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Atosuo J, Suominen E. A real-time-based in vitro assessment of the oxidative antimicrobial mechanisms of the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-halide system. Mol Immunol 2019; 116:38-44. [PMID: 31593870 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mammals have evolved a special cellular mechanism for killing invading microbes, which is called the phagocytosis. Neutrophils are the first phagocytosing cells that migrate into the site of infection. In these cells, hypochlorite (HOCl) and other hypohalites, generated in the myeloperoxidase (MPO)-hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-halide system is primarily responsible for oxidative killing. Here, we present a method for assessing these oxidative mechanisms in an in vitro cell-free system in a kinetical real-time-based manner by utilizing a bioluminescent bacterial probe called Escherichia coli-lux. The E. coli-lux method provides a practical tool for assessing the effects of various elementary factors in the MPO-H2O2-halide system. Due to the reported versatile intracellular pH and halide concentration during the formation of the phagolysosome and respiratory burst, the antimicrobial activity of the MPO-H2O2-halide system undergoes extensive alterations. Here, we show that at a physiological pH or lower, the antimicrobial activity of MPO is high, and the system effectively enhances the H2O2-dependent oxidative killing of E. coli by chlorination. The HOCl formed in this reaction is a prominent microbe killer. During the respiratory burst, there is a shift to a more alkaline environment. At pH 7.8, the chlorinating activity of MPO was shown to be absent, and the activity of the HOCl decreased. At this higher pH, the activity of H2O2 is enhanced and high enough to kill E. coli without the participation of MPO, and the lowered chloride concentration seemed still to enhance the H2O2-dependent killing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Atosuo
- Department of Biochemistry/Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Clinical Department/Clinical Research Unit TROSSI University of Turku Biocity, Tykistökatu 6, 6th floor, 20250 Turku Finland.
| | - Eetu Suominen
- Department of Biochemistry/Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Clinical Department/Clinical Research Unit TROSSI University of Turku Biocity, Tykistökatu 6, 6th floor, 20250 Turku Finland.
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102
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Networks that stop the flow: A fresh look at fibrin and neutrophil extracellular traps. Thromb Res 2019; 182:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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103
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Klatt D, Cheng E, Philipp F, Selich A, Dahlke J, Schmidt RE, Schott JW, Büning H, Hoffmann D, Thrasher AJ, Schambach A. Targeted Repair of p47-CGD in iPSCs by CRISPR/Cas9: Functional Correction without Cleavage in the Highly Homologous Pseudogenes. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:590-598. [PMID: 31543470 PMCID: PMC6829751 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the NADPH oxidase, which is crucial for the respiratory burst in phagocytes, result in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). The only curative treatment option for CGD patients, who suffer from severe infections, is allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Over 90% of patients with mutations in the p47phox subunit of the oxidase complex carry the deletion c.75_76delGT (ΔGT). This frequent mutation most likely originates via gene conversion from one of the two pseudogenes NCF1B or NCF1C, which are highly homologous to NCF1 (encodes p47phox) but carry the ΔGT mutation. We applied CRISPR/Cas9 to generate patient-like p47-ΔGT iPSCs for disease modeling. To avoid unpredictable chromosomal rearrangements by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated cleavage in the pseudogenes, we developed a gene-correction approach to specifically target NCF1 but leave the pseudogenes intact. Functional assays revealed restored NADPH oxidase activity and killing of bacteria in corrected phagocytes as well as the specificity of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Klatt
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Erica Cheng
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Friederike Philipp
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anton Selich
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Dahlke
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold E Schmidt
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Juliane W Schott
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hildegard Büning
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmann
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Program, Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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104
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Clancy DM, Sullivan GP, Moran HBT, Henry CM, Reeves EP, McElvaney NG, Lavelle EC, Martin SJ. Extracellular Neutrophil Proteases Are Efficient Regulators of IL-1, IL-33, and IL-36 Cytokine Activity but Poor Effectors of Microbial Killing. Cell Rep 2019. [PMID: 29539422 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil granule proteases are thought to function as anti-microbial effectors, cooperatively hydrolyzing microorganisms within phagosomes, or upon deployment into the extracellular space. However, evidence also suggests that neutrophil proteases play an important role in the coordination and escalation of inflammatory reactions, but how this is achieved has been obscure. IL-1 family cytokines are important initiators of inflammation and are typically released via necrosis but require proteolytic processing for activation. Here, we show that proteases liberated from activated neutrophils can positively or negatively regulate the activity of six IL-1 family cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-33, IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ) with exquisite sensitivity. In contrast, extracellular neutrophil proteases displayed very poor bactericidal activity, exhibiting 100-fold greater potency toward cytokine processing than bacterial killing. Thus, in addition to their classical role as phagocytes, neutrophils play an important immunoregulatory role through deployment of their granule proteases into the extracellular space to process multiple IL-1 family cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Clancy
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Graeme P Sullivan
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hannah B T Moran
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Conor M Henry
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Emer P Reeves
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Noel G McElvaney
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Ed C Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Seamus J Martin
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Abstract
Disseminated candidiasis is a life-threatening disease and remains the most common bloodstream infection in hospitalized patients in the United States. Despite the availability of modern antifungal therapy, crude mortality in the last decade has remained unacceptably high. In particular, Candida auris is a multidrug-resistant, health care-associated fungal pathogen and has recently emerged as the first fungal pathogen to cause a global public health threat. A reliable animal model for disseminated C. auris candidiasis is therefore needed to study the unique aspects of this little-known host-pathogen interaction. In this study, we established an inbred A/J intravenous model as an appropriate model for human disseminated C. auris infection. We found that C5 deficiency in A/J mice results in a complex phenotype characterized by rapid fungal proliferation in target organs and the development of a unique and rapidly fatal response. In contrast, C57BL/6J mice and mice deficient in neutrophil elastase (NE-/-) survived high-dose C. auris intravenous challenge, even with cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced immunosuppression. Our study is the first to provide insight into the role of C5 in the host responses to C. auris invasive infection and establishes an inbred A/J mouse model of systemic C. auris infection without CY-induced immunosuppression.IMPORTANCE In the last decade, Candida auris has emerged globally as a multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen. Although C. auris was initially isolated from the external ear canal, it can cause outbreaks of invasive infections with very high mortality and comorbidities. Recent reports highlight the ongoing challenges due to organism misidentification, high rates of multifungal drug resistance, and unacceptably high patient mortality. The assessment of C. auris virulence in a specific genetic deficiency mouse model of invasive C. auris infection in this study contributes to the little knowledge of host defense to C. auris infection, which holds promise as a model for investigating the pathogenesis of C. auris invasive infection, exploring the immune responses elicited by the fungus, evaluating the possible induction of immunity to the infection, and targeting candidates for an antifungal vaccine.
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106
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Lystad AH, Simonsen A. Mechanisms and Pathophysiological Roles of the ATG8 Conjugation Machinery. Cells 2019; 8:E973. [PMID: 31450711 PMCID: PMC6769624 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their initial discovery around two decades ago, the yeast autophagy-related (Atg)8 protein and its mammalian homologues of the light chain 3 (LC3) and γ-aminobutyric acid receptor associated proteins (GABARAP) families have been key for the tremendous expansion of our knowledge about autophagy, a process in which cytoplasmic material become targeted for lysosomal degradation. These proteins are ubiquitin-like proteins that become directly conjugated to a lipid in the autophagy membrane upon induction of autophagy, thus providing a marker of the pathway, allowing studies of autophagosome biogenesis and maturation. Moreover, the ATG8 proteins function to recruit components of the core autophagy machinery as well as cargo for selective degradation. Importantly, comprehensive structural and biochemical in vitro studies of the machinery required for ATG8 protein lipidation, as well as their genetic manipulation in various model organisms, have provided novel insight into the molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological roles of the mATG8 proteins. Recently, it has become evident that the ATG8 proteins and their conjugation machinery are also involved in intracellular pathways and processes not related to autophagy. This review focuses on the molecular functions of ATG8 proteins and their conjugation machinery in autophagy and other pathways, as well as their links to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alf Håkon Lystad
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 1112 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 1112 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
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107
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Crocetti L, Quinn MT, Schepetkin IA, Giovannoni MP. A patenting perspective on human neutrophil elastase (HNE) inhibitors (2014-2018) and their therapeutic applications. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:555-578. [PMID: 31204543 PMCID: PMC9642779 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1630379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human neutrophil elastase (HNE) is involved in a variety of serious chronic diseases, especially cardiopulmonary pathologies. For this reason, the regulation of HNE activity represents a promising therapeutic approach, which is evident by the development of a number of new and selective HNE inhibitors, both in the academic and pharmaceutical environments. AREAS COVERED The present review analyzes and summarizes the patent literature regarding human neutrophil elastase inhibitors for the treatment of cardiopulmonary diseases over 2014-2018. EXPERT OPINION HNE is an interesting and defined target to treat various inflammatory diseases, including a number of cardiopulmonary pathologies. The research in this field is quite active, and a number of HNE inhibitors are currently in various stages of clinical development. In addition, new opportunities for HNE inhibitor development stem from recent studies demonstrating the involvement of HNE in many other inflammatory pathologies, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, skin diseases, and cancer. Furthermore, the development of dual HNE/proteinase 3 inhibitors is being pursued as an innovative approach for the treatment of neutrophilic inflammatory diseases. Thus, these new developments will likely stimulate new and increased interest in this important therapeutic target and for the development of novel and selective HNE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Crocetti
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - MT Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - IA Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - MP Giovannoni
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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108
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Kumar S, Gupta E, Kaushik S, Srivastava VK, Saxena J, Mehta S, Jyoti A. Quantification of NETs formation in neutrophil and its correlation with the severity of sepsis and organ dysfunction. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 495:606-610. [PMID: 31181192 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous study from this lab has discerned oxidative, nitrosative stress and their relationship with cytokines contributing to the severity of sepsis and organ dysfunction. Cytokines are known to induce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation via free radicals generation. Hyper-activation of neutrophil leads to the increased NETs formation or ineffective clearance of NETs would likely increase the risk of auto-antibody generation against NETs components and being partly responsible for the sepsis severity and organ dysfunction. The present study was undertaken to further assess the status of NETs formation and their correlation with severity of sepsis, with the cytokines and organ dysfunction. METHODS The level of NETs formation, DNA release, elastase release, and inflammatory cytokines was determined in 80 sepsis patients and 45 healthy volunteers. Their linearity with organ parameters and associations with sepsis severity were also assessed. RESULTS NETs formation experiment was carried out and it was significantly higher in sepsis (70%) compared to control (30%). NETs % were positively correlated with severity of sepsis and organ dysfunction. Pearson's correlation coefficient demonstrated a direct relation between NETs components and organ parameters with Sepsis severity scores. CONCLUSION NETs formation is significantly higher due to which it is contributing to the sepsis severity and organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanni Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Amity Education Valley, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur-Delhi Highway, Jaipur 303002, India
| | - Ena Gupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Amity Education Valley, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur-Delhi Highway, Jaipur 303002, India
| | - Sanket Kaushik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Amity Education Valley, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur-Delhi Highway, Jaipur 303002, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Amity Education Valley, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur-Delhi Highway, Jaipur 303002, India
| | - Juhi Saxena
- Dr. B. Lal Institute of Biotechnology, 6-E, Malviya Industrial Area, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Sudhir Mehta
- Department of General Medicine, SMS Medical College & Attached Hospitals, J.L.N. Marg, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Anupam Jyoti
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Amity Education Valley, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur-Delhi Highway, Jaipur 303002, India.
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109
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Lorenzo-Pouso AI, Castelo-Baz P, Pérez-Sayáns M, Lim J, Leira Y. Autophagy in periodontal disease: Evidence from a literature review. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 102:55-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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110
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Candida spp. and phagocytosis: multiple evasion mechanisms. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2019; 112:1409-1423. [PMID: 31079344 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-019-01271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are a global health problem, mainly in hospitals, where year by year hundreds of patients die because of these infections. Commensal yeasts may become pathogenic to human beings, affecting mainly immunocompromised patients. During infectious processes, the immune system uses phagocytes to eliminate invader microorganisms. In order to prevent or neutralize phagocyte attacks, pathogenic yeasts can use virulence factors to survive, as well as to colonize and infect the host. In this review, we describe how Candida spp., mainly Candida albicans, interact with phagocytes and use several factors that contribute to immune evasion. Polymorphism, biofilm formation, gene expression and enzyme production mediate distinct functions such as adhesion, invasion, oxidative stress response, proteolysis and escape from phagocytes. Fungal and human cells have similar structures and mechanisms that decrease the number of potential targets for antifungal drugs. Therefore, research on host-pathogen interaction may aid in the discovery of new targets and in the development of new drugs or treatments for these diseases and thus to save lives.
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111
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Structure and mechanisms of ROS generation by NADPH oxidases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 59:91-97. [PMID: 31051297 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are integral membrane enzymes that produce reactive oxygen species. Humans have seven NOX enzymes that feature a very similar catalytic core but distinct regulatory mechanisms. The recent structural elucidation of the NOX catalytic domains has been a step forward in the field. NADPH, FAD, and two hemes form a linear array of redox cofactors that transfer electrons across to the two sides of the membrane. Oxygen is reduced through an unusual outer sphere mechanism that does not involve any covalent intermediate with the heme iron. Several recent studies have expanded the roles of NOXs in cell signaling, innate immune response, and cell proliferation including oncogenic transformation. This work reinforces NOX-generated ROS as powerful signaling molecules. A challenging question is to understand the specific mechanisms of enzyme regulation and to harness the growing insight on NOXs' structure and biochemistry to generate more powerful small-molecule modulators of NOX activities.
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112
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus has become a serious threat to human health. In addition to having increased antibiotic resistance, the bacterium is a master at adapting to its host by evading almost every facet of the immune system, the so-called immune evasion proteins. Many of these immune evasion proteins target neutrophils, the most important immune cells in clearing S. aureus infections. The neutrophil attacks pathogens via a plethora of strategies. Therefore, it is no surprise that S. aureus has evolved numerous immune evasion strategies at almost every level imaginable. In this review we discuss step by step the aspects of neutrophil-mediated killing of S. aureus, such as neutrophil activation, migration to the site of infection, bacterial opsonization, phagocytosis, and subsequent neutrophil-mediated killing. After each section we discuss how S. aureus evasion molecules are able to resist the neutrophil attack of these different steps. To date, around 40 immune evasion molecules of S. aureus are known, but its repertoire is still expanding due to the discovery of new evasion proteins and the addition of new functions to already identified evasion proteins. Interestingly, because the different parts of neutrophil attack are redundant, the evasion molecules display redundant functions as well. Knowing how and with which proteins S. aureus is evading the immune system is important in understanding the pathophysiology of this pathogen. This knowledge is crucial for the development of therapeutic approaches that aim to clear staphylococcal infections.
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113
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Buchan KD, Prajsnar TK, Ogryzko NV, de Jong NWM, van Gent M, Kolata J, Foster SJ, van Strijp JAG, Renshaw SA. A transgenic zebrafish line for in vivo visualisation of neutrophil myeloperoxidase. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215592. [PMID: 31002727 PMCID: PMC6474608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The neutrophil enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a major enzyme made by neutrophils to generate antimicrobial and immunomodulatory compounds, notably hypochlorous acid (HOCl), amplifying their capacity for destroying pathogens and regulating inflammation. Despite its roles in innate immunity, the importance of MPO in preventing infection is unclear, as individuals with MPO deficiency are asymptomatic with the exception of an increased risk of candidiasis. Dysregulation of MPO activity is also linked with inflammatory conditions such as atherosclerosis, emphasising a need to understand the roles of the enzyme in greater detail. Consequently, new tools for investigating granular dynamics in vivo can provide useful insights into how MPO localises within neutrophils, aiding understanding of its role in preventing and exacerbating disease. The zebrafish is a powerful model for investigating the immune system in vivo, as it is genetically tractable, and optically transparent. To visualise MPO activity within zebrafish neutrophils, we created a genetic construct that expresses human MPO as a fusion protein with a C-terminal fluorescent tag, driven by the neutrophil-specific promoter lyz. After introducing the construct into the zebrafish genome by Tol2 transgenesis, we established the Tg(lyz:Hsa.MPO-mEmerald,cmlc2:EGFP)sh496 line, and confirmed transgene expression in zebrafish neutrophils. We observed localisation of MPO-mEmerald within a subcellular location resembling neutrophil granules, mirroring MPO in human neutrophils. In Spotless (mpxNL144) larvae-which express a non-functional zebrafish myeloperoxidase-the MPO-mEmerald transgene does not disrupt neutrophil migration to sites of infection or inflammation, suggesting that it is a suitable line for the study of neutrophil granule function. We present a new transgenic line that can be used to investigate neutrophil granule dynamics in vivo without disrupting neutrophil behaviour, with potential applications in studying processing and maturation of MPO during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Buchan
- The Bateson Centre and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Tomasz K. Prajsnar
- The Bateson Centre and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolay V. Ogryzko
- The Bateson Centre and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nienke W. M. de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel van Gent
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Kolata
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Simon J. Foster
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jos A. G. van Strijp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen A. Renshaw
- The Bateson Centre and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Mirkov I, Popov Aleksandrov A, Lazovic B, Glamoclija J, Kataranovski M. Usefulness of animal models of aspergillosis in studying immunity against Aspergillus infections. J Mycol Med 2019; 29:84-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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115
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Differential antibacterial control by neutrophil subsets. Blood Adv 2019; 2:1344-1355. [PMID: 29895625 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017015578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils comprise a heterogeneous population of cells essential for bacterial eradication, and defects in neutrophil function are associated with increased susceptibility to infection. In this study, neutrophils from healthy controls were shown to prevent bacterial proliferation for at least 48 hours when cocultured with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in tissue-like scaffolds by establishing a bacteriostatic environment inside their phagolysosome. This intracellular bacterial containment is independent of reactive oxygen species because neutrophils that lack a functional nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase complex displayed no defect in intracellular bacterial containment, whereas killing of the pathogen was impaired. During acute inflammation, a subset of CD16bright/CD62Ldim hypersegmented neutrophils displayed normal phagocytosis associated with a remarkably poor capacity to contain bacteria intracellularly. Conversely, CD16dim-banded neutrophils were the only neutrophil subset that adequately contained MRSA. These findings demonstrate a clear neutrophil heterogeneity in their antimicrobial capacity and the appearance of neutrophil subsets with a clear differentiation in functionality during acute inflammation. Furthermore, this study provides an evolutionary basis for the rapid release of banded neutrophils into the circulation during acute inflammation.
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116
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Foote JR, Patel AA, Yona S, Segal AW. Variations in the Phagosomal Environment of Human Neutrophils and Mononuclear Phagocyte Subsets. Front Immunol 2019; 10:188. [PMID: 30881356 PMCID: PMC6405516 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The phagosome microenvironment maintains enzyme activity and function. Here we compared the phagosomal pH of human neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells (DC), and monocyte-derived cells. An unexpected observation was the striking difference in phagosomal environment between the three monocytes subsets. Classical monocytes and neutrophils exhibited alkaline phagosomes, yet non-classical monocytes had more acidic phagosomes, while intermediate monocytes had a phenotype in-between. We next investigated the differences between primary naïve DC vs. in vitro monocyte-derived DC (MoDC) and established that both these cells had acidic phagosomal environments. Across all phagocytes, alkalinization was dependent upon the activity of the NADPH oxidase activity, demonstrated by the absence of NADPH oxidase from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) or the use of a pharmacological inhibitor, diphenylene iodonium (DPI). Interestingly, MoDC stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide had increased phagosomal pH. Overall, the increase in alkalinity within the phagosome was associated with increased oxidase activity. These data highlight the heterogeneous nature and potential function of phagocytic vacuoles within the family of mononuclear phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet R Foote
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amit A Patel
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Yona
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony W Segal
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Different Faces for Different Places: Heterogeneity of Neutrophil Phenotype and Function. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:8016254. [PMID: 30944838 PMCID: PMC6421822 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8016254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As the most abundant leukocytes in the circulation, neutrophils are committed to innate and adaptive immune effector function to protect the human body. They are capable of killing intruding microbes through various ways including phagocytosis, release of granules, and formation of extracellular traps. Recent research has revealed that neutrophils are heterogeneous in phenotype and function and can display outstanding plasticity in both homeostatic and disease states. The great flexibility and elasticity arm neutrophils with important regulatory and controlling functions in various disease states such as autoimmunity and inflammation as well as cancer. Hence, this review will focus on recent literature describing neutrophils' variable and diverse phenotypes and functions in different contexts.
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MacGilvary NJ, Kevorkian YL, Tan S. Potassium response and homeostasis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis modulates environmental adaptation and is important for host colonization. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007591. [PMID: 30716121 PMCID: PMC6375644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful host colonization by bacteria requires sensing and response to the local ionic milieu, and coordination of responses with the maintenance of ionic homeostasis in the face of changing conditions. We previously discovered that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) responds synergistically to chloride (Cl-) and pH, as cues to the immune status of its host. This raised the intriguing concept of abundant ions as important environmental signals, and we have now uncovered potassium (K+) as an ion that can significantly impact colonization by Mtb. The bacterium has a unique transcriptional response to changes in environmental K+ levels, with both distinct and shared regulatory mechanisms controlling Mtb response to the ionic signals of K+, Cl-, and pH. We demonstrate that intraphagosomal K+ levels increase during macrophage phagosome maturation, and find using a novel fluorescent K+-responsive reporter Mtb strain that K+ is not limiting during macrophage infection. Disruption of Mtb K+ homeostasis by deletion of the Trk K+ uptake system results in dampening of the bacterial response to pH and Cl-, and attenuation in host colonization, both in primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and in vivo in a murine model of Mtb infection. Our study reveals how bacterial ionic homeostasis can impact environmental ionic responses, and highlights the important role that abundant ions can play during host colonization by Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J. MacGilvary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yuzo L. Kevorkian
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shumin Tan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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The microbiome and immunodeficiencies: Lessons from rare diseases. J Autoimmun 2019; 98:132-148. [PMID: 30704941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are inherited disorders of the immune system, associated with a considerable increase in susceptibility to infections. PIDs can also predispose to malignancy, inflammation and autoimmunity. There is increasing awareness that some aspects of the immune dysregulation in PIDs may be linked to intestinal microbiota. Indeed, the gut microbiota and its metabolites have been shown to influence immune functions and immune homeostasis both locally and systemically. Recent studies have indicated that genetic defects causing PIDs lead to perturbations in the conventional mechanisms underlying homeostasis in the gut, resulting in poor immune surveillance at the intestinal barrier, which associates with altered intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation. Consistently, a substantial proportion of PID patients presents with clinically challenging IBD-like pathology. Here, we describe the current body of literature reporting on dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in different PIDs and how this can be either the result or cause of immune dysregulation. Further, we report how infections in PIDs enhance pathobionts colonization and speculate how, in turn, pathobionts may be responsible for increased disease susceptibility and secondary infections in these patients. The potential relationship between the microbial composition in the intestine and other sites, such as the oral cavity and skin, is also highlighted. Finally, we provide evidence, in preclinical models of PIDs, for the efficacy of microbiota manipulation to ameliorate disease complications, and suggest that the potential use of dietary intervention to correct dysbiotic flora in PID patients may hold promise.
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Arani R, Shareef SNHA, Khanam HMK. Mucormycotic Osteomyelitis Involving the Maxilla: A Rare Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Infect Dis 2019; 2019:8459296. [PMID: 30805232 PMCID: PMC6362471 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8459296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory process of bone and marrow contents. These changes in bone are primarily seen in soft tissue followed by calcified tissue. It is an opportunistic infection due to the complication of some other conditions rendering the host susceptible to disease. Consequences of this infection range from draining tract to malignant transformation. Various etiological factors are involved in origin of the disease; among them, fungal origin is rare. Specific feature in fungal osteomyelitis is the involvement of maxillary sinus with a complaint of sinusitis associated with diabetes mellitus. Here, we discuss a case of osteomyelitis with fungal infection involving the maxilla. The patient is under medication for the past five years due to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Arani
- Dept. of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, G.Pulla Reddy Dental College and Hospital, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - H. M. Khuthija Khanam
- Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Rodrigues M, Kosaric N, Bonham CA, Gurtner GC. Wound Healing: A Cellular Perspective. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:665-706. [PMID: 30475656 PMCID: PMC6442927 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00067.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1238] [Impact Index Per Article: 247.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is one of the most complex processes in the human body. It involves the spatial and temporal synchronization of a variety of cell types with distinct roles in the phases of hemostasis, inflammation, growth, re-epithelialization, and remodeling. With the evolution of single cell technologies, it has been possible to uncover phenotypic and functional heterogeneity within several of these cell types. There have also been discoveries of rare, stem cell subsets within the skin, which are unipotent in the uninjured state, but become multipotent following skin injury. Unraveling the roles of each of these cell types and their interactions with each other is important in understanding the mechanisms of normal wound closure. Changes in the microenvironment including alterations in mechanical forces, oxygen levels, chemokines, extracellular matrix and growth factor synthesis directly impact cellular recruitment and activation, leading to impaired states of wound healing. Single cell technologies can be used to decipher these cellular alterations in diseased states such as in chronic wounds and hypertrophic scarring so that effective therapeutic solutions for healing wounds can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Rodrigues
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Nina Kosaric
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Clark A Bonham
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Geoffrey C Gurtner
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
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Pereira TC, de Barros PP, Fugisaki LRDO, Rossoni RD, Ribeiro FDC, de Menezes RT, Junqueira JC, Scorzoni L. Recent Advances in the Use of Galleria mellonella Model to Study Immune Responses against Human Pathogens. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4040128. [PMID: 30486393 PMCID: PMC6308929 DOI: 10.3390/jof4040128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of invertebrates for in vivo studies in microbiology is well established in the scientific community. Larvae of Galleria mellonella are a widely used model for studying pathogenesis, the efficacy of new antimicrobial compounds, and immune responses. The immune system of G. mellonella larvae is structurally and functionally similar to the innate immune response of mammals, which makes this model suitable for such studies. In this review, cellular responses (hemocytes activity: phagocytosis, nodulation, and encapsulation) and humoral responses (reactions or soluble molecules released in the hemolymph as antimicrobial peptides, melanization, clotting, free radical production, and primary immunization) are discussed, highlighting the use of G. mellonella as a model of immune response to different human pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Cristine Pereira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Pimentel de Barros
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Ruano de Oliveira Fugisaki
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Rodnei Dennis Rossoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Felipe de Camargo Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Teles de Menezes
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Liliana Scorzoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil.
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Phospholipid transfer protein and alpha-1 antitrypsin regulate Hck kinase activity during neutrophil degranulation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15394. [PMID: 30337619 PMCID: PMC6193999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive neutrophil degranulation is a common feature of many inflammatory disorders, including alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency. Our group has demonstrated that phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) prevents neutrophil degranulation but serine proteases, which AAT inhibits, cleave PLTP in diseased airways. We propose to identify if airway PLTP activity can be restored by AAT augmentation therapy and how PLTP subdues degranulation of neutrophils in AAT deficient subjects. Airway PLTP activity was lower in AAT deficient patients but elevated in the airways of patients on augmentation therapy. Functional AAT protein (from PiMM homozygotes) prevented PLTP cleavage unlike its mutated ZZ variant (PiZZ). PLTP lowered leukotriene B4 induced degranulation of primary, secondary and tertiary granules from neutrophils from both groups (n = 14/group). Neutrophils isolated from Pltp knockout mice have enhance neutrophil degranulation. Both AAT and PLTP reduced neutrophil degranulation and superoxide production, possibly though their inhibition of the Src tyrosine kinase, Hck. Src kinase inhibitors saracatinib and dasatinib reduced neutrophil degranulation and superoxide production. Therefore, AAT protects PLTP from proteolytic cleavage and both AAT and PLTP mediate degranulation, possibly via Hck tyrosine kinase inhibition. Deficiency of AAT could contribute to reduced lung PLTP activity and elevated neutrophil signaling associated with lung disease.
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126
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Fu Z, Thorpe M, Akula S, Chahal G, Hellman LT. Extended Cleavage Specificity of Human Neutrophil Elastase, Human Proteinase 3, and Their Distant Ortholog Clawed Frog PR3-Three Elastases With Similar Primary but Different Extended Specificities and Stability. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2387. [PMID: 30459762 PMCID: PMC6232827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases are major granule constituents of several of the human hematopoietic cell lineages. Four proteolytically active such proteases have been identified in human neutrophils: cathepsin G (hCG), N-elastase (hNE), proteinase 3 (hPR-3), and neutrophil serine protease 4 (hNSP-4). Here we present the extended cleavage specificity of two of the most potent and most abundant of these enzymes, hNE and hPR-3. Their extended specificities were determined by phage display and by the analysis of a panel of chromogenic and recombinant substrates. hNE is an elastase with a relatively broad specificity showing a preference for regions containing several aliphatic amino acids. The protease shows self-cleaving activity, which results in the loss of activity during storage even at +4°C. Here we also present the extended cleavage specificity of hPR-3. Compared with hNE, it shows considerably lower proteolytic activity. However, it is very stable, shows no self-cleaving activity and is actually more active in the presence of SDS, possibly by enhancing the accessibility of the target substrate. This enables specific analysis of hPR-3 activity even in the presence of all the other neutrophil enzymes with addition of 1% SDS. Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cell in humans and one of the key players in our innate immune defense. The neutrophil serine proteases are very important for the function of the neutrophils and therefore also interesting from an evolutionary perspective. In order to study the origin and functional conservation of these neutrophil proteases we have identified and cloned an amphibian ortholog, Xenopus PR-3 (xPR-3). This enzyme was found to have a specificity very similar to hPR-3 but did not show the high stability in the presence of SDS. The presence of an elastase in Xenopus closely related to hPR-3 indicates a relatively early appearance of these enzymes during vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirong Fu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Thorpe
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Srinivas Akula
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gurdeep Chahal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars T Hellman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Korkmaz B, Caughey GH, Chapple I, Gauthier F, Hirschfeld J, Jenne DE, Kettritz R, Lalmanach G, Lamort AS, Lauritzen C, Łȩgowska M, Lesner A, Marchand-Adam S, McKaig SJ, Moss C, Pedersen J, Roberts H, Schreiber A, Seren S, Thakker NS. Therapeutic targeting of cathepsin C: from pathophysiology to treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 190:202-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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LRRK2 and its substrate Rab GTPases are sequentially targeted onto stressed lysosomes and maintain their homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9115-E9124. [PMID: 30209220 PMCID: PMC6166828 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812196115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has been associated with a variety of human diseases, including Parkinson's disease and Crohn's disease, whereas LRRK2 deficiency leads to accumulation of abnormal lysosomes in aged animals. However, the cellular roles and mechanisms of LRRK2-mediated lysosomal regulation have remained elusive. Here, we reveal a mechanism of stress-induced lysosomal response by LRRK2 and its target Rab GTPases. Lysosomal overload stress induced the recruitment of endogenous LRRK2 onto lysosomal membranes and activated LRRK2. An upstream adaptor Rab7L1 (Rab29) promoted the lysosomal recruitment of LRRK2. Subsequent family-wide screening of Rab GTPases that may act downstream of LRRK2 translocation revealed that Rab8a and Rab10 were specifically accumulated on overloaded lysosomes dependent on their phosphorylation by LRRK2. Rab7L1-mediated lysosomal targeting of LRRK2 attenuated the stress-induced lysosomal enlargement and promoted lysosomal secretion, whereas Rab8 stabilized by LRRK2 on stressed lysosomes suppressed lysosomal enlargement and Rab10 promoted lysosomal secretion, respectively. These effects were mediated by the recruitment of Rab8/10 effectors EHBP1 and EHBP1L1. LRRK2 deficiency augmented the chloroquine-induced lysosomal vacuolation of renal tubules in vivo. These results implicate the stress-responsive machinery composed of Rab7L1, LRRK2, phosphorylated Rab8/10, and their downstream effectors in the maintenance of lysosomal homeostasis.
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Glennon-Alty L, Hackett AP, Chapman EA, Wright HL. Neutrophils and redox stress in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 125:25-35. [PMID: 29605448 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, or neutrophils, are specialist phagocytic cells of the innate immune system. Their primary role is host defence against micro-organisms, which they kill via phagocytosis, followed by release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proteolytic enzymes within the phagosome. ROS are generated via the action of the NADPH oxidase (also known as NOX2), in a process termed the 'Respiratory Burst'. This process consumes large amounts of oxygen, which is converted into the highly-reactive superoxide radical O2- and H2O2. Subsequent activation of myeloperoxidase (MPO) generates secondary oxidants and chloroamines that are highly microbiocidal in nature, which together with proteases such as elastase and gelatinase provide a toxic intra-phagosomal environment able to kill a broad range of micro-organisms. However, under certain circumstances such as during an auto-immune response, neutrophils can be triggered to release ROS and proteases extracellularly causing damage to host tissues, modification of host proteins, lipids and DNA and dysregulation of oxidative homeostasis. This review describes the range of ROS species produced by human neutrophils with a focus on the implications of neutrophil redox products in autoimmune inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Glennon-Alty
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, 6 West Derby Street, L7 8TX Liverpool, UK; Liverpool Health Partners, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Angela P Hackett
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, 6 West Derby Street, L7 8TX Liverpool, UK
| | - Elinor A Chapman
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, 6 West Derby Street, L7 8TX Liverpool, UK
| | - Helen L Wright
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, 6 West Derby Street, L7 8TX Liverpool, UK.
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Attia Z, Rowe JC, Kim E, Varikuti S, Steiner HE, Zaghawa A, Hassan H, Cormet-Boyaka E, Satoskar AR, Boyaka PN. Inhibitors of elastase stimulate murine B lymphocyte differentiation into IgG- and IgA-producing cells. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1295-1301. [PMID: 29710424 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that dendritic cells and macrophages play a role in antigen presentation to B and T cells and in shaping B and T cell responses via cytokines they produce. We have previously reported that depletion of neutrophils improves the production of mucosal IgA after sublingual immunization with Bacillus anthracis edema toxin as adjuvant. These past studies also demonstrated that an inverse correlation exists between the number of neutrophils and production of IgA by B cells. Using specific inhibitors of elastase, we addressed whether the elastase activity of neutrophil could be the factor that interferes with production of IgA and possibly other immunoglobulin isotypes. We found that murine splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node cells cultured for 5 days in the presence of neutrophil elastase inhibitors secreted higher levels of IgG and IgA than cells cultured in the absence of inhibitors. The effect of the inhibitors was dose-dependent and was consistent with increased frequency of CD138+ cells expressing IgG or IgA. Finally, neutrophil elastase inhibitors increased transcription of mRNA for AID, IL-10, BAFF and APRIL, factors involved in B cell differentiation. These findings identify inhibitors of elastase as potential adjuvants for increasing production of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zayed Attia
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - John C Rowe
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Eunsoo Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sanjay Varikuti
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Haley E Steiner
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ahmad Zaghawa
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Hany Hassan
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | | | - Abhay R Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Prosper N Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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131
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Chlamydia trachomatis paralyses neutrophils to evade the host innate immune response. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:824-835. [PMID: 29946164 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0182-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis, an obligate intracellular human pathogen, is a major cause of sexually transmitted diseases. Infections often occur without symptoms, a feature that has been attributed to the ability of the pathogen to evade the host immune response. We show here that C. trachomatis paralyses the host immune system by preventing the activation of polymorphic nuclear leukocytes (PMNs). PMNs infected with Chlamydia fail to produce neutrophil extracellular traps and the bacteria are able to survive in PMNs for extended periods of time. We have identified the secreted chlamydial protease-like activating factor (CPAF) as an effector mediating the evasion of the innate immune response since CPAF-deficient Chlamydia activate PMNs and are subsequently efficiently killed. CPAF suppresses the oxidative burst and interferes with chemical-mediated activation of neutrophils. We identified formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) as a target of CPAF. FPR2 is cleaved by CPAF and released from the surface of PMNs. In contrast to previously described subversion mechanisms that mainly act on already activated PMNs, we describe here details of how Chlamydia actively paralyses PMNs, including the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, to evade the host's innate immune response.
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132
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The role of neutrophils in host defense against invasive fungal infections. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 5:181-189. [PMID: 31552161 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-018-0098-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Invasive fungal infections caused by the commensal yeast Candida and the ubiquitous, inhaled mold Aspergillus have emerged as major causes of morbidity and mortality in critically ill and immunosuppressed patient populations. Here, we review how neutrophils contribute to effective immunity against these infections. Recent Findings Studies in mouse models of invasive candidiasis and aspergillosis, and observations in hematological patients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and in patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders that manifest with these infections have highlighted the critical role of neutrophils and have identified key immune factors that promote neutrophil-mediated effective host defense against invasive fungal disease. Summary Neutrophils are crucial in host protection against invasive candidiasis and aspergillosis. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular cues that mediate protective neutrophil recruitment and effector function against these infections hold promise for developing immune-based strategies to improve the outcomes of affected patients.
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Peiró T, Patel DF, Akthar S, Gregory LG, Pyle CJ, Harker JA, Birrell MA, Lloyd CM, Snelgrove RJ. Neutrophils drive alveolar macrophage IL-1β release during respiratory viral infection. Thorax 2018; 73:546-556. [PMID: 29079611 PMCID: PMC5969338 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar macrophages are sentinels of the airways that must exhibit immune restraint to innocuous antigens but elicit a robust inflammatory response to pathogenic threats. How distinction between these dichotomous functions is controlled is poorly defined.Neutrophils are the first responders to infection, and we hypothesised that they may free alveolar macrophages from their hyporesponsive state, promoting their activation. Activation of the inflammasome and interleukin (IL)-1β release is a key early inflammatory event that must be tightly regulated. Thus, the role of neutrophils in defining inflammasome activation in the alveolar macrophage was assessed. METHODS Mice were infected with the X31 strain of influenza virus and the role of neutrophils in alveolar macrophage activation established through administration of a neutrophil-depleting (1A8) antibody. RESULTS Influenza elicited a robust IL-1β release that correlated (r=0.6849; p<0.001) with neutrophil infiltrate and was ablated by neutrophil depletion. Alveolar macrophages were shown to be the prominent source of IL-1β during influenza infection, and virus triggered the expression of Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and pro-IL-1β in these cells. However, subsequent activation of the inflammasome complex and release of mature IL-1β from alveolar macrophages were critically dependent on the provision of a secondary signal, in the form of antimicrobial peptide mCRAMP, from infiltrating neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS Neutrophils are critical for the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in alveolar macrophages during respiratory viral infection. Accordingly, we rationalise that neutrophils are recruited to the lung to confront a viable pathogenic threat and subsequently commit alveolar macrophages to a pro-inflammatory phenotype to combat infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Peiró
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dhiren F Patel
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Samia Akthar
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lisa G Gregory
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Chloe J Pyle
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James A Harker
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mark A Birrell
- Respiratory Pharmacology, Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Clare M Lloyd
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robert J Snelgrove
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Abstract
Invasive candidiasis is an important health-care-associated fungal infection that can be caused by several Candida spp.; the most common species is Candida albicans, but the prevalence of these organisms varies considerably depending on geographical location. The spectrum of disease of invasive candidiasis ranges from minimally symptomatic candidaemia to fulminant sepsis with an associated mortality exceeding 70%. Candida spp. are common commensal organisms in the skin and gut microbiota, and disruptions in the cutaneous and gastrointestinal barriers (for example, owing to gastrointestinal perforation) promote invasive disease. A deeper understanding of specific Candida spp. virulence factors, host immune response and host susceptibility at the genetic level has led to key insights into the development of early intervention strategies and vaccine candidates. The early diagnosis of invasive candidiasis is challenging but key to the effective management, and the development of rapid molecular diagnostics could improve the ability to intervene rapidly and potentially reduce mortality. First-line drugs, including echinocandins and azoles, are effective, but the emergence of antifungal resistance, especially among Candida glabrata, is a matter of concern and underscores the need to administer antifungal medications in a judicious manner, avoiding overuse when possible. A newly described pathogen, Candida auris, is an emerging multidrug-resistant organism that poses a global threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Pappas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maiken Cavling Arendrup
- Unit for Mycology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bart Jan Kullberg
- Department of Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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135
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Yu JE, Azar AE, Chong HJ, Jongco AM, Prince BT. Considerations in the Diagnosis of Chronic Granulomatous Disease. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2018; 7:S6-S11. [PMID: 29746674 PMCID: PMC5946934 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare primary immunodeficiency that is caused by defects in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex. The disease presents in most patients initially with infection, especially of the lymph nodes, lung, liver, bone, and skin. Patients with CGD are susceptible to a narrow spectrum of pathogens, and Staphylococcus aureus, Burkholderia cepacia complex, Serratia marcescens, Nocardia species, and Aspergillus species are the most common organisms implicated in North America. Granuloma formation, most frequently in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems, is a common complication of CGD and can be seen even before diagnosis. An increased incidence of autoimmune disease has also been described in patients with CGD and X-linked female carriers. In patients who present with signs and symptoms consistent with CGD, a flow cytometric dihydrorhodamine neutrophil respiratory burst assay is a quick and cost-effective way to evaluate NADPH oxidase function. The purpose of this review is to highlight considerations for and challenges in the diagnosis of CGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce E Yu
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Antoine E Azar
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hey J Chong
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pennsylvania
| | - Artemio M Jongco
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Cohen Children’s Medical Center of New York, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Merinoff Center for Patient-Oriented Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Great Neck
| | - Benjamin T Prince
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus,Correspondence: B. T. Prince, MD, MSci, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Division of Allergy and Immunology, 700 Children’s Dr, Columbus, OH 43215 ()
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136
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Iron-engineered mesoporous silica nanocatalyst with biodegradable and catalytic framework for tumor-specific therapy. Biomaterials 2018; 163:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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137
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Wissuwa B, Heinemann SH, Bauer M, Coldewey SM. Studies into Slo1 K + channels and their ligand docosahexaenoic acid in murine sepsis to delineate off-target effects of immunonutrition. Life Sci 2018; 203:112-120. [PMID: 29684444 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Studies on omega-3 fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), reveal diverging results: Their intake is recommended in cardiovascular disease and major surgery, while evidence argues against use in septic patients. DHA mediates its blood-pressure-lowering effect through Slo1 channels that are expressed on cardiovascular and immune cells. We hypothesised that conflicting effects of immunonutrition could be explained by the influence of omega-3 fatty acids on systemic blood pressure or immune effector cells through Slo1. MAIN METHODS The effect of DHA on blood pressure was analysed in septic wild-type (WT) mice. Septic WT and Slo1 knockout (KO) mice were compared regarding survival, clinical presentation, haematology, cytokine release and bacterial burden. Cytokine expression and release of bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) from WT and Slo1 KO mice was assessed in response to LPS. KEY FINDINGS The significant blood-pressure-lowering effect of DHA in healthy animals was blunted in already hypotensive septic mice. Septic Slo1 KO mice displayed moderately lower bacterial burden in blood and lungs compared with WT, which did not translate into improved survival. Slo1 KO BMDM presented lower IL-6 levels in response to LPS, an effect that was abolished in the presence of DHA. More importantly, the strong inhibitory effect of DHA on IL-6 release was also observed in Slo1 KO BMDM. SIGNIFICANCE The controversial effects of immunonutrition in sepsis are unlikely to be primarily explained by the influence of DHA on blood pressure or effects on immune response mediated through Slo1 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Wissuwa
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Centre for Innovation Competence Septomics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan H Heinemann
- Center of Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Department of Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena and Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sina M Coldewey
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Centre for Innovation Competence Septomics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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138
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Janciauskiene S, Wrenger S, Immenschuh S, Olejnicka B, Greulich T, Welte T, Chorostowska-Wynimko J. The Multifaceted Effects of Alpha1-Antitrypsin on Neutrophil Functions. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:341. [PMID: 29719508 PMCID: PMC5914301 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the predominant immune cells in human blood possessing heterogeneity, plasticity and functional diversity. The activation and recruitment of neutrophils into inflamed tissue in response to stimuli are tightly regulated processes. Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT), an acute phase protein, is one of the potent regulators of neutrophil activation via both -protease inhibitory and non-inhibitory functions. This review summarizes our current understanding of the effects of AAT on neutrophils, illustrating the interplay between AAT and the key effector functions of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Janciauskiene
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sabine Wrenger
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Immenschuh
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beata Olejnicka
- Department of Medicine, Trelleborg Hospital, Trelleborg, Sweden
| | - Timm Greulich
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Joanna Chorostowska-Wynimko
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
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139
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Extended cleavage specificity of human neutrophil cathepsin G: A low activity protease with dual chymase and tryptase-type specificities. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195077. [PMID: 29652924 PMCID: PMC5898719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neutrophils express at least four active serine proteases, cathepsin G, N-elastase, proteinase 3 and neutrophil serine protease 4 (NSP4). They have all been extensively studied due to their importance in neutrophil biology and immunity. However, their extended cleavage specificities have never been determined in detail. Here we present a detailed cleavage specificity analysis of human cathepsin G (hCG). The specificity was determined by phage display analysis and the importance of individual amino acids in and around the cleavage site was then validated using novel recombinant substrates. To provide a broader context to this serine protease, a comparison was made to the related mast cell protease, human chymase (HC). hCG showed similar characteristics to HC including both the primary and extended specificities. As expected, Phe, Tyr, Trp and Leu were preferred in the P1 position. In addition, both proteases showed a preference for negatively charged amino acids in the P2´ position of substrates and a preference for aliphatic amino acids both upstream and downstream of the cleavage site. However, overall the catalytic activity of hCG was ~10-fold lower than HC. hCG has previously been reported to have a dual specificity consisting of chymase and tryptase-type activities. In our analysis, tryptase activity against substrates with Lys in P1 cleavage position was indeed only 2-fold less efficient as compared to optimal chymase substrates supporting strong dual-type specificity. We hope the information presented here on extended cleavage specificities of hCG and HC will assist in the search for novel in vivo substrates for these proteases as well as aid in the efforts to better understand the role of hCG in immunity and bacterial defence.
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140
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Hakansson AP, Orihuela CJ, Bogaert D. Bacterial-Host Interactions: Physiology and Pathophysiology of Respiratory Infection. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:781-811. [PMID: 29488821 PMCID: PMC5966719 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00040.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been thought that respiratory infections are the direct result of acquisition of pathogenic viruses or bacteria, followed by their overgrowth, dissemination, and in some instances tissue invasion. In the last decades, it has become apparent that in contrast to this classical view, the majority of microorganisms associated with respiratory infections and inflammation are actually common members of the respiratory ecosystem and only in rare circumstances do they cause disease. This suggests that a complex interplay between host, environment, and properties of colonizing microorganisms together determines disease development and its severity. To understand the pathophysiological processes that underlie respiratory infectious diseases, it is therefore necessary to understand the host-bacterial interactions occurring at mucosal surfaces, along with the microbes inhabiting them, during symbiosis. Current knowledge regarding host-bacterial interactions during asymptomatic colonization will be discussed, including a plausible role for the human microbiome in maintaining a healthy state. With this as a starting point, we will discuss possible disruptive factors contributing to dysbiosis, which is likely to be a key trigger for pathobionts in the development and pathophysiology of respiratory diseases. Finally, from this renewed perspective, we will reflect on current and potential new approaches for treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Hakansson
- Division of Experimental Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University , Lund , Sweden ; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama ; and Center for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - C J Orihuela
- Division of Experimental Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University , Lund , Sweden ; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama ; and Center for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | - D Bogaert
- Division of Experimental Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University , Lund , Sweden ; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama ; and Center for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
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141
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Rosado MM, Simkó M, Mattsson MO, Pioli C. Immune-Modulating Perspectives for Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in Innate Immunity. Front Public Health 2018; 6:85. [PMID: 29632855 PMCID: PMC5879099 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on the immune system have received a considerable interest, not only to investigate possible negative health impact but also to explore the possibility to favorably modulate immune responses. To generate beneficial responses, the immune system should eradicate pathogens while “respecting” the organism and tolerating irrelevant antigens. According to the current view, damage-associated molecules released by infected or injured cells, or secreted by innate immune cells generate danger signals activating an immune response. These signals are also relevant to the subsequent activation of homeostatic mechanisms that control the immune response in pro- or anti-inflammatory reactions, a feature that allows modulation by therapeutic treatments. In the present review, we describe and discuss the effects of extremely low frequency (ELF)-EMF and pulsed EMF on cell signals and factors relevant to the activation of danger signals and innate immunity cells. By discussing the EMF modulating effects on cell functions, we envisage the use of EMF as a therapeutic agent to regulate immune responses associated with wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mats-Olof Mattsson
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Energy, Environmental Resources and Technologies, Tulln, Austria
| | - Claudio Pioli
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA, Rome, Italy
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142
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Neutrophils from Both Susceptible and Resistant Mice Efficiently Kill Opsonized Listeria monocytogenes. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00085-18. [PMID: 29426040 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00085-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Inbred mouse strains differ in their susceptibility to infection with the facultative intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, largely due to delayed or deficient innate immune responses. Previous antibody depletion studies suggested that neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMN]) were particularly important for clearance in the liver, but the ability of PMN from susceptible and resistant mice to directly kill L. monocytogenes has not been examined. In this study, we showed that PMN infiltrated the livers of BALB/c/By/J (BALB/c) and C57BL/6 (B6) mice in similar numbers and that both cell types readily migrated toward leukotriene B4 in an in vitro chemotaxis assay. However, CFU burdens in the liver were significantly higher in BALB/c mice than in other strains, suggesting that PMN in the BALB/c liver might not be able to clear L. monocytogenes as efficiently as B6 PMN. Unprimed PMN harvested from either BALB/c or B6 bone marrow killed L. monocytogenes directly ex vivo, and pretreatment with autologous serum significantly enhanced killing efficiency for both. L. monocytogenes were internalized within 10 min and rapidly triggered intracellular production of reactive oxygen species in a dose-dependent manner. However, PMN from gp91phox-deficient mice also readily killed L. monocytogenes, which suggested that nonoxidative killing mechanisms may be sufficient for bacterial clearance. Together, these results indicate that there is not an intrinsic defect in the ability of PMN from susceptible BALB/c mice to kill L. monocytogenes and further suggest that if PMN function is impaired in BALB/c mice, it is likely due to locally produced modulating factors present in the liver during infection.
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143
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Abstract
The balance between reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species production by the host and stress response by fungi is a key axis of the host-pathogen interaction. This review will describe emerging themes in fungal pathogenesis underpinning this axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilia Warris
- Medical Research Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Ballou
- Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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144
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Gurusamy D, Clever D, Eil R, Restifo NP. Novel "Elements" of Immune Suppression within the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 5:426-433. [PMID: 28576921 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive evolution has prompted immune cells to use a wide variety of inhibitory signals, many of which are usurped by tumor cells to evade immune surveillance. Although tumor immunologists often focus on genes and proteins as mediators of immune function, here we highlight two elements from the periodic table-oxygen and potassium-that suppress the immune system in previously unappreciated ways. While both are key to the maintenance of T-cell function and tissue homeostasis, they are exploited by tumors to suppress immuno-surveillance and promote metastatic spread. We discuss the temporal and spatial roles of these elements within the tumor microenvironment and explore possible therapeutic interventions for effective and promising anticancer therapies. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(6); 426-33. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devikala Gurusamy
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - David Clever
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Robert Eil
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Nicholas P Restifo
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland. .,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
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145
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de Jong NWM, Ploscariu NT, Ramyar KX, Garcia BL, Herrera AI, Prakash O, Katz BB, Leidal KG, Nauseef WM, van Kessel KPM, van Strijp JAG, Geisbrecht BV. A structurally dynamic N-terminal region drives function of the staphylococcal peroxidase inhibitor (SPIN). J Biol Chem 2018; 293:2260-2271. [PMID: 29306874 PMCID: PMC5818189 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heme-containing enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) is critical for optimal antimicrobial activity of human neutrophils. We recently discovered that the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus expresses a novel immune evasion protein, called SPIN, that binds tightly to MPO, inhibits MPO activity, and contributes to bacterial survival following phagocytosis. A co-crystal structure of SPIN bound to MPO suggested that SPIN blocks substrate access to the catalytic heme by inserting an N-terminal β-hairpin into the MPO active-site channel. Here, we describe a series of experiments that more completely define the structure/function relationships of SPIN. Whereas the SPIN N terminus adopts a β-hairpin confirmation upon binding to MPO, the solution NMR studies presented here are consistent with this region of SPIN being dynamically structured in the unbound state. Curiously, whereas the N-terminal β-hairpin of SPIN accounts for ∼55% of the buried surface area in the SPIN-MPO complex, its deletion did not significantly change the affinity of SPIN for MPO but did eliminate the ability of SPIN to inhibit MPO. The flexible nature of the SPIN N terminus rendered it susceptible to proteolytic degradation by a series of chymotrypsin-like proteases found within neutrophil granules, thereby abrogating SPIN activity. Degradation of SPIN was prevented by the S. aureus immune evasion protein Eap, which acts as a selective inhibitor of neutrophil serine proteases. Together, these studies provide insight into MPO inhibition by SPIN and suggest possible functional synergy between two distinct classes of S. aureus immune evasion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke W. M. de Jong
- From Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicoleta T. Ploscariu
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Kasra X. Ramyar
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Brandon L. Garcia
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Alvaro I. Herrera
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Om Prakash
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Benjamin B. Katz
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Kevin G. Leidal
- the Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, and
| | - William M. Nauseef
- the Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, and ,the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa 52246
| | - Kok P. M. van Kessel
- From Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos A. G. van Strijp
- From Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Brian V. Geisbrecht
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, , To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, 1711 Claflin Rd., Manhattan, KS 66506. Tel.:
785-532-3154; Fax:
785-532-7278; E-mail:
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146
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Neutrophils Release Metalloproteinases during Adhesion in the Presence of Insulin, but Cathepsin G in the Presence of Glucagon. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:1574928. [PMID: 29670459 PMCID: PMC5833473 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1574928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with reperfusion after ischemia and early development of diabetes, neutrophils can attach to blood vessel walls and release their aggressive bactericide agents, which damage the vascular walls. Insulin and 17β-estradiol (E2) relieve the vascular complications observed in metabolic disorders. In contrast, glucagon plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of diabetes. We studied the effect of hormones on neutrophil secretion during adhesion to fibronectin. Amino acid analysis revealed that proteins secreted by neutrophils are characterized by a stable amino acid profile enriched with glutamate, leucine, lysine, and arginine. The total amount of secreted proteins defined as the sum of detected amino acids was increased in the presence of insulin and reduced in the presence of glucagon. E2 did not affect the amount of protein secretion. Proteome analysis showed that in the presence of insulin and E2, neutrophils secreted metalloproteinases MMP-9 and MMP-8 playing a key role in modulation of the extracellular matrix. In contrast, glucagon induced the secretion of cathepsin G, a key bactericide protease of neutrophils. Cathepsin G can promote the development of vascular complications because of its proinflammatory activity and ability to stimulate neutrophil adhesion via the proteolysis of surface receptors.
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147
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Host response to pulmonary fungal infections: A highlight on cell-driven immunity to Cryptococcus species and Aspergillus fumigatus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 3:335-345. [PMID: 29430385 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-017-0111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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148
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Morais SB, Figueiredo BC, Assis NRG, Alvarenga DM, de Magalhães MTQ, Ferreira RS, Vieira AT, Menezes GB, Oliveira SC. Schistosoma mansoni SmKI-1 serine protease inhibitor binds to elastase and impairs neutrophil function and inflammation. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006870. [PMID: 29425229 PMCID: PMC5823468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease inhibitors have important function during homeostasis, inflammation and tissue injury. In this study, we described the role of Schistosoma mansoni SmKI-1 serine protease inhibitor in parasite development and as a molecule capable of regulating different models of inflammatory diseases. First, we determine that recombinant (r) SmKI-1 and its Kunitz domain but not the C-terminal region possess inhibitory activity against trypsin and neutrophil elastase (NE). To better understand the molecular basis of NE inhibition by SmKI-1, molecular docking studies were also conducted. Docking results suggest a complete blockage of NE active site by SmKI-1 Kunitz domain. Additionally, rSmKI-1 markedly inhibited the capacity of NE to kill schistosomes. In order to further investigate the role of SmKI-1 in the parasite, we designed specific siRNA to knockdown SmKI-1 in S. mansoni. SmKI-1 gene suppression in larval stage of S. mansoni robustly impact in parasite development in vitro and in vivo. To determine the ability of SmKI-1 to interfere with neutrophil migration and function, we tested SmKI-1 anti-inflammatory potential in different murine models of inflammatory diseases. Treatment with SmKI-1 rescued acetaminophen (APAP)-mediated liver damage, with a significant reduction in both neutrophil recruitment and elastase activity. In the model of gout arthritis, this protein reduced neutrophil accumulation, IL-1β secretion, hypernociception, and overall pathological score. Finally, we demonstrated the ability of SmKI-1 to inhibit early events that trigger neutrophil recruitment in pleural cavities of mice in response to carrageenan. In conclusion, SmKI-1 is a key protein in S. mansoni survival and it has the ability to inhibit neutrophil function as a promising therapeutic molecule against inflammatory diseases. Schistosoma mansoni is one of the main agents of schistosomiasis, which is the most important human helminthic infection in terms of global morbidity and mortality. Although schistosomiasis represents a major public health problem in endemic countries, evidences show that S. mansoni downregulates inflammatory responses in many diseases. Fortunately, the control of inflammatory responses is extended to pathogen-derived antigens, leading us to study one S. mansoni Kunitz type protease inhibitor (SmKI-1), found in larval and adult phases of the parasite. We demonstrate that SmKI-1 inhibits trypsin and neutrophil elastase (NE). Additionally, live parasites that SmKI-1 gene has been suppressed using siRNA displayed an impaired schistosome development both in vitro and in vivo. Further, we demonstrate that SmKI-1 possesses an anti-inflammatory potential in three different murine models of inflammatory diseases: acetaminophen (APAP)-mediated liver damage, gout arthritis, and pleural inflammation in response to carrageenan. In these inflammatory disease models, we evaluated SmKI-1 effect on neutrophil and our results demonstrate this molecule is able to inhibit neutrophil migration and function, regulating inflammation. Thus, our data suggest that SmKI-1 is a promising therapeutic molecule against inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suellen B. Morais
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Ministério de Ciência Tecnologia e Inovação Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Barbara C. Figueiredo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Ministério de Ciência Tecnologia e Inovação Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Natan R. G. Assis
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Ministério de Ciência Tecnologia e Inovação Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Debora M. Alvarenga
- Centro de Biologia Gastrointestinal, Departamento de Morfologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana T. Q. de Magalhães
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafaela S. Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Angélica T. Vieira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo B. Menezes
- Centro de Biologia Gastrointestinal, Departamento de Morfologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sergio C. Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Ministério de Ciência Tecnologia e Inovação Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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149
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The Ontogeny of a Neutrophil: Mechanisms of Granulopoiesis and Homeostasis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 82:82/1/e00057-17. [PMID: 29436479 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00057-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Comprising the majority of leukocytes in humans, neutrophils are the first immune cells to respond to inflammatory or infectious etiologies and are crucial participants in the proper functioning of both innate and adaptive immune responses. From their initial appearance in the liver, thymus, and spleen at around the eighth week of human gestation to their generation in large numbers in the bone marrow at the end of term gestation, the differentiation of the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell into a mature, segmented neutrophil is a highly controlled process where the transcriptional regulators C/EBP-α and C/EBP-ε play a vital role. Recent advances in neutrophil biology have clarified the life cycle of these cells and revealed striking differences between neonatal and adult neutrophils based on fetal maturation and environmental factors. Here we detail neutrophil ontogeny, granulopoiesis, and neutrophil homeostasis and highlight important differences between neonatal and adult neutrophil populations.
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150
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Li D, Hu M, Liu Y, Ye P, Du P, Li CS, Cheng L, Liu P, Jiang J, Su L, Wang S, Zheng P, Liu Y. CD24-p53 axis suppresses diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinogenesis by sustaining intrahepatic macrophages. Cell Discov 2018; 4:6. [PMID: 29423273 PMCID: PMC5799181 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-017-0007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally assumed that inflammation following diethylnitrosamine (DEN) treatment promotes development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through the activity of intrahepatic macrophages. However, the tumor-promoting function of macrophages in the model has not been confirmed by either macrophage depletion or selective gene depletion in macrophages. Here we show that targeted mutation of Cd24 dramatically increased HCC burden while reducing intrahepatic macrophages and DEN-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. Depletion of macrophages also increased HCC burden and reduced hepatocyte apoptosis, thus establishing macrophages as an innate effector recognizing DEN-induced damaged hepatocytes. Mechanistically, Cd24 deficiency increased the levels of p53 in macrophages, resulting in their depletion in Cd24-/- mice following DEN treatment. These data demonstrate that the Cd24-p53 axis maintains intrahepatic macrophages, which can remove hepatocytes with DNA damage. Our data establish a critical role for macrophages in suppressing HCC development and call for an appraisal of the current dogma that intrahepatic macrophages promote HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongling Li
- 1Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,OncoImmune-Suzhou, Suzhou, China
| | - Minling Hu
- 1Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- 1Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peiying Ye
- 3Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System and Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20010 USA
| | - Peishuang Du
- 1Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chi-Shan Li
- 4Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang Cheng
- 1Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Liu
- 1Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- 5The first affiliated hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lishan Su
- 1Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,6Lineberg Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Shengdian Wang
- 1Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Zheng
- 3Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System and Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20010 USA
| | - Yang Liu
- 1Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,OncoImmune-Suzhou, Suzhou, China.,3Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System and Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20010 USA
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