101
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Parks AN, Chandler GT, Ho KT, Burgess RM, Ferguson PL. Environmental biodegradability of [¹⁴C] single-walled carbon nanotubes by Trametes versicolor and natural microbial cultures found in New Bedford Harbor sediment and aerated wastewater treatment plant sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:247-251. [PMID: 25352477 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about environmental biodegradability or biotransformations of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT). Because of their strong association with aquatic organic matter, detailed knowledge of the ultimate fate and persistence of SWNT requires investigation of possible biotransformations (i.e., biodegradation) in environmental media. In the present study, [(14)C]SWNT were utilized to track biodegradation over 6 mo by pure liquid culture of the fungus Trametes versicolor and mixed bacterial isolates from field-collected sediment or aerated wastewater treatment plant sludge. The mixed cultures were chosen as more environmentally relevant media where SWNT will likely be deposited under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Activity of [(14)C] was assessed in solid, aqueous, and (14)CO2 gaseous phases to determine amounts of intact SWNT, partially soluble SWNT degradation products, and mineralized SWNT, respectively, during the 6 mo of the experiment. Mass balances based on radiocarbon activity were approximately 100% over 6 mo, and no significant degradation of SWNT was observed. Approximately 99% of the [(14)C] activity remained in the solid phase, 0.8% in the aqueous phase, and less than 0.1% was mineralized to (14)CO2, regardless of culture type. These results suggest that SWNT are not readily biodegraded by pure fungal cultures or environmental microbial communities, and are likely persistent in environmental media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Parks
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory-Atlantic Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
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102
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Zhao Y, Burkert SC, Tang Y, Sorescu DC, Kapralov AA, Shurin GV, Shurin MR, Kagan VE, Star A. Nano-gold corking and enzymatic uncorking of carbon nanotube cups. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:675-84. [PMID: 25530234 PMCID: PMC4308760 DOI: 10.1021/ja511843w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Because
of their unique stacked, cup-shaped, hollow compartments,
nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube cups (NCNCs) have promising potential
as nanoscale containers. Individual NCNCs are isolated from their
stacked structure through acid oxidation and subsequent probe-tip
sonication. The NCNCs are then effectively corked with gold nanoparticles
(GNPs) by sodium citrate reduction with chloroauric acid, forming
graphitic nanocapsules with significant surface-enhanced Raman signature.
Mechanistically, the growth of the GNP corks starts from the nucleation
and welding of gold seeds on the open rims of NCNCs enriched with
nitrogen functionalities, as confirmed by density functional theory
calculations. A potent oxidizing enzyme of neutrophils, myeloperoxidase
(MPO), can effectively open the corked NCNCs through GNP detachment,
with subsequent complete enzymatic degradation of the graphitic shells.
This controlled opening and degradation was further carried out in
vitro with human neutrophils. Furthermore, the GNP-corked NCNCs were
demonstrated to function as novel drug delivery carriers, capable
of effective (i) delivery of paclitaxel to tumor-associated myeloid-derived
suppressor cells (MDSC), (ii) MPO-regulated release, and (iii) blockade
of MDSC immunosuppressive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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103
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Oberdörster G, Castranova V, Asgharian B, Sayre P. Inhalation Exposure to Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) and Carbon Nanofibers (CNF): Methodology and Dosimetry. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2015; 18:121-212. [PMID: 26361791 PMCID: PMC4706753 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2015.1051611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) and nanofibers (CNF) are used increasingly in a broad array of commercial products. Given current understandings, the most significant life-cycle exposures to CNT/CNF occur from inhalation when they become airborne at different stages of their life cycle, including workplace, use, and disposal. Increasing awareness of the importance of physicochemical properties as determinants of toxicity of CNT/CNF and existing difficulties in interpreting results of mostly acute rodent inhalation studies to date necessitate a reexamination of standardized inhalation testing guidelines. The current literature on pulmonary exposure to CNT/CNF and associated effects is summarized; recommendations and conclusions are provided that address test guideline modifications for rodent inhalation studies that will improve dosimetric extrapolation modeling for hazard and risk characterization based on the analysis of exposure-dose-response relationships. Several physicochemical parameters for CNT/CNF, including shape, state of agglomeration/aggregation, surface properties, impurities, and density, influence toxicity. This requires an evaluation of the correlation between structure and pulmonary responses. Inhalation, using whole-body exposures of rodents, is recommended for acute to chronic pulmonary exposure studies. Dry powder generator methods for producing CNT/CNF aerosols are preferred, and specific instrumentation to measure mass, particle size and number distribution, and morphology in the exposure chambers are identified. Methods are discussed for establishing experimental exposure concentrations that correlate with realistic human exposures, such that unrealistically high experimental concentrations need to be identified that induce effects under mechanisms that are not relevant for workplace exposures. Recommendations for anchoring data to results seen for positive and negative benchmark materials are included, as well as periods for postexposure observation. A minimum data set of specific bronchoalveolar lavage parameters is recommended. Retained lung burden data need to be gathered such that exposure-dose-response correlations may be analyzed and potency comparisons between materials and mammalian species are obtained considering dose metric parameters for interpretation of results. Finally, a list of research needs is presented to fill data gaps for further improving design, analysis, and interpretation and extrapolation of results of rodent inhalation studies to refine meaningful risk assessments for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Oberdörster
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Formerly with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | | | - Phil Sayre
- Formerly with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
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104
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Bhattacharya K, Sacchetti C, El-Sayed R, Fornara A, Kotchey GP, Gaugler JA, Star A, Bottini M, Fadeel B. Enzymatic 'stripping' and degradation of PEGylated carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:14686-14690. [PMID: 25377797 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03604b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) coated or functionalized with PEG chains of different molecular weight were assessed for their propensity to undergo biodegradation under in vitro conditions using recombinant myeloperoxidase (MPO) or ex vivo using freshly isolated primary human neutrophils. Our findings suggest that under natural conditions, a combined process of 'stripping' (i.e., defunctionalization) and biodegradation of PEG-SWCNTs might occur and that PEG-SWCNTs are a promising--and degradable--nanomedicine vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Bhattacharya
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden.
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105
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Song M, Wang F, Zeng L, Yin J, Wang H, Jiang G. Co-exposure of carboxyl-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes and 17α-ethinylestradiol in cultured cells: effects on bioactivity and cytotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:13978-13984. [PMID: 25383629 DOI: 10.1021/es504216a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE2) is the representative of environmental estrogens. Although EE2 can interact with some engineered nanoparticles (NPs), little is known about the bioactivity of NP-associated EE2 in organisms. In this study, we investigated the combined effects of the co-exposed carboxyl-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (cf-SWCNTs) and EE2 in the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7 cells), focusing on the cytotoxicity and bioactivity. There were no significant differences in mitochondrial activity, membrane damage, and cell apoptosis when exposed to cf-SWCNTs with and without adsorbed EE2. However, the bioactivity of adsorbed EE2 on cf-SWCNTs was significantly inhibited. The calculated effective concentration of EE2 in cultured cells showed that less than 0.2% of the total adsorbed EE2 was released, indicating that most EE2 was retained on the cf-SWCNTs during cellular exposure. Furthermore, there were no obvious changes in the bioactivity of adsorbed EE2 in the culture medium containing 5-20% fetal bovine serum (FBS), even up to 10 days of incubation, indicating that the adsorbed EE2 on cf-SWCNTs is highly stable in the cell culture medium. These results mark a promising possibility for EE2 to be adsorbed by cf-SWCNTs in environmentally relevant settings and thereby influenced its toxicity and biological fate. This is also tempting for future studies involving risk assessment ways for association between NPs and contaminants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
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106
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Das R, Abd Hamid SB, Ali ME, Ismail AF, Annuar M, Ramakrishna S. Multifunctional carbon nanotubes in water treatment: The present, past and future. DESALINATION 2014; 354:160-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2014.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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107
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Abstract
The emergence of nanomedicine, a discipline at the nexus of materials engineering, chemistry, biology, and pharmacology, has generated much excitement in the field of translational medical research and provided some unexpected results. Nanomedicine seeks to introduce nanoscale technology to the practice of medicine via the design and development of nanomaterials possessing therapeutic or diagnostic functions. However, as expected, any modification of the base nanomaterial platform to decorate it with solublizing, targeting, therapeutic, or diagnostic modalities yields a material with a very different pharmacological profile than the original platform. Clearly, the goal of nanotechnology is to put into practice a novel synthetic substance in which the function of the complex is greater than the sum of its components. These new compositions must be thoroughly evaluated in vivo. Therefore, reliance on pharmacokinetic predictions based solely on the baseline profile of the original platform can confuse the field and delay progress. Carbon nanotube pharmacokinetic profiles provide an interesting example of this situation. Covalently functionalized nanotubes exhibit fibrillar pharmacology while those nanotubes that are not covalently functionalized transiently behave as fibers and then tend toward an overall colloidal profile in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R McDevitt
- Department of Radiology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - David A Scheinberg
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
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108
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Abstract
Various biomedical applications of nanomaterials have been proposed in the last few years leading to the emergence of a new field in diagnostics and therapeutics. Most of these applications involve the administration of nanoparticles into patients. Carbon Nanotubes are enjoying increasing popularity as building blocks for novel drug delivery systems as well as for bioimaging and biosensing. The recent strategies to functionalize carbon nanotubes have resulted in the generation of biocompatible and water-soluble carbon nanotubes that are well suited for high treatment efficacy and minimum side effects for future cancer therapies with low drug doses. The toxicological profile of such carbon nanotube systems developed as nanomedicines will have to be determined prior to any clinical studies undertaken.
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109
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Lalwani G, Xing W, Sitharaman B. Enzymatic Degradation of Oxidized and Reduced Graphene Nanoribbons by Lignin Peroxidase. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:6354-6362. [PMID: 25215188 PMCID: PMC4157692 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00976b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The expanding use of graphene for various industrial and biomedical applications requires efficient remediation strategies during their disposal into waste streams. Additionally, the interactions of graphene with the biota need thorough evaluation. In this study, we investigated the interactions of oxidized and reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons (GONRs and rGONRs) with lignin peroxidase (LiP), a ligninolytic enzyme released from white rot fungus. GONRs and rGONRs were treated with LiP in the presence and absence of veratryl alcohol (VA; an electron transfer mediator and secondary metabolite of white rot fungi). Transmission electron microscopy showed the formation of large defects (holes) in the graphene sheet, which increased in diameter with increased degradation time. Raman spectroscopic analysis indicated that, within 96 hours, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and VA, the GONRs and rGONRs were completely and partially degraded by LiP, respectively. Comparisons between groups with or without VA showed that degradation of GONRs was accelerated in the presence of VA. These results indicated that LiP could efficiently degrade GONRs and rGONRs in the presence of VA, suggesting that VA may be an essential factor needed to degrade rGONRs via LiP treatment. Thus, the wide presence of white rot fungi, and thereby LiP, in nature, could lead to efficient degradation of graphene present in the environment. Additionally, LiP, which has a higher theoretical redox potential compared to horseradish peroxidases and myeloperoxidases, could be a better candidate for the environmental remediation of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Lalwani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281
| | - Weiliang Xing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281
| | - Balaji Sitharaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281
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110
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Zhao J, Wang Z, White JC, Xing B. Graphene in the aquatic environment: adsorption, dispersion, toxicity and transformation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:9995-10009. [PMID: 25122195 DOI: 10.1021/es5022679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-family nanomaterials (GFNs) including pristine graphene, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and graphene oxide (GO) offer great application potential, leading to the possibility of their release into aquatic environments. Upon exposure, graphene/rGO and GO exhibit different adsorption properties toward environmental adsorbates, thus the molecular interactions at the GFN-water interface are discussed. After solute adsorption, the dispersion/aggregation behaviors of GFNs can be altered by solution chemistry, as well as by the presence of colloidal particles and biocolloids. GO has different dispersion performance from pristine graphene and rGO, which is further demonstrated from surface properties. Upon exposure in aquatic environments, GFNs have adverse impacts on aquatic organisms (e.g., bacteria, algae, plants, invertebrates, and fish). The mechanisms of GFNs toxicity at the cellular level are reviewed and the remaining unclear points on toxic mechanisms such as membrane damage are presented. Moreover, we highlight the transformation routes of GO to rGO. The degradation of GFNs upon exposure to UV irradiation and/or biota is also reviewed. In view of the unanswered questions, future research should include comprehensive characterization of GFNs, new approaches for explaining GFNs aggregation, environmental behaviors of metastable GO, and the relationship between dispersion of GFNs and the related adsorption properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266100, China
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111
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Oxidative biodegradation of single-walled carbon nanotubes by partially purified lignin peroxidase from Sparassis latifolia mushroom. J IND ENG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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112
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Zhu G, Yi Y, Han Z, Liu J, Gai Z. 3,4,9,10-Perylene Tetracarboxylic Acid Noncovalently Modified Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application for Electrochemical Determination of 2-Aminonaphthalene. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.905951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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113
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Zhang C, Chen W, Alvarez PJJ. Manganese peroxidase degrades pristine but not surface-oxidized (carboxylated) single-walled carbon nanotubes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:7918-7923. [PMID: 24988479 DOI: 10.1021/es5011175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of engineered nanomaterials in the environment can significantly affect their transport, fate, bioavailability, and toxicity. Little is known about the biotransformation potential of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). In this study, we compared the enzymatic transformation of SWNTs and oxidized (carboxylated) SWNTs (O-SWNTs) using three ligninolytic enzymes: lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase (MnP), and laccase. Only MnP was capable of transforming SWNTs, as determined by Raman spectroscopy, near-infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Interestingly, MnP degraded SWNTs but not O-SWNTs. The recalcitrance of O-SWNTs to enzymatic transformation is likely attributable to the binding of Mn2+ by their surface carboxyl groups at the enzyme binding site, which inhibits critical steps in the MnP catalytic cycle (i.e., Mn2+ oxidation and Mn3+ dissociation from the enzyme). Our results suggest that oxygen-containing surface functionalities do not necessarily facilitate the biodegradation of carbonaceous nanomaterials, as is commonly assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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114
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Czarny B, Georgin D, Berthon F, Plastow G, Pinault M, Patriarche G, Thuleau A, L'Hermite MM, Taran F, Dive V. Carbon nanotube translocation to distant organs after pulmonary exposure: insights from in situ (14)C-radiolabeling and tissue radioimaging. ACS NANO 2014; 8:5715-5724. [PMID: 24853551 DOI: 10.1021/nn500475u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Few approaches are available to investigate the potential of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to translocate to distant organs following lung exposure, although this needs to be taken into account to evaluate potential CNT toxicity. Here, we report a method for quantitative analysis of the tissue biodistribution of multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs) as a function of time. The method relies on the use of in situ (14)C-radiolabeled MWCNTs and combines radioimaging of organ tissue sections to ex vivo analysis of MWCNTs by electron microscopy. To illustrate the usefulness of this approach, mice were exposed to a single dose of 20 μg of (14)C-labeled MWCNTs by pharyngeal aspiration and were subjected to a follow-up study over one year. After administration, MWCNT were cleared from the lungs, but there was a concomitant relocation of these nanoparticles to distant organs starting throughout the follow-up period, with nanoparticle accumulation increasing with time. After one year, accumulation of MWCNTs was documented in several organs, including notably the white pulp of the spleen and the bone marrow. This study shows that the proposed method may be useful to complement other approaches to address unresolved toxicological issues associated with CNTs. These issues include their persistence over long periods in extrapulmonary organs, the relationship between the dose and the extent of translocation, and the effects of "safety by design" on those processes. The same approach could be used to study the translocation propensity of other nanoparticles containing carbon atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Czarny
- CEA-Saclay, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Labex LERMIT, CEA-DSV-iBiTecS , 91191 Gif/Yvette, France
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115
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Kagan VE, Kapralov AA, St. Croix CM, Watkins SC, Kisin ER, Kotchey GP, Balasubramanian K, Vlasova II, Yu J, Kim K, Seo W, Mallampalli RK, Star A, Shvedova AA. Lung macrophages "digest" carbon nanotubes using a superoxide/peroxynitrite oxidative pathway. ACS NANO 2014; 8:5610-21. [PMID: 24871084 PMCID: PMC4072413 DOI: 10.1021/nn406484b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to short-lived neutrophils, macrophages display persistent presence in the lung of animals after pulmonary exposure to carbon nanotubes. While effective in the clearance of bacterial pathogens and injured host cells, the ability of macrophages to "digest" carbonaceous nanoparticles has not been documented. Here, we used chemical, biochemical, and cell and animal models and demonstrated oxidative biodegradation of oxidatively functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes via superoxide/NO* → peroxynitrite-driven oxidative pathways of activated macrophages facilitating clearance of nanoparticles from the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerian E. Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, Cell Biology and Physiology, Chemistry, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Address correspondence to
| | - Alexandr A. Kapralov
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, Cell Biology and Physiology, Chemistry, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Claudette M. St. Croix
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, Cell Biology and Physiology, Chemistry, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, Cell Biology and Physiology, Chemistry, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Elena R. Kisin
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Lab Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States
| | - Gregg P. Kotchey
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, Cell Biology and Physiology, Chemistry, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Krishnakumar Balasubramanian
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, Cell Biology and Physiology, Chemistry, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Irina I. Vlasova
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, Cell Biology and Physiology, Chemistry, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119495, Russia
| | - Jaesok Yu
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, Cell Biology and Physiology, Chemistry, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kang Kim
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, Cell Biology and Physiology, Chemistry, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Wanji Seo
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, Cell Biology and Physiology, Chemistry, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Rama K. Mallampalli
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, Cell Biology and Physiology, Chemistry, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Medical Specialty Service Line, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Alexander Star
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, Cell Biology and Physiology, Chemistry, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Anna A. Shvedova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Lab Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States
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116
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Farrera C, Bhattacharya K, Lazzaretto B, Andón FT, Hultenby K, Kotchey GP, Star A, Fadeel B. Extracellular entrapment and degradation of single-walled carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:6974-6983. [PMID: 24835568 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr06047k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils extrude neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) consisting of a network of chromatin decorated with antimicrobial proteins to enable non-phagocytic killing of microorganisms. Here, utilizing a model of ex vivo activated human neutrophils, we present evidence of entrapment and degradation of carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in NETs. The degradation of SWCNTs was catalyzed by myeloperoxidase (MPO) present in purified NETs and the reaction was facilitated by the addition of H2O2 and NaBr. These results show that SWCNTs can undergo acellular, MPO-mediated biodegradation and imply that the immune system may deploy similar strategies to rid the body of offending microorganisms and engineered nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consol Farrera
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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117
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Liu N, Liu J, Kong W, Li H, Huang H, Liu Y, Kang Z. One-step catalase controllable degradation of C3N4for N-doped carbon dot green fabrication and their bioimaging applications. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:5768-5774. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00772g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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118
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Saito N, Haniu H, Usui Y, Aoki K, Hara K, Takanashi S, Shimizu M, Narita N, Okamoto M, Kobayashi S, Nomura H, Kato H, Nishimura N, Taruta S, Endo M. Safe clinical use of carbon nanotubes as innovative biomaterials. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6040-79. [PMID: 24720563 PMCID: PMC4059771 DOI: 10.1021/cr400341h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Saito
- Institute
for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hisao Haniu
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yuki Usui
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, and Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato 4-17-1, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Kaoru Aoki
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Kazuo Hara
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Seiji Takanashi
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimizu
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Nobuyo Narita
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Masanori Okamoto
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kobayashi
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nomura
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Nishimura
- R&D
Center, Nakashima Medical Co. Ltd., Haga 5322, Kita-ku, Okayama 701-1221, Japan
| | - Seiichi Taruta
- Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, and Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato 4-17-1, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Morinobu Endo
- Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, and Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato 4-17-1, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
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119
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Lu N, Li J, Tian R, Peng YY. Binding of Human Serum Albumin to Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Activated Neutrophils to Increase Production of Hypochlorous Acid, the Oxidant Capable of Degrading Nanotubes. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1070-7. [DOI: 10.1021/tx5001317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naihao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule,
Ministry of
Education and College of Life Science, and ‡Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry,
Jiangxi Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Jiayu Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule,
Ministry of
Education and College of Life Science, and ‡Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry,
Jiangxi Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Rong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule,
Ministry of
Education and College of Life Science, and ‡Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry,
Jiangxi Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Yi-Yuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule,
Ministry of
Education and College of Life Science, and ‡Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry,
Jiangxi Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
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120
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Flores-Cervantes DX, Maes HM, Schäffer A, Hollender J, Kohler HPE. Slow biotransformation of carbon nanotubes by horseradish peroxidase. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:4826-4834. [PMID: 24678632 DOI: 10.1021/es4053279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to steady increase in use and mass production carbon nanotubes (CNTs) will inevitably end up in the environment. Because of their chemical nature CNTs are expected to be recalcitrant and biotransform only at very slow rates. Degradation of CNTs within days has recently been reported, but excluding one study, conclusions relied solely on qualitative results. We incubated 13 different types of CNTs and subjected them to enzymatic oxidation with horseradish peroxidase and concluded that the analytical methods commonly employed for studying degradation of CNTs did not have the sensitivity to unequivocally demonstrate degradation of these materials. To obtain unambiguous results with regard to the biotransformability of CNTs in the horseradish peroxidase system we incubated: (a) (14)C-labeled multiwalled CNTs, homologous to Baytubes CNTs; and (b) (13)C-depleted single-walled CNTs, used in previous studies. Our results show that (14)C-CO2 evolved linearly at a rate of about 0.02‰ per day, and at the end of the 30-day incubations the CO2 evolved amounted to about 0.5‰ of both initial substrates, the (14)C-labeled multiwalled and (13)C-depleted single-walled CNTs. These results clearly show that CNT material is oxidized in the horseradish peroxidase system but with half-lives of about 80 years and not a few days as has been reported before. Adequately addressing biotransformation rates of CNTs is key toward a better understanding of the fate of these materials in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Xanat Flores-Cervantes
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133 , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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121
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Kotagiri N, Kim JW. Stealth nanotubes: strategies of shielding carbon nanotubes to evade opsonization and improve biodistribution. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9 Suppl 1:85-105. [PMID: 24872705 PMCID: PMC4024978 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s51854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have recently been in the limelight for their potential role in disease diagnostics and therapeutics, as well as in tissue engineering. Before these medical applications can be realized, there is a need to address issues like opsonization, phagocytosis by macrophages, and sequestration to the liver and spleen for eventual elimination from the body; along with equally important issues such as aqueous solubility, dispersion, biocompatibility, and biofunctionalization. CNTs have not been shown to be able to evade such biological obstacles, which include their nonspecific attachments to cells and other biological components in the bloodstream, before reaching target tissues and cells in vivo. This will eventually determine their longevity in circulation and clearance rate from the body. This review article discusses the current status, challenges, practical strategies, and implementations of coating CNTs with biocompatible and opsonin-resistant moieties, rendering CNTs transparent to opsonins and deceiving the innate immune response to make believe that the CNTs are not foreign. A holistic approach to the development of such "stealth" CNTs is presented, which encompasses not only several biophysicochemical factors that are not limited to surface treatment of CNTs, but also extraneous biological factors such as the protein corona formation that inevitably controls the in vivo fate of the particles. This review also discusses the present and potential applications, along with the future directions, of CNTs and their hybrid-based nanotheranostic agents for multiplex, multimodal molecular imaging and therapy, as well as in other applications, such as drug delivery and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalinikanth Kotagiri
- Bio/Nano Technology Laboratory, Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Optical Radiology Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jin-Woo Kim
- Bio/Nano Technology Laboratory, Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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122
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Li Y, Feng L, Shi X, Wang X, Yang Y, Yang K, Liu T, Yang G, Liu Z. Surface coating-dependent cytotoxicity and degradation of graphene derivatives: towards the design of non-toxic, degradable nano-graphene. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:1544-54. [PMID: 24376215 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201303234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing interests of using graphene and its derivatives in the area of biomedicine, the systematic evaluation of their potential risks and impacts to biological systems is becoming critically important. In this work, we carefully study how surface coatings affect the cytotoxicity and extracellular biodegradation behaviors of graphene oxide (GO) and its derivatives. Although naked GO could induce significant toxicity to macrophages, coating those two-dimensional nanomaterials with biocompatible macromolecules such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) could greatly attenuate their toxicity, as independently evidenced by several different assay approaches. On the other hand, although GO can be gradually degraded through enzyme induced oxidization by horseradish peroxidase (HRP), both PEG and BSA coated GO or reduced GO (RGO) are rather resistant to HRP-induced biodegradation. In order to obtain biocompatible functionalized GO that can still undergo enzymatic degradation, we conjugate PEG to GO via a cleavable disulfide bond, obtaining GO-SS-PEG with negligible toxicity and considerable degradability, promising for further biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou, Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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123
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Hou WC, Beigzadehmilani S, Jafvert CT, Zepp RG. Photoreactivity of unfunctionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes involving hydroxyl radical: chiral dependency and surface coating effect. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:3875-3882. [PMID: 24628431 DOI: 10.1021/es500013j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have a variety of potential and demonstrated applications, and their production rates are increasing rapidly. This increase in production has motivated research on their transport and potential transformation and their toxicity in the environment. In this work, we examined the direct and indirect photoreactivity of SWCNTs under sunlight conditions. We found that the direct photoreactivity of pristine SWCNTs is generally low; however, indirect photoreaction involving ·OH may be significant in natural aquatic environments. Environmental photochemical reactions generating ·OH lead to distinct changes in SWCNT fluorescence efficiency in the near-infrared (NIR) region, Raman spectra, and light attenuation spectra in the UV, visible, and NIR regions, indicating that covalent functionalization of SWCNTs occurs. The reactivity of SWCNTs to ·OH is dependent on the specific chiral structure of the SWCNTs and the surfactant associated with it. An operationally defined second-order rate constant (based on the decrease in NIR fluorescence signals) for all SWCNT chiral species reacting with ·OH was estimated to be (2.91 ± 1.30) × 10(10) M(-1 )s(-1). Our work suggests that photochemical reactions may be a significant transformation pathway of SWCNTs in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Che Hou
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Ecosystems Research Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
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124
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Zhang M, Tahara Y, Yang M, Zhou X, Iijima S, Yudasaka M. Quantification of whole body and excreted carbon nanohorns intravenously injected into mice. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:239-44. [PMID: 23828640 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in the projected use of nanocarbons, such as carbon nanohorns (CNHs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and nanographenes, in medicine, the biodegradation and excretion of these materials has attracted increasing interest. Here, the excretion and pharmacokinetics of Gd2 O3 nanoparticle labels encapsulated within CNHs after their intravenous injection into mice is studied. The results show that CNHs quantitatively changed with the postinjection time in blood vessels, livers, and other organs. About 40% of the injected CNHs are lost from the mouse body at a postinjection time of 30 d; 15% are excreted in feces, most likely via the bililary pathway into the intestine, whereas the remaining 25% are inferred to be partly or completely degraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minfang Zhang
- Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
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125
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Zhu C, Liu L, Fan M, Liu L, Dai B, Yang J, Sun D. Microbial oxidation of graphite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans CFMI-1. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09827g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and environmentally-friendly bio-oxidation approach to produce graphite oxide nanosheets is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Zhu
- Chemicobiology and Functional Materials Institute of Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, China
| | - Linzhi Liu
- Chemicobiology and Functional Materials Institute of Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, China
| | - Mengmeng Fan
- Chemicobiology and Functional Materials Institute of Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Chemicobiology and Functional Materials Institute of Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, China
| | - Beibei Dai
- Chemicobiology and Functional Materials Institute of Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, China
| | - Jiazhi Yang
- Chemicobiology and Functional Materials Institute of Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, China
| | - Dongping Sun
- Chemicobiology and Functional Materials Institute of Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry Education
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, China
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126
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Guerra J, Herrero MA, Vázquez E. Carbon nanohorns as alternative gene delivery vectors. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03251a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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127
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Di YP, Tkach AV, Yanamala N, Stanley S, Gao S, Shurin MR, Kisin ER, Kagan VE, Shvedova A. Dual acute proinflammatory and antifibrotic pulmonary effects of short palate, lung, and nasal epithelium clone-1 after exposure to carbon nanotubes. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:759-67. [PMID: 23721177 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0435oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs; allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure) have emerged as one of the most commonly used types of nanomaterials, with numerous applications in industry and biomedicine. However, the inhalation of CNTs has been shown to elicit pulmonary toxicity, accompanied by a robust inflammatory response with an early-onset fibrotic phase. Epithelial host-defense proteins represent an important component of the pulmonary innate immune response to foreign inhalants such as particles and bacteria. The short palate, lung, and nasal epithelium clone-1 (SPLUNC1) protein, a member of the bactericidal/permeability-increasing-fold (BPIF)-containing protein family, is a 25-kD secretory protein that is expressed in nasal, oropharyngeal, and lung epithelia, and has been shown to have multiple functions, including antimicrobial and chemotactic activities, as well as surfactant properties. This study sought to assess the importance of SPLUNC1-mediated pulmonary responses in airway epithelial secretions, and to explore the biological relevance of SPLUNC1 to inhaled particles in a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) model. Using Scgb1a1-hSPLUNC1 transgenic mice, we observed that SPLUNC1 significantly modified host inflammatory responses by increasing leukocyte recruitment and enhancing phagocytic activity. Furthermore, we found that transgenic mice were more susceptible to SWCNT exposure at the acute phase, but showed resistance against lung fibrogenesis through pathological changes in the long term. The binding of SPLUNC1 also attenuated SWCNT-induced TNF-α secretion by RAW 264.7 macrophages. Taken together, our data indicate that SPLUNC1 is an important component of mucosal innate immune defense against pulmonary inhaled particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Peter Di
- 1 Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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128
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Qu X, Alvarez PJJ, Li Q. Photochemical transformation of carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes: role of reactive oxygen species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:14080-14088. [PMID: 24255932 DOI: 10.1021/es4033056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated the photochemical transformation of carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (COOH-MWCNTs), an important environmental process affecting their physicochemical characteristics and hence fate and transport. UVA irradiation removed carboxyl groups from COOH-MWCNT surface while creating other oxygen-containing functional groups with an overall decrease in total surface oxygen content. This was attributed to reactions with photogenerated reactive oxygen species (ROS). COOH-MWCNTs generated singlet oxygen ((1)O2) and hydroxyl radical ((•)OH) under UVA light, which exhibited different reactivity toward the COOH-MWCNT surface. Inhibition experiments that isolate the effects of (•)OH and (1)O2 as well as experiments using externally generated (•)OH and (1)O2 separately revealed that (•)OH played an important role in the photochemical transformation of COOH-MWCNTs under UVA irradiation. The Raman spectroscopy and surface functional group analysis results suggested that (•)OH initially reacted with the surface carboxylated carbonaceous fragments, resulting in their degradation or exfoliation. Further reaction between (•)OH and the graphitic sidewall led to formation of defects including functional groups and vacancies. These reactions reduced the surface potential and colloidal stability of COOH-MWCNTs, and are expected to reduce their mobility in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Qu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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129
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Lanone S, Andujar P, Kermanizadeh A, Boczkowski J. Determinants of carbon nanotube toxicity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:2063-9. [PMID: 23928473 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years questions have been raised regarding the potential toxicity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to humans and environment. It is believed that the physico-chemical characteristics of these materials are key determinants of CNT interaction with living organisms, and hence determine their toxicity. As for other nanomaterials, the most important of these characteristics are the length, diameter, surface area, tendency to agglomerate, bio-durability, presence and nature of catalyst residues as well as chemical functionalization of the CNT. This review highlights the recent advancements in the understanding of the CNT properties which are essential in determining CNT toxicity. Hence the focus is on CNT dimensions, surface properties, bio-durability and corona formation as these fields have evolved greatly in recent years. A deeper understanding of these events and their underlying mechanisms could provide a molecular explanation of the biological and physiological responses following CNT administration and therefore help in the development of safe by design materials.
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130
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Donaldson K, Poland CA, Murphy FA, MacFarlane M, Chernova T, Schinwald A. Pulmonary toxicity of carbon nanotubes and asbestos - similarities and differences. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:2078-86. [PMID: 23899865 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes are a valuable industrial product but there is potential for human pulmonary exposure during production and their fibrous shape raises the possibility that they may have effects like asbestos, which caused a worldwide pandemic of disease in the20th century that continues into present. CNT may exist as fibres or as more compact particles and the asbestos-type hazard only pertains to the fibrous forms of CNT. Exposure to asbestos causes asbestosis, bronchogenic carcinoma, mesothelioma, pleural fibrosis and pleural plaques indicating that both the lungs and the pleura are targets. The fibre pathogenicity paradigm was developed in the 1970s-80s and has a robust structure/toxicity relationship that enables the prediction of the pathogenicity of fibres depending on their length, thickness and biopersistence. Fibres that are sufficiently long and biopersistent and that deposit in the lungs can cause oxidative stress and inflammation. They may also translocate to the pleura where they can be retained depending on their length, and where they cause inflammation and oxidative stress in the pleural tissues. These pathobiological processes culminate in pathologic change - fibroplasia and neoplasia in the lungs and the pleura. There may also be direct genotoxic effects of fibres on epithelial cells and mesothelium, contributing to neoplasia. CNT show some of the properties of asbestos and other types of fibre in producing these types of effects and more research is needed. In terms of the molecular pathways involved in the interaction of long biopersistent fibres with target tissue the events leading to mesothelioma have been a particular area of interest. A variety of kinase pathways important in proliferation are activated by asbestos leading to pre-malignant states and investigations are under way to determine whether fibrous CNT also affects these molecular pathways. Current research suggests that fibrous CNT can elicit effects similar to asbestos but more research is needed to determine whether they, or other nanofibres, can cause fibrosis and cancer in the long term.
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131
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Wong BS, Yoong SL, Jagusiak A, Panczyk T, Ho HK, Ang WH, Pastorin G. Carbon nanotubes for delivery of small molecule drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1964-2015. [PMID: 23954402 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the realm of drug delivery, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have gained tremendous attention as promising nanocarriers, owing to their distinct characteristics, such as high surface area, enhanced cellular uptake and the possibility to be easily conjugated with many therapeutics, including both small molecules and biologics, displaying superior efficacy, enhanced specificity and diminished side effects. While most CNT-based drug delivery system (DDS) had been engineered to combat cancers, there are also emerging reports that employ CNTs as either the main carrier or adjunct material for the delivery of various non-anticancer drugs. In this review, the delivery of small molecule drugs is expounded, with special attention paid to the current progress of in vitro and in vivo research involving CNT-based DDSs, before finally concluding with some consideration on inevitable complications that hamper successful disease intervention with CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sheng Wong
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, S4 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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132
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Kotchey GP, Zhao Y, Kagan VE, Star A. Peroxidase-mediated biodegradation of carbon nanotubes in vitro and in vivo. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1921-32. [PMID: 23856412 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
As a result of their unique electronic, optical, and mechanical properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been implemented in therapeutic and imaging applications. In an idealized situation, CNTs would be disposed of after they transport their theranostic payloads. Biodegradation represents an attractive pathway for the elimination of CNT carriers post-delivery and may be integral in catalyzing the release of the cargo from the delivery vehicle. Accordingly, recent research efforts have focused on peroxidase-driven biodegradation of CNTs. In this review, we not only summarize recent efforts to biodegrade CNTs in the test tube, in vitro, and in vivo, but also attempt to explore the fundamental parameters underlying degradation. Encouraged by the in vivo results obtained to date, we envision a future, where carbon-based nano-containers, which are specifically designed to target organs/cells, deliver their cargo, and biodegrade via peroxidase-driven mechanism, will represent an attractive therapeutic delivery option in nanomedicine.
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133
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Yanamala N, Kagan VE, Shvedova AA. Molecular modeling in structural nano-toxicology: interactions of nano-particles with nano-machinery of cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:2070-7. [PMID: 23726945 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, nanotechnology has emerged as a key player in various disciplines of science and technology. Some of the most exciting applications are in the field of biomedicine - for theranostics (for combined diagnostic and therapeutic purposes) as well as for exploration of biological systems. A detailed understanding of the molecular interactions between nanoparticles and biological nano-machinery - macromolecules, membranes, and intracellular organelles - is crucial for obtaining adequate information on mechanisms of action of nanomaterials as well as a perspective on the long term effects of these materials and their possible toxicological outcomes. This review focuses on the use of structure-based computational molecular modeling as a tool to understand and to predict the interactions between nanomaterials and nano-biosystems. We review major approaches and provide examples of computational analysis of the structural principles behind such interactions. A rationale on how nanoparticles of different sizes, shape, structure and chemical properties can affect the organization and functions of nano-machinery of cells is also presented.
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134
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Bhattacharya K, Andón FT, El-Sayed R, Fadeel B. Mechanisms of carbon nanotube-induced toxicity: focus on pulmonary inflammation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:2087-97. [PMID: 23751779 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes have gained tremendous interest in a wide range of applications due to their unique physical, chemical, and electronic properties. Needless to say, close attention to the potential toxicity of carbon nanotubes is of paramount importance. Numerous studies have linked exposure of carbon nanotubes to the induction of inflammation, a complex protective response to harmful stimuli including pathogens, damaged or dying cells, and other irritants. However, inflammation is a double-edged sword as chronic inflammation can lead to destruction of tissues thus compromising the homeostasis of the organism. Here, we provide an overview of the process of inflammation, the key cells and the soluble mediators involved, and discuss research on carbon nanotubes and inflammation, including recent studies on the activation of the so-called inflammasome complex in macrophages resulting in secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, recent work has shown that inflammatory cells i.e. neutrophils and eosinophils are capable of enzymatic degradation of carbon nanotubes, with mitigation of the pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic effects of nanotubes thus underscoring that inflammation is both good and bad.
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135
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136
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Zhang L, Petersen EJ, Habteselassie MY, Mao L, Huang Q. Degradation of multiwall carbon nanotubes by bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 181:335-339. [PMID: 23859846 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the environmental transformation of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is important to their life cycle assessment and potential environmental impacts. We report that a bacterial community is capable of degrading (14)C-labeled MWCNTs into (14)CO2 in the presence of an external carbon source via co-metabolism. Multiple intermediate products were detected, and genotypic characterization revealed three possible microbial degraders: Burkholderia kururiensis, Delftia acidovorans, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. This result suggests that microbe/MWCNTs interaction may impact the long-term fate of MWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Zhang
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, United States
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137
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Chiu CF, Barth BA, Kotchey GP, Zhao Y, Gogick KA, Saidi WA, Petoud S, Star A. Enzyme-catalyzed oxidation facilitates the return of fluorescence for single-walled carbon nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13356-64. [PMID: 23672715 PMCID: PMC3773842 DOI: 10.1021/ja400699y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we studied enzyme-catalyzed oxidation of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) produced by the high-pressure carbon monoxide (HiPco) method. While oxidation via strong acids introduced defect sites on SWCNTs and suppressed their near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence, our results indicated that the fluorescence of SWCNTs was restored upon enzymatic oxidation, providing new evidence that the reaction catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the presence of H2O2 is mainly a defect-consuming step. These results were further supported by both UV-vis-NIR and Raman spectroscopy. Therefore, when acid oxidation followed by HRP-catalyzed enzyme oxidation was employed, shortened (<300 nm in length) and NIR-fluorescent SWCNTs were produced. In contrast, upon treatment with myeloperoxidase, H2O2, and NaCl, the oxidized HiPco SWCNTs underwent complete oxidation (i.e., degradation). The shortened, NIR-fluorescent SWCNTs resulting from HRP-catalyzed oxidation of acid-cut HiPco SWCNTs may find applications in cellular NIR imaging and drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk Fai Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Brian A. Barth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Gregg P. Kotchey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Kristy A. Gogick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Wissam A. Saidi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Stéphane Petoud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Orléans, France
| | - Alexander Star
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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138
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Andón FT, Kapralov AA, Yanamala N, Feng W, Baygan A, Chambers BJ, Hultenby K, Ye F, Toprak MS, Brandner BD, Fornara A, Klein-Seetharaman J, Kotchey GP, Star A, Shvedova AA, Fadeel B, Kagan VE. Biodegradation of single-walled carbon nanotubes by eosinophil peroxidase. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:2721-9, 2720. [PMID: 23447468 PMCID: PMC4039041 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201202508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) is one of the major oxidant-producing enzymes during inflammatory states in the human lung. The degradation of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) upon incubation with human EPO and H₂O₂ is reported. Biodegradation of SWCNTs is higher in the presence of NaBr, but neither EPO alone nor H₂O₂ alone caused the degradation of nanotubes. Molecular modeling reveals two binding sites for SWCNTs on EPO, one located at the proximal side (same side as the catalytic site) and the other on the distal side of EPO. The oxidized groups on SWCNTs in both cases are stabilized by electrostatic interactions with positively charged residues. Biodegradation of SWCNTs can also be executed in an ex vivo culture system using primary murine eosinophils stimulated to undergo degranulation. Biodegradation is proven by a range of methods including transmission electron microscopy, UV-visible-NIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and confocal Raman imaging. Thus, human EPO (in vitro) and ex vivo activated eosinophils mediate biodegradation of SWCNTs: an observation that is relevant to pulmonary responses to these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando T. Andón
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels Väg 13, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Alexandr A. Kapralov
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology, Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Naveena Yanamala
- Pathology & Physiology Research Branch, NIOSH, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Weihong Feng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology, Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Arjang Baygan
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Benedict J. Chambers
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, 14186, Sweden
| | - Fei Ye
- Functional Materials Division, Department of Materials and Nanophysics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 16440, Sweden
| | - Muhammet S. Toprak
- Functional Materials Division, Department of Materials and Nanophysics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 16440, Sweden
| | | | - Andrea Fornara
- Institute for Surface Chemistry, Stockholm, 11428, Sweden
| | - Judith Klein-Seetharaman
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Gregg P. Kotchey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Alexander Star
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Anna A. Shvedova
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, NIOSH, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
- Department Pharmacology & Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels Väg 13, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Valerian E. Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology, Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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139
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Pan S, Sardesai NP, Liu H, Rusling JF. Assessing DNA Damage from Enzyme-Oxidized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2013; 2:375-378. [PMID: 24159372 DOI: 10.1039/c3tx50022e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxidase enzyme digests of oxidized single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) were shown to damage DNA in potentially genotoxic reactions for the first time using an electro-optical array with and without metabolic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenmin Pan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut
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140
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Targeted delivery of platinum-based anticancer complexes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:175-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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141
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Westerhoff P, Nowack B. Searching for global descriptors of engineered nanomaterial fate and transport in the environment. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:844-53. [PMID: 22950943 PMCID: PMC3553244 DOI: 10.1021/ar300030n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are a new class of environmental pollutants. Researchers are beginning to debate whether new modeling paradigms and experimental tests to obtain model parameters are required for ENMs or if approaches for existing pollutants are robust enough to predict ENM distribution between environmental compartments. This Account outlines how experimental research can yield quantitative data for use in ENM fate and exposure models. We first review experimental testing approaches that are employed with ENMs. Then we compare and contrast ENMs against other pollutants. Finally, we summarize the findings and identify research needs that may yield global descriptors for ENMs that are suitable for use in fate and transport modeling. Over the past decade, researchers have made significant progress in understanding factors that influence the fate and transport of ENMs. In some cases, researchers have developed approaches toward global descriptor models (experimental, conceptual, and quantitative). We suggest the following global descriptors for ENMs: octanol-water partition coefficients, solid-water partition coefficients, attachment coefficients, and rate constants describing reactions such as dissolution, sedimentation, and degradation. ENMs appear to accumulate at the octanol-water interface and readily interact with other interfaces, such as lipid-water interfaces. Batch experiments to investigate factors that influence retention of ENMs on solid phases are very promising. However, ENMs probably do not behave in the same way as dissolved chemicals, and therefore, researchers need to use measurement techniques and concepts more commonly associated with colloids. Despite several years of research with ENMs in column studies, available summaries tend to discuss the effects of ionic strength, pH, organic matter, ENM type, packing media, or other parameters qualitatively rather than reporting quantitative values, such as attachment efficiencies, that would facilitate comparison across studies. Only a few structure-activity relationships have been developed for ENMs so far, but such evaluations will facilitate the understanding of the reactivities of different forms of a single ENM. The establishment of predictive capabilities for ENMs in the environment would enable accurate exposure assessments that would assist in ENM risk management. Such information is also critical for understanding the ultimate disposition of ENMs and may provide a framework for improved engineering of nanomaterials that are more environmentally benign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering Program Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering Senior Sustainability Scientist - Global Institute of Sustainability Arizona State University Engineering Center, G-Wing Room ECG252 Box 5306 Tempe, AZ 85287-5306 Phone: 480-965-2885 Fax: 480-965-0557
| | - Bernd Nowack
- Environmental Risk Assessment and Management Group Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 CH - 9014 St. Gallen Switzerland Phone: +41 (0)58 765 76 92 Fax: +41 (0)58 765 78 62
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142
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Wang B, He X, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Feng W. Metabolism of nanomaterials in vivo: blood circulation and organ clearance. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:761-9. [PMID: 23964655 DOI: 10.1021/ar2003336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Before researchers apply nanomaterials (NMs) in biomedicine, they need to understand the blood circulation and clearance profile of these materials in vivo. These qualities determine the balance between nanomaterial-induced activity and unwanted toxicity. NMs have heterogeneous characteristics: they combine the bulk properties of solids with the mobility of molecules, and their highly active contact interfaces exhibit diverse functionalities. Any new and unexpected circulation features and clearance patterns are of great concern in toxicological studies and pharmaceutical screens. A number of studies have reported that NMs can enter the bloodstream directly during their application or indirectly via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal exposure. Due to the small size of NMs, the blood can then transport them throughout the circulation and to many organs where they can be stored. In this Account, we discuss the blood circulation and organ clearance patterns of NMs in the lung, liver, and kidney. The circulation of NMs in bloodstream is critical for delivery of inhalable NMs to extrapulmonary organs, the delivery of injectable NMs, the dynamics of tissue redistribution, and the overall targeting of drug carriers to specific cells and organs. The lung, liver, and kidney are the major distribution sites and target organs for NMs exposure, and the clearance patterns of NMs in these organs are critical for understanding the in vivo fate of NMs. Current studies suggest that multiple factors control the circulation and organ clearance of NMs. The size, shape, surface charge, surface functional groups, and aspect ratio of NMs as well as tissue microstructures strongly influence the circulation of NMs in bloodstream, their site-specific extravasation, and their clearance profiles within organs. Therefore structure design and surface modification can improve biocompatibility, regulate the in vivo metabolism, and reduce the toxicity of NMs. The biophysicochemical interactions occurring between NMs and between NMs and the biological milieu after the introduction of NMs into living systems may further influence the blood circulation and clearance profiles of NMs. These interactions can alter properties such as agglomeration, phase transformations, dissolution, degradation, protein adsorption, and surface reactivity. The physicochemical properties of NMs change dynamically in vivo thereby making the metabolism of NMs complex and difficult to predict. The development of in situ, real-time, and quantitative techniques, in vitro assays, and the adaptation of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QNSAR) modeling for NMs will streamline future in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Techniques, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao He
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Techniques, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Techniques, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Techniques, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiyue Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Techniques, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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143
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Heister E, Brunner EW, Dieckmann GR, Jurewicz I, Dalton AB. Are carbon nanotubes a natural solution? Applications in biology and medicine. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:1870-1891. [PMID: 23427832 DOI: 10.1021/am302902d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes and materials based on carbon nanotubes have many perceived applications in the field of biomedicine. Several highly promising examples have been highlighted in the literature, ranging from their use as growth substrates or tissue scaffolds to acting as intracellular transporters for various therapeutic and diagnostic agents. In addition, carbon nanotubes have a strong optical absorption in the near-infrared region (in which tissue is transparent), which enables their use for biological imaging applications and photothermal ablation of tumors. Although these advances are potentially game-changing, excitement must be tempered somewhat as several bottlenecks exist. Carbon nanotube-based technologies ultimately have to compete with and out-perform existing technologies in terms of performance and price. Moreover, issues have been highlighted relating to toxicity, which presents an obstacle for the transition from preclinical to clinical use. Although many studies have suggested that well-functionalized carbon nanotubes appear to be safe to the treated animals, mainly rodents, long-term toxicity issues remains to be elucidated. In this report, we systematically highlight some of the most promising biomedical application areas of carbon nanotubes and review the interaction of carbon nanotubes with cultured cells and living organisms with a particular focus on in vivo biodistribution and potential adverse health effects. To conclude, future challenges and prospects of carbon nanotubes for biomedical applications will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Heister
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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144
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Bobrinetskii II, Morozov RA, Seleznev AS, Podchernyaeva RY, Lopatina OA. Proliferative activity and viability of fibroblast and glioblastoma cell on various types of carbon nanotubes. Bull Exp Biol Med 2013; 153:259-62. [PMID: 22816097 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-012-1690-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of single-walled and multiwalled carbon nanotubes on proliferative activity and viability of human embryo fibroblasts and glioblastoma cells were studied. Low cytotoxic activity of single-walled carbon tubes was demonstrated. Possible mechanisms of nanotube effects on cell growth are discussed.
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145
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Seabra AB, Paula AJ, Durán N. Redox-enzymes, cells and micro-organisms acting on carbon nanostructures transformation: A mini-review. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:1-10. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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146
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Kotchey GP, Gaugler JA, Kapralov AA, Kagan VE, Star A. Effect of antioxidants on enzyme-catalysed biodegradation of carbon nanotubes. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:302-309. [PMID: 23626907 DOI: 10.1039/c2tb00047d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The growing applications of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) inevitably increase the risk of exposure to this potentially toxic nanomaterial. In an attempt to address this issue, research has been implemented to study the biodegradation of CNTs. In particular, myeloperoxidase (MPO), an enzyme expressed by inflammatory cells of animals including humans, catalyse the degradation of oxidized carbon nanomaterials. While reactive intermediates generated by MPO efficiently degrade oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes (o-SWCNTs); the exact mechanism of enzyme-catalysed biodegradation remains ambiguous. In this work, we tried to explain enzymatic oxidation in terms of redox potentials by employing competitive substrates for MPO such as chloride, which is oxidized by MPO to form a strong oxidant (hypochlorite), and antioxidants that have lower redox potentials than CNTs. Employing transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, we demonstrate that the addition of antioxidants, L-ascorbic acid and L-glutathione, with or without chloride significantly mitigates MPO-catalysed biodegradation of o-SWCNTs. This study focuses on a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of enzymatic biodegradation of CNTs and the impact of antioxidants on these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg P Kotchey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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147
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Sato Y, Yokoyama A, Nodasaka Y, Kohgo T, Motomiya K, Matsumoto H, Nakazawa E, Numata T, Zhang M, Yudasaka M, Hara H, Araki R, Tsukamoto O, Saito H, Kamino T, Watari F, Tohji K. Long-term biopersistence of tangled oxidized carbon nanotubes inside and outside macrophages in rat subcutaneous tissue. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2516. [PMID: 23981952 PMCID: PMC3755288 DOI: 10.1038/srep02516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of their mechanical strength, chemical stability, and low molecular weight, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are attractive biological implant materials. Biomaterials are typically implanted into subcutaneous tissue or bone; however, the long-term biopersistence of CNTs in these tissues is unknown. Here, tangled oxidized multi-walled CNTs (t-ox-MWCNTs) were implanted into rat subcutaneous tissues and structural changes in the t-ox-MWCNTs located inside and outside of macrophages were studied for 2 years post-implantation. The majority of the large agglomerates were present in the intercellular space, maintained a layered structure, and did not undergo degradation. By contrast, small agglomerates were found inside macrophages, where they were gradually degraded in lysosomes. None of the rats displayed symptoms of cancer or severe inflammatory reactions such as necrosis. These results indicate that t-ox-MWCNTs have high biopersistence and do not evoke adverse events in rat subcutaneous tissue in vivo, demonstrating their potential utility as implantable biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Sato
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Atsuro Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yoshinobu Nodasaka
- Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Takao Kohgo
- Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Kenichi Motomiya
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Matsumoto
- Advanced Microscope Systems Design, Hitachi High-Technologies Corporations, Hitachinaka 312-0057, Japan
| | - Eiko Nakazawa
- Advanced Microscope Systems Design, Hitachi High-Technologies Corporations, Hitachinaka 312-0057, Japan
| | - Tomoko Numata
- Analytical Application Center, Horiba, Ltd., Tokyo 101-0031, Japan
| | - Minfang Zhang
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
| | - Masako Yudasaka
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hiroaki Saito
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takeo Kamino
- Advanced Microscope Systems Design, Hitachi High-Technologies Corporations, Hitachinaka 312-0057, Japan
| | - Fumio Watari
- Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Tohji
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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148
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Respiratory toxicities of nanomaterials -- a focus on carbon nanotubes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1694-9. [PMID: 22641117 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are emblematic nanomaterials, presenting unique physico-chemical properties, such as mechanical, thermal, or electrical conductivity, that have led to a large number of actual applications and uses, as well as (future) developments in aerospace, automobiles, nanoelectronic, or nanomedicine. CNT are currently used in many devices (computers, aircraft airframe, and sporting goods such as tennis rackets, bicycles, golf irons) and have also emerged as efficient drug delivery carriers in the biomedical and drug delivery fields[1]. Because of these actual and future applications, there's an increasing concern regarding the consequences that could result from human exposure to CNT, particularly at the respiratory level, since it represents a major route of exposure to nanomaterials. This review will highlight the advancement in the actual knowledge on lung toxicities of CNT, and try to better understand the underlying biological mechanisms, as well as the importance of physico-chemical determinants directly related to CNT characteristics.
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149
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Kotchey GP, Hasan SA, Kapralov AA, Ha SH, Kim K, Shvedova AA, Kagan VE, Star A. A natural vanishing act: the enzyme-catalyzed degradation of carbon nanomaterials. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:1770-81. [PMID: 22824066 DOI: 10.1021/ar300106h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, revolutionary research in nanotechnology by the scientific, medical, and engineering communities has yielded a treasure trove of discoveries with diverse applications that promise to benefit humanity. With their unique electronic and mechanical properties, carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) represent a prime example of the promise of nanotechnology with applications in areas that include electronics, fuel cells, composites, and nanomedicine. Because of toxicological issues associated with CNMs, however, their full commercial potential may not be achieved. The ex vitro, in vitro, and in vivo data presented in this Account provide fundamental insights into the biopersistence of CNMs, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, and their oxidation/biodegradation processes as catalyzed by peroxidase enzymes. We also communicate our current understanding of the mechanism for the enzymatic oxidation and biodegradation. Finally, we outline potential future directions that could enhance our mechanistic understanding of the CNM oxidation and biodegradation and could yield benefits in terms of human health and environmental safety. The conclusions presented in this Account may catalyze a rational rethinking of CNM incorporation in diverse applications. For example, armed with an understanding of how and why CNMs undergo enzyme-catalyzed oxidation and biodegradation, researchers can tailor the structure of CNMs to either promote or inhibit these processes. In nanomedical applications such as drug delivery, the incorporation of carboxylate functional groups could facilitate biodegradation of the nanomaterial after delivery of the cargo. On the other hand, in the construction of aircraft, a CNM composite should be stable to oxidizing conditions in the environment. Therefore, pristine, inert CNMs would be ideal for this application. Finally, the incorporation of CNMs with defect sites in consumer goods could provide a facile mechanism that promotes the degradation of these materials once these products reach landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna A. Shvedova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH/CDC), Morgantown, West Virginia, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States
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150
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Parthasarathi R, Tummala NR, Striolo A. Embedded Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Locally Perturb DOPC Phospholipid Bilayers. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:12769-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jp306299x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Parthasarathi
- The School of Chemical, Biological
and Materials Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - N. R. Tummala
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
| | - A. Striolo
- The School of Chemical, Biological
and Materials Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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