Bioavailability of curcumin: problems and promises

The role of turmeric and black pepper oil nanoemulsion in attenuating cytokine storm triggered by duck hepatitis A virus type I (DHAV-I)-induced infection in ducklings

The cytokine storm induced by duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) infection significantly contributes to severe, rapid deaths and economic losses in the duck industry in Egypt. This study aimed to investigate the potential inhibitory effect of a nanoemulsion containing turmeric and black pepper oil on the immune response and pathogenesis of DHAV-1 in ducklings. A total of 105 ducklings from nonvaccinated breeders were divided into 5 experimental groups, each comprising 21 birds. The negative control group (G1) remained noninfected with DHAV-1 and nontreated with nanoemulsion, while the positive control group (G2) was infected with DHAV-1 but not treated with nanoemulsion. The other 2 groups (G3, the supplemented group which was noninfected with DHAV-1), and group 4 (the prophylactic group G4) which was infected with DHAV-1, both received nanoemulsion throughout the experiment. Group 5 (G5, the therapeutic group), on the other hand, which was infected with DHAV-1 received nanoemulsion only from the onset of clinical signs. At 5 days old, the ducklings in the positive control (G2), the prophylactic (G4), and the therapeutic group (G5) were infected with DHAV-1. All the ducklings in the infected groups exhibited depression, anorexia, and opisthotonos, and their livers displayed various degrees of ecchymotic hemorrhage, liver enlargement, and microscopic pathological lesions. Notably, the positive control group (G2) experienced the most severe and pronounced effects compared to the other infected groups treated with the nanoemulsion. Meanwhile, the viral RNA loads were lower in the liver tissues of the infected ducklings treated with the nanoemulsion (G4, and G5) compared to the positive control group G2. Additionally, the nanoemulsion effectively modulated proinflammatory cytokine expression, antioxidant enzymes, liver enzymes, and lipid profile of treated ducklings. In conclusion, the turmeric and black pepper oil nanoemulsion has the potential to be a therapeutic agent for regulating and modulating the immune response, decreasing DHAV-1-induced cytokine storms, and minimizing mortality and economic losses in the duck business. More research is needed to understand how turmeric and black pepper oil nanoemulsion alleviates DHVA-1-induced cytokine storms and lowers duckling mortality.

Application of electro-spraying technique and mathematical modelling for nanoencapsulation of curcumin

Electro-spraying Process (ESP) was used to coat extracted curcumin (CUR) with milk protein isolate (MPI) at equal concentration. The variables were applied voltage (AV), pumps flow rate ratio (PFRR) for coating (CUR with MPI), travelling distance (TD for coating and dehydration), ESE and MPI concentrations. They changed respectively from 7.5 to 27.5 kV, 2-10 times, and 5-25 cm, and 1.5-3.5% (w/w). When the MPI concentration, TD, PFRR, and AV of ESE reached respectively to 2.56 %, 16.64 cm, 6.77 times, and 19.06 kV; the resulting nanoparticle diameter and encapsulation efficiency of CUR coated (with MPI) became 232 nm (minimum) and 80.7% (maximum) values. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed that the produced nanoparticles were bead-free, homogeneous, smooth surfaces, and >50% uniformity. While the nanoparticles of CUR had >70% heat resistance (up to 10 min at 120 °C against degradation), it had more than 100% antioxidant capacity in aqueous solution than its free form (because of its appropriate and intact coating). In-vitro studies showed that the nano encapsulated particles released >80% of CUR into the intestinal tract without significant release in simulated gastric fluid.

Molecular Dynamics and In Vitro Studies Elucidating the Tunable Features of Reconfigurable Nanodiscs for Guiding the Optimal Design of Curcumin Formulation

In this study, we advance our exploration of Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) peptide analogs (APAs) for their application in nanodisc (ND) assembly, focusing on the dynamic conformational characteristics and the potential for drug delivery. We explore APA-ND interactions with an emphasis on curcumin encapsulation, utilizing molecular dynamic simulations and in vitro assessments to evaluate the efficacy of various APA-ND formulations as drug carriers. The methodological approach involved the generation of three unique apoA-I α-11/3 helical mimics, resulting in fifteen distinct APAs. Their structural integrity was rigorously assessed using ColabFold-AF2, with particular attention to pLDDT and pTM scores. Extensive molecular dynamics simulations, covering 1.7 μs across 17 ND systems, were conducted to investigate the influence of APA sequence variations on ND stability and interactions. This study reveals that the composition of APAs, notably the presence of Proline, Serine, and Tryptophan, significantly impacts ND stability and morphology. Oligomeric APAs, in particular, demonstrated superior stability and distinct interaction patterns compared to their monomeric counterparts. Additionally, hydrodynamic diameter measurements over eight weeks indicated sequence-dependent stability, highlighting the potential of specific APA configurations for sustained colloidal stability. In vitro study successfully encapsulated curcumin in [AA]3/DMPC ND formulations, revealing concentration-dependent stability and interaction dynamics. The findings underscore the remarkable capability of APA-NDs to maintain structural integrity and efficient drug encapsulation, positioning them as a promising platform for drug delivery. The study concludes by emphasizing the tunability and versatility of APA-NDs in drug formulation, potentially revolutionizing nanomedicine by enabling customized APA sequences and ND properties for targeted drug delivery.

Immunomodulatory effects of curcumin on macrophage polarization in rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation, cartilage destruction, pannus formation and bone erosion. Various immune cells, including macrophages, are involved in RA pathogenesis. The heterogeneity and plasticity of macrophages render them pivotal regulators of both the induction and resolution of the inflammatory response. Predominantly, two different phenotypes of macrophages have been identified: classically activated M1 macrophages exacerbate inflammation via the production of cytokines, chemokines and other inflammatory mediators, while alternatively activated M2 macrophages inhibit inflammation and facilitate tissue repair. An imbalance in the M1/M2 macrophage ratio is critical during the initiation and progression of RA. Macrophage polarization is modulated by various transcription factors, epigenetic elements and metabolic reprogramming. Curcumin, an active component of turmeric, exhibits potent immunomodulatory effects and is administered in the treatment of multiple autoimmune diseases, including RA. The regulation of macrophage polarization and subsequent cytokine production as well as macrophage migration is involved in the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of curcumin on RA. In this review, we summarize the underlying mechanisms by which curcumin modulates macrophage function and polarization in the context of RA to provide evidence for the clinical application of curcumin in RA treatment.

Controlled Assembly and Disassembly of Higher-Order Peptide Nanotubes

The controlled peptide self-assembly and disassembly are not only implicated in many cellular processes but also possess huge application potential in a wide range of biotechnology and biomedicine. β-sheet peptide assemblies possess high kinetic stability, so it is usually hard to disassemble them rapidly. Here, we reported that both the self-assembly and disassembly of a designed short β-sheet peptide IIIGGHK could be well harnessed through the variations of concentration, pH, and mechanical stirring. Microscopic imaging, neutron scattering, and infrared spectroscopy were used to track the assembly and disassembly processes upon these stimuli, especially the interconversion between thin, left-handed protofibrils and higher-order nanotubes with superstructural right-handedness. The underlying rationale for these controlled disassembly processes mainly lies in the fact that the specific His-His interactions between protofibrils were responsive to these stimuli. By taking advantage of the peptide self-assembly and disassembly, the encapsulation of the hydrophobic drug curcumin and its rapid release upon stimuli were achieved. Additionally, the peptide hydrogels facilitated the differentiation of neural cells while maintaining low cell cytotoxicity. We believe that such dynamic and reversible structural transformation in this work provides a distinctive paradigm for controlling the peptide self-assembly and disassembly, thus laying a foundation for practical applications of peptide assemblies.

Evaluating the Therapeutic Potential of Curcumin and Synthetic Derivatives: A Computational Approach to Anti-Obesity Treatments

Natural compounds such as curcumin, a polyphenolic compound derived from the rhizome of turmeric, have gathered remarkable scientific interest due to their diverse metabolic benefits including anti-obesity potential. However, curcumin faces challenges stemming from its unfavorable pharmacokinetic profile. To address this issue, synthetic curcumin derivatives aimed at enhancing the biological efficacy of curcumin have previously been developed. In silico modelling techniques have gained significant recognition in screening synthetic compounds as drug candidates. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of three synthetic derivatives of curcumin. This evaluation was conducted in comparison to curcumin, with a specific emphasis on examining their impact on adipogenesis, inflammation, and lipid metabolism as potential therapeutic targets of obesity mechanisms. In this study, predictive toxicity screening confirmed the safety of curcumin, with the curcumin derivatives demonstrating a safe profile based on their LD50 values. The synthetic curcumin derivative 1A8 exhibited inactivity across all selected toxicity endpoints. Furthermore, these compounds were deemed viable candidate drugs as they adhered to Lipinski's rules and exhibited favorable metabolic profiles. Molecular docking studies revealed that both curcumin and its synthetic derivatives exhibited favorable binding scores, whilst molecular dynamic simulations showed stable binding with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), csyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) proteins. The binding free energy calculations indicated that curcumin displayed potential as a strong regulator of PPARγ (-60.2 ± 0.4 kcal/mol) and FAS (-37.9 ± 0.3 kcal/mol), whereas 1A8 demonstrated robust binding affinity with COX2 (-64.9 ± 0.2 kcal/mol). In conclusion, the results from this study suggest that the three synthetic curcumin derivatives have similar molecular interactions to curcumin with selected biological targets. However, in vitro and in vivo experimental studies are recommended to validate these findings.

A Curcumin-Decorated Nanozyme with ROS Scavenging and Anti-Inflammatory Properties for Neuroprotection

Disordered reactive oxygen/nitrogen species are a common occurrence in various diseases, which usually cause cellular oxidative damage and inflammation. Despite the wide range of applications for biomimetic nanoparticles with antioxidant or anti-inflammatory properties, designs that seamlessly integrate these two abilities with a synergistic effect in a simple manner are seldom reported. In this study, we developed a novel PEI-Mn composite nanoparticle (PM NP) using a chelation method, and the curcumin was loaded onto PM NPs via metal-phenol coordination to form PEI-Mn@curcumin nanoparticles (PMC NPs). PMC NPs possessed excellent dispersibility and cytocompatibility, was engineered to serve as an effective nanozyme, and exhibited specific SOD-like and CAT-like activities. In addition, the incorporation of curcumin granted PMC NPs the ability to effectively suppress the expression of inflammatory cytokines in microglia induced by LPS. As curcumin also has antioxidant properties, it further amplified the synergistic efficiency of ROS scavenging. Significantly, PMC NPs effectively scavenged ROS triggered by H2O2 in SIM-A9 microglia cells and Neuro-2a cells. PMC NPs also considerably mitigated DNA and lipid oxidation in Neuro-2a cells and demonstrated an increase in cell viability under various H2O2 concentrations. These properties suggest that PMC NPs have significant potential in addressing excessive ROS and inflammation related to neural diseases.

Dual strategy to improve the oral bioavailability of efavirenz employing nanomicelles and curcumin as a bio-enhancer

The present investigation was focused on the development of Soluplus®-based nanomicelles (NMs) (10 % w/v) loaded with Efavirenz (EFV) (5 mg/mL) and Curcumin (natural bio-enhancer) (CUR) (5, 10 and 15 mg/mL) to improve the oral bioavalability of EFV. Micellar formulations were obtained employing an acetone-diffusion technique. Apparent aqueous solubility was increased up to ∼1250-fold and 25,000-fold for EFV and CUR, respectively. Drug-loaded nanoformulations showed an excellent colloidal stability with unimodal size distribution and PDI values < 0.30. In vitro drug release was 41.5 % (EFV) and 2.6 % (CUR) from EFV-CUR-NMs over 6 h in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. EFV-CUR-loaded NMs resulted as safe nanoformulations according to the in vitro cytocompatibility assays in Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, CUR bio-enhancer activity was demonstrated for those nanoformulations. A CUR concentration of 15 mg/mL produced a significant (p < 0.05) increment (2.64-fold) of relative EFV oral bioavailability. Finally, the active role of the lymphatic system in the absorption process of EFV, after its oral administration was assessed in a comparative pharmacokinetic study in presence and absence of cycloheximide, a lymphatic transport inhibitor. Overall our EFV-CUR-NMs denoted their potential as a novel nanotechnological platform, representing a step towards an optimized "nano-sized" therapy for AIDS patients.

Demethoxylation of curcumin enhances its inhibition on human and rat 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3: QSAR structure-activity relationship and in silico docking analysis

Curcuminoids have many pharmacological effects. They or their metabolites may have side effects by suppressing 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 (17β-HSD3). Herein, we investigated the inhibition of curcuminoids and their metabolites on human and rat 17β-HSD3 and analyzed their structure-activity relationship (SAR) and performed in silico docking. Curcuminoids and their metabolites ranked in terms of IC50 values against human 17β-HSD3 were bisdemethoxycurcumin (0.61 μM) > curcumin (8.63 μM) > demethoxycurcumin (9.59 μM) > tetrahydrocurcumin (22.04 μM) > cyclocurcumin (29.14 μM), and those against rat 17β-HSD3 were bisdemethoxycurcumin (3.94 μM) > demethoxycurcumin (4.98 μM) > curcumin (9.62 μM) > tetrahydrocurcumin (45.82 μM) > cyclocurcumin (143.5 μM). The aforementioned chemicals were mixed inhibitors for both enzymes. Molecular docking analysis revealed that they bind to the domain between the androstenedione and NADPH active sites of 17β-HSD3. Bivariate correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between LogP and pKa of curcumin derivatives with their IC50 values. Additionally, a 3D-QSAR analysis revealed that a pharmacophore model consisting of three hydrogen bond acceptor regions and one hydrogen bond donor region provided a better fit for bisdemethoxycurcumin compared to curcumin. In conclusion, curcuminoids and their metabolites possess the ability to inhibit androgen biosynthesis by directly targeting human and rat 17β-HSD3. The inhibitory strength of these compounds is influenced by their lipophilicity and ionization characteristics.

Characterizing fibril morphological changes by spirooxindoles for neurodegenerative disease application

Fibrillation of proteins and polypeptides, which leads to the deposition of plaques in cells and tissues has been widely associated with many neuropathological diseases. Inhibition of protein misfolding and aggregation is crucial for the prevention and treatment of these conditions. The growing interest in identifying inhibitor molecules to prevent the formation of fibrils in vivo has led to the results highlighted in this study. Due to their hydrophobic structure and potential to readily cross the blood brain barrier, a library of spirooxindole compounds were synthesized with those labelled Hd-63, Hd-66 and Hd-74 proving to be the most potent against fibril formation. Our spectroscopic analysis provides detailed insight, that the introduction of these spirooxindole compounds leads to morphological changes in the mechanism of fibril formation which prevent the formation of highly ordered fibrils, instead results in the formation of disordered aggregates which are not fibrillar in nature.

Curcumin-Based Fixed Dose Combination Products for Cholesterol Management: A Narrative Review

Curcumin, a polyphenol compound that belongs to a class of molecules known as curcuminoids, may interact with various biological macromolecules in the body, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Curcumin-based fixed-dose combination (FDC) products enhance curcumin stability and bioavailability for better clinical use in cholesterol management. Preclinical studies on curcumin and cholesterol are mostly positive. Obstacles are the variable composition of the many different curcumin-based FDC products, the lack of standards, and the limitation of the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted for specific products. Once these downfalls have been addressed, curcumin-based FDC products have great potential for cholesterol management. They can supplement the uptake of statins, reducing their dosage for the same controlling effects or even replacing them.

Niosome as a promising tool for increasing the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory compounds

Niosomes are drug delivery systems with widespread applications in pharmaceutical research and the cosmetic industry. Niosomes are vesicles of one or more bilayers made of non-ionic surfactants, cholesterol, and charge inducers. Because of their bilayer characteristics, similar to liposomes, niosomes can be loaded with lipophilic and hydrophilic cargos. Therefore, they are more stable and cheaper in preparation than liposomes. They can be classified into four categories according to their sizes and structures, namely small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs), large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs,), multilamellar vesicles (MLVs), and multivesicular vesicles (MVVs). There are many methods for niosome preparation, such as thin-film hydration, solvent injection, and heating method. The current study focuses on the preparation methods and pharmacological effects of niosomes loaded with natural and chemical anti-inflammatory compounds in kinds of literature during the past decade. We found that most research was carried out to load anti-inflammatory agents like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) into niosome vesicles. The studies revealed that niosomes could improve anti-inflammatory agents' physicochemical properties, including solubility, cellular uptake, stability, encapsulation, drug release and liberation, efficiency, and oral bioavailability or topical absorption. See also the graphical abstract(Fig. 1).

Utility of the second-generation curcumin analogue RL71 in canine histiocytic sarcoma

Canine histiocytic sarcoma is an aggressive cancer, with a high rate of metastasis. Thus, novel therapeutic approaches are needed. Synthetic analogues of curcumin have elicited potent anti-cancer activity in multiple in vitro and in vivo models of human cancer. Furthermore, the compound 3,5-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylidene)-1-methylpiperidine-4-one (RL71) has recently exhibited potent cell cycle arrest and apoptotic induction in a canine osteosarcoma cell line. To determine its potency in canine histiocytic sarcoma cells, cell viability of DH82 and Nike cells was measured using the sulforhodamine B assay. Flow cytometry was then used to analyse both cell cycle distribution and apoptosis. Of the five curcumin analogues examined, RL71, had the highest potency with EC50 values of 0.66 ± 0.057 µM and 0.79 ± 0.13 µM in the DH82 and Nike cell lines, respectively. Furthermore, RL71 at the 1x EC50 concentration increased G2/M cell cycle arrest 2-fold, and at the 2x EC50 concentration increased the number of apoptotic cells 4-fold. These findings are consistent with previous work using RL71 in both canine and human cancer cell lines. Future research should be directed on time-dependent changes, and mechanistic investigation in greater detail to elucidate RL71 mechanisms of action.

Effects of curcumin and ursolic acid in prostate cancer: A systematic review

The major barriers to phytonutrients in prostate cancer therapy are non-specific mechanisms and bioavailability issues. Studies have pointed to a synergistic combination of curcumin (CURC) and ursolic acid (UA). We investigate this combination using a systematic review process to assess the most likely mechanistic pathway and human testing in prostate cancer. We used the PRISMA statement to screen titles, abstracts, and the full texts of relevant articles and performed a descriptive analysis of the literature reviewed for study inclusion and consensus of the manuscript. The most common molecular and cellular pathway from articles reporting on the pathways and effects of CURC (n = 173) in prostate cancer was NF-κB (n = 25, 14.5%). The most common molecular and cellular pathway from articles reporting on the pathways and effects of UA (n = 24) in prostate cancer was caspase 3/caspase 9 (n = 10, 41.6%). The three most common molecular and cellular pathway from articles reporting on the pathways and effects of both CURC and UA (n = 193) in prostate cancer was NF-κB (n = 28, 14.2%), Akt (n = 22, 11.2%), and androgen (n = 19, 9.6%). Therefore, we have identified the potential synergistic target pathways of curcumin and ursolic acid to involve NF-κB, Akt, androgen receptors, and apoptosis pathways. Our review highlights the limited human studies and specific effects in prostate cancer.

Neuroprotective potentials of Lead phytochemicals against Alzheimer's disease with focus on oxidative stress-mediated signaling pathways: Pharmacokinetic challenges, target specificity, clinical trials and future perspectives

BACKGROUND

Alzheimer's diseases (AD) and dementia are among the highly prevalent neurological disorders characterized by deposition of beta amyloid (Aβ) plaques, dense deposits of highly phosphorylated tau proteins, insufficiency of acetylcholine (ACh) and imbalance in glutamatergic system. Patients typically experience cognitive, behavioral alterations and are unable to perform their routine activities. Evidence also suggests that inflammatory processes including excessive microglia activation, high expression of inflammatory cytokines and release of free radicals. Thus, targeting inflammatory pathways beside other targets might be the key factors to control- disease symptoms and progression.

PURPOSE

This review is aimed to highlight the mechanisms and pathways involved in the neuroprotective potentials of lead phytochemicals. Further to provide updates regarding challenges associated with their use and their progress into clinical trials as potential lead compounds.

METHODS

Most recent scientific literature on pre-clinical and clinical data published in quality journals especially on the lead phytochemicals including curcumin, catechins, quercetin, resveratrol, genistein and apigenin was collected using SciFinder, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, JSTOR, EBSCO, Scopus and other related web sources.

RESULTS

Literature review indicated that the drug discovery against AD is insufficient and only few drugs are clinically approved which have limited efficacy. Among the therapeutic options, natural products have got tremendous attraction owing to their molecular diversity, their safety and efficacy. Research suggest that natural products can delay the disease onset, reduce its progression and regenerate the damage via their anti-amyloid, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potentials. These agents regulate the pathways involved in the release of neurotrophins which are implicated in neuronal survival and function. Highly potential lead phytochemicals including curcumin, catechins, quercetin, resveratrol, genistein and apigenin regulate neuroprotective signaling pathways implicated in neurotrophins-mediated activation of tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) and p75 neurotrophins receptor (p75NTR) family receptors.

CONCLUSIONS

Phytochemicals especially phenolic compounds were identified as highly potential molecules which ameliorate oxidative stress induced neurodegeneration, reduce Aβ load and inhibit vital enzymes. Yet their clinical efficacy and bioavailability are the major challenges which need further interventions for more effective therapeutic outcomes.

The effects of powdered drinks enriched with curcumin and probiotics on lipid profile and atherogenic indices in patients with metabolic syndrome: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial

Cardiovascular disease is prevalent globally and is the most common complication of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Previous studies have suggested that curcumin and probiotics may improve the lipid profile, so we aimed to investigate the effects of the edible powder enriched with these substances on lipid profile level and atherogenic indices such as Atherogenic Coefficient (AC), Castelli Risk Index-I (CRI-I), Castelli Risk Index-II (CRI-II), and Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP). In the present parallel randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial, 124 people with MetS with overweight or obesity were randomly allocated to 4 groups and were followed up for 8 weeks. The participants received a low-calorie diet and a daily sachet of enriched powder drink. The sachets contained either 109 CFU of probiotics or 1 g of curcumin, or probiotic + curcumin (pro + cur), or placebo, respectively. The fasting lipid profile and atherogenic indices were measured at the beginning and end of the study. One hundred and fourteen participants completed the study. At the end of the study, the within- and between-group comparisons showed no significant differences in lipid profile and atherogenic indices (p > .05). Based on the results of the current study, taking an oral powder containing 1 g curcumin and 109 CFU probiotics for 8 weeks had no effect on the lipid profile level and atherogenic indices; however, more studies are recommended.

Engineered extracellular vesicles: A new approach for targeted therapy of tumors and overcoming drug resistance

Targeted delivery of anti-tumor drugs and overcoming drug resistance in malignant tumor cells remain significant clinical challenges. However, there are only few effective methods to address these issues. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), actively secreted by cells, play a crucial role in intercellular information transmission and cargo transportation. Recent studies have demonstrated that engineered EVs can serve as drug delivery carriers and showed promising application prospects. Nevertheless, there is an urgent need for further improvements in the isolation and purification of EVs, surface modification techniques, drug assembly processes, and precise recognition of tumor cells for targeted drug delivery purposes. In this review, we summarize the applications of engineered EVs in cancer treatment and overcoming drug resistance, and current challenges associated with engineered EVs are also discussed. This review aims to provide new insights and potential directions for utilizing engineered EVs as targeted delivery systems for anti-tumor drugs and overcoming drug resistance in the near future.

Erythrocyte membrane-coated nanocarriers modified by TGN for Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an aging-related neurodegenerative disease, and the main pathological feature was β-amyloid protein (Aβ) deposition. Recently, bioactive materials-based drug delivery system has been widely investigated for the treatment of AD. In this study, we developed a red blood cells (RBC) membrane-coated polycaprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles (NPs) loading with a therapeutic agent for AD, curcumin (Cur). A functional peptide TGNYKALHPHN (TGN) was conjugated to the surface of membrane for blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport (TGN-RBC-NPs-Cur). TGN peptide can be recognized by receptors on the BBB and has great potential for brain transport. To confirm the targeted delivery of Cur to the brain, a cell co-culturing immortalized human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells and human brain astrocytes glioblastoma (hCMEC/D3 and U-118MG) in vitro model was established. As a result, the BBB transporting ratio of TGN-RBC-NPs-FITC was 29.64% at 12 h which was approximately eight-fold than RBC-NPs-FITC. The improvement of drug accumulation in the AD lesion was confirmed by the NPs modified with the BBB-penetrating peptide in the fluorescence imaging and quantitative analysis with UPLC-MS/MS in vivo. The neuroprotective effects were evaluated with new object recognition behavioral test, in vitro AD cell model, dendritic spine stain, GFAP and IBA1 immunofluorescence stain. The spatial learning and memory abilities of the AD model mice treated with TGN-RBC-NPs-Cur were obviously enhanced compared with the AD control mice and were also better than Cur at the same dosage. These results were consistent with the values of protection index of rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) treated by Aβ25-35. TGN-RBC-NPs-Cur increased the dendritic segments densities and restrained activation of microglia and astrocytes of AD mice, as well as reversed cognitive function of AD mice. All of the results demonstrated TGN-RBC-NPs-Cur a promising therapeutic strategy for delaying the progression of AD by designing biomimetic nanosystems to deliver drugs into the brain.

HO-3867, a curcumin analog, elicits cell apoptosis and p38-mediated caspase activation in hepatocellular carcinoma

HO-3867, a synthetic curcumin analog, has displayed various tumor-suppressive characteristics and improved bioabsorption over its parent compound. However, its influences on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are poorly defined. To address this, we tested the anticarcinogenic impact of HO-3867 and investigated the underlying mechanisms in fighting liver cancer. Our result demonstrated that HO-3867 reduced the viability of HCC cells, accompanied by promotion of cell cycle arrest at the sub-G1 stage and apoptotic responses. Furthermore, a distinctive profile of apoptosis associated proteins, encompassing elevated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) level and caspase activation, was detected in HO-3867-stimulated HCC cells. In addition, such HO-3867-mediated elevation in caspase activation was dampened by pharmacological suppression of p38 activities. Taken together, our findings unveiled that HO-3867 triggered cell cycle arrest and apoptotic events in liver cancer, involving a p38-mediated activation of caspase cascades. These data highlighted a usefulness of curcumin or its analogs on the management of hepatocarcinogenesis.

Investigating Bioavailability of Curcumin and Piperine Combination in Comparison to Turmeric Rhizomes: An in vitro Study

Purpose

To assess the permeability of the test item (a combination of curcumin and piperine) and a reference item (dried and crushed turmeric rhizomes) using a combination of Caco-2 cell monolayer permeability assay and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Methodology

In the Caco-2 cell assay, a transport buffer was prepared, and stock solutions of test and reference items were made. Caco-2 cells were cultured on transwell plates. Permeability assays were conducted for 2 and 6 hours, followed by post-experiment testing for assessing the monolayer integrity. LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry) analysis was performed to calculate apparent permeability of each item.

Results

The test item was undetectable at the end of 2 hours of permeability assay. Further, after 6 hours of permeability assay, the permeability of both test and reference item was found to be low.

Conclusion

The results showed that the curcumin and piperine combination had low permeability of curcumin in vitro as compared to the dried and crushed turmeric rhizomes. This could predict the low bioavailability of curcumin in vivo when co-administered with piperine.

Current Advances in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Drug Development

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) belongs to the Flaviviridae family and is a representative mosquito-borne flavivirus responsible for acute encephalitis and meningitis in humans. Despite the availability of vaccines, JEV remains a major public health threat with the potential to spread globally. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are an estimated 69,000 cases of JE each year, and this figure is probably an underestimate. The majority of JE victims are children in endemic areas, and almost half of the surviving patients have motor or cognitive sequelae. Thus, the absence of a clinically approved drug for the treatment of JE defines an urgent medical need. Recently, several promising and potential drug candidates were reported through drug repurposing studies, high-throughput drug library screening, and de novo design. This review focuses on the historical aspects of JEV, the biology of JEV replication, targets for therapeutic strategies, a target product profile, and drug development initiatives.

Curcumin and Resveratrol: Nutraceuticals with so Much Potential for Pseudoachondroplasia and Other ER-Stress Conditions

Natural products with health benefits, nutraceuticals, have shown considerable promise in many studies; however, this potential has yet to translate into widespread clinical use for any condition. Notably, many drugs currently on the market, including the first analgesic aspirin, are derived from plant extracts, emphasizing the historical significance of natural products in drug development. Curcumin and resveratrol, well-studied nutraceuticals, have excellent safety profiles with relatively mild side effects. Their long history of safe use and the natural origins of numerous drugs contrast with the unfavorable reputation associated with nutraceuticals. This review aims to explore the nutraceutical potential for treating pseudoachondroplasia, a rare dwarfing condition, by relating the mechanisms of action of curcumin and resveratrol to molecular pathology. Specifically, we will examine the curcumin and resveratrol mechanisms of action related to endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, oxidative stress, cartilage health, and pain. Additionally, the barriers to the effective use of nutraceuticals will be discussed. These challenges include poor bioavailability, variations in content and purity that lead to inconsistent results in clinical trials, as well as prevailing perceptions among both the public and medical professionals. Addressing these hurdles is crucial to realizing the full therapeutic potential of nutraceuticals in the context of pseudoachondroplasia and other health conditions that might benefit.

Enhancing the therapeutic potential of curcumin: a novel nanoformulation for targeted anticancer therapy to colorectal cancer with reduced miR20a and miR21 expression

Curcumin (Cur) possesses remarkable pharmacological properties, including cardioprotective, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. However, the utilization of Cur in pharmaceuticals faces constraints owing to its inadequate water solubility and limited bioavailability. To overcome these hurdles, there has been notable focus on exploring innovative formulations, with nanobiotechnology emerging as a promising avenue to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of these complex compounds. We report a novel safe, effective method for improving the incorporation of anticancer curcumin to induce apoptosis by reducing the expression levels of miR20a and miR21. The established method features three aspects that, to our knowledge, have not been formally verified: (1) use of a novel formula to incorporate curcumin, (2) use of all biocompatible biodegradable materials to produce this formula without leaving harmful residues, and (3) an incorporation process at temperatures of approximately 50 °C. The formula was prepared from lecithin (LE), and chitosan (CH) with an eco-friendly emulsifying agent and olive oil as the curcumin solvent. The formula was converted to nanoscale through ultrasonication and probe sonication at a frequency of 20 kHz. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the nano formula was spherical in shape with sizes ranging between 49.7 nm in diameter and negative zeta potentials ranging from 28 to 34 mV. Primers miR20a and miR21 were designed for molecular studies. Nearly complete curcumin with an encapsulation efficiency of 91.1% was established using a straight-line equation. The nano formula incorporated with curcumin was used to prepare formulations that exhibited anticancer activities. The apoptosis pathway in cancer cells was activated by the minimum inhibitory concentration of the nano formula. These findings suggest the potential of this nanoformulation as an effective and selective cancer treatment that does not affect the normal cells.

Biophysical study of DC electric field induced stable formation of albumin-gold nanoparticles corona and curcumin binding

Targeted drug delivery (TDD) is a method of delivering optimum concentrations of pharmaceutical substances in the tissue to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. Hence, TDD systems are considered as an emerging strategy to deliver the drug at the specific site of the tissues/cells. The nanoparticle-protein corona as a drug delivery vehicle has demonstrated immense benefits including potential theragnostic, improved pharmacodynamics and targeted drug delivery. In the present investigation, efforts have been to establish stable and functionalized Bovine serum albumin-gold nanoparticle (BSA-GNP) corona (conjugates) using a Direct Current (DC) electric field. With the application of DC electric field (DEF) across the BSA-GNP solution, the formation of BSA-GNP corona/conjugate takes place which was characterized using various biophysical techniques such a Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), UV Visible spectroscopy, Fluorescence spectroscopy, electrophoresis, etc. Furthermore, the DEF engineered BSA-GNP corona was loaded/interacted with curcumin (CUR). The size of the BSA-GNP corona was increased with increasing DC voltage (5-30 V) at constant concentration of BSA. The strong and stable binding of curcumin with BSA-GNP corona was revealed by the techniques used in the investigation; however, binding affinity of CUR was decreased for 30 V DEF exposed BSA-GNP conjugate. The biocompatible experimental data confirms the nontoxic nature of BSA-GNP corona. This investigation adds a new and novel physical method for the preparation of protein-nanoparticle corona for various applications including drug delivery.

Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy by Zn(II)-Curcumin Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, DFT Calculation, Antibacterial Activity, and Molecular Docking

The increase in antibacterial drug resistance is threatening global health conditions. Recently, antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has emerged as an effective antibacterial treatment with high cure gain. In this work, three Zn(II) complexes viz., [Zn(en)(acac)Cl] (1), [Zn(bpy)(acac)Cl] (2), [Zn(en)(cur)Cl] (3), where en=ethylenediamine (1 and 3), bpy=2,2'-bipyridine (2), acac=acetylacetonate (1 and 2), cur=curcumin monoanionic (3) were developed as aPDT agents. Complexes 1-3 were synthesized and fully characterized using NMR, HRMS, FTIR, UV-Vis. and fluorescence spectroscopy. The HOMO-LUMO energy gap (Eg), and adiabatic splittings (ΔS1-T1 and ΔS0-T1 ) obtained from DFT calculation indicated the photosensivity of the complexes. These complexes have not shown any potent antibacterial activity under dark conditions but the antibacterial activity of these complexes was significantly enhanced upon light exposure (MIC value up to 0.025 μg/mL) due to their light-mediated 1 O2 generation abilities. The molecular docking study suggested that complexes 1-3 interact efficiently with DNA gyrase B (PDB ID: 4uro). Importantly, 1-3 did not show any toxicity toward normal HEK-293 cells. Overall, in this work, we have demonstrated the promising potential of Zn(II) complexes as effective antibacterial agents under the influence of visible light.

Combined Turmeric, Vitamin C, and Vitamin D Ready-to-Drink Supplements Reduce Upper Respiratory Illness Symptoms and Gastrointestinal Discomfort in Elite Male Football Players

Elite football is associated with the increased risk of illness, although targeted supplementation can reduce illness risk. This study assessed the effects of a supplement containing turmeric root within a black pepper and fat-soluble blend, vitamin C and vitamin D, on upper respiratory symptoms (URS), gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS), muscle soreness, and markers of inflammation and gut permeability in elite male footballers. Twenty-three footballers completed 3 weeks of no intervention (CON), followed by 16 weeks of daily consuming 60 mL of a commercially available supplement containing raw turmeric root (17.5 g, estimated to contain 700 mg of curcumin), vitamin C (1000 mg), and vitamin D3 (3000 IU/75 mcg) (SUP). URS and GIS were measured daily. Immediately (0 h), 40, and 64 h after six competitive matches (two in CON, four in SUP), the subjective soreness and plasma concentrations of creatine kinase [CK], c-reactive protein [CRP], and intestinal fatty-acid binding protein [I-FABP] were assessed. URS incidence (p < 0.001), GIS (p < 0.05), and plasma [I-FABP] at 0 h (p < 0.05) were greater during CON versus SUP. At 40 h, [CRP] was greater than 0 h during CON (p < 0.01) but not SUP (p = 0.204). There were no differences in soreness or [CK]. This study indicates that turmeric root, vitamin C, and vitamin D supplementation over 16 weeks can reduce URS, GIS, and post-match [I-FABP] in elite footballers.

Genus Curcuma: chemical and ethnopharmacological role in aging process

Aging or senescence is part of human life development with many effects on the physical, mental, and physiological aspects which may lead to age-related deterioration in many organs. Genus Curcuma family Zingieraceae represents one of the well-studied and medically important genera with more than eighty species. The genus is reported to contain different classes of biologically active compounds that are mainly presented in diphenylheptanoids, diphenylpentanoids, diphenylalkanoids, phenylpropene derivatives, alkaloids, flavonoids, chromones, terpenoids, phenolic acids and volatile constituents. Rhizomes and roots of such species are rich with main phytoconstituents viz. curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bis-demethoxycurcumin. A wide variety of biological activities were demonstrated for different extracts and essential oils of genus Curcuma members including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and neuroprotective. Thus, making them as an excellent safe source for nutraceutical products and as a continuous promising area of research on lead compounds that may help in the slowing down of the aging process especially the neurologic and mental deterioration that are usually experienced upon aging. In this review different species of the genus Curcuma were summarized with their phytochemical and biological activities highlighting their role as antiaging agents. The data were collected from different search engines viz. Pubmed®, Google Scholar®, Scopus® and Web of Science® limiting the search to the period between 2003 up till now.

Improving the targeted delivery of curcumin to esophageal cancer cells via a novel formulation of biodegradable lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles with downregulated miR-20a and miR-21 expression

Nanoencapsulation, employing safe materials, holds substantial promise for enhancing bioactive compounds' delivery, stability, and bioactivity. In this study, we present an innovative and safe methodology for augmenting the incorporation of the anticancer agent, curcumin, thereby inducing apoptosis by downregulating miR20a and miR21 expression. Our established methodology introduces three pivotal elements that, to our knowledge, have not undergone formal validation: (1) Novel formulation: We introduce a unique formula for curcumin incorporation. (2) Biocompatibility and biodegradability: our formulation exclusively consists of biocompatible and biodegradable constituents, ensuring the absence of detrimental residues or undesirable reactions under varying conditions. (3) Low-temperature incorporation: Curcumin is incorporated into the formulation at temperatures approximating 50 °C. The formulation comprises lecithin (LE), chitosan (CH), an eco-friendly emulsifying agent, and olive oil as the solvent for curcumin. Nanoscale conversion is achieved through ultrasonication and probe sonication (20 kHz). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals spherical nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 29.33 nm and negative zeta potentials within the -28 to -34 mV range. Molecular studies involve the design of primers for miR20a and miR21. Our findings showcase a remarkable encapsulation efficiency of 91.1% for curcumin, as determined through a linear equation. The curcumin-loaded nanoformulation demonstrates potent anticancer activity, effectively activating the apoptosis pathway in cancer cells at the minimum inhibitory concentration. These results underscore the potential of our nanoformulation as a compelling, cancer-selective treatment strategy, preserving the integrity of normal cells, and thus, warranting further exploration in the field of cancer therapy.

Free Radical Inhibition Using a Water-Soluble Curcumin Complex, NDS27: Mechanism Study Using EPR, Chemiluminescence, and Docking

There is a growing interest in the use of natural compounds to tackle inflammatory diseases and cancers. However, most of them face the bioavailability and solubility challenges to reaching cellular compartments and exert their potential biological effects. Polyphenols belong to that class of molecules, and numerous efforts have been made to improve and overcome these problems. Curcumin is widely studied for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as well as its use as an anticancer agent. However, its poor solubility and bioavailability are often a source of concern with disappointing or unexpected results in cellular models or in vivo, which limits the clinical use of curcumin as such. Beside nanoparticles and liposomes, cyclodextrins are one of the best candidates to improve the solubility of these molecules. We have used lysine and cyclodextrin to form a water-soluble curcumin complex, named NDS27, in which potential anti-inflammatory effects were demonstrated in cellular and in vivo models. Herein, we investigated for the first time its direct free radicals scavenging activity on DPPH/ABTS assays as well as on hydroxyl, superoxide anion, and peroxyl radical species. The ability of NDS27 to quench singlet oxygen, produced by rose bengal photosensitization, was studied, as was the inhibiting effect on the enzyme-catalyzed oxidation of the co-substrate, luminol analog (L012), using horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) system. Finally, docking was performed to study the behavior of NDS27 in the active site of the peroxidase enzyme.

Curcumin for Treating Breast Cancer: A Review of Molecular Mechanisms, Combinations with Anticancer Drugs, and Nanosystems

Breast cancer (BC) has become the fifth most prevalent cause of cancer-related morbidity, attracting significant attention from researchers due to its heightened malignancy and drug resistance. Conventional chemotherapy approaches have proven inadequate in addressing all BC subtypes, highlighting the urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches or drugs. Curcumin (CUR), a phytochemical derived from Curcuma longa (turmeric), has shown substantial potential in inhibiting BC cell migration, metastasis, and proliferation. However, the use of CUR in this context comes with challenges due to its dynamic and easily degradable nature, poor aqueous solubility, low bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and swift systemic elimination, collectively limiting its clinical applications. As such, we provide an overview of the properties, synthesis, and characterization of the hybridization of CUR and its analogue with chemo-drug building blocks. We reviewed research from the last five years on CUR's biogenesis with respect to the regulation of BC, revealing that CUR participates in arresting BC cells in the cell cycle and significantly induces apoptosis in BC cells. Information on the chemotherapeutic and antitumor mechanisms of CUR in BC, including regulation of the cell cycle, increased cell apoptosis, and inhibition of multidrug resistance (MDR), was compiled. Additionally, we provide an overview of CUR loaded into nanomaterials that are cotreated with other chemotherapeutic drugs, such as paclitaxel, thymoquinone, and tamoxifen. In this review, we discuss different types of nanoparticles that can be used for CUR delivery, such as polymeric nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and liposomes. By comparing the size, entrapment efficiency, drug-loading capacity, release time, biocompatibility, pharmaceutical scale, and reproducibility of various nanomaterials, we aimed to determine which formulations are better suited for loading CUR or its analogue. Ultimately, this review is expected to offer inspiring ideas, promising strategies, and potential pathways for developing advanced anti-BC strategy nanosystems in clinical practice.

Nanotechnological synergy of mangiferin and curcumin in modulating PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: a novel front in ovarian cancer precision therapeutics

Background: Ovarian cancer, colloquially termed the "silent killer" among gynecological malignancies, remains elusive due to its often-asymptomatic progression and diagnostic challenges. Central to its pathogenesis is the overactive PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, responsible for various cellular functions, from proliferation to survival. Within this context, the phytochemical compounds mangiferin (derived from Mangifera indica) and curcumin (from Curcuma longa) stand out for their potential modulatory effects. However, their inherent bioavailability challenges necessitate innovative delivery systems to maximize therapeutic benefits. Objective: This study seeks to synergize the merits of nanotechnology with the therapeutic properties of mangiferin and curcumin, aiming to bolster their efficacy against ovarian cancer. Methods: Employing specific nanotechnological principles, we engineered exosomal and liposomal nano-carriers for mangiferin and curcumin, targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Molecular docking techniques mapped the interactions of these phytochemicals with key proteins in the pathway, analyzing their binding efficiencies. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations, spanning 100 nanoseconds, verified these interactions, with additional computational methodologies further validating our findings. The rationale for the 100 nanoseconds time span lies in its sufficiency to observe meaningful protein-ligand interactions and conformational changes. Notably, liposomal technology provided an enhancement in drug delivery by protecting these compounds from degradation, allowing controlled release, and improving cellular uptake. Results: Our computational investigations demonstrated notable binding affinities of mangiferin and curcumin: PI3K at -11.20 kcal/mol, Akt at -15.16 kcal/mol, and mTOR at -10.24 kcal/mol. The adoption of exosome/liposome-mediated delivery significantly amplified the bioavailability and cellular uptake of these nano-formulated compounds, positioning them as potential stalwarts in ovarian cancer intervention. A brief explanation of exosome/liposome-mediated delivery involves the use of these vesicles to encapsulate and transport therapeutic agents directly to the target cells, enhancing drug delivery efficiency and minimizing side effects. Conclusion: Addressing ovarian cancer's intricacies, dominated by the erratic PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling, mandates innovative therapeutic strategies. Our pioneering approach converges nanotechnological liposomal delivery with mangiferin and curcumin's natural efficacies. This confluence, validated by computational insights, heralds a paradigm shift in ovarian cancer treatment. As our findings underscore the collaborative potential of these phytochemicals, it beckons further exploration in translational studies and clinical applications, ensuring the best intersection of nature and technology for therapeutic advantage.

Mechanistic insights into the anti-depressant effect of curcumin based on network pharmacology and experimental validation

Curcumin (CUR) exhibits a definite curative effect in the treatment of depression. To identify potential antidepressant targets and mechanisms of action of CUR. This study used network pharmacology to explore the signaling pathways and CUR-related targets in depression. C57BL/6 J mice (male,12-14 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8): saline-treated (control mice), lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 2 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally), LPS + CUR (50 mg/kg/day, intragastrically), and LPS + CUR + LY294002 (7.5 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally). After 1 week, behavioral tests were performed. Then, neuronal damage in the prefrontal cortex of mice was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. We uncovered the main active mechanism of CUR against depression using Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways showed that the most significantly enriched pathway in CUR against depression was the PI3K-Akt pathway. Moreover, 52 targets were significantly correlated with the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and CUR-related targets. In addition, among the top 50 targets ranked by degree in the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, there were 23 targets involved in the 52 intersection targets. Administration of LPS alone extended immobility time in the open field test (OFT) and tail suspension test (TST) and decreased sucrose consumption in the sucrose preference test (SPT). Pretreatment with CUR relieved LPS-induced changes in the behavioral tests, activity of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, neuronal damage in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and inflammatory response. Moreover, inhibition of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway by LY294002 blocked the therapeutic effects of CUR. Our study indicates that CUR may be an effective antidepressant agent in an LPS-induced mouse model, partly because of its anti-inflammatory action through the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

Promising Potential of Curcumin and Related Compounds for Antiviral Drug Discovery

Viruses are acellular, microscopic, and mobile particles containing genetic particles, either DNA/RNA strands as nucleoproteins, responsible for 69,53,743 deaths till the year 2023. Curcumin and related compounds are among the areas of pivotal interest for researchers because of their versatile pharmacological profile. Chemically known as diferuloylmethane, which is a main constituent of turmeric along with demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin, they have a broad spectrum of antiviral activity against viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus, herpes simplex virus, influenza virus (Avian influenza) and Hepatitis C virus HIV. The possible role of curcumin as an antiviral agent may be attributed to the activation of the 20S proteasome, a cellular machinery responsible for degrading unfolded or misfolded proteins in a ubiquitin-independent manner. It shows suppression of HBV entry at various infection stages by inhibiting cccDNA replication by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to attenuate IAV-induced myocarditis.

Preparation, Characterization, and Evaluation of the Anticancer Effect of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Containing Rutin and Curcumin

AIMS AND OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was the preparation of mesoporous silica nanoparticles co-loaded with rutin and curcumin (Rut-Cur-MSNs) and the assessment of its physicochemical properties as well as its cytotoxicity on the head and neck cancer cells (HN5). Besides, ROS generation of HN5 cells exposed to Rut-Cur-MSNs was evaluated. Several investigations showed that rutin and curcumin have potential effects as anticancer phytochemicals; however, their low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability limited their applications. The assessment of physicochemical properties and anticancer effect of prepared nanoparticles was the objective of this study.

METHODS

The physicochemical properties of produced nanoparticles were evaluated. The toxicity of Rut-Cur-MSNs on HN5 cells was assessed. In addition, the ROS production in cells treated with Rut- Cur-MSNs was assessed compared to control untreated cells.

RESULTS

The results showed that Rut-Cur-MSNs have mesoporous structure, nanometer size and negative surface charge. The X-ray diffraction pattern showed that the prepared nanoparticles belong to the family of silicates named MCM-41. The cytotoxicity of Rut-Cur-MSNs at 24 h was significantly higher than that of rutin-loaded MSNs (Rut-MSNs) and curcumin-loaded MSNs (Cur-MSNs) (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

The achieved results recommend that the prepared mesoporous silica nanoparticles containing rutin and curcumin can be a useful nanoformulation for the treatment of cancer. The produced nanomaterial in this study can be helpful for cancer therapy.

Targeted therapies of curcumin focus on its therapeutic benefits in cancers and human health: Molecular signaling pathway-based approaches and future perspectives

The curry powder spices turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), which contains curcumin (diferuloylmethane), an orange-yellow chemical. Polyphenols are the most commonly used sources of curcumin. It combats oxidative stress and inflammation in diseases, such as hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome, arthritis, and depression. Most of these benefits are due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Curcumin consumption leads to decreased bioavailability, resulting in limited absorption, quick metabolism, and quick excretion, which hinders health improvement. Numerous factors can increase its bioavailability. Piperine enhances bioavailability when combined with curcumin in a complex. When combined with other enhancing agents, curcumin has a wide spectrum of health benefits. This review evaluates the therapeutic potential of curcumin with a specific emphasis on its approach based on molecular signaling pathways. This study investigated its influence on the progression of cancer, inflammation, and many health-related mechanisms, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis. Curcumin has a significant potential for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Curcumin modulates several biochemical pathways and targets involved in cancer growth. Despite its limited tissue accumulation and bioavailability when administered orally, curcumin has proven useful. This review provides an in-depth analysis of curcumin's therapeutic applications, its molecular signaling pathway-based approach, and its potential for precision medicine in cancer and human health.

Advances and prospects of natural dietary polyphenols as G-quadruplex stabilizers in biomedical applications

G-quadruplexes (G4s) have arrested continuous interest in cancer research, and targeting G4s with small molecules has become an ideal approach for drug development. Plant-based dietary polyphenols have attracted much attention for their remarkable anti-cancer effects. Studies have suggested that polyphenols exhibit interesting scaffolds to bind G4s, which can effectively downregulate the proto-oncogenes by stabilizing those G4 structures. Therefore, this review not only summarizes studies on natural dietary polyphenols (including analogs) as G4 stabilizers, but also reveals their anti-cancer activities. Furthermore, the structural and antioxidant insights of polyphenols with G4s are discussed, and future development is proposed. These insights may pave the way for the development of the next generation of anti-cancer drugs targeting nucleic acids.

Targeting Amyloids with Coated Nanoparticles: A Review on Potential Combinations of Nanoparticles and Bio-Compatible Coatings

Amyloidosis is the major cause of many neurodegenerative diseases, such as, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's where the misfolding and deposition of a previously functional protein make it inept for carrying out its function. The genesis of amyloid fibril formation and the strategies to inhibit it have been studied extensively, although some parts of this puzzle still remain unfathomable to date. Many classes of molecules have been explored as potential drugs in vitro, but their inability to work in vivo by crossing the blood-brain-barrier has made them an inadequate treatment option. In this regard, nanoparticles (NPs) have turned out to be an exciting alternative because they could overcome many drawbacks of previously studied molecules and provide advantages, such as, greater bioavailability of molecules and target-specific delivery of drugs. In this paper, we present an overview on several coated NPs which have shown promising efficiency in inhibiting fibril formation. A hundred and thirty papers published in the past two decades have been comprehensively reviewed, which majorly encompass NPs comprising different materials like gold, silver, iron-oxide, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), polymeric NP, etc., which are coated with various molecules of predominantly natural origin, such as different types of amino acids, peptides, curcumin, drugs, catechin, etc. We hope that this review will shed light on the advancement of symbiotic amalgamation of NPs with molecules from natural sources and will inspire further research on the tremendous therapeutic potential of these combinations for many amyloid-related diseases.

Exploring the Targets of Dengue Virus and Designs of Potential Inhibitors

BACKGROUND

Dengue, a mosquito-borne viral disease spread by the dengue virus (DENV), has become one of the most alarming health issues in the global scenario in recent days. The risk of infection by DENV is mostly high in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. The mortality rate of patients affected with DENV is ever-increasing, mainly due to a lack of anti-dengue viral-specific synthetic drug components.

INTRODUCTION

Repurposing synthetic drugs has been an effective tool in combating several pathogens, including DENV. However, only the Dengvaxia vaccine has been developed so far to fight against the deadly disease despite the grave situation, mainly because of the limitations of understanding the actual pathogenicity of the disease.

METHODS

To address this particular issue and explore the actual disease pathobiology, several potential targets, like three structural proteins and seven non-structural (NS) proteins, along with their inhibitors of synthetic and natural origin, have been screened using docking simulation.

RESULTS

Exploration of these targets, along with their inhibitors, has been extensively studied in culmination with molecular docking-based screening to potentiate the treatment.

CONCLUSION

These screened inhibitors could possibly be helpful for the designing of new congeneric potential compounds to combat dengue fever and its complications.

The Impact of Centrosome Pathologies on Ovarian Cancer Development and Progression with a Focus on Centrosomes as Therapeutic Target

The impact of centrosome abnormalities on cancer cell proliferation has been recognized as early as 1914 (Boveri, Zur Frage der Entstehung maligner Tumoren. Jena: G. Fisher, 1914), but vigorous research on molecular levels has only recently started when it became fully apparent that centrosomes can be targeted for new cancer therapies. While best known for their microtubule-organizing capabilities as MTOC (microtubule organizing center) in interphase and mitosis, centrosomes are now further well known for a variety of different functions, some of which are related to microtubule organization and consequential activities such as cell division, migration, maintenance of cell shape, and vesicle transport powered by motor proteins, while other functions include essential roles in cell cycle regulation, metabolic activities, signal transduction, proteolytic activity, and several others that are now heavily being investigated for their role in diseases and disorders (reviewed in Schatten and Sun, Histochem Cell Biol 150:303-325, 2018; Schatten, Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 235:43-50, 2022a; Schatten, Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 235:17-35, 2022b).Cancer cell centrosomes differ from centrosomes in noncancer cells in displaying specific abnormalities that include phosphorylation abnormalities, overexpression of specific centrosomal proteins, abnormalities in centriole and centrosome duplication, formation of multipolar spindles that play a role in aneuploidy and genomic instability, and several others that are highlighted in the present review on ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer cell centrosomes, like those in other cancers, display complex abnormalities that in part are based on the heterogeneity of cells in the cancer tissues resulting from different etiologies of individual cancer cells that will be discussed in more detail in this chapter.Because of the critical role of centrosomes in cancer cell proliferation, several lines of research are being pursued to target centrosomes for therapeutic intervention to inhibit abnormal cancer cell proliferation and control tumor progression. Specific centrosome abnormalities observed in ovarian cancer will be addressed in this chapter with a focus on targeting such aberrations for ovarian cancer-specific therapies.

Management of Colorectal Cancer Using Nanocarriers-based Drug Delivery for Herbal Bioactives: Current and Emerging Approaches

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a complex and multifactorial disorder in middle-aged people. Several modern medicines are available for treating and preventing it. However, their therapeutic uses are limited due to drawbacks, such as gastric perforation, diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, abdominal cramps, hair loss, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and adverse reactions. Hence, there is a continuous quest for safe and effective medicines to manage human health problems, like CRC. In this context, herbal medicines are considered an alternative disease control system. It has become popular in countries, like American, European, and Asian, due to its safety and effectiveness, which has been practiced for 1000 years. During the last few decades, herbal medicines have been widely explored through multidisciplinary fields for getting active compounds against human diseases. Several herbal bioactives, like curcumin, glycyrrhizin, paclitaxel, chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, catechin, berberine, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, chrysin, resveratrol, quercetin, etc., have been found to be effective against CRC. However, their pharmacological applications are limited due to low bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy apart from their several health benefits. An effective delivery system is required to increase their bioavailability and efficacy. Therefore, targeted novel drug delivery approaches are promising for improving these substances' solubility, bioavailability, and therapeutic effects. Novel carrier systems, such as liposomes, nanoparticles, micelles, microspheres, dendrimers, microbeads, and hydrogels, are promising for delivering poorly soluble drugs to the target site, i.e., the colon. Thus, the present review is focused on the pathophysiology, molecular pathways, and diagnostic and treatment approaches for CRC. Moreover, an emphasis has been laid especially on herbal bioactive-based novel delivery systems and their clinical updates.

Phytotherapeutics in Cancer: From Potential Drug Candidates to Clinical Translation

Annually, a significant number of individuals succumb to cancer, an anomalous cellular condition characterized by uncontrolled cellular proliferation and the emergence of highly perilous tumors. Identifying underlying molecular mechanism(s) driving disease progression has led to various inventive therapeutic approaches, many of which are presently under pre-clinical and/or clinical trials. Over the recent years, numerous alternative strategies for addressing cancer have also been proposed and put into practice. This article delineates the modern therapeutic drugs employed in cancer treatment and their associated toxicity. Due to inherent drug toxicity associated with most modern treatments, demand rises for alternative therapies and phytochemicals with minimal side effects and proven efficacy against cancer. Analogs of taxol, Vinca alkaloids like vincristine and vinblastine, and podophyllotoxin represent a few illustrative examples in this context. The phytochemicals often work by modifying the activity of molecular pathways that are thought to be involved in the onset and progression of cancer. The principal objective of this study is to provide an overview of our current understanding regarding the pharmacologic effects and molecular targets of the active compounds found in natural products for cancer treatment and collate information about the recent advancements in this realm. The authors' interest in advancing the field of phytochemical research stems from both the potential of these compounds for use as drugs as well as their scientific validity. Accordingly, the significance of herbal formulations is underscored, shedding light on anticancer phytochemicals that are sought after at both pre-clinical and clinical levels, with discussion on the opportunities and challenges in pre-clinical and clinical cancer studies.

Cyclodextrin Nanosponges: A Revolutionary Drug Delivery Strategy

Nanosponges are porous solid cross-linked polymeric nanostructures. This study focuses on cyclodextrin-based nanosponges. Nanosponges based on cyclodextrin can form interactions with various lipophilic or hydrophilic compounds. The release of the entrapped molecules can be altered by altering the structure to obtain either a longer or faster release kinetics. The nanosponges might increase the aqueous solubility of weakly water-soluble compounds, develop long-lasting delivery systems, or construct novel drug carriers for nanomedicine. CD-NS (cyclodextrin-based nanosponges) are evolving as flexible and promising nanomaterials for medication administration, sensing, and environmental cleanup. CD-NS are three-dimensional porous structures of cyclodextrin molecules cross-linked by a suitable polymeric network, resulting in a large surface area. This overview covers CD-NS synthesis methods and applications.

Effect of resveratrol and curcumin and the potential synergism on hypertension: A mini-review of human and animal model studies

Resveratrol (RES) and curcumin (CUR) are two of the most extensively studied bioactive compounds in cardiovascular research from the past until today. These compounds have effectively lowered blood pressure by downregulating the renin-angiotensin system, exerting antioxidant effects, and exhibiting antiproliferative activities on blood vessels. This study aims to summarize the results of human and animal studies investigating the effects of CUR, RES, and their combination on hypertension and the molecular mechanisms involved. The published trials' results are controversial regarding blood pressure reduction with different doses of RES and CUR, highlighting the need to address this issue.

Insights on Natural Products Against Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes the death of motor neurons and consequent muscle paralysis. Despite many efforts to address it, current therapy targeting ALS remains limited, increasing the interest in complementary therapies. Over the years, several herbal preparations and medicinal plants have been studied to prevent and treat this disease, which has received remarkable attention due to their blood-brain barrier penetration properties and low toxicity. Thus, this review presents the therapeutic potential of a variety of medicinal herbs and their relationship with ALS and their physiopathological pathways.

Preparation and Evaluation of Curcumin Derivatives Nanoemulsion Based on Turmeric Extract and Its Antidepressant Effect

Purpose

The early stage of this study verified that a turmeric extract (TUR) including 59% curcumin (CU), 22% demethoxycurcumin (DMC), and 18% bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), could enhance the stability of CU and had greater antidepressant potential in vitro. The objective of the study was to develop a nano-delivery system containing TUR (TUR-NE) to improve the pharmacokinetic behavior of TUR and enhance its antidepressant effect.

Methods

The antidepressant potential of TUR was explored using ABTS, oxidative stress-induced cell injury, and a high-throughput screening model. TUR-NE was fabricated, optimized and characterized. The pharmacokinetic behaviors of TUR-NE were evaluated following oral administration to normal rats. The antidepressant effect of TUR-NE was assessed within chronic unpredictable mild stress model (CUMS) mice. The behavioral and biochemical indexes of mice were conducted.

Results

The results depicted that TUR had 3.18 and 1.62 times higher antioxidant capacity than ascorbic acid and CU, respectively. The inhibition effect of TUR on ASP+ transport was significantly enhanced compared with fluoxetine and CU. TUR-NE displayed a particle size of 116.0 ± 0.31 nm, polydispersity index value of 0.121 ± 0.007, an encapsulation rate of 98.45%, and good release and stability in cold storage. The results of pharmacokinetics indicated the AUC(0-t) of TUR-NE was 8.436 and 4.495 times higher than that of CU and TUR, while the Cmax was 9.012 and 5.452 times higher than that of CU and TUR, respectively. The pharmacodynamic study confirmed that the superior antidepressant effect of TUR-NE by significantly improving the depressant-like behaviors and elevating the content of 5-hydroxytryptamine in plasma and brain in CUMS mice. TUR-NE showed good safety with repeated administration.

Conclusion

TUR-NE, which had small and uniform particle size, enhanced the bioavailability and antidepressant effect of TUR. It could be a promising novel oral preparation against depression.

Assessment of the Effects of Roasting, Contact Grilling, Microwave Processing, and Steaming on the Functional Characteristics of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) in various stages of maturity are widely used in the diets of individuals and in the food industry; they are consumed both fresh and after thermal processing. However, every type of processing impacts the overall textural and bioactive characteristics of this plant-based food. In order to quantify the changes in the bioactive substances and color-structural characteristics that occur during selected heat treatments (contact grilling, roasting, roasting combined with microwaving, and steam cooking) of bell peppers at three maturity stages (green, yellow, and red), analyses of antioxidant activity, reducing sugar content, polyphenolic compound content, textural properties, and color coordinates in the L*a*b* system were carried out. Some of the processes used, such as contact grilling (15.43 mg GAE/g d.b.) and roasting combined with microwaving (15.24 mg GAE/g d.b.), proved to be beneficial as the total polyphenol content of green peppers (2.75 mg GAE/g d.b.) increased. The roasting (3.49 mg TE/g d.b.) and steaming (6.45 mg TE/g d.b.) methods decreased the antioxidant activity of yellow bell peppers (14.29 mg TE/g d.b.). Meanwhile, the roasting (0.88 mg Glc/g d.b.), contact-grilling (2.19 mg Glc/g d.b.), simultaneous microwaving and roasting (0.66 mg Glc/g d.b.), and steaming (1.30 mg Glc/g d.b.) methods significantly reduced the content of reducing sugars and reducing substances in red bell peppers (4.41 mg Glc/g d.b.). The studies proved that in order to preserve the antioxidant and bioactive properties of bell peppers, it is necessary to consider the use of appropriately selected heat treatments, depending on the different stages of maturity. The proper selection of adequate thermal treatment can not only increase digestibility, but also improve the bioavailability of bioactive substances from this raw material.

Toxicity Evaluation and Controlled-Release of Curcumin-Loaded Amphiphilic Poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone Nanoparticles: In Vitro and In Vivo Models

Curcumin attracts huge attention because of its biological properties: it is antiproliferative, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and so on. However, its usage has been limited by poor water solubility and low bioavailability. Herein, to solve these problems, we developed curcumin-loaded nanoparticles based on end-capped amphiphilic poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone). Nanoparticles were obtained using the solvent evaporation method and were characterized by dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering, transmission electron (TEM) and atomic force (AFM) microscopy. The average particle size was 200 nm, and the ζ-potential was -4 mV. Curcumin-release studies showed that nanoparticles are stable in aqueous solutions. An in vitro release study showed prolonged action in gastric, intestinal and colonic fluids, consistently, and in PBS. In vitro studies on epidermoid carcinoma and human embryonic kidney cells showed that the cells absorbed more curcumin in nanoparticles compared to free curcumin. Nanoparticles are safe for healthy cells and show high cytotoxicity for glioblastoma cells in cytotoxicity studies in vitro. The median lethal dose was determined in an acute toxicity assay on zebrafish and was 23 μM. Overall, the curcumin-loaded nanoparticles seem promising for cancer treatment.

Biological Potential and Bioaccessibility of Encapsulated Curcumin into Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals

Curcumin is a natural phenolic compound with important biological functions. Despite its demonstrated efficacy in vitro, curcumin biological activities in vivo are dependent on its bioaccessibility and bioavailability, which have been highlighted as a crucial challenge. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-modified cellulose nanocrystals (CNC-CTAB) have been shown to be effective in curcumin encapsulation, as they have the potential to enhance biological outcomes. This study evaluated the biological effects of curcumin encapsulated within CNC-CTAB structures, namely its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, as well as the release profile under digestion conditions and intestinal permeability. Encapsulated curcumin demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, effectively reducing reactive oxygen species and cytokine production by intestinal cells. The delivery system exhibited antimicrobial properties against Campylobacter jejuni bacteria, further suggesting its potential in mitigating intestinal inflammation. The system showed the ability to protect curcumin from degradation and facilitate its interaction with the intestinal epithelium, highlighting the potential of CNC-CTAB as carrier to enhance curcumin intestinal biological functions.

4-Arylidene curcumin derivatives in vitro inhibit α-Synuclein aggregation and disaggregate the preformed fibril

This study focuses on the misfolding and aggregation of α-Syn as a central mechanism linking various pathological processes in PD. Maintaining α-Syn proteostasis through suitable inhibitors emerges as an effective approach to prevent PD. A more efficient strategy for PD treatment involves disintegrating neurotoxic oligomers and fibrils into normal functional α-Syn using inhibitors. To this end, a series of 4-arylidene curcumin derivatives were synthesized with a sheet-like conjugated skeleton and higher binding energies with α-Syn residues. Among these derivatives, three candidate compounds exhibited promising α-Syn aggregation inhibitory activities in vitro, with IC50 values as low as 0.61 μM. The inhibitory action extended throughout the entire aggregation process, stabilizing α-Syn proteostasis conformation and preventing β-sheets aggregation. Furthermore, the candidate compounds demonstrated effective disintegration capabilities against preformed α-Syn oligomers and fibrils. Initial mechanistic investigations indicated that the inhibitors may bind to a specific domain within the fibril, inducing fibril instability and subsequent collapse. This process resulted in the formation of a complex system of aggregates with smaller sizes and monomers. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights into the potential of 4-arylidene curcumin derivatives as therapeutic agents for targeting α-Syn aggregation in PD treatment.

Research progress of traditional Chinese medicine in improving hepatic fibrosis based on inhibiting pathological angiogenesis

Hepatic fibrosis is the formation of scar tissue in the liver. This scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue and can lead to liver dysfunction and failure if left untreated. It is usually caused by chronic liver disease, such as hepatitis B or C, alcohol abuse, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Pathological angiogenesis plays a crucial role in the development of hepatic fibrosis by promoting the growth of new blood vessels in the liver. These new vessels increase blood flow to the damaged areas of the liver, which triggers the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). HSCs are responsible for producing excess collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins that contribute to the development of fibrosis. Pathological angiogenesis plays a crucial role in the development of hepatic fibrosis by promoting the growth of new blood vessels in the liver. These new vessels increase blood flow to the damaged areas of the liver, which triggers the activation of HSCs. HSCs are responsible for producing excess collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins that contribute to the development of fibrosis. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been found to target pathological angiogenesis, thereby providing a potential treatment option for hepatic fibrosis. Several studies have demonstrated that TCM exhibits anti-angiogenic effects by inhibiting the production of pro-angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-2, and by reducing the proliferation of endothelial cells. Reviewing and highlighting the unique TCM recognition of treating hepatic fibrosis by targeting pathological angiogenesis may shed light on future hepatic fibrosis research.