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Casini E, Richetin J, Preti E, Bringmann LF. Using the time-varying autoregressive model to study dynamic changes in situation perceptions and emotional reactions. J Pers 2019; 88:806-821. [PMID: 31784985 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assuming personality to be a system of intra-individual processes emerging over time in interaction with the environment, we propose an idiographic approach to investigate potential changes of intra-individual dynamics in the perception of situations and emotions of individuals varying in personality traits. We compared the semiparametric time-varying autoregressive model (TV-AR) that takes into account the non-stationarity of psychological processes at the individual level, with the standard AR model. METHOD We conducted analyses of individual time series to assess intra-individual changes in mean levels and inertia on data from two adolescents who completed measures of personality and indicated their situation perceptions and emotions five times a day for 19 days. RESULTS For the less honest, emotional, extraverted, and more agreeable adolescent, the TV-AR model detected reliable changes in the intra-individual dynamics of situation perceptions and emotions whereas, for the other individual, the standard AR model was more preferred, given the lack of changes in the intra-individual dynamics. CONCLUSIONS Psychological processes dynamics in situation perception and emotions may vary from person to person depending on their personality. This work constitutes a first step in demonstrating that an idiographic approach has advantages in identifying changes in individuals' perceptions and reactions to situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Casini
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Juliette Richetin
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Bicocca center for Applied Psychology, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Preti
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Bicocca center for Applied Psychology, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura F Bringmann
- Department of Psychometrics and Statistics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Interdisciplinary Center of Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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102
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Lefringhausen K, Spencer-Oatey H, Debray C. Culture, Norms, and the Assessment of Communication Contexts: Multidisciplinary Perspectives. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022119889162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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103
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Spencer-Oatey H, Lefringhausen K, Debray C. Culture, Norms, and the Assessment of Communication Contexts: Discussion and Pointers for the Future. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022119889165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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104
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Assessing the Similarity of Injunctive Norm Profiles Across Different Social Roles: The Effect of Closeness and Status in the United States and China. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022119871357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Do social roles affect injunctive norms for behavior and more so in Chinese than American cultural contexts? We use mixed methods to analyze open-ended data describing appropriate behavior within social roles that differ in interpersonal closeness and relative status. American ( N = 401) and Chinese ( N = 392) participants provided descriptions of ideal behavior of two actors in one of 16 role dyads. The 2,219 (American) and 1,466 (Chinese) behavior descriptions were coded into 71 content categories, forming profiles of appropriate behavior for six social roles (Close/Distant × Low/Equal/High status). First, we adapt a method for assessing profile similarity in personality psychology to quantitatively evaluate how closeness and status affect similarity between the six social roles. By separating profiles into normative (average behavior) and distinctive (behavior specific to a particular social role) components, we find that distinctive behavioral profiles for specific social roles vary systematically by closeness/status in both American and Chinese data; we also find a larger effect of closeness in Chinese data. Second, we qualitatively analyze the content of the distinctive behavioral profiles through the lens of the rapport management model, showing how rights and obligations associated with each role vary, and finding cultural differences in which behaviors appropriately manage these expectations. Quantitative findings emphasize the cross-cultural importance of interpersonal situations for determining appropriate behavior, with some evidence for a greater effect in Chinese culture; qualitative results reveal the culturally specific ways in which relational situations direct expectations for behavior.
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105
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Unkelbach C, Koch A, Alves H. The evaluative information ecology: On the frequency and diversity of “good” and “bad”. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2019.1688474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Koch
- Booth School of Business, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hans Alves
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
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106
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Piccirillo ML, Beck ED, Rodebaugh TL. A Clinician’s Primer for Idiographic Research: Considerations and Recommendations. Behav Ther 2019; 50:938-951. [PMID: 31422849 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Theorists and clinicians have long noted the need for idiographic (i.e., individual-level) designs within clinical psychology. Results from idiographic work may provide a possible resolution of the therapist's dilemma-the problem of treating an individual using information gathered via group-level research. Due to advances in data collection and time series methodology, there has been increasing interest in using idiographic designs to answer clinical questions. Although time series methods have been well-studied outside the field of clinical psychology, there is limited direction on how clinicians can use such models to inform their clinical practice. In this primer, we collate decades of published and word-of-mouth information on idiographic designs, measurement, and modeling. We aim to provide an initial guide on the theoretical and practical considerations that we urge interested clinicians to consider before conducting idiographic work of their own.
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107
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Deventer J, Humberg S, Lüdtke O, Nagy G, Retelsdorf J, Wagner J. Testing Competing Hypotheses on the Interplay of Importance and Support of the Basic Psychological Needs at Work and Personality Development with Response Surface Analysis. COLLABRA: PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1525/collabra.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though environmental contexts have been associated with personality development, little attention has been paid to individuals’ psychological perceptions thereof. Basic psychological needs theory assesses environments based on their levels of autonomy, competence, and relatedness support. In order to better understand the factors that drive personality development we related the support of basic psychological needs (BPN) and the individual importance ascribed to BPN support to Big Five personality development 1.5 years later. We focused on the context of the first job in a longitudinal study of young Germans (NT1 = 1,886; MageT1 = 18.41). Based on theory and previous research we derived multiple hypotheses and tested them simultaneously against each other with an information theoretic approach including response surface analyses. Results differed across the Big Five: Controlling for personality at T1, people who ascribed greater importance to BPN support, had higher perceptions of BPN support, and who had an incongruence between the two at T1 were higher in emotional stability and extraversion at T2. The pattern was more complex for openness, whereas individuals ascribing more importance to BPN support at T1 were more agreeable and conscientious at T2. Findings are discussed for theory and future research of personality development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oliver Lüdtke
- Leibniz-Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Kiel, DE
- Center for International Student Assessment, DE
| | - Gabriel Nagy
- Leibniz-Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Kiel, DE
| | | | - Jenny Wagner
- University of Hamburg, DE
- Leibniz-Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Kiel, DE
- Humboldt-University of Berlin, DE
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108
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Abstract
Our target article modeled conflict within and between groups as an asymmetric game of strategy and developed a framework to explain the evolved neurobiological, psychological, and sociocultural mechanisms underlying attack and defense. Twenty-seven commentaries add insights from diverse disciplines, such as animal biology, evolutionary game theory, human neuroscience, psychology, anthropology, and political science, that collectively extend and supplement this model in three ways. Here we draw attention to the superordinate structure of attack and defense, and its subordinate means to meet the end of status quo maintenance versus change, and we discuss (1) how variations in conflict structure and power disparities between antagonists can impact strategy selection and behavior during attack and defense; (2) how the positions of attack and defense emerge endogenously and are subject to rhetoric and propaganda; and (3) how psychological and economic interventions can transform attacker-defender conflicts into coordination games that allow mutual gains and dispute resolution.
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109
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Meagher BR. Ecologizing Social Psychology: The Physical Environment as a Necessary Constituent of Social Processes. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2019; 24:3-23. [PMID: 31142181 DOI: 10.1177/1088868319845938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent trends in social psychology point to increased interest in extending current theories by better incorporating the body (e.g., embodied cognition) and the broader interpersonal context (e.g., situations). However, despite being a critical component in early social theorizing, the physical environment remains in large part underdeveloped in most research programs. In this article, I outline an ecological framework for understanding the person-environment relationship. After introducing this perspective, I describe how this approach helps reveal the critical role played by the physical environment in a variety of social processes, including childhood development, interpersonal relationships, and social identity. Finally, I review a topic in environmental psychology that has received little attention among social psychologists: territories. I provide an ecological perspective on how the design, use, and personalization of this type of environment guide and constrain regulatory processes involving social behavior, identity expression, and emotional experience.
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110
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Griffo R, Colvin CR. An Exploration of Subjective Situation Dimensions Associated With Situation-Specific Behavior. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550618765073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current research presents a general framework for assessing the subjective perception of situations. The framework was used to assess freely listed situations relevant to participants’ daily lives as well as laboratory situations in which behavior was objectively assessed. Exploratory factor analyses revealed five common situation dimensions that map closely to the Big Five: positive affect (PA)/affiliation, negative affect (NA), achievement, dominance/aggression, and situation strength. Results indicate that the five situation dimensions are sensitive to experimentally manipulated characteristics of situations. Further, correlations between subjective situation dimensions and both self-reported and nonself-reported behavior indicate that the situation dimensions possess predictive validity and that the subjective perception of situations is associated with situation-specific behavior. The correspondence between situation perception and personality is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Griffo
- Department of Psychology & Counseling, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Madison, NJ, USA
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111
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Yu S, Greer LL, Halevy N, van Bunderen L. On Ladders and Pyramids: Hierarchy's Shape Determines Relationships and Performance in Groups. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2019; 45:1717-1733. [PMID: 31006378 DOI: 10.1177/0146167219842867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hierarchies take different forms, which individuals mentally represent using different geometric shapes. We propose and empirically demonstrate that individuals' mental representations of the shape hierarchy takes affect its consequences. Five studies compared two common mental representations of hierarchy shapes-ladders and pyramids-to explore whether, why, and how individuals' perceptions of hierarchy's shape undermine constructive relationships within groups and group performance. Study 1 demonstrated that individuals commonly mentally represent hierarchies as ladders and pyramids. In Studies 2 and 3, employees who perceived their workplace hierarchies to be shaped like ladders (as compared with pyramids) experienced worse intragroup relationships. Finally, Studies 4 and 5 experimentally manipulated groups' hierarchical shape in the lab and found that ladder-shaped hierarchies undermined social relationships and group performance relative to pyramid-shaped hierarchies. Taken together, these findings enhance our understanding of hierarchies' multifaceted consequences and help shed light on the (dis)utility of hierarchy for group functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Yu
- NYU Stern School of Business, New York City, USA
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112
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Reeves B, Ram N, Robinson TN, Cummings JJ, Giles CL, Pan J, Chiatti A, Cho MJ, Roehrick K, Yang X, Gagneja A, Brinberg M, Muise D, Lu Y, Luo M, Fitzgerald A, Yeykelis L. Screenomics: A Framework to Capture and Analyze Personal Life Experiences and the Ways that Technology Shapes Them. HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION 2019; 36:150-201. [PMID: 33867652 PMCID: PMC8045984 DOI: 10.1080/07370024.2019.1578652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Digital experiences capture an increasingly large part of life, making them a preferred, if not required, method to describe and theorize about human behavior. Digital media also shape behavior by enabling people to switch between different content easily, and create unique threads of experiences that pass quickly through numerous information categories. Current methods of recording digital experiences provide only partial reconstructions of digital lives that weave - often within seconds - among multiple applications, locations, functions and media. We describe an end-to-end system for capturing and analyzing the "screenome" of life in media, i.e., the record of individual experiences represented as a sequence of screens that people view and interact with over time. The system includes software that collects screenshots, extracts text and images, and allows searching of a screenshot database. We discuss how the system can be used to elaborate current theories about psychological processing of technology, and suggest new theoretical questions that are enabled by multiple time scale analyses. Capabilities of the system are highlighted with eight research examples that analyze screens from adults who have generated data within the system. We end with a discussion of future uses, limitations, theory and privacy.
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113
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Halevy N, Kreps TA, De Dreu CK. Psychological situations illuminate the meaning of human behavior: Recent advances and application to social influence processes. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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114
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The influence of work on personality trait development: The demands-affordances TrAnsactional (DATA) model, an integrative review, and research agenda. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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115
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Kleinmann M, Ingold PV. Toward a Better Understanding of Assessment Centers: A Conceptual Review. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012218-014955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Assessment centers (ACs) are employed for selecting and developing employees and leaders. They are interpersonal at their core because they consist of interactive exercises. Minding this perspective, this review focuses on the role of the assessee, the assessor, and the AC design, as well as their interplay in the interpersonal situation of the AC. Therefore, it addresses which conceptual perspectives have increased our understanding of ACs in this context. Building on this, we review relevant empirical findings. On this basis, the review contributes to an empirically driven understanding of the interpersonal nature of ACs and provides directions for practice and future research avenues on this topic as well as on technology in ACs and cross-cultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kleinmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland;,
| | - Pia V. Ingold
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland;,
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116
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Newman DB, Sachs ME, Stone AA, Schwarz N. Nostalgia and well-being in daily life: An ecological validity perspective. J Pers Soc Psychol 2019; 118:325-347. [PMID: 30667254 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nostalgia is a mixed emotion. Recent empirical research, however, has highlighted positive effects of nostalgia, suggesting it is a predominantly positive emotion. When measured as an individual difference, nostalgia-prone individuals report greater meaning in life and approach temperament. When manipulated in an experimental paradigm, nostalgia increases meaning in life, self-esteem, optimism, and positive affect. These positive effects may result from the specific experimental procedures used and little is known about daily experiences that covary with nostalgia. To address this gap, we aimed to measure nostalgia in ecologically valid contexts. We created and validated the Personal Inventory of Nostalgic Experiences (PINE) scale (Studies 1a-1d) to assess both trait and state-based nostalgic experiences. When measured as an individual difference, the nomological net was generally negative (Study 2). When measured in daily life (Studies 3 and 4), nostalgia as a state variable was negatively related to well-being. Lagged analyses showed that state nostalgia had mixed effects on well-being at a later moment that day and negative effects on well-being on the following day. To reconcile the discrepancies between these studies and the positive effects of nostalgia from previous research, we showed that experimentally induced nostalgic recollections were rated more positively and less negatively than daily experiences of nostalgia (Study 5). These studies show that nostalgia is a mixed emotion; although it may be predominantly positive when nostalgic memories are generated on request, it seems predominantly negative when nostalgia is experienced in the course of everyday life. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Newman
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California
| | | | - Arthur A Stone
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California
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117
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Breil SM, Geukes K, Wilson RE, Nestler S, Vazire S, Back MD. Zooming into Real-Life Extraversion – how Personality and Situation Shape Sociability in Social Interactions. COLLABRA-PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1525/collabra.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
What predicts sociable behavior? While main effects of personality and situation characteristics on sociability are well established, there is little evidence for the existence of person-situation interaction effects within real-life social interactions. Moreover, previous research has focused on self-reported behavior ratings, and less is known about the partner’s social perspective, i.e. how partners perceive and influence an actor’s behavior. In the current research, we investigated predictors of sociable behavior in real-life social interactions across social perspectives, including person and situation main effects as well as person-situation interaction effects. In two experience-sampling studies (Study 1: N = 394, US, time-based; Study 2: N = 124, Germany, event-based), we assessed personality traits with self- and informant-reports, self-reported sociable behavior during real-life social interactions, and corresponding information on the situation (categorical situation classifications and dimensional ratings of situation characteristics). In Study 2, we additionally assessed interaction partner-reported actor behavior. Multilevel analyses provided evidence for main effects of personality and situation features, as well as small but consistent evidence for person-situation interaction effects. First, extraverts acted more sociable in general. Second, individuals behaved more sociable in low-effort/positive/low-duty situations (vs. high-effort/negative/high-duty situations). Third, the latter was particularly true for extraverts. Further specific interaction effects were found for the partner’s social perspective. These results are discussed regarding their accordance with different behavioral models (e.g., Trait Activation Theory) and their transferability to other behavioral domains.
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118
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Conley MN, Saucier G. An initial broad-level mapping of personality-situation contingencies in self-report data. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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119
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Wood RE, Beckmann N, Birney DP, Beckmann JF, Minbashian A, Chau R. Situation contingent units of personality at work. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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120
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Wilt J, Revelle W. The Big Five, Everyday Contexts and Activities, and Affective Experience. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019; 136:140-147. [PMID: 30294057 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prior research shows that personality traits predict time spent with different people and frequency of engagement in different activities. Further, personality traits, company, and activity are related to the experience of affect. However, little research has examined personality, context, and affect together in the same study. In the current study, 78 people described their Big Five traits and took part in a 1-week experience sampling study using mobile phones as a means for data collection. Participants indicated their current company, activity, and momentary affect along the dimensions of energetic arousal (EA), tense arousal (TA), and hedonic tone (HT). Poisson regressions revealed that traits predicted higher frequencies of trait-consistent contexts: for example, extraversion was related to more frequently being with various types of company. Results predicting contexts from multilevel logistic regressions were sparser. Multilevel models revealed that traits and contexts had main effects on affect, yet there were relatively few interactions of traits X contexts predicting affect. We discuss more specific implications of these findings.
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121
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Horstmann KT, Ziegler M. Situational perception and affect: Barking up the wrong tree? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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122
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Leiner JEM, Scherndl T, Ortner TM. How Do Men and Women Perceive a High-Stakes Test Situation? Front Psychol 2018; 9:2216. [PMID: 30564160 PMCID: PMC6288446 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The results of some high-stakes aptitude tests in Austria have revealed sex differences. We suggest that such discrepancies are mediated not principally by differences in aptitudes, skills, and knowledge but sex differences in test takers' perceptions of the test situation. Furthermore, previous research has indicated that candidates' evaluations of the fairness of the testing tool are of great importance from an institutional point of view because such perceptions are known to influence an organization's attractiveness. In this study, we aimed to investigate how women and men perceive and evaluate certain aspects of a high-stakes test situation by using the results and evaluations of an actual medical school aptitude test (747 applicants; 59% women). Test takers voluntarily evaluated the test situation and rated specific aspects of it (e.g., the fairness of the selection tool) and provided information regarding their test anxiety immediately after they completed the 4-h test. Data analyses indicated small, albeit significant sex differences in participants' perceptions of the test. Men described the test situation as slightly giving more opportunity to socialize and possessing more opportunity to deceive than women did. Furthermore, the perception of the test situation did not directly predict the test results, but it served as a moderator for the indirect effect of test anxiety on test results. By contrast, there were significant direct effects but no indirect effects of situation perception on evaluations of the fairness of the selection tool: The more the test situation was perceived as a high-pressure situation, the lower the fairness ratings of the testing tool. Results were discussed with reference to gender roles and test fairness.
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123
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Cooper AB, Sherman RA, Rauthmann JF, Serfass DG, Brown NA. Feeling good and authentic: Experienced authenticity in daily life is predicted by positive feelings and situation characteristics, not trait-state consistency. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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124
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A Method for Capturing Context in the Assessment of Leaders: The “Too Little/Too Much” Rating Scale. INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY-PERSPECTIVES ON SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2018. [DOI: 10.1017/iop.2018.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In their focal article, Reynolds, McCauley, Tsacoumis, and the Jeanneret Symposium Participants (2018) stress the importance of context in leadership assessment. For instance, they argue that senior executives work in a different context compared to lower-level managers and that this should be taken into account. A simple example is that the competency of strategic thinking is critical for executive performance but much less so, if at all, for front-line supervisors. The claim that context matters in leadership and in the assessment of leaders is easy to grasp but difficult to apply in practice.
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125
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Wundrack R, Prager J, Asselmann E, O'Connell G, Specht J. Does Intraindividual Variability of Personality States Improve Perspective Taking? An Ecological Approach Integrating Personality and Social Cognition. J Intell 2018; 6:E50. [PMID: 31162477 PMCID: PMC6480758 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence6040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Research integrating cognitive abilities and personality has focused on the role of personality traits. We propose a theory on the role of intraindividual variability of personality states (hereafter state variability) on perspective taking, in particular, the ability to infer other peoples' mental states. First, we review the relevant research on personality psychology and social cognition. Second, we propose two complementary routes by which state variability relates to anchoring and adjustment in perspective taking. The first route, termed ego-dispersion, suggests that an increased state variability decreases egocentric bias, which reduces anchoring. The second route, termed perspective-pooling, suggests that an increased state variability facilitates efficient adjustment. We also discuss how our theory can be investigated empirically. The theory is rooted in an ecological interpretation of personality and social cognition, and flags new ways for integrating these fields of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Wundrack
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Julia Prager
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Eva Asselmann
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Garret O'Connell
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jule Specht
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany.
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126
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Leach S, Weick M. From grumpy to cheerful (and back): How power impacts mood in and across different contexts. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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127
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Kesberg R, Keller J. The Relation Between Human Values and Perceived Situation Characteristics in Everyday Life. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1676. [PMID: 30271362 PMCID: PMC6146720 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Values refer to abstract beliefs which serve as guidelines in peoples' life and affect the way people and events are evaluated. Simultaneously, unlike attitudes, values transcend specific actions, and situations. While recent research showed that values are related to the attention and interpretation of situational information in standardized laboratory settings, up to date hardly any empirical work investigated how values relate to situation perception in daily life. In our study, we assessed the relation between the endorsement of human values and situation characteristics (i.e., the 8 DIAMONDS). Using the Day Reconstruction Method in two samples (German and US-American), we found that especially variance in the experience of negatively connoted situation characteristics were due to individual differences. Power was related to experiencing more deceptive situations, while the reversed pattern emerged for universalism and benevolence. Tradition was related to experiencing more aversive situations while self-direction was related to experiencing less situations high in adversity. Although, our results might provide some initial evidence for a relation between personal values and subjective situations experiences in everyday life, no clear pattern emerged and further investigation of the relation is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Kesberg
- Department of Social Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes Keller
- Department of Social Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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128
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129
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Hopwood CJ. Interpersonal Dynamics in Personality and Personality Disorders. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/per.2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and basic personality psychologists interact less than they should, given their similar interests. In clinical personality psychology, available evidence supports a transition from the current categorical system to a hierarchical trait scheme for diagnosing the stable features of personality disorder. However, trait models do not capture the dynamic aspects of personality disorders as they have been described in the clinical literature, and thus miss a clinically critical feature of personality pathology. In contrast, basic personality psychologists have coalesced around a consensual structure of individual differences and become increasingly interested in the dynamic processes that underlie and contextualize traits. But trait psychology models are not sufficiently specific to characterize dynamic personality processes. In this paper, I filter clinical descriptions of personality disorders through the lens of interpersonal theory to specify a recursive within–situation interpersonal pattern of motives, affects, behaviours, and perceptions that could contribute to the stable between–situation patterns of maladaptive behaviour of historical interest to both basic and clinical personality psychologists. I suggest that this interpersonal model adds specificity to recent proposals regarding processes in the basic personality literature and has significant potential to advance research on personality dynamics. © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology
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130
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Rieger S, Göllner R, Spengler M, Trautwein U, Nagengast B, Harring JR, Roberts BW. The effects of getting a new teacher on the consistency of personality. J Pers 2018; 87:485-500. [PMID: 30129151 PMCID: PMC7379252 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective In the present research, we examined the effect of getting a new teacher on consistency in students’ personality measures, including trait and social cognitive constructs. Method To test the effect of this kind of situational transition, we analyzed two large longitudinal samples (N = 5,628; N = 2,458) with quasi‐experimental study designs. We used two consistency measures (i.e., rank‐order clations and changes in variance over time) to compare students who got a new teacher with students who kept the same teacher. Results Multiple‐group latent variable analyses showed no differences in the rank‐order correlations for the math‐related social cognitive constructs of interest, effort, self‐concept, self‐regulation, anxiety, and the Big Five personality traits. Significantly lower rank‐order correlations were found for some of the German‐ and English‐related social cognitive constructs (i.e., effort measures) for the group of students who got a new teacher. Regarding the changes in variance (over time), we found no systematic differences between groups in both studies. Conclusions We found partial support for the idea that social cognitive variables are more susceptible to environmental changes (i.e., getting a new teacher) than the Big Five personality traits are.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Rieger
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Tübingen
| | - Richard Göllner
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Tübingen
| | - Marion Spengler
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Tübingen
| | - Ulrich Trautwein
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Tübingen
| | - Benjamin Nagengast
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Tübingen
| | - Jeffrey R Harring
- Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland
| | - Brent W Roberts
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Tübingen.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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131
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Ziegler M, Schroeter TA, Lüdtke O, Roemer L. The Enriching Interplay between Openness and Interest: A Theoretical Elaboration of the OFCI Model and a First Empirical Test. J Intell 2018; 6:E35. [PMID: 31162462 PMCID: PMC6480751 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence6030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Openness-Fluid-Crystallized-Intelligence (OFCI) model posits long-term relations between Openness and cognitive abilities and has been successfully tested with longitudinal data. However, research on the developmental interplay between cognitive abilities and personality exists only sparsely. The current paper focuses on a theoretical development of the OFCI model which suggests micro-level mechanisms underlying the long-term development. Specifically, within-situation relations between Openness, interests, situational perception, cognitive abilities, and emotions are proposed to explain longitudinal relations between Openness and cognitive abilities. Using experience sampling, selected parts of this elaboration were empirically scrutinized in a first test of the proposed ideas. Openness and specific interest both varied substantially across situations and covaried systematically. In interaction with an indicator of fluid intelligence, this covariation was related to an indicator of crystallized intelligence. The paper contributes to theorizing the intertwined development of personality and cognitive abilities, and highlights the importance of within-situation research for explaining long-term development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ziegler
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 18, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Titus A Schroeter
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 18, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Oliver Lüdtke
- Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Kiel University, Olshausenstraße 62, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
- Centre for International Student Assessment, Kiel University, Olshausenstraße 62, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Lena Roemer
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 18, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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132
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Deventer J, Lüdtke O, Nagy G, Retelsdorf J, Wagner J. Against all odds - is a more differentiated view of personality development in emerging adulthood needed? The case of young apprentices. Br J Psychol 2018; 110:60-86. [PMID: 30044503 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Personality development in emerging adults who do not attend college after high school has been largely overlooked so far. In this study, we investigated personality development in emerging German adults (NT 1 = 1,886, MageT1 = 18.01 years, 29% female) undergoing vocational education and training (VET). The trainees were assessed at the start of VET, 1.5 years later, and another 1.5 years after that, just before graduation. Longitudinal latent change score analyses were applied. Bivariate analyses investigated life satisfaction and job strain as social and work-related aspects that are potentially reciprocally related to personality development. Mean-level personality changes included increases in neuroticism and decreases in agreeableness and conscientiousness in the first interval. In the second interval, neuroticism decreased and conscientiousness increased. Simultaneously, trainees reported a gradual decrease in extraversion and openness across the 3-year time span. Personality, especially agreeableness and conscientiousness, emerged as a stronger predictor of changes in job strain and life satisfaction than vice versa. For example, more agreeable and more conscientious trainees subsequently showed increases in life satisfaction. Trainees reporting higher job strain subsequently showed decreases in agreeableness. Trajectories of personality development partly support the maturity principle that has been established in many college student samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Deventer
- Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Kiel, Germany
| | - Oliver Lüdtke
- Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Kiel, Germany.,Centre for International Student Assessment, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriel Nagy
- Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Jenny Wagner
- Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Kiel, Germany.,University of Hamburg, Germany.,Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
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133
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Rauthmann JF, Horstmann KT, Sherman RA. Do Self-Reported Traits and Aggregated States Capture the Same Thing? A Nomological Perspective on Trait-State Homomorphy. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550618774772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ryne A. Sherman
- Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Hogan Assessment Systems
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134
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Greenaway KH, Kalokerinos EK, Williams LA. Context is Everything (in Emotion Research). SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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135
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Rauthmann J, Sherman R. Toward a Research Agenda for the Study of Situation Perceptions: A Variance Componential Framework. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2018; 23:238-266. [DOI: 10.1177/1088868318765600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Situation perception represents the fulcrum of a “psychology of situations” because situation ratings are ubiquitous. However, no systematic research program exists so far, particularly because two competing traditions have not been integrated: Objectivist views stress situations’ consensually shared meanings (social reality), and subjectivist views idiosyncratic meanings (personal reality). A componential framework can disentangle social from personal reality in situation perceptions: When multiple perceivers (P) rate multiple situations (S) on multiple situation characteristics (C), variance in those ratings can be decomposed according to S × C, P × S, and P × C breakdowns. Six grand questions of situation perception research are spawned from these decompositions: complexity, similarity, assimilation, consensus, uniqueness, and accuracy. Analyses of real data are provided to exemplify our ideas, along with customizable R codes for all methods. A componential framework allows novel and unique insights into different questions surrounding situation perceptions and provides a coherent research agenda.
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136
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Chater N, Felin T, Funder DC, Gigerenzer G, Koenderink JJ, Krueger JI, Noble D, Nordli SA, Oaksford M, Schwartz B, Stanovich KE, Todd PM. Mind, rationality, and cognition: An interdisciplinary debate. Psychon Bull Rev 2018; 25:793-826. [PMID: 28744767 PMCID: PMC5902517 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-017-1333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Chater
- Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Teppo Felin
- Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - David C Funder
- Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Gerd Gigerenzer
- Adaptive Behavior and Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Joachim I Krueger
- Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Denis Noble
- Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Samuel A Nordli
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Mike Oaksford
- Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Barry Schwartz
- Psychology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA
- Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Keith E Stanovich
- Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter M Todd
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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137
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Zachry CE, Phan LV, Blackie LER, Jayawickreme E. Situation-Based Contingencies Underlying Wisdom-Content Manifestations: Examining Intellectual Humility in Daily Life. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2018; 73:1404-1415. [DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gby016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne E Zachry
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Le Vy Phan
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | - Eranda Jayawickreme
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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138
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von Stumm S. Feeling low, thinking slow? Associations between situational cues, mood and cognitive function. Cogn Emot 2018; 32:1545-1558. [PMID: 29388502 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2017.1420632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Within-person changes in mood, which are triggered by situational cues, for example someone's location or company, are thought to affect contemporaneous cognitive function. To test this hypothesis, data were collected over 6 months with the smartphone application (app) moo-Q that prompted users at random times to rate their mood and complete 3 short cognitive tests. Out of 24,313 people across 154 countries, who downloaded the app, 770 participants submitted 10 or more valid moo-Q responses (mean = 23; SD = 18; range 10-207). Confirming previous research, consistent patterns of association emerged for 6 different situation cues with mood and cognitive function: For example, being alone rather than with others when completing the app resulted in worse mood but better cognitive task performance. Notwithstanding, changes in mood and cognitive function were not coupled. The advantages and challenges of using smartphone technology for studying mood and cognitive function are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie von Stumm
- a Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science , London School of Economics and Political Science , London , UK
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139
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Sharma PN. Moving beyond the employee: The role of the organizational context in leader workplace aggression. THE LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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140
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Traditional models of health behaviour focus on the roles of cognitive, personality and social-cognitive constructs (e.g. executive function, grit, self-efficacy), and give less attention to the process by which these constructs interact in the moment that a health-relevant choice is made. Health psychology needs a process-focused account of how various factors are integrated to produce the decisions that determine health behaviour. DESIGN I present an integrative value-based choice model of health behaviour, which characterises the mechanism by which a variety of factors come together to determine behaviour. This model imports knowledge from research on behavioural economics and neuroscience about how choices are made to the study of health behaviour, and uses that knowledge to generate novel predictions about how to change health behaviour. I describe anomalies in value-based choice that can be exploited for health promotion, and review neuroimaging evidence about the involvement of midline dopamine structures in tracking and integrating value-related information during choice. I highlight how this knowledge can bring insights to health psychology using illustrative case of healthy eating. CONCLUSION Value-based choice is a viable model for health behaviour and opens new avenues for mechanism-focused intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot T Berkman
- a Department of Psychology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience , University of Oregon , Eugene , OR , USA
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141
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Jayawickreme E, Tsukayama E, Kashdan TB. Examining the within-person effect of affect on daily satisfaction. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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142
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Doeze Jager S, Born M, Van der Molen H. Self-Other Agreement Between Employees on their Need for Achievement, Power, and Affiliation: A Social Relations Study. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.16993/sjwop.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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143
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Beer A, Vazire S. Evaluating the predictive validity of personality trait judgments using a naturalistic behavioral criterion: A preliminary test of the self-other knowledge asymmetry model. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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144
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Beckmann N, Wood RE. Editorial: Dynamic Personality Science. Integrating between-Person Stability and within-Person Change. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1486. [PMID: 28943855 PMCID: PMC5596082 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nadin Beckmann
- School of Education, Durham UniversityDurham, United Kingdom
| | - Robert E Wood
- Australian Graduate School of Management, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
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145
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Lievens F. Assessing Personality–Situation Interplay in Personnel Selection: Toward More Integration into Personality Research. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/per.2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, the personnel selection field has developed methods to assess trait expression in particular situations, but these approaches have evolved mostly outside the field of personality psychology. In this article, I review available personnel selection evidence regarding two such approaches: (i) situational judgement tests that present short scenarios and ask job candidates how they would handle the situations and (ii) assessment centre exercises requiring candidates to display behaviour in specified interactive situations. I describe these approaches and discuss their relations with personality research. I posit that adapting these approaches to personality research creates methodological diversity to address key research themes related to within–person variability, trait–behaviour links, personality disorders, and personality expression and perception. Copyright © 2017 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Lievens
- Department of Personnel Management and Work and Organizational Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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146
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147
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Kunzmann U, Isaacowitz D. Emotional Aging: Taking the Immediate Context Seriously. RESEARCH IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15427609.2017.1340048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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148
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Trait personality and state variability: Predicting individual differences in within- and cross-context fluctuations in affect, self-evaluations, and behavior in everyday life. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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149
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Read SJ, Smith B, Droutman V, Miller LC. Virtual Personalities: Using Computational Modeling to Understand Within-Person Variability. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2017; 69:237-249. [PMID: 28781390 PMCID: PMC5541910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
How can the same underlying psychological/neurobiological system result in both stable between-individual differences and high levels of within-individual variability in personality states over time and situations? We argue that both types of variability result from a psychological system based on structured, chronic motivations, where behavior at a specific point in time is a joint function of the current availability of motive affordances in the situation, current motivationally relevant bodily or interoceptive states, and the result of the competition among alternative active motives. Here we present a biologically-based theoretical framework, embodied in two different computational models, that shows how individuals with stable personality characteristics, can nevertheless exhibit considerable within-person variability in personality states across time and situations.
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150
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Intra-individual variability and psychological flexibility: Affect and health in a National US sample. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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