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Püschel J, Dubrovska A, Gorodetska I. The Multifaceted Role of Aldehyde Dehydrogenases in Prostate Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4703. [PMID: 34572930 PMCID: PMC8472046 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the only tumor cells possessing self-renewal and differentiation properties, making them an engine of tumor progression and a source of tumor regrowth after treatment. Conventional therapies eliminate most non-CSCs, while CSCs often remain radiation and drug resistant, leading to tumor relapse and metastases. Thus, targeting CSCs might be a powerful tool to overcome tumor resistance and increase the efficiency of current cancer treatment strategies. The identification and isolation of the CSC population based on its high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (ALDH) is widely accepted for prostate cancer (PCa) and many other solid tumors. In PCa, several ALDH genes contribute to the ALDH activity, which can be measured in the enzymatic assay by converting 4, 4-difluoro-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) aminoacetaldehyde (BAAA) into the fluorescent product BODIPY-aminoacetate (BAA). Although each ALDH isoform plays an individual role in PCa biology, their mutual functional interplay also contributes to PCa progression. Thus, ALDH proteins are markers and functional regulators of CSC properties, representing an attractive target for cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the current state of research regarding the role of individual ALDH isoforms in PCa development and progression, their possible therapeutic targeting, and provide an outlook for the future advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Püschel
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Anna Dubrovska
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany;
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ielizaveta Gorodetska
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany;
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102
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Konoshenko MY, Bryzgunova OE, Laktionov PP. miRNAs and androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188625. [PMID: 34534639 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is mainly used for the treatment of advanced, metastatic or recurrent prostate cancer (PCa). However, patients progress to ADT resistance and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) with a poor prognosis. Reliable validated markers of ADT resistance with proven clinical utility are necessary for timely correction of the therapy as well as for improvement of patient quality of life. MiRNAs involved in the ADT response and CRPC development via multiple mechanisms may act as biomarkers for patient outcomes. Available data on miRNAs associated with the ADT response (resistance and sensitivity) are summarized and analyzed in the manuscript, including analyses using bioinformatics resources. Molecular targets of miRNAs, as well as reciprocal relations between miRNAs and their targets, were studied using different databases. Special attention was dedicated to the mechanisms of ADT resistance and CRPC development, including testosterone, PI3K-AKT, VEGF pathways and associated genes. Several different approaches can be used to search for miRNAs associated with the ADT response, each of which focuses on the associated set of miRNAs - potential markers of ADT. The intersection of these approaches and combined analysis allowed us to select the most promising miRNA markers of the ADT response. Meta-analysis of the current data indicated that the selected 5 miRNAs (miRNAs - 125b, miR-21, miR-23b, miR-27b and miR-221) and 14 genes are involved in the regulation of key processes of CRPC development and represent the most promising predictors of the ADT response, further demonstrating their potential in combination therapy for advanced PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Yu Konoshenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Olga E Bryzgunova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Pavel P Laktionov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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103
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Offermann A, Kang D, Watermann C, Weingart A, Hupe MC, Saraji A, Stegmann-Frehse J, Kruper R, Schüle R, Pantel K, Taubert H, Duensing S, Culig Z, Aigner A, Klapper W, Jonigk D, Philipp Kühnel M, Merseburger AS, Kirfel J, Sailer V, Perner S. Manuscript Title: Analysis of tripartite motif (TRIM) family gene expression in prostate cancer bone metastases. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:1475-1484. [PMID: 34487169 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif (TRIM) family proteins are post-translational protein modifiers with E3-ubiquitin ligase activity, thereby involved in various biological processes. The molecular mechanisms driving prostate cancer (PCa) bone metastasis (BM) are incompletely understood, and targetable genetic alterations are lacking in the majority of cases. Therefore, we aimed to explore the expression and potential functional relevance of 71 TRIM members in bone metastatic PCa. We performed transcriptome analysis of all human TRIM family members and 770 cancer-related genes in 29 localized PCa and 30 PCa BM using Nanostring. KEGG, STRING and Ubibrowser were used for further bioinformatic gene correlation and pathway enrichment analyses. Compared to localized tumors, six TRIMs are under-expressed while nine TRIMs are over-expressed in BM. The differentially expressed TRIM proteins are linked to TNF-, TGFβ-, PI3K/AKT- and HIF-1-signaling, and to features such as proteoglycans, platelet activation, adhesion and ECM-interaction based on correlation to cancer-related genes. The identification of TRIM-specific E3-ligase-substrates revealed insight into functional connections to oncogenes, tumor suppressors and cancer-related pathways including androgen receptor- and TGFβ signaling, cell cycle regulation and splicing. In summary, this is the first study that comprehensively and systematically characterizes the expression of all TRIM members in PCa BM. Our results describe post-translational protein modification as an important regulatory mechanism of oncogenes, tumor suppressors, and pathway molecules in PCa progression. Therefore, this study may provide evidence for novel therapeutic targets, in particular for the treatment or prevention of BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Offermann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Duan Kang
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Christian Watermann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Anika Weingart
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Marie C Hupe
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Alireza Saraji
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Janine Stegmann-Frehse
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Roland Schüle
- Klinik für Urologie und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Institute for Tumor Biology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Helge Taubert
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Duensing
- Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zoran Culig
- Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Achim Aigner
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfram Klapper
- Institute of Pathology, Hematopathology Section and Lymph Node Registry, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark Philipp Kühnel
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel S Merseburger
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Jutta Kirfel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Verena Sailer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Sven Perner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
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104
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Ren RJ, Huang Q, Xu G, Gu K, Dammer EB, Wang CF, Xie XY, Chen W, Shao ZY, Chen SD, Wang G. Association between Alzheimer's disease and risk of cancer: A retrospective cohort study in Shanghai, China. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 18:924-933. [PMID: 34482613 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the association between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the risk of cancer in the Chinese population. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to determine the correlation between AD and the risk of various cancers, as shown by hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Of 8097 AD patients, the HR for all subsequent cancers was 0.822 (95% CI, 0.728-0.928; P = .002). Among them, three specific cancers were associated with AD: lung cancer (HR, 0.656; 95% CI, 0.494- 0.871; P = .004), prostate and testicular cancer (HR, 0.414; 95% CI, 0.202-0.847; P = .016), and lymphoma (HR, 2.202; 95% CI, 1.005-4.826; P = .049). CONCLUSION Patients with AD might have a lower chance of developing several cancers, including lung cancer and prostate and testicular cancer. Meanwhile, a positive association between AD and a higher incident rate of lymphoma was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jing Ren
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Xu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Gu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chun-Fang Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Yi Xie
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Information Center, Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Yi Shao
- Information Center, Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Di Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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105
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Soo A, O'Callaghan ME, Kopsaftis T, Vatandoust S, Moretti K, Kichenadasse G. PSA response to antiandrogen withdrawal: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2021; 24:826-836. [PMID: 33603235 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-021-00337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiandrogen withdrawal (AAW) response is the paradoxical decrease in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) following the withdrawal of antiandrogen in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Currently, the reported literature on the proportion of patients exhibiting AAW response and the differences in PSA response between the types of antiandrogens is unclear. METHODS This review aimed to explore the PSA response to AAW and to identify if the response depends on the type of antiandrogens. A literature search was performed using databases PubMed, Cochrane and EMBASE with a cut-off date of 23rd of November 2020. Studies reporting on outcomes of AAW and prostate cancer were included. Studies were screened by two reviewers and relevant data extracted. Meta-analysis of outcomes was reported using random-effects and fixed-effects model. A subgroup analysis was performed for type of antiandrogen. RESULTS From 450 studies, 23 were included with a total of 1474 patients with advanced prostate cancer were available for further analysis. Overall, 395 (26%) patients had any reduction in PSA levels (95% CI: 20-32%) and 183 (11%) patients had a ≥50% reduction in PSA levels (95% CI: 6-16%). Among the 1212 patients on first-generation antiandrogens, 30% (95% CI: 23-38%) had any PSA decline with 15% patients having a ≥50% PSA decline (95% CI: 8-22%). In contrast, among the 108 patients on second-generation antiandrogens, 7% (95% CI: 0-13%) had any PSA decline and only 1% (95% CI: 0-5%) had a ≥50% PSA decline. Also, among the 154 patients on androgen synthesis inhibitors, 26% (95% CI: 19-33%) had any PSA decline and only 4% (95% CI: 0-13%) had a ≥50% PSA decline. CONCLUSIONS One-fourth of patients treated with AAW show a PSA response. However, PSA response to AAW is uncommon with second-generation antiandrogens and androgen synthesis inhibitors. Further research is required to understand the differences in response between the types of antiandrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alwin Soo
- School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Michael E O'Callaghan
- South Australian Prostate Cancer Clinical Outcomes Collaborative, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.,Department of Urology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.,Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tina Kopsaftis
- South Australian Prostate Cancer Clinical Outcomes Collaborative, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.,Department of Urology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Sina Vatandoust
- School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Kim Moretti
- South Australian Prostate Cancer Clinical Outcomes Collaborative, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.,Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Population Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ganessan Kichenadasse
- School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.
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106
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Niklas C, Saar M, Nini A, Linxweiler J, Siemer S, Junker K, Stoeckle M. Can local treatment prolong the sensitivity of metastatic prostate cancer to androgen deprivation or even prevent castration resistance? World J Urol 2021; 39:3231-3237. [PMID: 33502558 PMCID: PMC8510934 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-020-03568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A number of observational clinical studies suggest that prior primary tumor treatment favorably influences the course of metastatic prostate cancer (PCa), but its mechanisms of action are still speculative. Here, we describe the long-lasting sensitivity to various forms of androgen deprivation in patients after radical prostatectomy (RP) for locally advanced PCa as one potential mechanism. METHODS A consecutive series of 115 radical prostatectomies after inductive therapy for T4 prostate cancer was re-analyzed, and long-term survival, as well as recurrence patterns and responses to different forms of hormonal manipulation, were assessed. RESULTS The estimated biochemical response-free, PCa-specific, and overall survival rates after 200 months were 20%, 65%, and 47% with a median overall survival of 156 months. The majority of patients, although not cured of locally advanced PCa (84/115), showed long-term survival after RP. PCa-specific and overall survival rates of these 84 patients with biochemical recurrence were 61% and 44% at 150 months. Long-term sensitivity to ADT was found to be the main reason for the favorable tumor-specific survival in spite of biochemical recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Sensitivity to primary or secondary hormonal manipulation was the main reason for the long-term survival of patients who had not been cured by surgery only. The results suggest that treatment of the primary tumor-bearing prostate delays castration-resistant PCa and enhances the effect of hormonal therapies in a previously unknown manner. The underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms need to be explored in more detailed analyses, which could profoundly impact treatment concepts of locally advanced and metastatic PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Niklas
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Matthias Saar
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Alessandro Nini
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Johannes Linxweiler
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Stefan Siemer
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Kerstin Junker
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Michael Stoeckle
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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107
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Kalogirou C, Linxweiler J, Schmucker P, Snaebjornsson MT, Schmitz W, Wach S, Krebs M, Hartmann E, Puhr M, Müller A, Spahn M, Seitz AK, Frank T, Marouf H, Büchel G, Eckstein M, Kübler H, Eilers M, Saar M, Junker K, Röhrig F, Kneitz B, Rosenfeldt MT, Schulze A. MiR-205-driven downregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis through SQLE-inhibition identifies therapeutic vulnerability in aggressive prostate cancer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5066. [PMID: 34417456 PMCID: PMC8379214 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) shows strong dependence on the androgen receptor (AR) pathway. Here, we show that squalene epoxidase (SQLE), an enzyme of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, is overexpressed in advanced PCa and its expression correlates with poor survival. SQLE expression is controlled by micro-RNA 205 (miR-205), which is significantly downregulated in advanced PCa. Restoration of miR-205 expression or competitive inhibition of SQLE led to inhibition of de novo cholesterol biosynthesis. Furthermore, SQLE was essential for proliferation of AR-positive PCa cell lines, including abiraterone or enzalutamide resistant derivatives, and blocked transactivation of the AR pathway. Inhibition of SQLE with the FDA approved antifungal drug terbinafine also efficiently blocked orthotopic tumour growth in mice. Finally, terbinafine reduced levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in three out of four late-stage PCa patients. These results highlight SQLE as a therapeutic target for the treatment of advanced PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kalogirou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - J Linxweiler
- Department of Urology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - P Schmucker
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M T Snaebjornsson
- German Cancer Research Center, Division of Tumor Metabolism and Microenvironment, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - W Schmitz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Würzburg, Germany
| | - S Wach
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Krebs
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - E Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Puhr
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Müller
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - M Spahn
- Center for Urology, Hirslanden Private Hospital Group, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A K Seitz
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - T Frank
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - H Marouf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Würzburg, Germany
| | - G Büchel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Würzburg, Germany
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Eckstein
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - H Kübler
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Eilers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Saar
- Department of Urology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - K Junker
- Department of Urology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - F Röhrig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Würzburg, Germany
| | - B Kneitz
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M T Rosenfeldt
- Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany
| | - A Schulze
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Würzburg, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center, Division of Tumor Metabolism and Microenvironment, Heidelberg, Germany.
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108
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Finasteride 1 mg/day is indicated for androgen-dependent conditions such as male androgenetic alopecia (AGA). METHODS The literature is comprehensively summarized on the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, and metabolism of finasteride. Pairwise and network meta-analyses were performed to assess the efficacy of finasteride reported in clinical trials. The adverse events profile is described along with the post-marketing reports. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Finasteride 1 mg/day significantly increased total hair count compared to placebo after 24 weeks (mean difference = 12.4 hairs/cm2, p < .05), and 48 weeks (mean difference = 16.4 hairs/cm2, p < .05). The efficacy of the two doses of finasteride (5 mg/day and 1 mg/day) and topical finasteride (1% solution) were not significantly different. The most commonly reported sexual events include erectile dysfunction and decreased libido. Increasing patient complaints and analysis of the FAERS database led to the inclusion of depression in the FDA label in 2011, as men were found to be at a risk of suicide due to the persistent sexual side effects, commonly termed as post-finasteride syndrome. Finasteride is shown to be reasonably tolerated in both men and women; however, patients need to be educated about the possible short- and long-term side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Mediprobe Research Inc, London, Canada
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109
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Guardia T, Eason M, Kontrogianni-Konstantopoulos A. Obscurin: A multitasking giant in the fight against cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188567. [PMID: 34015411 PMCID: PMC8349851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Giant obscurins (720-870 kDa), encoded by OBSCN, were originally discovered in striated muscles as cytoskeletal proteins with scaffolding and regulatory roles. Recently though, they have risen to the spotlight as key players in cancer development and progression. Herein, we provide a timely prudent synopsis of the expanse of OBSCN mutations across 16 cancer types. Given the extensive work on OBSCN's role in breast epithelium, we summarize functional studies implicating obscurins as potent tumor suppressors in breast cancer and delve into an in silico analysis of its mutational profile and epigenetic (de)regulation using different dataset platforms and sophisticated computational tools. Lastly, we formally describe the OBSCN-Antisense-RNA-1 gene, which belongs to the long non-coding RNA family and discuss its potential role in modulating OBSCN expression in breast cancer. Collectively, we highlight the escalating involvement of obscurins in cancer biology and outline novel potential mechanisms of OBSCN (de)regulation that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Guardia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Matthew Eason
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Aikaterini Kontrogianni-Konstantopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA.
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110
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Rii J, Sakamoto S, Sugiura M, Kanesaka M, Fujimoto A, Yamada Y, Maimaiti M, Ando K, Wakai K, Xu M, Imamura Y, Shindo N, Hirota T, Kaneda A, Kanai Y, Ikehara Y, Anzai N, Ichikawa T. Functional analysis of LAT3 in prostate cancer: Its downstream target and relationship with androgen receptor. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:3871-3883. [PMID: 34050700 PMCID: PMC8409400 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
L‐type amino acid transporter 3 (LAT3, SLC43A1) is abundantly expressed in prostate cancer (PC) and is thought to play an essential role in PC progression through the cellular uptake of essential amino acids. Here, we analyzed the expression, function, and downstream target of LAT3 in PC. LAT3 was highly expressed in PC cells expressing androgen receptor (AR), and its expression was increased by dihydrotestosterone treatment and decreased by bicalutamide treatment. In chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing of AR, binding of AR to the SLC43A1 region was increased by dihydrotestosterone stimulation. Knockdown of LAT3 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and the phosphorylation of p70S6K and 4EBP‐1. Separase (ESPL1) was identified as a downstream target of LAT3 by RNA sequencing analysis. In addition, immunostaining of prostatectomy specimens was performed. In the multivariate analysis, high expression of LAT3 was an independent prognostic factor for recurrence‐free survival (hazard ratio: 3.24; P = .0018). High LAT3 expression was correlated with the pathological T stage and a high International Society of Urological Pathology grade. In summary, our results suggest that LAT3 plays an important role in the progression of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junryo Rii
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sakamoto
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sugiura
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Manato Kanesaka
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayumu Fujimoto
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Yamada
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Maihulan Maimaiti
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ando
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ken Wakai
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Tumor Pathology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Minhui Xu
- Bio-system Pharmacology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Imamura
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Norihisa Shindo
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Hirota
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaneda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Bio-system Pharmacology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Ikehara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ichikawa
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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111
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Subhawa S, Naiki-Ito A, Kato H, Naiki T, Komura M, Nagano-Matsuo A, Yeewa R, Inaguma S, Chewonarin T, Banjerdpongchai R, Takahashi S. Suppressive Effect and Molecular Mechanism of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Extract against Prostate Carcinogenesis and Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143403. [PMID: 34298624 PMCID: PMC8306559 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study explored the chemopreventive effects of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (HCT) extracts against prostate carcinogenesis in both androgen-sensitive prostate cancer and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) using the Transgenic Rat for Adenocarcinoma of Prostate (TRAP) model, CRPC xenograft mice, and prostate cancer cell lines. HCT suppressed cell proliferation and stimulated apoptosis via inactivation of AKT/ERK/MAPK in both androgen-sensitive prostate cancer and CRPC cell lines. HCT also inhibited cell migration and EMT phenotypes through the STAT3/Snail/Twist pathway. One of the active compounds of HCT was identified as rutin. Consistent with in vitro study, the incidence of adenocarcinoma in the TRAP model and CRPC tumor growth in the xenograft model were suppressed by induction of apoptosis and inactivation of AKT/ERK/MAPK by HCT intake. Our data demonstrated that HCT attenuated androgen-sensitive prostate cancer and CRPC by mechanisms that may involve inhibition of cell growth and caspase-dependent apoptosis pathways. Abstract Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (HCT) is a well-known Asian medicinal plant with biological activities used in the treatment of many diseases including cancer. This study investigated the effects of HCT extract and its ethyl acetate fraction (EA) on prostate carcinogenesis and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). HCT and EA induced apoptosis in androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells (LNCaP) and CRPC cells (PCai1) through activation of caspases, down-regulation of androgen receptor, and inactivation of AKT/ERK/MAPK signaling. Rutin was found to be a major component in HCT (44.00 ± 5.61 mg/g) and EA (81.34 ± 5.21 mg/g) in a previous study. Rutin had similar effects to HCT/EA on LNCaP cells and was considered to be one of the active compounds. Moreover, HCT/EA inhibited cell migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotypes via STAT3/Snail/Twist pathways in LNCaP cells. The consumption of 1% HCT-mixed diet significantly decreased the incidence of adenocarcinoma in the lateral prostate lobe of the Transgenic rat for adenocarcinoma of prostate model. Similarly, tumor growth of PCai1 xenografts was significantly suppressed by 1% HCT treatment. HCT also induced caspase-dependent apoptosis via AKT inactivation in both in vivo models. Together, the results of in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that HCT has inhibitory effects against prostate carcinogenesis and CRPC. This plant therefore should receive more attention as a source for the future development of non-toxic chemopreventive agents against various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhawat Subhawa
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (S.S.); (H.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (A.N.-M.); (R.Y.); (S.I.); (S.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intravaroros Rd., Sripoom, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Aya Naiki-Ito
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (S.S.); (H.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (A.N.-M.); (R.Y.); (S.I.); (S.T.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.-I.); (R.B.); Tel.: +81-52-853-8156 (A.N.-I.); +66-53-93-5325 (R.B.); Fax: +81-52-842-0817 (A.N.-I.); +66-53-894-031 (R.B.)
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (S.S.); (H.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (A.N.-M.); (R.Y.); (S.I.); (S.T.)
| | - Taku Naiki
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (S.S.); (H.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (A.N.-M.); (R.Y.); (S.I.); (S.T.)
| | - Masayuki Komura
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (S.S.); (H.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (A.N.-M.); (R.Y.); (S.I.); (S.T.)
| | - Aya Nagano-Matsuo
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (S.S.); (H.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (A.N.-M.); (R.Y.); (S.I.); (S.T.)
| | - Ranchana Yeewa
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (S.S.); (H.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (A.N.-M.); (R.Y.); (S.I.); (S.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intravaroros Rd., Sripoom, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Shingo Inaguma
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (S.S.); (H.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (A.N.-M.); (R.Y.); (S.I.); (S.T.)
| | - Teera Chewonarin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intravaroros Rd., Sripoom, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Ratana Banjerdpongchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intravaroros Rd., Sripoom, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Correspondence: (A.N.-I.); (R.B.); Tel.: +81-52-853-8156 (A.N.-I.); +66-53-93-5325 (R.B.); Fax: +81-52-842-0817 (A.N.-I.); +66-53-894-031 (R.B.)
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (S.S.); (H.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (A.N.-M.); (R.Y.); (S.I.); (S.T.)
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Soliman L, De Souza A, Srinivasan P, Danish M, Bertone P, El-Deiry WS, Carneiro BA. The Role of BCL-2 Proteins in the Development of Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies. Am J Clin Oncol 2021; 44:374-382. [PMID: 34014842 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of androgen resistance in advanced prostate cancer remains a challenging clinical problem. Because androgen deprivation therapy constitutes the backbone of first-line treatments for metastatic prostate cancer, the phenotypic switch from an androgen-dependent to an androgen-independent growth state limits the treatment options for these patients. This critical change from an androgen-dependent to an androgen-independent growth state can be regulated by the B-cell lymphoma gene 2 (BCL-2) family of apoptotic proteins. While the roles of BCL-2 protein family members in the carcinogenesis of prostate cancer have been well-studied, emerging data also delineates their modulation of disease progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Over the past 2 decades, investigators have sought to describe the mechanisms that underpin this development at the molecular level, yet no recent literature has consolidated these findings in a dedicated review. As new classes of BCL-2 family inhibitors are finding indications for other cancer types, it is time to evaluate how such agents might find stable footing for the treatment of CRPC. Several trials to date have investigated BCL-2 inhibitors as therapeutic agents for CRPC. These therapies include selective BCL-2 inhibitors, pan-BCL-2 inhibitors, and novel inhibitors of MCL-1 and BCL-XL. This review details the research regarding the role of BCL-2 family members in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and contextualizes these findings within the contemporary landscape of prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Soliman
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Andre De Souza
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lifespan Cancer Institute
- Cancer Center at Brown University
| | | | - Matthew Danish
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lifespan Cancer Institute
| | - Paul Bertone
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lifespan Cancer Institute
- Cancer Center at Brown University
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lifespan Cancer Institute
- Cancer Center at Brown University
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Benedito A Carneiro
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lifespan Cancer Institute
- Cancer Center at Brown University
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113
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Androgen receptor variant shows heterogeneous expression in prostate cancer according to differentiation stage. Commun Biol 2021; 4:785. [PMID: 34168263 PMCID: PMC8225618 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02321-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitation of androgen receptor variant (AR-V) expression in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) has great potential for treatment customization. However, the absence of a uniform CTC isolation platform and consensus on an analytical assay has prevented the incorporation of these measurements in routine clinical practice. Here, we present a single-CTC sensitive digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) assay for the quantitation of the two most common AR-Vs, AR-V7, and AR-v567es, using antigen agnostic CTC enrichment. In a cohort of 29 mCRPC patients, we identify AR-V7 in 66% and AR-v567es in 52% of patients. These results are corroborated using another gene expression platform (NanoStringTM) and by analysis of RNA-Seq data from patients with mCRPC (SU2C- PCF Dream Team). We next quantify AR-V expression in matching EpCAM-positive vs EpCAM-negative CTCs, as EpCAM-based CTC enrichment is commonly used. We identify lower AR-V prevalence in the EpCAM-positive fraction, suggesting that EpCAM-based CTC enrichment likely underestimates AR-V prevalence. Lastly, using single CTC analysis we identify enrichment for AR-v567es in patients with neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) indicating that AR-v567es may be involved in lineage plasticity, which warrants further mechanistic interrogation. Ada Gjyrezi et al. show that ddPCR can be used to accurately measure androgen receptor variant (AR-V) expression levels in single circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from prostate cancer patients. They show that current methods for isolating CTCs tend to underestimate the prevalence of AR-V and that a specific variant, AR-v567es, could be potentially used as a biomarker for an aggressive subtype of prostate cancer.
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He Z, Yuan J, Shen F, Zeng F, Qi P, Zhai Z, Wang Z. Atorvastatin Enhances Inhibitory Effects of Irradiation on Tumor Growth by Reducing MSH2 Expression both in Prostate Cancer Cells and Xenograft Tumor Models. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1328-1339. [PMID: 34080969 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210602133005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is the fourth most common tumor in males. OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of atorvastatin (AS) on PCa cells proliferation and clarify the associated mechanisms. METHODS PCa cell lines were cultured and treated with irradiation (IR) (4 Gy), AS (6 μg/ml), transfected with Bcl-2 siRNA, and then divided into different groups. Xenograft tumor mouse model was established. Bcl-2 and MSH2 gene transcription and protein expression were evaluated using RT-PCR assay and western blot assay. Plate clone formation assay was employed to examine colony formation. MTT assay was used to detect cell viabilities. Flow cytometry analysis was utilized to verify apoptosis. Co-immunoprecipitation and immuno-fluorescence assay were used to identify interaction between Bcl-2 and MSH2. RESULTS IR significantly reduced colony formation, enhanced Bcl-2 and reduced MSH2 gene transcription in PCa cells compared to un-treated cells (p<0.05). AS significantly strengthened radio-therapeutic effects of IR on colony formation, decreased cell apoptosis and increased Bcl-2 gene transcription/protein expression in PCa cells compared to single IR treatment cells (p<0.05). AS combining IR down-regulated MSH2 gene transcription/protein expression in PCa cells compared to single IR treatment cells (p<0.05). Bcl-2 interacted with MSH2 both in PCa cells and tumor tissues administrating with AS. AS enhanced reductive effects of IR on tumor size of Xenograft tumor mice. CONCLUSION Atorvastatin administration enhanced inhibitory effects of IR either on PCa cells or on tumor size of Xenograft tumor mice. The inhibitory effects of atorvastatin were mediated by reducing MSH2 expression and triggering interaction between Bcl-2 and MSH2, both in vitro and in vivo levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730030, China
| | - Jingmin Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730030, China
| | - Fuhui Shen
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730000, China
| | - Fangang Zeng
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730000, China
| | - Ping Qi
- Clinical Laboratory, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730030, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhai
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730030, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730030, China
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115
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Feng Y, Gao D, Cao H, Chen L. Qi Ling Inhibits Progression of Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer via Negative Regulation of TRIM66/HP1γ/AR Axis. Complement Med Res 2021; 28:492-500. [PMID: 34077947 DOI: 10.1159/000509388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to understand the molecular mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of Qi Ling (QL) against androgen-independent prostate cancer. METHODS The relative expression of TRIM66 in prostate tumor was interrogated by microarray. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were performed to determine the transcript abundances and protein expressions of TRIM66, HP1γ, AR, c-Myc, and GAPDH. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed by cell counting kit-8 method and flow cytometry. The regulatory action of c-Myc on TRIM66 was interrogated with luciferase reporter plasmid and the direct binding was demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation. The secretory prostate-specific antigen was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS TRIM66 was aberrantly overexpressed in prostate cancer and associated with unfavorable prognosis. TRIM66/HP1γ/AR was upregulated during the androgen-independent transition in hormone-deprived medium. The TRIM66 level positively linked to cell proliferation and negatively linked to cell apoptosis in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. QL treatment specifically inhibited c-Myc and therefore directly downregulated TRIM66 via binding to its promoter. Ectopic introduction of TRIM66 significantly reversed the anti-tumor effects of QL against androgen-independent prostate cancer. CONCLUSION Our study uncovered the importance of downregulated TRIM66/HP1γ/AR signaling in mediating the anti-tumor properties of QL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigeng Feng
- Surgical Department I (Urology Department), Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongwen Gao
- Department of Ultrasound, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwen Cao
- Surgical Department I (Urology Department), Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Surgical Department I (Urology Department), Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Sobhani N, Neeli PK, D’Angelo A, Pittacolo M, Sirico M, Galli IC, Roviello G, Nesi G. AR-V7 in Metastatic Prostate Cancer: A Strategy beyond Redemption. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5515. [PMID: 34073713 PMCID: PMC8197232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic prostate cancer is the most common cancer in males and the fifth cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Despite the major progress in this field, leading to the approval of novel anti-androgens, the prognosis is still poor. A significant number of patients acquire an androgen receptor splice variant 7 (AR-V7), which is constitutively activated and lacks the ligand-binding domain (LBD) while maintaining the nuclear localization signal and DNA-binding domain (DBD). This conformational change, even in the absence of the ligand, allows its retention within the nucleus, where it acts as a transcription factor repressing crucial tumor suppressor genes. AR-V7 is an important oncogenic driver and plays a role as an early diagnostic and prognostic marker, as well as a therapeutic target for antagonists such as niclosamide and TAS3681. Anti-AR-V7 drugs have shown promise in recent clinical investigations on this subset of patients. This mini-review focuses on the relevance of AR-V7 in the clinical manifestations of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and summarizes redemptive therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Sobhani
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (N.S.); (P.K.N.); (M.P.)
| | - Praveen Kumar Neeli
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (N.S.); (P.K.N.); (M.P.)
| | - Alberto D’Angelo
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
| | - Matteo Pittacolo
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (N.S.); (P.K.N.); (M.P.)
| | - Marianna Sirico
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK;
- Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Cremona, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Camilla Galli
- Histopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Careggi Teaching Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | | | - Gabriella Nesi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy;
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Anshabo AT, Milne R, Wang S, Albrecht H. CDK9: A Comprehensive Review of Its Biology, and Its Role as a Potential Target for Anti-Cancer Agents. Front Oncol 2021; 11:678559. [PMID: 34041038 PMCID: PMC8143439 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.678559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are proteins pivotal to a wide range of cellular functions, most importantly cell division and transcription, and their dysregulations have been implicated as prominent drivers of tumorigenesis. Besides the well-established role of cell cycle CDKs in cancer, the involvement of transcriptional CDKs has been confirmed more recently. Most cancers overtly employ CDKs that serve as key regulators of transcription (e.g., CDK9) for a continuous production of short-lived gene products that maintain their survival. As such, dysregulation of the CDK9 pathway has been observed in various hematological and solid malignancies, making it a valuable anticancer target. This therapeutic potential has been utilized for the discovery of CDK9 inhibitors, some of which have entered human clinical trials. This review provides a comprehensive discussion on the structure and biology of CDK9, its role in solid and hematological cancers, and an updated review of the available inhibitors currently being investigated in preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Tesfaye Anshabo
- Drug Discovery and Development, Centre for Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Robert Milne
- Drug Discovery and Development, Centre for Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Shudong Wang
- Drug Discovery and Development, Centre for Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hugo Albrecht
- Drug Discovery and Development, Centre for Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Saito Y, Mizokami A, Izumi K, Naito R, Goto M, Nakagawa-Goto K. α-Trifluoromethyl Chalcones as Potent Anticancer Agents for Androgen Receptor-Independent Prostate Cancer. Molecules 2021; 26:2812. [PMID: 34068627 PMCID: PMC8126091 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Trifluoromethyl chalcones were prepared and evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines as well as five additional types of human tumor cell lines. The most potent chalcone 5 showed superior antitumor activity in vivo with both oral and intraperitoneal administration at 3 mg/kg. Cell-based mechanism of action studies demonstrated that 5 induced cell accumulation at sub-G1 and G2/M phases without interfering with microtubule polymerization. Furthermore, several cancer cell growth-related proteins were identified by using chalcone 5 as a bait for the affinity purification of binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Saito
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Mizokami
- Department of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (K.I.); (R.N.)
| | - Kouji Izumi
- Department of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (K.I.); (R.N.)
| | - Renato Naito
- Department of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (K.I.); (R.N.)
| | - Masuo Goto
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Kyoko Nakagawa-Goto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
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Synthesis and evaluation of tumor-homing peptides for targeting prostate cancer. Amino Acids 2021; 53:645-652. [PMID: 33846842 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-02971-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
High toxicity caused by chemotherapeutic drugs and the acquisition of drug resistance by cancer cells are the major drawbacks in cancer therapy. A promising approach to overcome the posed barriers is conjugating tumor-homing peptides to drugs or nanocarriers. Such high-affinity peptides can specifically target surface markers overexpressed by cancer cells, ensuring a rapid and cancer-specific uptake of the drugs. Since prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is overexpressed by aggressive prostate cancer cells, targeting this surface protein with peptide conjugates can lead to the development of effective strategies against prostate cancer. In this study, we aimed to determine which PSMA-binding peptide among peptides 563, 562 and 9-mer, show the highest selectivity towards PSMA using 22Rv1 prostate cancer cells, a cell line with moderate PSMA levels. Tumor-homing peptides were synthesized by fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (Fmoc-SPPS) strategy, and evaluated for their prostate cancer cell-specific targeting efficiencies by flow cytometry. Our results showed that the PSMA-binding capacity of peptide 563 was superior to those of 562, 9-mer, and 5-mer; therefore, can be utilized as a potent-targeting agent not only in the treatment of high PSMA positive but also moderate PSMA positive prostate cancer tumors.
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Undesirable Status of Prostate Cancer Cells after Intensive Inhibition of AR Signaling: Post-AR Era of CRPC Treatment. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040414. [PMID: 33921329 PMCID: PMC8069212 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in prostate cancer (PC) research unveiled real androgen receptor (AR) functions in castration-resistant PC (CRPC). Moreover, AR still accelerates PC cell proliferation via the activation of several mechanisms (e.g., mutation, variants, and amplifications in CRPC). New-generation AR signaling-targeted agents, inhibiting extremely the activity of AR, were developed based on these incontrovertible mechanisms of AR-induced CRPC progression. However, long-term administration of AR signaling-targeted agents subsequently induces the major problem that AR (complete)-independent CRPC cells present neither AR nor prostate-specific antigen, including neuroendocrine differentiation as a subtype of AR-independent CRPC. Moreover, there are few treatments effective for AR-independent CRPC with solid evidence. This study focuses on the transformation mechanisms of AR-independent from AR-dependent CRPC cells and potential treatment strategy for AR-independent CRPC and discusses them based on a review of basic and clinical literature.
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121
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Regular Voluntary Running Inhibits Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Growth in Mice. J Phys Act Health 2021; 18:653-659. [PMID: 33848979 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2020-0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Benefits of regular physical exercise were demonstrated as preventive and coadjuvant nonpharmacological anticancer therapy. However, the role of exercise in modulating prostate cancer behavior has yet to be established. METHODS Prostate tumors were induced in C57BL/6 male mice (n = 28) by subcutaneous inoculation of a suspension of murine androgen-independent RM1 cells (1.5 × 105 cells/500 μL phosphate-buffered saline) in the dorsal region. Mice were randomly allocated into 2 study groups: sedentary tumor-induced (n = 14) and exercised tumor-induced (n = 14). Exercise consisted of voluntary running in wheeled cages. Mice (n = 7 per group) were sacrificed either 14 or 28 days after cell inoculation to evaluate tumor weight and percentage of area occupied by immunohistochemistry stained cells for Ki-67 and TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling, used as surrogate markers of cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. RESULTS Compared with sedentary tumor-induced mice, the tumors developed by exercised tumor-induced mice were significantly smaller at 14 days (0.17 [0.12] g vs 0.48 [0.24] g, P < .05) and at 28 days (0.92 [0.73] g vs 2.09 [1.31] g, P < .05), with smaller Ki-67 and greater TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling stained areas (P < .05). CONCLUSION These results suggest that regular voluntary running inhibits prostate cancer cell growth by reducing cell proliferation and enhancing apoptosis.
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Galbraith LCA, Mui E, Nixon C, Hedley A, Strachan D, MacKay G, Sumpton D, Sansom OJ, Leung HY, Ahmad I. PPAR-gamma induced AKT3 expression increases levels of mitochondrial biogenesis driving prostate cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:2355-2366. [PMID: 33654198 PMCID: PMC8016665 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01707-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARG) is one of the three members of the PPAR family of transcription factors. Besides its roles in adipocyte differentiation and lipid metabolism, we recently demonstrated an association between PPARG and metastasis in prostate cancer. In this study a functional effect of PPARG on AKT serine/threonine kinase 3 (AKT3), which ultimately results in a more aggressive disease phenotype was identified. AKT3 has previously been shown to regulate PPARG co-activator 1 alpha (PGC1α) localisation and function through its action on chromosome maintenance region 1 (CRM1). AKT3 promotes PGC1α localisation to the nucleus through its inhibitory effects on CRM1, a known nuclear export protein. Collectively our results demonstrate how PPARG over-expression drives an increase in AKT3 levels, which in turn has the downstream effect of increasing PGC1α localisation within the nucleus, driving mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, this increase in mitochondrial mass provides higher energetic output in the form of elevated ATP levels which may fuel the progression of the tumour cell through epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and ultimately metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C A Galbraith
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Ernest Mui
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Colin Nixon
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ann Hedley
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - David Strachan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Gillian MacKay
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - David Sumpton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Hing Y Leung
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
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123
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Yang Y, Liu KY, Liu Q, Cao Q. Androgen Receptor-Related Non-coding RNAs in Prostate Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:660853. [PMID: 33869227 PMCID: PMC8049439 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.660853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death among men in the United States. Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is the dominant oncogenic pathway in PCa and the main strategy of PCa treatment is to control the AR activity. A large number of patients acquire resistance to Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) due to AR aberrant activation, resulting in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying AR signaling in the PCa is critical to identify new therapeutic targets for PCa patients. The recent advances in high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) techniques identified an increasing number of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play critical roles through various mechanisms in different diseases. Some ncRNAs have shown great potentials as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Many ncRNAs have been investigated to regulate PCa through direct association with AR. In this review, we aim to comprehensively summarize recent findings of the functional roles and molecular mechanisms of AR-related ncRNAs as AR regulators or targets in the progression of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyong Yang
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kilia Y Liu
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Leung DKW, Chiu PKF, Ng CF, Teoh JYC. Novel Strategies for Treating Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040339. [PMID: 33801751 PMCID: PMC8066514 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of castration resistance is an inevitable pathway for the vast majority of patients with advanced prostate cancer. Recently, there have been significant breakthroughs in the understanding and management options of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Three novel hormonal agents showed survival benefits in non-metastatic patients. As for metastatic disease, there was an even wider range of management options being investigated. This review summarized advances in the management of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) including emerging data on novel imaging techniques and treatment strategies.
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125
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Yan L, Banuelos CA, Mawji NR, Patrick BO, Sadar MD, Andersen RJ. Structure-Activity Relationships for the Marine Natural Product Sintokamides: Androgen Receptor N-Terminus Antagonists of Interest for Treatment of Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:797-813. [PMID: 33124806 PMCID: PMC8802828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic analogues of the marine natural product sintokamides have been prepared in order to investigate the structure-activity relationships for the androgen receptor N-terminal domain (AR NTD) antagonist activity of the sintokamide scaffold. An in vitro LNCaP cell-based transcriptional activity assay with an androgen-driven luciferase (Luc) reporter was used to monitor the potency of analogues. The data have shown that the chlorine atoms on the leucine side chains are essential for potent activity. Analogues missing the nonchlorinated methyl groups of the leucine side chains (C-1 and C-17) are just as active and in some cases more active than the natural products. Analogues with the natural R configuration at C-10 and the unnatural R configuration at C-4 are most potent. Replacing the natural propionamide N-terminus cap with the more sterically hindered pivaloylamide N-terminus cap leads to enhanced potency. The tetramic acid fragment and the methyl ether on the tetramic acid fragment are essential for activity. The SAR optimized analogue 76 is more selective, easier to synthesize, more potent, and presumed to be more resistant to proteolysis than the natural sintokamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
- Department of Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Carmen A. Banuelos
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 1L3 and Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z7
| | - Nasrin R. Mawji
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 1L3 and Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z7
| | - Brian O. Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Marianne D. Sadar
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 1L3 and Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z7
| | - Raymond J. Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
- Department of Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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Isorhamnetin inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells by targeting the mitochondrion-dependent intrinsic apoptotic and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:222067. [PMID: 32039440 PMCID: PMC7080645 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20192826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of Isorhamnetin on two types of prostate cancer cells (androgen-independent and androgen-dependent) and explored its possible mechanisms underlying such effects. Treatment with Isorhamnetin significantly inhibited cell growth and induced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release of androgen-independent DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cells, but exhibited almost no toxicity effect on androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cell line or normal human prostate epithelial PrEC cells, which was achieved by the induction of apoptosis in a mitochondrion-dependent intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Furthermore, Isorhamnetin inhibited cell migration and invasion in concentration-dependent manners by enhancing mesenchymal−epithelial transition (MET) and inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 overexpression. In addition, Isorhamnetin also down-regulated the expression of phosphorylated PI3K (p-P13K), Akt (p-Akt), and mTOR (p-mTOR) proteins in both cancer cells, revealing Isorhamnetin to be a selective PI3K–Akt–mTOR pathway inhibitor. In summary, these findings propose that Isorhamnetin might be a novel therapeutic candidate for the treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer.
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127
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He S, Lyu F, Lou L, Liu L, Li S, Jakowitsch J, Ma Y. Anti-tumor activities of Panax quinquefolius saponins and potential biomarkers in prostate cancer. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:273-286. [PMID: 33841008 PMCID: PMC8020356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate carcinoma is the second most common cancer among men worldwide. Developing new therapeutic approaches and diagnostic biomarkers for prostate cancer (PC) is a significant need. The Chinese herbal medicine Panax quinquefolius saponins (PQS) have been reported to show anti-tumor effects. We hypothesized that PQS exhibits anti-cancer activity in human PC cells and we aimed to search for novel biomarkers allowing early diagnosis of PC. METHODS We used the human PC cell line DU145 and the prostate epithelial cell line PNT2 to perform cell viability assays, flow cytometric analysis of the cell cycle, and FACS-based apoptosis assays. Microarray-based gene expression analysis was used to display specific gene expression patterns and to search for novel biomarkers. Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR were performed to demonstrate the expression levels of multiple cancer-related genes. RESULTS Our data showed that PQS inhibited the viability of DU145 cells and induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. A significant decrease in DU145 cell invasion and migration were observed after 24 h treatment by PQS. PQS up-regulated the expression levels of p21, p53, TMEM79, ACOXL, ETV5, and SPINT1 while it down-regulated the expression levels of bcl2, STAT3, FANCD2, DRD2, and TMPRSS2. CONCLUSION PQS promoted cells apoptosis and inhibited the proliferation of DU145 cells, which suggests that PQS may be effective for treating PC. TMEM79 and ACOXL were expressed significantly higher in PNT2 than in DU145 cells and could be novel biomarker candidates for PC diagnosis.
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Key Words
- ACOXL, Acyl-CoA oxidase-like protein
- Chinese medicinal herbs
- DRD2, dopamine receptor D2
- ETV5, ETS variant 5
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- FANCD2, fanconi anemia group D2
- PC, prostate cancer
- PQS, Panax quinquefolius saponins
- Panax quinquefolius
- Potential biomarkers
- Prostate cancer cells
- SPINT1, serine peptidase inhibitor Kunitz type 1
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TCM, Traditional Chinese Medicine
- TMEM79, transmembrane protein 79
- TMPRSS2, transmembrane protease serine 2
- bcl2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- p21, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21
- p53, tumor suppressor p53
- qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR
- saponins
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fangqiao Lyu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lixia Lou
- The Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Songlin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Johannes Jakowitsch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Barnaby JP, Sorribes IC, Jain HV. Relating prostate‐specific antigen leakage with vascular tumor growth in a mathematical model of prostate cancer response to androgen deprivation. COMPUTATIONAL AND SYSTEMS ONCOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cso2.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johnna P. Barnaby
- Department of Mathematics Shippensberg University Shippensburg Pennsylvania USA
| | | | - Harsh Vardhan Jain
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of Minnesota Duluth Duluth Minnesota USA
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129
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Saito Y, Mizokami A, Maeda S, Takahashi K, Izumi K, Goto M, Nakagawa-Goto K. Bicyclic Chalcones as Mitotic Inhibitors for Overcoming Androgen Receptor-Independent and Multidrug-Resistant Prostate Cancer. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:4842-4849. [PMID: 33644592 PMCID: PMC7905931 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To improve the biological effects of the lead compound 5'-chloro-2,2'-dihydroxychalcone (Cl-DHC), bicyclic aromatic chalcones were designed, synthesized, and evaluated against androgen-independent prostate cancer (PCa) DU145 and PC-3 cell proliferation. Newly synthesized bi-naphthyl derivatives 2 and 3 suppressed the proliferation of these two cell lines and also taxane-resistant prostate cancer cell lines at a submicromolar level. The two compounds were 4-18 times more potent than the parent molecule Cl-DHC. A structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that the orientation of the 10π-electron ring-A naphthalene had a significant effect on the activity. Mode-of-action studies in KB-VIN cells demonstrated that 2 and 3 arrested cells in mitosis at prometaphase and metaphase followed by induction of sub-G1 accumulation. Thus, 2 and 3 have good potential as leads for continued development of treatments for cancers especially for not only androgen-independent PCa but also multidrug-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Saito
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and
Health Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mizokami
- Department
of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Sayaka Maeda
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and
Health Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kyoko Takahashi
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and
Health Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kouji Izumi
- Department
of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Masuo Goto
- Chemical
Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kyoko Nakagawa-Goto
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and
Health Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Chemical
Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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130
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Pillai P, Pooleri GK, Nair SV. Role of Testosterone Levels on the Combinatorial Effect of Boswellia serrata Extract and Enzalutamide on Androgen Dependent LNCaP Cells and in Patient Derived Cells. Integr Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1534735421996824. [PMID: 33615860 PMCID: PMC7903822 DOI: 10.1177/1534735421996824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-therapy with herbal extracts along with current clinical drugs is being increasingly recognized as a useful complementary treatment for cancer. The anti-cancer property of the phyto-derivative acetyl-11 keto β boswellic acid (AKBA) has been studied in many cancers, including prostate cancer. However, the whole extract of the gum resin Boswellia serrata (BS) and anti-androgen enzalutamide has not been explored in prostate cancer to date. We hypothesized that the BS extract containing 30% (AKBA) with enzalutamide acted synergistically in the early phase of cancer, especially in LNCaP cells, by inhibiting androgen receptor (AR) and by reducing cell proliferation, and further, that the extract would be superior to the action of the active ingredient AKBA when used alone or in combination with enzalutamide. To test our hypothesis, we treated LNCaP cells with BS extract or AKBA and enzalutamide both individually and in combination to analyze cell viability under different levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The inhibition of androgen receptor (AR) followed by the expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and the efflux mechanism of the cells were analyzed to determine the effect of the combination on the cellular mechanism. Cells derived from prostate cancer patients were also tested with the combination. Only 6 µM enzalutamide along with BS in the range of 4.1 µg/ml to 16.4 µg/ml gave the best synergistic results with nearly 50% cell killing even though standard enzalutamide doses were as high as 48 µM. Cell killing was most effective at intermediate DHT concentrations of approximately 1 nM, which corresponds to normal physiological serum levels of DHT. The Pgp expression level and the androgen receptor expression levels were reduced under the combination treatment; the former helping to minimize drug efflux and the latter by reducing the sensitivity to hormonal changes. Furthermore, the combination reduced the PSA level secreted by the cells. In contrast, AKBA could not achieve the needed synergism for adequate cell killing at equivalent concentrations. The combination of enzalutamide and BS extract containing 30% AKBA because of their synergistic interaction is an attractive therapeutic option for treating early stage (hormone-dependent) prostate cancer and is superior to the use of AKBA alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathesha Pillai
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Ginil Kumar Pooleri
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Shantikumar V Nair
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
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McNevin CS, Baird AM, McDermott R, Finn SP. Diagnostic Strategies for Treatment Selection in Advanced Prostate Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:345. [PMID: 33669657 PMCID: PMC7922176 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate Cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among men worldwide. For most men with PCa, their disease will follow an indolent course. However, advanced PCa is associated with poor outcomes. There has been an advent of new therapeutic options with proven efficacy for advanced PCa in the last decade which has improved survival outcomes for men with this disease. Despite this, advanced PCa continues to be associated with a high rate of death. There is a lack of strong evidence guiding the timing and sequence of these novel treatment strategies. This paper focuses on a review of the strategies for diagnostic and the current evidence available for treatment selection in advanced PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara S. McNevin
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland;
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. James Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anne-Marie Baird
- School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 A440 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Ray McDermott
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tallaght University Hospital, D24 NR0A Dublin, Ireland;
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, D04 YN26 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen P. Finn
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland;
- Department of Histopathology, St. James’s Hospital, P.O. Box 580, James’s Street, D08 X4RX Dublin, Ireland
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Marcellus KA, Crawford Parks TE, Almasi S, Jasmin BJ. Distinct roles for the RNA-binding protein Staufen1 in prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:120. [PMID: 33541283 PMCID: PMC7863451 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant cancers with the second highest global rate of mortality in men. During the early stages of disease progression, tumour growth is local and androgen-dependent. Despite treatment, a large percentage of patients develop androgen-independent prostate cancer, which often results in metastases, a leading cause of mortality in these patients. Our previous work on the RNA-binding protein Staufen1 demonstrated its novel role in cancer biology, and in particular rhabdomyosarcoma tumorigenesis. To build upon this work, we have focused on the role of Staufen1 in other forms of cancer and describe here the novel and differential roles of Staufen1 in prostate cancer. METHODS Using a cell-based approach, three independent prostate cancer cell lines with different characteristics were used to evaluate the expression of Staufen1 in human prostate cancer relative to control prostate cells. The functional impact of Staufen1 on several key oncogenic features of prostate cancer cells including proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion were systematically investigated. RESULTS We show that Staufen1 levels are increased in all human prostate cancer cells examined in comparison to normal prostate epithelial cells. Furthermore, Staufen1 differentially regulates growth, migration, and invasion in the various prostate cancer cells assessed. In LNCaP prostate cancer cells, Staufen1 regulates cell proliferation through mTOR activation. Conversely, Staufen1 regulates migration and invasion of the highly invasive, bone metastatic-derived, PC3 prostate cells via the activation of focal adhesion kinase. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results show that Staufen1 has a direct impact in prostate cancer development and further demonstrate that its functions vary amongst the prostate cancer cell types. Accordingly, Staufen1 represents a novel target for the development of much-needed therapeutic strategies for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Marcellus
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8M5, Canada.,The Eric J. Poulin Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tara E Crawford Parks
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8M5, Canada.,The Eric J. Poulin Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shekoufeh Almasi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8M5, Canada.,The Eric J. Poulin Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernard J Jasmin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8M5, Canada. .,The Eric J. Poulin Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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133
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DeJongh J, Ahsman M, Snelder N. A population K-PD model analysis of long-term testosterone inhibition in prostate cancer patients undergoing intermittent androgen deprivation therapy. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2021; 48:465-477. [PMID: 33538922 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-020-09736-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent androgen deprivation therapy with gonadotropin-releasing-hormone (GnRH) agonists can prevent or delay disease progression and development of castration resistant prostate cancer for subpopulations of prostate cancer patients. It may also reduce risk and severity of side effects associated with chemical castration in prostate cancer (PCa) patients. One of the earliest comprehensively documented clinical trials on this was reported in a Canadian patient population treated with leuprorelin preceded by a lead-in with cyproterone acetate. A systems-based mixed effect analysis of testosterone response in active and recovery phases allows inference of new information from this patient population. Efficacy of androgen deprivation therapy is presumed to depend on a treshold value for testosterone at the nadir, below which no additional beneficial effects on PSA reponse can be expected, and occurance of testosterone breakthroughs during active therapy. The present analysis results in a mixed effect model, incorporating GnRH receptor activation, testosterone turnover and feedback mechanisms, describing and predicting testosterone inhibition under intermittent androgen deprivation therapy on the individual and population level, during multiple years of therapy. Testosterone levels in these patients decline over time with an estimated first order rate constant of 0.083 year-1(T1/2 = 8.4 y), with a substantial distribution among this patient population, compared to the general population. PCa patients leaving the trial due to unmanageble PSA relapse appear to have slightly higher testosterone levels at the nadir than sustained responders. These findings are expected to contribute to an increased understanding of the role of testosterone in long term disease progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost DeJongh
- LAP&P Consultants BV, Archimedesweg 31, 2333 CM, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Maurice Ahsman
- LAP&P Consultants BV, Archimedesweg 31, 2333 CM, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nelleke Snelder
- LAP&P Consultants BV, Archimedesweg 31, 2333 CM, Leiden, The Netherlands
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134
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Phasing the intranuclear organization of steroid hormone receptors. Biochem J 2021; 478:443-461. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Steroid receptors (SRs) encompass a family of transcription factors that regulate the expression of thousands of genes upon binding to steroid hormones and include the glucocorticoid, androgen, progesterone, estrogen and mineralocorticoid receptors. SRs control key physiological and pathological processes, thus becoming relevant drug targets. As with many other nuclear proteins, hormone-activated SRs concentrate in multiple discrete foci within the cell nucleus. Even though these foci were first observed ∼25 years ago, their exact structure and function remained elusive. In the last years, new imaging methodologies and theoretical frameworks improved our understanding of the intranuclear organization. These studies led to a new paradigm stating that many membraneless nuclear compartments, including transcription-related foci, form through a liquid–liquid phase separation process. These exciting ideas impacted the SR field by raising the hypothesis of SR foci as liquid condensates involved in transcriptional regulation. In this work, we review the current knowledge about SR foci formation under the light of the condensate model, analyzing how these structures may impact SR function. These new ideas, combined with state-of-the-art techniques, may shed light on the biophysical mechanisms governing the formation of SR foci and the biological function of these structures in normal physiology and disease.
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135
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Javed Z, Khan K, Rasheed A, Sadia H, Shahwani MN, Irshad A, Raza S, Salehi B, Sharifi-Rad J, Suleria HAR, Cruz-Martins N, Quispe C. Targeting androgen receptor signaling with MicroRNAs and Curcumin: a promising therapeutic approach for Prostate Cancer Prevention and intervention. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:77. [PMID: 33499881 PMCID: PMC7836194 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01777-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is a multifactorial disease characterized by the abrogation of androgen receptor signaling. Advancement in microbiology techniques has highlighted the significant role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the progression of PC cells from an androgen-dependent to an androgen-independent state. At that stage, prostate tumors also fail to respond to currently practiced hormone therapies. So, studies in recent decades are focused on investigating the anti-tumor effects of natural compounds in PC. Curcumin is widely recognized and now of huge prestige for its anti-proliferative abilities in different types of cancer. However, its limited solubility, compatibility, and instability in the aqueous phase are major hurdles when administering. Nanoformulations have proven to be an excellent drug delivery system for various drugs and can be used as potential delivery platforms for curcumin in PC. In this review, a shed light is given on the miRNAs-mediated regulation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling and miRNA-curcumin interplay in PC, as well as on curcumin-based nanoformulations that can be used as possible therapeutic solutions for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Javed
- Office for Research Innovation and Commercialization, Lahore Garrison University, DHA, Sector-C, Phase VI, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Khushbukhat Khan
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amna Rasheed
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Haleema Sadia
- Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naeem Shahwani
- Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Asma Irshad
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Raza
- Office for Research Innovation and Commercialization, Lahore Garrison University, DHA, Sector-C, Phase VI, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador.
| | - Hafiz A R Suleria
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal. .,Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal. .,Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Avda. Arturo Prat 2120, 1110939, Iquique, Chile.
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136
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Li J, Xiong C, Xu P, Luo Q, Zhang R. Puerarin induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells via inactivation of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. Bioengineered 2021; 12:402-413. [PMID: 33356808 PMCID: PMC8291817 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1868733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the antitumor effects of Puerarin (PEU) on androgen-independent (DU145 and PC-3) and androgen-dependent (LNCaP) prostate cancer cells, and explored its potential mechanisms. Supplement with PEU (2.5 μM, 5 μM, and 10 μM) exhibited a marked inhibitory effect against the growth of DU145 and PC-3 cells, especially beyond 24 h, whereas there is only slight growth inhibitory effect on LNCaP cells at the high concentration of 10 μM at 72 h. This loss of cell viability in DU145 and PC-3 cells by PEU was mediated by the induction of apoptosis via up-regulation of Bax and cleaved-caspase-3, but downregulation of Bcl-2. Moreover, more intracellular ROS and LDH production were observed in DU145 and PC-3 cells upon PEU treatment. Meanwhile, the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) was increased, but the content of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 was attenuated. Additionally, PEU pretreatment resulted in an increase of Keap1 protein expression, and a decline of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1 protein expression in DU145 and PC3 cells. The present findings indicated that PEU exerted its antitumor activities toward androgen-independent prostate cancer cells via inactivation of Keap1/NrF2/ARE signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Li
- Urology Surgery Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China.,Urology Surgery Department, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Fengjie , Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Xiong
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Chengdu,China
| | - Pan Xu
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Luo
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Ronggui Zhang
- Urology Surgery Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
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137
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Maitland NJ. Resistance to Antiandrogens in Prostate Cancer: Is It Inevitable, Intrinsic or Induced? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:327. [PMID: 33477370 PMCID: PMC7829888 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly sophisticated therapies for chemical castration dominate first-line treatments for locally advanced prostate cancer. However, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) offers little prospect of a cure, as resistant tumors emerge rather rapidly, normally within 30 months. Cells have multiple mechanisms of resistance to even the most sophisticated drug regimes, and both tumor cell heterogeneity in prostate cancer and the multiple salvage pathways result in castration-resistant disease related genetically to the original hormone-naive cancer. The timing and mechanisms of cell death after ADT for prostate cancer are not well understood, and off-target effects after long-term ADT due to functional extra-prostatic expression of the androgen receptor protein are now increasingly being recorded. Our knowledge of how these widely used treatments fail at a biological level in patients is deficient. In this review, I will discuss whether there are pre-existing drug-resistant cells in a tumor mass, or whether resistance is induced/selected by the ADT. Equally, what is the cell of origin of this resistance, and does it differ from the treatment-naïve tumor cells by differentiation or dedifferentiation? Conflicting evidence also emerges from studies in the range of biological systems and species employed to answer this key question. It is only by improving our understanding of this aspect of treatment and not simply devising another new means of androgen inhibition that we can improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman J Maitland
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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138
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Whon TW, Kim HS, Shin N, Jung ES, Tak EJ, Sung H, Jung M, Jeong Y, Hyun D, Kim PS, Jang YK, Lee CH, Bae J. Male castration increases adiposity via small intestinal microbial alterations. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e50663. [PMID: 33225575 PMCID: PMC7788444 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Castration of young males is widely used in the cattle industry to improve meat quality, but the mechanism linking hypogonadism and host metabolism is not clear. Here, we use metataxonomic and metabolomic approaches to evaluate the intestinal microbiota and host metabolism in male, castrated male (CtM), and female cattle. After pubescence, the CtM cattle harbor distinct ileal microbiota dominated by the family Peptostreptococcaceae and exhibit distinct serum and muscle amino acid profiles (i.e., highly abundant branched-chain amino acids), with increased extra- and intramuscular fat storage. We also evaluate the causative factor(s) that underpin the alteration of the intestinal microbiota and host metabolic phenotype in response to hypogonadism. Castration of male mice phenocopies both the intestinal microbial alterations and obese-prone metabolism observed in cattle. Antibiotic treatment and fecal microbiota transplantation experiments in a mouse model confirm that the intestinal microbial alterations associated with hypogonadism are a key contributor to the obese phenotype in the CtM animals. Collectively, targeting the gut microbiota is a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of both hypogonadism and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Woong Whon
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of BiologyKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
- Present address:
Microbiology and Functionality Research GroupWorld Institute of KimchiGwangjuKorea
| | - Hyun Sik Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of BiologyKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Na‐Ri Shin
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of BiologyKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
- Present address:
Biological Resource CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyJeongeup‐si, Jeollabuk‐doKorea
| | - Eun Sung Jung
- Department of Bioscience and BiotechnologyKonkuk UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Euon Jung Tak
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of BiologyKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Hojun Sung
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of BiologyKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Mi‐Ja Jung
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of BiologyKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Yun‐Seok Jeong
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of BiologyKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Dong‐Wook Hyun
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of BiologyKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Pil Soo Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of BiologyKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Yu Kyung Jang
- Department of Bioscience and BiotechnologyKonkuk UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Choong Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and BiotechnologyKonkuk UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Jin‐Woo Bae
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of BiologyKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
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139
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Reckell T, Nguyen K, Phan T, Crook S, Kostelich EJ, Kuang Y. Modeling the synergistic properties of drugs in hormonal treatment for prostate cancer. J Theor Biol 2021; 514:110570. [PMID: 33422609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in men, with increasing incidence worldwide. This public health concern has inspired considerable effort to study various aspects of prostate cancer treatment using dynamical models, especially in clinical settings. The standard of care for metastatic prostate cancer is hormonal therapy, which reduces the production of androgen that fuels the growth of prostate tumor cells prior to treatment resistance. Existing population models often use patients' prostate-specific antigen levels as a biomarker for model validation and for finding optimal treatment schedules; however, the synergistic effects of drugs used in hormonal therapy have not been well-examined. This paper describes the first mathematical model that explicitly incorporates the synergistic effects of two drugs used to inhibit androgen production in hormonal therapy. The drugs are cyproterone acetate, representing the drug family of anti-androgens that affect luteinizing hormones, and leuprolide acetate, representing the drug family of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs. By fitting the model to clinical data, we show that the proposed model can capture the dynamics of serum androgen levels during intermittent hormonal therapy better than previously published models. Our results highlight the importance of considering the synergistic effects of drugs in cancer treatment, thus suggesting that the dynamics of the drugs should be taken into account in optimal treatment studies, particularly for adaptive therapy. Otherwise, an unrealistic treatment schedule may be prescribed and render the treatment less effective. Furthermore, the drug dynamics allow our model to explain the delay in the relapse of androgen the moment a patient is taken off treatment, which supports that this delay is due to the residual effects of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Reckell
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, 901 S. Palm Walk, Tempe, AZ 85287-1804, USA
| | - Kyle Nguyen
- Biomathematics Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, 2700 Katharine Stinson Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; Center for Research in Scientific Computation, North Carolina State University, 2700 Katharine Stinson Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Tin Phan
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, 901 S. Palm Walk, Tempe, AZ 85287-1804, USA
| | - Sharon Crook
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, 901 S. Palm Walk, Tempe, AZ 85287-1804, USA
| | - Eric J Kostelich
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, 901 S. Palm Walk, Tempe, AZ 85287-1804, USA
| | - Yang Kuang
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, 901 S. Palm Walk, Tempe, AZ 85287-1804, USA
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140
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Wei C, Chen T, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Shi D, Jiang Z, Li K, Xiao L, Shen J. A Novel White-to-Blue Colony Formation Assay to Select for Optimized sgRNAs. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:1-12. [PMID: 33047235 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-020-00280-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing technology consists of a single-guide RNA (sgRNA), and the Cas9 endonuclease has the potential to treat genetic diseases in most tissues and organisms. In this system, the Cas9 protein can be directed to target genomic DNA sequences as "molecular scissors" with the guidance of sgRNAs. However, the target-specific activities of different sgRNAs are highly variable; thus, it is crucial to search for a simple, quick and economical method to screen for optimized sgRNAs with high target specificity. We have adopted and verified a newly developed white-to-blue colony formation assay to quickly screen for sgRNAs optimized for the EphA2 gene, which is highly expressed in hormone-resistant prostate cancer (PC-3) cells. This assay promises to screen for optimized sgRNAs more simply, rapidly, and efficiently. Our results suggest that the white-to-blue colony formation assay might be a useful screening strategy to quickly select for optimized sgRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaogang Wei
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueyue Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dai Shi
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Li
- Center of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xiao
- Center of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Junkang Shen
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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141
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Sugiura M, Sato H, Okabe A, Fukuyo M, Mano Y, Shinohara KI, Rahmutulla B, Higuchi K, Maimaiti M, Kanesaka M, Imamura Y, Furihata T, Sakamoto S, Komiya A, Anzai N, Kanai Y, Luo J, Ichikawa T, Kaneda A. Identification of AR-V7 downstream genes commonly targeted by AR/AR-V7 and specifically targeted by AR-V7 in castration resistant prostate cancer. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:100915. [PMID: 33096335 PMCID: PMC7581977 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary prostate cancer (PC) progresses to castration-resistant PC (CRPC) under androgen deprivation therapy, by mechanisms e.g. expression of androgen receptor (AR) splice variant-7 (AR-V7). Here we conducted comprehensive epigenome and transcriptome analyses comparing LNCaP, primary PC cells, and LNCaP95, AR-V7-expressing CRPC cells derived from LNCaP. Of 399 AR-V7 target regions identified through ChIP-seq analysis, 377 could be commonly targeted by hormone-stimulated AR, and 22 were specifically targeted by AR-V7. Among genes neighboring to these AR-V7 target regions, 78 genes were highly expressed in LNCaP95, while AR-V7 knockdown led to significant repression of these genes and suppression of growth of LNCaP95. Of the 78 AR-V7 target genes, 74 were common AR/AR-V7 target genes and 4 were specific AR-V7 target genes; their most suppressed genes by AR-V7 knockdown were NUP210 and SLC3A2, respectively, and underwent subsequent analyses. NUP210 and SLC3A2 were significantly upregulated in clinical CRPC tissues, and their knockdown resulted in significant suppression of cellular growth of LNCaP95 through apoptosis and growth arrest. Collectively, AR-V7 contributes to CRPC proliferation by activating both common AR/AR-V7 target and specific AR-V7 target, e.g. NUP210 and SLC3A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sugiura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okabe
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukuyo
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Mano
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Shinohara
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Bahityar Rahmutulla
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kosuke Higuchi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Maihulan Maimaiti
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Manato Kanesaka
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Imamura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomomi Furihata
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sakamoto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akira Komiya
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Department of Bio-system Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tomohiko Ichikawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaneda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan.
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Park S, Kang M, Kim S, An HT, Gettemans J, Ko J. α-Actinin-4 Promotes the Progression of Prostate Cancer Through the Akt/GSK-3β/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:588544. [PMID: 33363146 PMCID: PMC7758325 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.588544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The first-line treatment for prostate cancer (PCa) is androgen ablation therapy. However, prostate tumors generally recur and progress to androgen-independent PCa (AIPC) within 2–3 years. α-Actinin-4 (ACTN4) is an actin-binding protein that belongs to the spectrin gene superfamily and acts as an oncogene in various cancer types. Although ACTN4 is involved in tumorigenesis and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition of cervical cancer, the role of ACTN4 in PCa remains unknown. We found that the ACTN4 expression level increased during the transition from androgen-dependent PCa to AIPC. ACTN4 overexpression resulted in enhanced proliferation and motility of PCa cells. Increased β-catenin due to ACTN4 promoted the transcription of genes involved in proliferation and metastasis such as CCND1 and ZEB1. ACTN4-overexpressing androgen-sensitive PCa cells were able to grow in charcoal-stripped media. In contrast, ACTN4 knockdown using si-ACTN4 and ACTN4 nanobody suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of AIPC cells. Results of the xenograft experiment revealed that the mice injected with LNCaPACTN4 cells exhibited an increase in tumor mass compared with those injected with LNCaPMock cells. These results indicate that ACTN4 is involved in AIPC transition and promotes the progression of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungyeon Park
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minsoo Kang
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suhyun Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyoung-Tae An
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jesang Ko
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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143
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Afshari A, Janfeshan S, Yaghobi R, Roozbeh J, Azarpira N. Covid-19 pathogenesis in prostatic cancer and TMPRSS2-ERG regulatory genetic pathway. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 88:104669. [PMID: 33301988 PMCID: PMC7720011 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Members of Coronaviridae family have been the source of respiratory illnesses. The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 that produced a severe lung disease in afflicted patients in China and other countries was the reason for the incredible attention paid toward this viral infection. It is known that SARS-CoV-2 is dependent on TMPRSS2 activity for entrance and subsequent infection of the host cells and TMPRSS2 is a host cell molecule that is important for the spread of viruses such as coronaviruses. Different factors can increase the risk of prostate cancer, including older age, a family history of the disease. Androgen receptor (AR) initiates a transcriptional cascade which plays a serious role in both normal and malignant prostate tissues. TMPRSS2 protein is highly expressed in prostate secretory epithelial cells, and its expression is dependent on androgen signals. One of the molecular signs of prostate cancer is TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion. In TMPRSS2-ERG-positive prostate cancers different patterns of changed gene expression can be detected. The possible molecular relation between fusion positive prostate cancer patients and the increased risk of lethal respiratory viral infections especially SARS-CoV-2 can candidate TMPRSS2 as an attractive drug target. The studies show that some molecules such as nicotinamide, PARP1, ETS and IL-1R can be studied deeper in order to control SARS-CoV-2 infection especially in prostate cancer patients. This review attempts to investigate the possible relation between the gene expression pattern that is produced through TMPRSS2-ERG fusion positive prostate cancer and the possible influence of these fluctuations on the pathogenesis and development of viral infections such as SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsoon Afshari
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sahar Janfeshan
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jamshid Roozbeh
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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144
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Lee GT, Nagaya N, Desantis J, Madura K, Sabaawy HE, Kim WJ, Vaz RJ, Cruciani G, Kim IY. Effects of MTX-23, a Novel PROTAC of Androgen Receptor Splice Variant-7 and Androgen Receptor, on CRPC Resistant to Second-Line Antiandrogen Therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 20:490-499. [PMID: 33277442 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although second-line antiandrogen therapy (SAT) is the standard of care in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), resistance inevitably occurs. One major proposed mechanism of resistance to SAT involves the emergence of androgen receptor (AR) splice variant-7, AR-V7. Recently, we developed MTX-23 using the principle of proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) to target both AR-V7 and AR-full length (AR-FL). MTX-23 has been designed to simultaneously bind AR's DNA binding domain (DBD) and the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) E3 ubiquitin ligase. Immunoblots demonstrated that MTX-23's degradation concentration 50% (DC50) for AR-V7 and AR-FL was 0.37 and 2 μmol/L, respectively. Further studies revealed that MTX-23 inhibited prostate cancer cellular proliferation and increased apoptosis only in androgen-responsive prostate cancer cells. The antiproliferative effect of MTX-23 was partially reversed when either AR-V7 or AR-FL was overexpressed and was completely abrogated when both were overexpressed. To assess the potential therapeutic value of MTX-23, we next generated 12 human prostate cancer cell lines that are resistant to the four FDA-approved SAT agents-abiraterone, enzalutamide, apalutamide, and darolutamide. When resistant cells were treated with MTX-23, decreased cellular proliferation and reduced tumor growth were observed both in vitro and in mice. These results collectively suggest that MTX-23 is a novel PROTAC small molecule that may be effective against SAT-resistant CRPC by degrading both AR-V7 and AR-FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Taek Lee
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, and Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Naoya Nagaya
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, and Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Jenny Desantis
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Kiran Madura
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Hatem E Sabaawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey.,Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, and Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Roy J Vaz
- Montelino Therapeutics, LLC, Southborough, Massachusetts
| | - Gabriele Cruciani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Isaac Yi Kim
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, and Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
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145
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Bhattacharya U, Neizer-Ashun F, Mukherjee P, Bhattacharya R. When the chains do not break: the role of USP10 in physiology and pathology. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:1033. [PMID: 33277473 PMCID: PMC7718870 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Deubiquitination is now understood to be as important as its partner ubiquitination for the maintenance of protein half-life, activity, and localization under both normal and pathological conditions. The enzymes that remove ubiquitin from target proteins are called deubiquitinases (DUBs) and they regulate a plethora of cellular processes. DUBs are essential enzymes that maintain intracellular protein homeostasis by recycling ubiquitin. Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification where ubiquitin molecules are added to proteins thus influencing activation, localization, and complex formation. Ubiquitin also acts as a tag for protein degradation, especially by proteasomal or lysosomal degradation systems. With ~100 members, DUBs are a large enzyme family; the ubiquitin-specific peptidases (USPs) being the largest group. USP10, an important member of this family, has enormous significance in diverse cellular processes and many human diseases. In this review, we discuss recent studies that define the roles of USP10 in maintaining cellular function, its involvement in human pathologies, and the molecular mechanisms underlying its association with cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. We also discuss efforts to modulate USPs as therapy in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udayan Bhattacharya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Fiifi Neizer-Ashun
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA. .,Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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146
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Thelen P, Taubert H, Duensing S, Kristiansen G, Merseburger AS, Cronauer MV. [The impact of the androgen receptor splice variant AR-V7 on the prognosis and treatment of advanced prostate cancer]. Aktuelle Urol 2020; 51:582-592. [PMID: 29370587 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-115426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A recently discovered mechanism enabling prostate cancer cells to escape the effects of endocrine therapies consists in the synthesis of C-terminally truncated, constitutively active androgen receptor (AR) splice variants (AR-V). Devoid of a functional C-terminal hormone/ligand binding domain, various AR-Vs are insensitive to therapies targeting the androgen/AR signalling axis. Preliminary studies suggest that AR-V7, the most common AR-V, is a promising predictive tumour marker and a relevant selection marker for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. This review critically outlines recent advances in AR-V7 diagnostics and presents an overview of current AR-V7 targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Thelen
- Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen
| | - H. Taubert
- Urologische und Kinderurologische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen
| | - S. Duensing
- Urologische Klinik, Sektion für Molekulare Uro-Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg
| | - G. Kristiansen
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, 53127 Bonn
| | - A. S. Merseburger
- Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein – Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck
| | - M. V. Cronauer
- Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein – Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck
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147
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Aguilera M, Gálvez-Ontiveros Y, Rivas A. Endobolome, a New Concept for Determining the Influence of Microbiota Disrupting Chemicals (MDC) in Relation to Specific Endocrine Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:578007. [PMID: 33329442 PMCID: PMC7733930 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.578007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous steroid hormones and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDC) interact with gut microbiota through different pathways. We suggest the use of the term "endobolome" when referring to the group of gut microbiota genes and pathways involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones and EDC. States of dysbiosis and reduced diversity of the gut microbiota may impact and modify the endobolome resulting at long-term in the development of certain pathophysiological conditions. The endobolome might play a central role in the gut microbiota as seen by the amount of potentially endobolome-mediated diseases and thereby it can be considered an useful diagnostic tool and therapeutic target for future functional research strategies that envisage the use of next generation of probiotics. In addition, we propose that EDC and other xenobiotics that alter the gut microbial composition and its metabolic capacities should be categorized into a subgroup termed "microbiota disrupting chemicals" (MDC). This will help to distinguish the role of contaminants from other microbiota natural modifiers such as those contained or released from diet, environment, physical activity and stress. These MDC might have the ability to promote specific changes in the microbiota that can ultimately result in common intestinal and chronic or long-term systemic diseases in the host. The risk of developing certain disorders associated with gut microbiota changes should be established by determining both the effects of the MDC on gut microbiota and the impact of microbiota changes on chemicals metabolism and host susceptibility. In any case, further animal controlled experiments, clinical trials and large epidemiological studies are required in order to establish the concatenated impact of the MDC-microbiota-host health axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Aguilera
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Yolanda Gálvez-Ontiveros
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Rivas
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.,Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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148
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Curcumin against Prostate Cancer: Current Evidence. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111536. [PMID: 33182828 PMCID: PMC7696488 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a condition characterized by remarkably enhanced rates of cell proliferation paired with evasion of cell death. These deregulated cellular processes take place following genetic mutations leading to the activation of oncogenes, the loss of tumor suppressor genes, and the disruption of key signaling pathways that control and promote homeostasis. Plant extracts and plant-derived compounds have historically been utilized as medicinal remedies in different cultures due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Many chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of cancer are derived from plants, and the scientific interest in discovering plant-derived chemicals with anticancer potential continues today. Curcumin, a turmeric-derived polyphenol, has been reported to possess antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties. In the present review, we summarize all the in vitro and in vivo studies examining the effects of curcumin in prostate cancer.
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149
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Naito Y, Kato M, Kawanishi H, Yuguchi Y, Yuba T, Ishikawa T, Hattori K, Yamamoto A, Sano T, Matsukawa Y, Kimura T, Nishikimi T, Hattori R, Tsuzuki T, Gotoh M. The clinical benefit of sequential therapy with androgen receptor axis-targeted agents alone in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer: A propensity score-matched comparison study. Prostate 2020; 80:1373-1380. [PMID: 32914895 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal sequential therapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains unknown. In recent years, some doubts have emerged regarding the clinical benefit of sequential therapy with androgen receptor axis-targeted agents (ART) such as abiraterone (ABI) or enzalutamide (ENZ) for patients with CRPC. We compared the effect of ART-to-ART (AA) sequential therapy after castration resistance with that of docetaxel (DTX)-combined sequential therapy (ART to DTX or DTX to ART) in patients with CRPC. METHODS We retrospectively identified and analyzed the data of 315 patients with CRPC treated in our seven affiliated institutions between 2009 and 2019. All patients received either DTX or ART (ABI or ENZ) as the first- or second-line therapy after castration resistance. We compared the overall survival (OS) and the second progression-free survival (PFS2), calculated from the initiation of first-line therapy after castration resistance, between the AA sequence group and the DTX-combined sequence group. PFS2 was defined as the period from the start of first-line treatment after castration resistance to progression on second-line treatment. To minimize selection bias from possible confounders, we performed propensity score matching using one-to-one nearest neighbor matching without replacement. RESULTS Overall, 106 and 209 patients were administered the AA sequential therapy and DTX-combined sequential therapy, respectively. The clinicopathological variables of patients were well balanced after propensity score matching, and there were no significant differences between the two groups. In the propensity score-matched cohort, OS was not significantly different between the two groups (median, 37.9 vs. 45.4 months; hazard ratio [HR], 1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68-1.79; p = .701), while PFS2 was significantly shorter in the AA group than in the DTX-combined group (median, 12.9 vs. 21.6 months; HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.16-2.48; p = .007). CONCLUSIONS Certain patients with CRPC can benefit from ART-to-ART sequential therapy in a daily clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Naito
- Department of Urology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masashi Kato
- Department of Urology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideji Kawanishi
- Department of Urology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Yuri Yuguchi
- Department of Urology, Chukyo Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takuma Yuba
- Department of Urology, Kariya Toyota General Hospital, Kariya, Japan
| | | | | | - Akiyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Urology, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, Toyohashi, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Sano
- Department of Urology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Matsukawa
- Department of Urology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toru Kimura
- Department of Urology, Chukyo Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nishikimi
- Department of Urology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daini Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryohei Hattori
- Department of Urology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daiichi Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyonori Tsuzuki
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan
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150
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Gat Y, Joshua S, Vuk‐Pavlović S, Goren M. Paying the price for standing tall: Fluid mechanics of prostate pathology. Prostate 2020; 80:1297-1303. [PMID: 32833288 PMCID: PMC7754396 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-dependent increase in the incidence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) are both related to cell proliferation and survival controlled by intraprostatic free testosterone (FT) concentration. Paradoxically, BPH and PCa occur as circulating testosterone levels decrease, so any possible relationship between testosterone levels and development of BPH and PCa remains obscure. RESULTS In BPH the enlarging prostate is exposed to high testosterone levels arriving directly from the testes at concentrations about hundredfold higher than systemic FT. This occurs because venous blood from the testes is diverted into the prostate due to the elevated hydrostatic pressure of blood in the internal spermatic veins (ISVs). Elevated pressure is caused by the destruction of one-way valves (clinically detected as varicocele), a unique phenomenon related to human erect posture. While standing, human males are ISVs vertically oriented, resulting in high intraluminal hydrostatic pressures-a phenomenon not found in quadrupeds. In this communication, we demonstrate the fluid mechanics' phenomena at the basis of varicocele leading to prostate pathology. CONCLUSIONS So far, varicocele has been studied mostly for its etiologic role in male infertility and, thus, for its effects on the testes. It is becoming clear that varicocele is a major etiologic factor in BPH and likely also in PCa. Restoring normal testicular venous pressure by treatment of the abnormal ISV's in varicocele has been shown to avert the flow from the prostate with the effect of reducing prostate volume, alleviating symptoms of BPH, and increasing concentrations of circulating FT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigal Gat
- Andrology and Interventional Radiology UnitMayanei Hayeshua Medical CenterBnei BrakIsrael
- Department of Condensed Matter PhysicsThe Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Sharon Joshua
- Andrology and Interventional Radiology UnitMayanei Hayeshua Medical CenterBnei BrakIsrael
| | | | - Menachem Goren
- Andrology and Interventional Radiology UnitMayanei Hayeshua Medical CenterBnei BrakIsrael
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