and LC-MS. The Michaelis-Menten model fitted best the NADPH-dependent formation of BCIPHIPP and BCIPP in HLM, with respective V(MAX) of 154 ± 4 and 1470 ± 110 pmol/min/mg protein and respective apparent K(m) of 80.2 ± 4.4 and 96.1 ± 14.5 μM. Hydrolases, which are naturally present in HLM, were also involved in the production of BCIPP. A HS paraoxonase assay could not detect any BCIPP formation above 38.6 ± 10.8 pmol/min/μL serum. Our data indicate that BCIPP is the major metabolite of TCIPP formed in the liver. To our knowledge, this is the first quantitative assessment of the stability of TCIPP in tissues of humans or any other species. Further research is needed to confirm whether these biotransformation reactions are associated with a decrease or increase in toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nele Van den Eede
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Gregg Tomy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Fang Tao
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Thor Halldorson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hugo Neels
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Ding J, Shen X, Liu W, Covaci A, Yang F. Occurrence and risk assessment of organophosphate esters in drinking water from Eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 538:959-965. [PMID: 26363608 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are ubiquitous in the environment and may pose potential health risks to humans. Drinking water is suspected as one possible exposure pathway of OPEs to humans. In this study, we investigated the residues of 9 OPEs in five types of drinking water in Eastern China. The median concentrations of Σ9OPEs were determined to be 3.99, 4.50, 27.6, 59.2 and 192ng/L in the bottled, well, barreled, direct drinking and tap waters, respectively. Triethyl phosphate (TEP) was the most abundant OPE in the tap water and filtered drinking water with median concentrations of 50.2 and 30.2ng/L, respectively. The mixture of tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tri(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), named here as TCPP, dominated in the barreled and well water with median concentrations of 8.04 and 2.49ng/L, respectively. The calculated average daily doses of OPEs ranged from 0.14 to 7.07ng/kgbw/day for people consuming the five different types of drinking water. Among the drinking water, the tap water exhibited the highest exposure doses of OPEs. The calculated non-cancer hazard quotients (10(-4)-10(-7)) from OPEs were much lower than the theoretical threshold of risk. The carcinogenic risks posed by TCEP were very low (<10(-7)) for all types of drinking water. The results revealed that there was currently low risk to human health from exposure to OPEs through drinking water in Eastern China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjian Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoli Shen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Fangxing Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, 04318, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Zhu Y, Ma X, Su G, Yu L, Letcher RJ, Hou J, Yu H, Giesy JP, Liu C. Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of the Flame Retardant Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) Phosphate Inhibit Growth of Female Zebrafish and Decrease Fecundity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14579-87. [PMID: 26512412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bioconcentrations of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) in brain, gonad, and liver as well as effects on fecundity and development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) were determined. Zebrafish (1-month old) were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of 29 ± 2.1, 600 ± 21, or 6300 ± 130 ng TDCIPP/L. After 120 days of exposure, TDCIPP accumulated in the brain, gonad, and liver with bioconcentration factors of 460, 38, and 87 in females and 26, 55, and 110 in males, respectively. TDCIPP accumulated to a greater extent in brains of females than those of males. Exposure to 6300 ± 130 ng TDCIPP/L resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) fewer eggs being produced, but the histology of the gonad, plasma concentrations of estradiol and 11-ketotestosterone, and expression of genes involved in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-liver axis were not significantly (P > 0.05) different between individuals exposed to TDCIPP and the unexposed control fish. Exposure to TDCIPP resulted in shorter body length, lighter body mass, and lower gonadal-somatic index in females. These effects were possibly due to down-regulation of expression of genes along the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis. Correlations between the production of eggs and developmental parameters or expression of genes along the GH/IGF axis further suggested that environmentally relevant concentrations of TDCIPP could have adverse effects on reproduction, possibly due to the inhibition of the growth of females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xufa Ma
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210089, China
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Liqin Yu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Jie Hou
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- Department of Zoology and Centre for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Hunan Agriculture University , Changsha 410128, China
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Hallanger IG, Sagerup K, Evenset A, Kovacs KM, Leonards P, Fuglei E, Routti H, Aars J, Strøm H, Lydersen C, Gabrielsen GW. Organophosphorous flame retardants in biota from Svalbard, Norway. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 101:442-447. [PMID: 26453403 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Eight arctic species, including fish, birds and mammals, from diverse habitats (marine and terrestrial) within the Svalbard Archipelago, Norway, were screened for 14 organophosphorus flame retardant (PFR) compounds. Ten PFRs were detected: tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCIPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP); 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP); tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBOEP); tritolyl phosphate (TCrP); triisobutyl phosphate (TIBP); tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (TEHP); and butyl diphenyl phosphate (DPhBP). The greatest number of different PFR compounds, and the highest detection frequency were measured in capelin (Mallotus villotus), and the lowest in Brünnich's guillemot (Uria lomvia). The highest concentrations of ΣPFR, as well as the highest concentration of a single PFR compound, TBOEP, were measured in arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus). The presence of PFR compounds in arctic biota indicates that these compounds can undergo long-range transport and are, to some degree, persistent and bioaccumulated. The potential for biomagnification from fish to higher trophic levels seems to be limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg G Hallanger
- UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Postboks 6050 Langnes, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Kjetil Sagerup
- Akvalan-niva, Fram Centre, Postboks 6606, 9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Anita Evenset
- UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Postboks 6050 Langnes, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; Akvalan-niva, Fram Centre, Postboks 6606, 9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Kit M Kovacs
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Postboks 6606, 9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Pim Leonards
- VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Eva Fuglei
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Postboks 6606, 9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Heli Routti
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Postboks 6606, 9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Jon Aars
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Postboks 6606, 9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Hallvard Strøm
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Postboks 6606, 9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Christian Lydersen
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Postboks 6606, 9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Ma Z, Yu Y, Tang S, Liu H, Su G, Xie Y, Giesy JP, Hecker M, Yu H. Differential modulation of expression of nuclear receptor mediated genes by tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) on early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 169:196-203. [PMID: 26562049 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As one substitute for phased-out brominated flame retardants (BFRs), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) is frequently detected in aquatic organisms. However, knowledge about endocrine disrupting mechanisms associated with nuclear receptors caused by TBOEP remained restricted to results from in vitro studies with mammalian cells. In the study, results of which are presented here, embryos/larvae of zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to 0.02, 0.1 or 0.5μM TBOEP to investigate expression of genes under control of several nuclear hormone receptors (estrogen receptors (ERs), androgen receptor (AR), thyroid hormone receptor alpha (TRα), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), aryl hydrocarbon (AhR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), and pregnane×receptor (P×R)) pathways at 120hpf. Exposure to 0.5μM TBOEP significantly (p<0.05, one-way analysis of variance) up-regulated expression of estrogen receptors (ERs, er1, er2a, and er2b) genes and ER-associated genes (vtg4, vtg5, pgr, ncor, and ncoa3), indicating TBOEP modulates the ER pathway. In contrast, expression of most genes (mr, 11βhsd, ube2i,and adrb2b) associated with the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) pathway were significantly down-regulated. Furthermore, in vitro mammalian cell-based (MDA-kb2 and H4IIE-luc) receptor transactivation assays, were also conducted to investigate possible agonistic or antagonistic effects on AR- and AhR-mediated pathways. In mammalian cells, none of these pathways were affected by TBOEP at the concentrations studied. Receptor-mediated responses (in vivo) and mammalian cell lines receptor binding assay (in vitro) combined with published information suggest that TBOEP can modulate receptor-mediated, endocrine process (in vivo/in vitro), particularly ER and MR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Yijun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Song Tang
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Hongling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Guanyong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yuwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - John P Giesy
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Markus Hecker
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Bradley M, Rutkiewicz J, Mittal K, Fernie K, Basu N. In ovo exposure to organophosphorous flame retardants: survival, development, neurochemical, and behavioral changes in white leghorn chickens. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015; 52:228-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
137
|
Su G, Letcher RJ, Moore JN, Williams LL, Martin PA, de Solla SR, Bowerman WW. Spatial and temporal comparisons of legacy and emerging flame retardants in herring gull eggs from colonies spanning the Laurentian Great Lakes of Canada and United States. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 142:720-730. [PMID: 26406977 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the Laurentian Great Lakes basin of North America, an increasing number of chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) are being investigated, including legacy and replacement flame retardants (FRs). In the present study, 14 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 23 non-PBDEs halogenated FRs (NPHFRs) and 16 organophosphate ester FRs (OPE-FRs) were analyzed in 100 individual eggs collected in 2012 and 2013 and in 15 egg pools of herring gulls collected in 2012 from 20 colonies across the entire Laurentian Great Lakes basin. For CEC-FRs in eggs from all colonies, 14 PBDEs, 12 NPHFRs and 9 OPE-FRs were quantifiable in at least one of the 115 analyzed samples. The mean sum PBDE (Σ14PBDE) concentrations ranged from 244 to 657 ng/g wet weight (ww), and on average were 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than the Σ12NPHFR concentrations (13.8-35.6 ng/g ww), and 2-3 orders of magnitude greater than Σ9OPE-FR concentrations (0.31-2.14 ng/g ww). Mean Σ14PBDE and sum of syn- and anti-Dechlorane Plus isomer (Σ2DDC-CO) concentrations in eggs from colonies within Laurentian Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AOCs) were in most cases greater than in eggs from nearby colonies outside of AOCs. Comparing CEC-FR concentrations in eggs collected in 2012-2013 to those previously measured in eggs collected approximately 7 years earlier (2006 and 2008) showed that Σ7PBDE (BDE-28, -47, -100, -99, -154,-153 and -183) mean concentrations in eggs from 6 colonies were approximately 30% less than they were in eggs from the same colonies from the earlier time period, whereas 3 current-use FR (BDE-209, HBCDD and Σ2DDC-CO) concentrations were significantly greater (p<0.05) than previously measured. Between 2006 and 2013 there were significant changes in individual PBDE patterns for BDE-71, -138, -153, -203, -206 and -207. Among all of the examined CEC-FRs, concentrations of Σ4PBDE (BDE-47, -99, -100 and -153) and HBCDD in gull eggs from all colonies were greater than or comparable to their lowest observed effect concentrations (LOECs) based on in ovo egg injection studies. Overall, the current profiles of a broad suite of FRs in Laurentian Great Lakes herring gull eggs highlights the need to better understand e.g., exposure-effect implications and metabolism of FRs, i.e. OPE-FRs, and emphasizes the importance of continued monitoring of CEC-FRs whose concentrations appear to be increasing, including BDE-209, HBCDD and DDC-COs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanyong Su
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Center, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Center, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6.
| | - Jeremy N Moore
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, East Lansing Ecological Services Field Office, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Lisa L Williams
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, East Lansing Ecological Services Field Office, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Pamela A Martin
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Shane R de Solla
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - William W Bowerman
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Papachlimitzou A, Barber JL, Losada S, Bersuder P, Deaville R, Brownlow A, Penrose R, Jepson PD, Law RJ. Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) and plasticisers in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded or bycaught in the UK during 2012. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 98:328-334. [PMID: 26099790 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A suite of twenty organophosphorus flame retardant compounds have been determined in blubber and liver tissue of twenty harbour porpoises stranded or bycaught in the UK during 2012 in order to establish current levels of contamination. Fourteen of the twenty compounds were below the limits of quantification in all samples. Six could be quantified at maximum concentrations (in blubber) between 6.7 and 246μgkg(-1) wet weight. These levels do not suggest a high level of concern regarding potential impacts and do not indicate that routine monitoring in UK porpoises is warranted at this time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Papachlimitzou
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Jonathan L Barber
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK.
| | - Sara Losada
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Philippe Bersuder
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Rob Deaville
- Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Andrew Brownlow
- SAC Consulting Veterinary Services, Stratherrick Road, Inverness IV2 4JZ, UK
| | - Rod Penrose
- Marine Environmental Monitoring, Penwalk, Llechryd, Cardigan, Ceredigion SA43 2PS, UK
| | - Paul D Jepson
- Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Robin J Law
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK; Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Crump D, Williams KL, Chiu S, Letcher RJ, Periard L, Kennedy SW. Biochemical and Transcriptomic Effects of Herring Gull Egg Extracts from Variably Contaminated Colonies of the Laurentian Great Lakes in Chicken Hepatocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:10190-10198. [PMID: 26192021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Determining the effects of complex mixtures of environmental contaminants poses many challenges within the field of ecotoxicology. In this study, graded concentrations of herring gull egg extracts, collected from five Great Lakes breeding colonies with variable burdens of organohalogen contaminants (OHCs), were administered to chicken embryonic hepatocytes to determine effects on 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, porphyrin accumulation, and mRNA expression. EROD activity and porphyrin accumulation permitted the ranking of colonies based on the efficacy of eliciting an aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated response. An avian ToxChip polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array provided more exhaustive coverage in terms of potential toxicity pathways being affected, including xenobiotic and lipid metabolism and the thyroid hormone pathway. Herring gull eggs from Channel Shelter Island (CHSH, Lake Huron) and Gull Island (GULL, Lake Michigan) had among the highest OHC burdens, and extracts elicited a biochemical and transcriptomic response greater than that of extracts from the other three, less polluted colonies. For example, EROD EC50 values and porphyrin ECthreshold values were lower for CHSH and GULL extracts than for the other colonies. Extracts from CHSH and GULL altered 15 and 13 of 27 genes on the PCR array compared to no more than eight genes for the less contaminated sites. The combination of a well-established avian in vitro assay, two well-characterized biochemical assays, and the avian ToxChip PCR array permitted the geographical discrimination of variably contaminated herring gull eggs from the Great Lakes. Such high-throughput assays show potential promise as cost-effective tools for determining toxic potencies of complex mixtures in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doug Crump
- †Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0H3
| | - Kim L Williams
- †Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0H3
| | - Suzanne Chiu
- †Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0H3
| | - Robert J Letcher
- †Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0H3
| | - Luke Periard
- †Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0H3
| | - Sean W Kennedy
- †Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0H3
- ‡Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Malarvannan G, Belpaire C, Geeraerts C, Eulaers I, Neels H, Covaci A. Organophosphorus flame retardants in the European eel in Flanders, Belgium: Occurrence, fate and human health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 140:604-610. [PMID: 26056994 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the levels, profiles and human health risk of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (PFRs) in wild European eels (Anguilla anguilla) from freshwater bodies in the highly populated and industrial Flanders region (Belgium). Yellow eels (n=170) were collected at 26 locations between 2000 and 2009 and for each site, muscle samples of 3-10 eels were pooled and analyzed (n=26). Muscle lipid percentages varied widely between 2.4% and 21%, with a median value of 10%. PFRs were detected in all pooled samples in the order of tris-2-chloroisopropyl phosphate (TCIPP)>triphenyl phosphate (TPHP)>2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP)>tris-2-butoxyethyl phosphate (TBOEP)>tris-2-chloroethyl phosphate (TCEP)>tris-1,3-dichloro-2-propyl phosphate (TDCIPP). The median sum PFR concentration for all 26 sites was 44 ng/g lw (8.4 ng/g ww), and levels ranged between 7.0 and 330 ng/g lw (3.5 and 45 ng/g ww). Levels and profiles of PFRs in eels showed that sampling locations and river basin catchments are possible drivers of spatial variation in the aquatic environment. Median PFR concentrations were lower than those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). No correlation was observed between the PFR concentrations and lipid contents, suggesting that the accumulation of PFRs is not primarily associated with lipids. Human exposure to PFRs, due to consumption of wild eels, seems to be of minor importance compared to other potential sources, such as inhalation and ingestion of indoor dust. Nevertheless, considering the very limited data available on PFRs in human dietary items and their expected increasing use after the phase out of PBDEs and HBCDs, further investigations on PFRs in biota and human food items are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Claude Belpaire
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Duboislaan 14, 1560 Hoeilaart, Belgium
| | - Caroline Geeraerts
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Gaverstraat 4, 9500 Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Igor Eulaers
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Ethology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Hugo Neels
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Determination of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in lipid-rich matrices using dispersive solid-phase extraction as a sample cleanup step and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 885:183-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
142
|
Fernie KJ, Palace V, Peters LE, Basu N, Letcher RJ, Karouna-Renier NK, Schultz SL, Lazarus RS, Rattner BA. Investigating endocrine and physiological parameters of captive American kestrels exposed by diet to selected organophosphate flame retardants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:7448-55. [PMID: 25988605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate triesters are high production volume additive flame retardants (OPFRs) and plasticizers. Shown to accumulate in abiotic and biotic environmental compartments, little is known about the risks they pose. Captive adult male American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were fed the same dose (22 ng OPFR/g kestrel/d) daily (21 d) of tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), or tris(1,2-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP). Concentrations were undetected in tissues (renal, hepatic), suggesting rapid metabolism. There were no changes in glutathione status, indicators of hepatic oxidative status, or the cholinergic system (i.e., cerebrum, plasma cholinesterases; cerebrum muscarinic, nicotinic receptors). Modest changes occurred in hepatocyte integrity and function (clinical chemistry). Significant effects on plasma free triiodothyronine (FT3) concentrations occurred with exposure to TBOEP, TCEP, TCIPP, and TDCIPP; TBOEP and TCEP had additional overall effects on free thyroxine (FT4), whereas TDCIPP also influenced total thyroxine (TT4). Relative increases (32%-96%) in circulating FT3, TT3, FT4, and/or TT4 were variable with each OPFR at 7 d exposure, but limited thereafter, which was likely maintained through decreased thyroid gland activity and increased hepatic deiodinase activity. The observed physiological and endocrine effects occurred at environmentally relevant concentrations and suggest parent OPFRs or metabolites may have been present despite rapid degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vince Palace
- ‡Stantec Consulting Ltd., 386 Broadway Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3C 3R6
| | - Lisa E Peters
- ‡Stantec Consulting Ltd., 386 Broadway Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3C 3R6
| | - Nil Basu
- §McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste Anne de Bellevue, PQ, Canada H9X 3V9
| | | | - Natalie K Karouna-Renier
- ⊥U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, BARC East Building 308, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Sandra L Schultz
- ⊥U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, BARC East Building 308, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Rebecca S Lazarus
- ⊥U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, BARC East Building 308, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Barnett A Rattner
- ⊥U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, BARC East Building 308, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Mayer-Gall T, Knittel D, Gutmann JS, Opwis K. Permanent flame retardant finishing of textiles by allyl-functionalized polyphosphazenes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:9349-63. [PMID: 25902050 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite their excellent flame retardant properties, polyphosphazenes are currently not used as flame retardant agents for textile finishing, because a permanent fixation on the substrate surface has failed so far. Here, we present the successful synthesis and characterization of a noncombustible and foam-forming polyphosphazene derivative, that can be immobilized durably on cotton and different cotton/polyester blended fabrics using photoinduced grafting reactions. The flame retardant properties are improved, a higher limiting oxygen index is found, and the modified textiles pass several standardized flammability tests. As flame retardant mechanism a synergistic effect between the immobilized polyphosphazene and the textile substrate was observed. The polyphosphazene finishing induces an earlier decomposition of the material with a reduced mass loss in thermogravimetric analysis. The decomposition of cotton and polyester leads to the formation of phosphorus oxynitride, which forms a protecting barrier layer on the fiber surface. In addition, the permanence of the flame retardant finishing was proven by laundry and abrasion tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mayer-Gall
- †Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstrasse 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany
- ‡University Duisburg-Essen, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration, Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Dierk Knittel
- †Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstrasse 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Jochen S Gutmann
- †Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstrasse 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany
- ‡University Duisburg-Essen, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration, Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Klaus Opwis
- †Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstrasse 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Noyes PD, Haggard DE, Gonnerman GD, Tanguay RL. Advanced morphological - behavioral test platform reveals neurodevelopmental defects in embryonic zebrafish exposed to comprehensive suite of halogenated and organophosphate flame retardants. Toxicol Sci 2015; 145:177-95. [PMID: 25711236 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased use of flammable plastics and electronic devices along with stricter fire safety standards has led to the heavy use of flame retardant chemicals in many consumer, commercial, and industrial products. Although flame retardant use has increased, a great deal of uncertainty surrounds their safety with some evidence showing toxicity and risk to human and environmental health. Recent efforts have focused on designing high-throughput biological platforms with nonmammalian models to evaluate and prioritize chemicals with limited hazard information. To complement these efforts, this study used a new morphological and behavioral testing platform with embryonic zebrafish to characterize the developmental toxicity of 44 halogenated and organophosphate flame retardants, including several of their known metabolites. Zebrafish were exposed to flame retardants from 6 to 120 h post fertilization (hpf) across concentrations spanning 4 orders of magnitude (eg, 6.4 nM to 64 µM). Flame retardant effects on survival and development were evaluated at 24 and 120 hpf, and neurobehavioral changes were measured using 2 photomotor response (PMR) assays. Compared to controls, 93% (41/44) of flame retardants studied elicited adverse effects among one or more of the bioassays and concentrations tested with the aryl phosphate ester (APE)-based mono-isopropylated triaryl phosphate and the brominated-bisphenol-A analog tetrabromobisphenol-A producing the greatest array of malformations. Hierarchical clustering showed that APE flame retardants with isopropyl, butyl, and cresyl substituents on phenyl rings clustered tightly and were particularly potent. Both PMR assays were highly predictive of morphological defects supporting their use as nonlethal means of evaluating teratogenicity that could allow for additional evaluations of long-term or delayed effects in older animals. Taken together, evidence presented here indicates that zebrafish neurodevelopment is highly sensitive to many flame retardants currently in use and can be used to understand potential vulnerabilities to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela D Noyes
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, and the Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Derik E Haggard
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, and the Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Greg D Gonnerman
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, and the Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Robert L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, and the Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Farhat A, Crump D, Porter E, Chiu S, Letcher RJ, Su G, Kennedy SW. Time-dependent effects of the flame retardant tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) on mRNA expression, in vitro and in ovo, reveal optimal sampling times for rapidly metabolized compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:2842-2849. [PMID: 25242413 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The flame retardant, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), was previously shown to affect chicken embryo growth, gallbladder size, and lipid homeostasis. A microarray study, however, revealed only modest transcriptional alterations in liver tissue of pipping embryos (days 20-21), which was attributed to the rapid metabolism of TDCPP throughout incubation. To identify the most appropriate sampling time for rapidly metabolized compounds, the present study assessed the time-dependent effects of TDCPP on 27 genes, in ovo (50 µg [116 nmol] TDCPP/g egg) and in vitro (10 µM), using a chicken ToxChip polymerase chain reaction array. The greatest magnitude in dysregulation (up to 362-fold) occurred on day 8 of incubation (in ovo) with alterations of genes involved in phase I, II, and III metabolism, among others. Gallbladder hypotrophy was observed by embryonic day 12, corroborating the finding in pipping embryos from our previous study. From days 12 to 19, genes involved in lipid homeostasis, steroid hormone metabolism, and oxidative stress were affected. In chicken embryonic hepatoctyes (CEHs), TDCPP was completely metabolized to bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP) within 36 h, but transcriptional changes remained significant up to 36 h. These changes were not attributed to BDCPP exposure as it only altered 1 gene (CYP1A4). An 18-h exposure in CEHs altered the greatest number of genes, making it an appropriate time point for high-throughput chemical screening; however, depending on the biological pathways of interest, shorter or longer incubation times may be more informative. Overall, TDCPP elicits the transcriptional and phenotypic alterations observed in vitro and in ovo, whereas its major metabolite, BDCPP, is far less biologically active.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amani Farhat
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
146
|
Liquid chromatography-electrospray–tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of organophosphate diesters in biotic samples including Great Lakes herring gull plasma. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1374:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
147
|
Schreder ED, La Guardia MJ. Flame retardant transfers from U.S. households (dust and laundry wastewater) to the aquatic environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:11575-83. [PMID: 25288150 DOI: 10.1021/es502227h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Levels of flame retardants in house dust and a transport pathway from homes to the outdoor environment were investigated in communities near the Columbia River in Washington state (WA). Residential house dust and laundry wastewater were collected from 20 homes in Vancouver and Longview, WA and analyzed for a suite of flame retardants to test the hypothesis that dust collecting on clothing and transferring to laundry water is a source of flame retardants to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and subsequently to waterways. Influent and effluent from two WWTPs servicing these communities were also analyzed for flame retardants. A total of 21 compounds were detected in house dust, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB or EH-TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl) 3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), 1,2-bis(2,4,6,-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD or HBCDD), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and three chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (ClOPFRs), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP or TDCIPP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCPP or TCIPP), and tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP). Levels ranged from 3.6 to 82,700 ng g(-1) (dry weight). Of the 21 compounds detected in dust, 18 were also detected in laundry wastewater. Levels ranged from 47.1 to 561,000 ng L(-1). ClOPFRs were present at the highest concentrations in both dust and laundry wastewater, making up 72% of total flame retardant mass in dust and 92% in laundry wastewater. Comparison of flame retardant levels in WWTP influents to estimates based on laundry wastewater levels indicated that laundry wastewater may be the primary source to these WWTPs. Mass loadings to the Columbia River from each treatment plant were by far the highest for the ClOPFRs and ranged up to 114 kg/yr for TCPP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika D Schreder
- Washington Toxics Coalition, 4649 Sunnyside Avenue N, Suite 540, Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
148
|
McGoldrick DJ, Letcher RJ, Barresi E, Keir MJ, Small J, Clark MG, Sverko E, Backus SM. Organophosphate flame retardants and organosiloxanes in predatory freshwater fish from locations across Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 193:254-261. [PMID: 25063913 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Whole body homogenates of Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) or Walleye (Sander vitreus) collected from Canadian lakes were screened for organophosphate flame retardant (OPFR) and organosiloxane compounds. Six OPFR and five siloxane compounds were detected above quantitation limits in at least one individual fish from sampled lakes. The OPFRs, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), were most frequently quantified with concentrations ranging from <0.07 to 9.8 ng/g (ww). Levels of TBOEP were highest in fish from the Great Lakes region while TCEP was detected only in fish from the northernmost lakes in our network. Concentrations of the cyclic siloxanes, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6), were above quantitation limits in all fish. D5 was the most abundant siloxane across all sampling locations with the highest concentrations (45-719 ng/g ww) observed in Lake Trout from the western end of Lake Ontario near the mouth of the Niagara River.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daryl J McGoldrick
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada.
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Enzo Barresi
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Michael J Keir
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Jeff Small
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Mandi G Clark
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Ed Sverko
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Sean M Backus
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Egloff C, Crump D, Porter E, Williams KL, Letcher RJ, Gauthier LT, Kennedy SW. Tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate and triethyl phosphate alter embryonic development, hepatic mRNA expression, thyroid hormone levels, and circulating bile acid concentrations in chicken embryos. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 279:303-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|