101
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Probing the molecular basis for affinity/potency- and efficacy-based subtype-selectivity exhibited by benzodiazepine-site modulators at GABAA receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:339-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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102
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TP003 is a non-selective benzodiazepine site agonist that induces anxiolysis via α2GABAA receptors. Neuropharmacology 2018; 143:71-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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103
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Fan J, Li D, Chen HS, Huang JG, Xu JF, Zhu WW, Chen JG, Wang F. Metformin produces anxiolytic-like effects in rats by facilitating GABA A receptor trafficking to membrane. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:297-316. [PMID: 30318707 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Altered function or expression of GABAA receptors contributes to anxiety disorders. Benzodiazepines are widely prescribed for the treatment of anxiety. However, the long-term use of benzodiazepines increases the risk of developing drug dependence and tolerance. Thus, it is urgent to explore new therapeutic approaches. Metformin is widely used to treat Type 2 diabetes and other metabolic syndromes. However, the role of metformin in psychiatric disorders, especially anxiety, remains largely unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We examined the effects of metformin on anxiety-like behaviour of rats in open field test and elevated plus maze test. We also observed the effect of metformin (10 μM, in vitro; 100 mg·kg-1 , in vivo) on the trafficking of GABAA receptors, as mechanisms underlying the anxiolytic effects of metformin. KEY RESULTS Metformin (100 mg·kg-1 , i.p. 30 min) displayed a robust and rapid anxiolytic effect, without tolerance. Metformin up-regulated the surface expression of GABAA receptors and increased miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs). AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activated by metformin-induced stimulation of forkhead box O3a (FoxO3a) transcriptional activity, followed by increased expression of GABAA receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) and its binding to GABAA receptors finally resulted in the membrane insertion of GABAA receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Metformin increased mIPSCs by up-regulating the membrane insertion of GABAA receptors, via a pathway involving AMPK, FoxO3a, and the GABAA receptor-associated protein. Thus metformin has a potential new use in the treatment of anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Geng Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun-Feng Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Guo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation (HUST), Wuhan, China.,Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,The Collaborative-Innovation Center for Brain Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation (HUST), Wuhan, China.,Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,The Collaborative-Innovation Center for Brain Science, Wuhan, China
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104
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Anxiety and adjustment disorders are among the most prevalent mental health conditions. This review focuses on γ-aminobutyric acid receptor type A (GABAAR)-mediated anxiolysis, describing the action of both endogenous and exogenous modulators of GABAAR. Future directions and innovative strategies to alleviate anxiety symptoms are discussed, with a particular emphasis on etifoxine. METHODS We used available data from the recent literature to update the mode of action of anxiolytics. We focussed our search on anxiolytics acting at GABAARs, as well as on the pharmacological properties of formerly and currently prescribed anxiolytics. RESULTS Considering the adverse effects of current treatments aimed at increasing inhibitory controls, optimisation of existing pharmacotherapies is of crucial importance. Among the alternative compounds targeting the GABAergic system, translocator protein (TSPO) ligands, such as etifoxine (EFX), which promote endogenous neurosteroidogenesis, are emerging as promising candidates for anxiety relief. In several papers comparing the efficacy of benzodiazepines and EFX, EFX showed interesting properties with limited side effects. Indeed, neurosteroids are potent GABAAR modulators with highly underrated anxiolytic properties. CONCLUSIONS Novel therapeutic strategies have been emerging following the recognition of neurosteroids as potent anxiolytics. Featured at the top of the list for well-tolerated anxiety relief, TSPO ligands such as etifoxine appear promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierrick Poisbeau
- a Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience (INCI) , Strasbourg , France
| | - Geraldine Gazzo
- a Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience (INCI) , Strasbourg , France
| | - Laurent Calvel
- a Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Strasbourg, Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience (INCI) , Strasbourg , France
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105
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Rajagopal L, Huang M, Michael E, Kwon S, Meltzer HY. TPA-023 attenuates subchronic phencyclidine-induced declarative and reversal learning deficits via GABA A receptor agonist mechanism: possible therapeutic target for cognitive deficit in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:2468-2477. [PMID: 30093697 PMCID: PMC6180114 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
GABAergic drugs are of interest for the treatment of anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, pain, cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia (CIAS), and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Some evidence suggests that TPA-023, (7-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-(2-ethyl-2H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylmethoxy)-3-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b] pyridazine), a GABAA α2,3 subtype-selective GABAA partial agonist and α1/5 antagonist, and the neurosteroid, pregnenolone sulfate, a GABAA antagonist, may improve CIAS in pilot clinical trials. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of TPA-023 in mice after acute or subchronic (sc) treatment with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, phencyclidine (PCP), on novel object recognition (NOR), reversal learning (RL), and locomotor activity (LMA) in rodents. Acute TPA-023 significantly reversed scPCP-induced NOR and RL deficits. Co-administration of sub-effective dose (SED) TPA-023 with SEDs of the atypical antipsychotic drug, lurasidone, significantly potentiated the effect of TPA-023 in reversing the scPCP-induced NOR deficit. Further, scTPA-023 co-administration significantly prevented scPCP-induced NOR deficit for 5 weeks. Also, administration of TPA-023 for 7 days following scPCP reversed the NOR deficit for 1 week. However, TPA-023 did not blunt acute PCP-induced hyperactivity, suggesting lack of efficacy as a treatment for psychosis. Systemic TPA-023 significantly blocked lurasidone-induced increases in cortical acetylcholine, dopamine, and glutamate without affecting increases in norepinephrine and with minimal effect on basal release of these neurotransmitters. TPA-023 significantly inhibited PCP-induced cortical and striatal dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and glutamate efflux. These results suggest that TPA-023 and other GABAA agonists may be of benefit to treat CIAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Rajagopal
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Mei Huang
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Eric Michael
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Sunoh Kwon
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Herbert Y. Meltzer
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
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106
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Heller AH, Wargacki S, Jung C, Buan CV, Wyatt DJ, Schobel AM. Pharmacokinetics of clobazam oral soluble film. Epilepsia 2018; 59:2153-2161. [PMID: 30357823 DOI: 10.1111/epi.14581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clobazam oral soluble film (COSF) is a novel dosage form under development for the adjunctive treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. The present study was undertaken to assess the pharmacokinetics of clobazam administered as single doses of COSF 20 and 10 mg compared with clobazam tablets (CTAB) 20 and 10 mg in healthy adults. A secondary objective was to assess the safety and tolerability of single doses of COSF 20 and 10 mg. METHODS A total of 51 adult volunteers were enrolled in a single-dose, open-label, randomized four-sequence, four-period, crossover study with treatments (A) COSF 20 mg, (B) CTAB 20 mg, (C) COSF 10 mg, and (D) CTAB 10 mg. Pharmacokinetic sampling for clobazam and N-desmethylclobazam was carried out until 21 days postdose with a 28-day washout. Subjects were monitored for adverse events (AEs) throughout the study. Visual inspections of the administration site were performed before and after COSF administration to monitor for mucosal irritation. RESULTS COSF at single doses of 10 and 20 mg was bioequivalent to CTAB at equivalent doses for both clobazam and its active metabolite N-desmethylclobazam. The pharmacokinetics of both formulations was dose-proportional at doses of 10 and 20 mg. The number of AEs and the number of subjects experiencing AEs were dose-related across the treatment groups, with somnolence the most common event. None of these events was severe or serious, and most were mild. There was no evidence for local irritation at the administration site following COSF. SIGNIFICANCE COSF is a novel clobazam dosage form that is bioequivalent to CTAB. Because of its ease of administration, COSF may be expected to improve adherence, reduce likelihood of dosing error, and provide more accurate dosing than formulations of clobazam that are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cassie Jung
- Aquestive Therapeutics, Inc, Warren, New Jersey
| | | | - David J Wyatt
- Syneos Health Clinical Solutions, Early Phase, Miami, Florida
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107
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Tolbert D, Larsen F. A Comprehensive Overview of the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Clobazam. J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 59:7-19. [PMID: 30285275 PMCID: PMC6585772 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Clobazam (CLB) is a 1,5‐benzodiazepine that has been widely used as an anxiolytic and antiseizure drug (ASD) since it was first synthesized over 50 years ago. CLB was approved in the United States in 2011 as adjunctive therapy for seizures in patients ≥2 years old with Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome. CLB pharmacokinetics (PK) have been studied in single‐ and multiple‐dose administrations in healthy subjects. Salient features include high bioavailability, linear PK, and negligible effects from coadministration of other ASDs. CLB is highly and extensively absorbed, with little effect from food; time to maximum plasma concentration is 0.5 to 4 hours following the dose. After CLB doses of 20 to 40 mg/day, the volume of distribution is 99 to 120 L, with oral clearance ranging from 1.9 to 2.3 L/h. CLB is lipophilic and distributes throughout the body after oral administration. It is metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes CYP3A, CYP2C19, and CYP2B6, and its main active metabolite is N‐desmethylclobazam. The half‐life of CLB after a single oral dose ranges from 36 to 42 hours; the half‐life of N‐desmethylclobazam ranges from 59 to 74 hours. The metabolites of CLB are primarily excreted renally. Population PK modeling using data from healthy subjects and patients with Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome indicates that race, sex, age, weight, and renal function do not influence CLB PK. As CLB has been extensively studied since the 1970s, this review is meant to provide a consolidated and comprehensive resource on CLB PK for both prescribers and scientists alike.
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108
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Sieghart W, Savić MM. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CVI: GABAA Receptor Subtype- and Function-selective Ligands: Key Issues in Translation to Humans. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:836-878. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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109
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Szodorai E, Bampali K, Romanov RA, Kasper S, Hökfelt T, Ernst M, Lubec G, Harkany T. Diversity matters: combinatorial information coding by GABA A receptor subunits during spatial learning and its allosteric modulation. Cell Signal 2018; 50:142-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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110
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Mitchell SJ, Maguire EP, Cunningham L, Gunn BG, Linke M, Zechner U, Dixon CI, King SL, Stephens DN, Swinny JD, Belelli D, Lambert JJ. Early-life adversity selectively impairs α2-GABA A receptor expression in the mouse nucleus accumbens and influences the behavioral effects of cocaine. Neuropharmacology 2018; 141:98-112. [PMID: 30138693 PMCID: PMC6178871 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Haplotypes of the Gabra2 gene encoding the α2-subunit of the GABAA receptor (GABAAR) are associated with drug abuse, suggesting that α2-GABAARs may play an important role in the circuitry underlying drug misuse. The genetic association of Gabra2 haplotypes with cocaine addiction appears to be evident primarily in individuals who had experienced childhood trauma. Given this association of childhood trauma, cocaine abuse and the Gabra2 haplotypes, we have explored in a mouse model of early life adversity (ELA) whether such events influence the behavioral effects of cocaine and if, as suggested by the human studies, α2-GABAARs in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) are involved in these perturbed behaviors. In adult mice prior ELA caused a selective decrease of accumbal α2-subunit mRNA, resulting in a selective decrease in the number and size of the α2-subunit (but not the α1-subunit) immunoreactive clusters in NAc core medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Functionally, in adult MSNs ELA decreased the amplitude and frequency of GABAAR-mediated miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs), a profile similar to that of α2 "knock-out" (α2-/-) mice. Behaviourally, adult male ELA and α2-/- mice exhibited an enhanced locomotor response to acute cocaine and blunted sensitisation upon repeated cocaine administration, when compared to their appropriate controls. Collectively, these findings reveal a neurobiological mechanism which may relate to the clinical observation that early trauma increases the risk for substance abuse disorder (SAD) in individuals harbouring haplotypic variations in the Gabra2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Mitchell
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Edward P Maguire
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Cunningham
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin G Gunn
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Linke
- Institute of Human Genetics, Mainz University, Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Zechner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Mainz University, Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claire I Dixon
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L King
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - David N Stephens
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome D Swinny
- Institute for Biomedical & Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, United Kingdom.
| | - Delia Belelli
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Jeremy J Lambert
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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111
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Ponduri R, Kumar P, Vadali LR. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of New Isoxazolyl Benzo[1, 4] diazepine-5-one Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajasekhar Ponduri
- JNTU−H College of Engineering; CCST, IST Kukatpally; Hyderabad - 500085, Telangana State India
- Mylan Laboratories Limited Bollaram, Jinnaram (Mandal), Medak (Dist); Hyderabad, Telangana State India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- JNTU−H College of Engineering; CCST, IST Kukatpally; Hyderabad - 500085, Telangana State India
| | - Lakshmana Rao Vadali
- Mylan Laboratories Limited Bollaram, Jinnaram (Mandal), Medak (Dist); Hyderabad, Telangana State India
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112
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Zeng X, Hu K, Chen L, Zhou L, Luo W, Li C, Zong W, Chen S, Gao Q, Zeng G, Jiang D, Li X, Zhou H, Ouyang DS. The Effects of Ginsenoside Compound K Against Epilepsy by Enhancing the γ-Aminobutyric Acid Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1020. [PMID: 30254585 PMCID: PMC6142013 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The imbalance between the GABA-mediated inhibition and the glutamate-mediated excitation is the primary pathological mechanism of epilepsy. GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission have become the most important targets for controlling epilepsy. Ginsenoside compound K (GCK) is a main metabolic production of the ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, and Rc in the intestinal microbiota. Previous studies show that GCK promoted the release of GABA from the hippocampal neurons and enhanced the activity of GABAA receptors. GCK is shown to reduce the expression of NMDAR and to attenuate the function of the NMDA receptors in the brain. The anti-seizure effects of GCK have not been reported so far. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of GCK on epilepsy and its potential mechanism. The rat model of seizure or status epilepticus (SE) was established with either Pentylenetetrazole or Lithium chloride-pilocarpine. The Racine's scale was used to evaluate seizure activity. The levels of the amino acid neurotransmitters were detected in the pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats. The expression levels of GABAARα1, NMDAR1, KCC2, and NKCC1 protein in the hippocampus were determined via western blot or immunohistochemistry after SE. We found that GCK had deceased seizure intensity and prolonged the latency of seizures. GCK increased the contents of GABA, while the contents of glutamate remained unchanged. GCK enhanced the expression of GABAARα1 in the brain and exhibited a tendency to decrease the expression of NMDAR1 protein in the hippocampus. The expression of KCC2 protein was elevated by the treatment of GCK after SE, while the expression of NKCC1 protein was reversely down-regulated. These findings suggested that GCK exerted anti-epileptic effects by promoting the hippocampal GABA release and enhancing the GABAAR-mediated inhibitory synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchang Zeng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Luping Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chaopeng Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjing Zong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qing Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guirong Zeng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of New Drugs & Hunan Provincial Research Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Changsha, China
| | - Dejian Jiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of New Drugs & Hunan Provincial Research Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Honghao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Ouyang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha Duxact Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
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113
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Batinić B, Stanković T, Stephen MR, Kodali R, Tiruveedhula VV, Li G, Scholze P, Marković BD, Obradović AL, Ernst M, Cook JM, Savić MM. Attaining in vivo selectivity of positive modulation of α3βγ2 GABA A receptors in rats: A hard task! Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:903-914. [PMID: 29891214 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear whether GABAA receptors (GABAARs) that contain the α3-subunit are substantially involved in the anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines (BDZs). In the present study, we tested YT-III-31, a newer BDZ ligand with functional preference for α3βγ2 GABAARs, in two paradigms of unconditioned anxiety, the open field and elevated plus maze in rats. The effective dose of YT-III-31 (2 mg/kg) displayed a clear anxiolytic-like profile, unhampered by sedative action, in both tests. At a higher dose (10 mg/kg), YT-III-31 induced ataxia in the rotarod and sedation in spontaneous locomotor activity test. The latter effect was preventable by flumazenil and βCCt, the non-selective and α1βγ2 GABAAR affinity-selective antagonist, respectively, demonstrating that sedative properties of YT-III-31, when attained, are mediated by the α1γ2 site. To elucidate the receptor substrate of subtle behavioral differences between YT-III-31 and diazepam, we approximated in vivo receptor potentiation for both ligands, based on estimated unbound concentrations in rat brains. Far different from diazepam, YT-III-31 has significantly lower affinity for the α1γ2 over other BDZ-sensitive sites, and at lower doses (1-2 mg/kg) was devoid of potentiation at α1βγ2 GABAARs. The approximation approach revealed a modest selectivity of YT-III-31 for α3γ2- in comparison to α2γ2 and α5γ2 binding sites, suggesting that its anxiolytic-like activity may not necessarily or predominantly reflect potentiation at α3βγ2 GABAARs. Nonetheless, as the anxiolytic effects are achievable at a dose devoid of any sedative potential, and having favorable safety (cytotoxicity) and metabolic stability profile, YT-III-31 represents a valuable candidate for further translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Batinić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Stanković
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Michael Rajesh Stephen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Revathi Kodali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Veera V Tiruveedhula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Petra Scholze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bojan D Marković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Lj Obradović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Margot Ernst
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Miroslav M Savić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Lin SF, Bois F, Holden D, Nabulsi N, Pracitto R, Gao H, Kapinos M, Teng JK, Shirali A, Ropchan J, Carson RE, Elmore CS, Vasdev N, Huang Y. The Search for a Subtype-Selective PET Imaging Agent for the GABA A Receptor Complex: Evaluation of the Radiotracer [ 11C]ADO in Nonhuman Primates. Mol Imaging 2018; 16:1536012117731258. [PMID: 28929924 PMCID: PMC5912275 DOI: 10.1177/1536012117731258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The myriad physiological functions of γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) are mediated by the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex comprising of the GABAA, GABAB, and GABAC groups. The various GABAA subunits with region-specific distributions in the brain subserve different functional and physiological roles. For example, the sedative and anticonvulsive effects of classical benzodiazepines are attributed to the α1 subunit, and the α2 and α3 subunits mediate the anxiolytic effect. To optimize pharmacotherapies with improved efficacy and devoid of undesirable side effects for the treatment of anxiety disorders, subtype-selective imaging radiotracers are required to assess target engagement at GABA sites and determine the dose–receptor occupancy relationships. The goal of this work was to characterize, in nonhuman primates, the in vivo binding profile of a novel positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer, [11C]ADO, which has been indicated to have functional selectivity for the GABAA α2/α3 subunits. High specific activity [11C]ADO was administrated to 3 rhesus monkeys, and PET scans of 120-minute duration were performed on the Focus-220 scanner. In the blood, [11C]ADO metabolized at a fairly rapid rate, with ∼36% of the parent tracer remaining at 30 minutes postinjection. Uptake levels of [11C]ADO in the brain were high (peak standardized uptake value of ∼3.0) and consistent with GABAA distribution, with highest activity levels in cortical areas, intermediate levels in cerebellum and thalamus, and lowest uptake in striatal regions and amygdala. Tissue kinetics was fast, with peak uptake in all brain regions within 20 minutes of tracer injection. The one-tissue compartment model provided good fits to regional time–activity curves and reliable measurement of kinetic parameters. The absolute test–retest variability of regional distribution volumes (VT) was low, ranging from 4.5% to 8.7%. Pretreatment with flumazenil (a subtype nonselective ligand, 0.2 mg/kg, intravenous [IV], n = 1), Ro15-4513 (an α5-selective ligand, 0.03 mg/kg, IV, n = 2), and zolpidem (an α1-selective ligand, 1.7 mg/kg, IV, n = 1) led to blockade of [11C]ADO binding by 96.5%, 52.5%, and 76.5%, respectively, indicating the in vivo binding specificity of the radiotracer. Using the nondisplaceable volume of distribution (VND) determined from the blocking studies, specific binding signals, as measured by values of regional binding potential (BPND), ranged from 0.6 to 4.4, which are comparable to those of [11C]flumazenil. In conclusion, [11C]ADO was demonstrated to be a specific radiotracer for the GABAA receptors with several favorable properties: high brain uptake, fast tissue kinetics, and high levels of specific binding in nonhuman primates. However, subtype selectivity in vivo is not obvious for the radiotracer, and thus, the search for subtype-selective GABAA radiotracers continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fei Lin
- 1 Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Frederic Bois
- 1 Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel Holden
- 1 Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- 1 Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard Pracitto
- 1 Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hong Gao
- 1 Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Kapinos
- 1 Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jo-Ku Teng
- 1 Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anupama Shirali
- 1 Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jim Ropchan
- 1 Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- 1 Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Neil Vasdev
- 3 Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- 1 Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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115
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Olsen RW. GABA A receptor: Positive and negative allosteric modulators. Neuropharmacology 2018; 136:10-22. [PMID: 29407219 PMCID: PMC6027637 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibitory neurotransmission and the gene products involved were discovered during the mid-twentieth century. Historically, myriad existing nervous system drugs act as positive and negative allosteric modulators of these proteins, making GABA a major component of modern neuropharmacology, and suggesting that many potential drugs will be found that share these targets. Although some of these drugs act on proteins involved in synthesis, degradation, and membrane transport of GABA, the GABA receptors Type A (GABAAR) and Type B (GABABR) are the targets of the great majority of GABAergic drugs. This discovery is due in no small part to Professor Norman Bowery. Whereas the topic of GABABR is appropriately emphasized in this special issue, Norman Bowery also made many insights into GABAAR pharmacology, the topic of this article. GABAAR are members of the ligand-gated ion channel receptor superfamily, a chloride channel family of a dozen or more heteropentameric subtypes containing 19 possible different subunits. These subtypes show different brain regional and subcellular localization, age-dependent expression, and potential for plastic changes with experience including drug exposure. Not only are GABAAR the targets of agonist depressants and antagonist convulsants, but most GABAAR drugs act at other (allosteric) binding sites on the GABAAR proteins. Some anxiolytic and sedative drugs, like benzodiazepine and related drugs, act on GABAAR subtype-dependent extracellular domain sites. General anesthetics including alcohols and neurosteroids act at GABAAR subunit-interface trans-membrane sites. Ethanol at high anesthetic doses acts on GABAAR subtype-dependent trans-membrane domain sites. Ethanol at low intoxicating doses acts at GABAAR subtype-dependent extracellular domain sites. Thus GABAAR subtypes possess pharmacologically specific receptor binding sites for a large group of different chemical classes of clinically important neuropharmacological agents. This article is part of the "Special Issue Dedicated to Norman G. Bowery".
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Olsen
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Auta J, Gatta E, Davis JM, Pandey SC, Guidotti A. Potential role for histone deacetylation in chronic diazepam-induced downregulation of α1-GABA A receptor subunit expression. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2018; 6:e00416. [PMID: 29951207 PMCID: PMC6019704 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Corroborating evidence indicate that the downregulation of GABAA receptor subunit expression may underlie tolerance to the anticonvulsant and anxiolytic actions of benzodiazepine (BZ) ligands that act as full allosteric modulators (FAMs) of GABA actions at a variety of GABAA receptor subtypes. We and others have shown that 10-14 days treatment with increasing doses of diazepam (a FAM) resulted in anticonvulsant tolerance and decreased the expression of the α1 GABAA receptor subunit mRNA and protein in frontal cortex. In addition, we have also shown that long-term treatment with imidazenil, a partial allosteric modulator of GABA action at selective GABAA receptor subtypes, fail to change the expression of the α1 subunit mRNA or induce tolerance to its anticonvulsant or anxiolytic action. However, little is known regarding the potential role of epigenetic mechanisms on long-term BZ-induced downregulation of GABAA receptor subunit. Therefore, we examined the role of histone acetylation and DNA methylation mechanisms on long-term diazepam-induced downregulation of the α1 subunit mRNA expression in rat frontal cortex. We found that 10 days treatment with increasing doses of diazepam but not imidazenil decreased the expression of the α1 GABAA receptor subunit mRNA and promoter acetylation in frontal cortex. In addition, we also found that 10 days treatment with diazepam but not imidazenil increased the expression of histone deacetylase (HDAC) 1 and 2 in frontal cortex. Thus, the increased expression of HDAC1 and HDAC2 (class 1 HDACs) and consequently increased histone deacetylation mechanism of this class 1 HDACs, may underlie long-term diazepam-induced decreased expression of the α1 GABAA receptor subunit mRNA in frontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Auta
- Center for Alcohol Research in EpigeneticsDepartment of PsychiatryCollege of MedicineUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinois
- The Psychiatric InstituteDepartment of PsychiatryCollege of MedicineUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinois
| | - Eleonora Gatta
- Center for Alcohol Research in EpigeneticsDepartment of PsychiatryCollege of MedicineUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinois
- The Psychiatric InstituteDepartment of PsychiatryCollege of MedicineUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinois
| | - John M. Davis
- The Psychiatric InstituteDepartment of PsychiatryCollege of MedicineUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinois
| | - Subhash C. Pandey
- Center for Alcohol Research in EpigeneticsDepartment of PsychiatryCollege of MedicineUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinois
- Jesse Brown VA Medical CenterChicagoIllinois
| | - Alessandro Guidotti
- Center for Alcohol Research in EpigeneticsDepartment of PsychiatryCollege of MedicineUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinois
- The Psychiatric InstituteDepartment of PsychiatryCollege of MedicineUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinois
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117
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Hu Z, Oh S, Ha TW, Hong JT, Oh KW. Sleep-Aids Derived from Natural Products. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:343-349. [PMID: 29929351 PMCID: PMC6029681 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although drugs such as barbiturates and benzodiazepines are often used for the treatment of insomnia, they are associated with various side effects such as habituations, tolerance and addiction. Alternatively, natural products with minimal unwanted effects have been preferred for the treatment of acute and/or mild insomnia, with additional benefits of overall health-promotion. Basic and clinical researches on the mechanisms of action of natural products have been carried out so far in insomnia treatments. Recent studies have been focusing on diverse chemical components available in natural products, with an interest of developing drugs that can improve sleep duration and quality. In the last 15 years, our co-workers have been actively looking for candidate substances from natural products that can relieve insomnia. This review is, therefore, intended to bring pharmacological data regarding to the effects of natural products on sleep duration and quality, mainly through the activation of GABAA receptors. It is imperative that phytochemicals will provide useful information during electroencephalography (EEG) analysis and serve as an alternative medications for insomnia patients who are reluctant to use conventional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 33006, China
| | - Seikwan Oh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and TIDRC, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Woo Ha
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osong 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Tae Hong
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osong 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Wan Oh
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osong 28160, Republic of Korea
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118
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Duke AN, Meng Z, Platt DM, Atack JR, Dawson GR, Reynolds DS, Tiruveedhula VVNPB, Li G, Stephen MR, Sieghart W, Cook JM, Rowlett JK. Evidence That Sedative Effects of Benzodiazepines Involve Unexpected GABA A Receptor Subtypes: Quantitative Observation Studies in Rhesus Monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 366:145-157. [PMID: 29720564 PMCID: PMC5988000 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.249250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In nonhuman primates we tested a new set of behavioral categories for observable sedative effects using pediatric anesthesiology classifications as a basis. Using quantitative behavioral observation techniques in rhesus monkeys, we examined the effects of alprazolam and diazepam (nonselective benzodiazepines), zolpidem (preferential binding to α1 subunit-containing GABAA receptors), HZ-166 (8-ethynyl-6-(2'-pyridine)-4H-2,5,10b-triaza-benzo[e]azulene-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester; functionally selective with relatively high intrinsic efficacy for α2 and α3 subunit-containing GABAA receptors), MRK-696 [7-cyclobutyl-6-(2-methyl-2H-1,2,4-triazol-2-ylmethoxy)-3-(2-flurophenyl)-1,2,4-triazolo(4,3-b)pyridazine; no selectivity but partial intrinsic activity], and TPA023B 6,2'-diflouro-5'-[3-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl]biphenyl-2-carbonitrile; partial intrinsic efficacy and selectivity for α2, α3, α5 subunit-containing GABAA receptors]. We further examined the role of α1 subunit-containing GABAA receptors in benzodiazepine-induced sedative effects by pretreating animals with the α1 subunit-preferring antagonist β-carboline-3-carboxylate-t-butyl ester (βCCT). Increasing doses of alprazolam and diazepam resulted in the emergence of observable ataxia, rest/sleep posture, and moderate and deep sedation. In contrast, zolpidem engendered dose-dependent observable ataxia and deep sedation but not rest/sleep posture or moderate sedation, and HZ-166 and TPA023 induced primarily rest/sleep posture. MRK-696 induced rest/sleep posture and observable ataxia. Zolpidem, but no other compounds, significantly increased tactile/oral exploration. The sedative effects engendered by alprazolam, diazepam, and zolpidem generally were attenuated by βCCT pretreatments, whereas rest/sleep posture and suppression of tactile/oral exploration were insensitive to βCCT administration. These data suggest that α2/3-containing GABAA receptor subtypes unexpectedly may mediate a mild form of sedation (rest/sleep posture), whereas α1-containing GABAA receptors may play a role in moderate/deep sedation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela N Duke
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts (A.N.D., Z.M., D.M.P., J.K.R.); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (D.M.P., J.K.R.); Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (J.R.A.); P1Vital, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom (G.R.D.); Alzheimer's Research UK, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.S.R.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (V.V.N.P.B.T., G.L., M.R.S., J.M.C.); and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.S.)
| | - Zhiqiang Meng
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts (A.N.D., Z.M., D.M.P., J.K.R.); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (D.M.P., J.K.R.); Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (J.R.A.); P1Vital, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom (G.R.D.); Alzheimer's Research UK, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.S.R.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (V.V.N.P.B.T., G.L., M.R.S., J.M.C.); and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.S.)
| | - Donna M Platt
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts (A.N.D., Z.M., D.M.P., J.K.R.); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (D.M.P., J.K.R.); Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (J.R.A.); P1Vital, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom (G.R.D.); Alzheimer's Research UK, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.S.R.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (V.V.N.P.B.T., G.L., M.R.S., J.M.C.); and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.S.)
| | - John R Atack
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts (A.N.D., Z.M., D.M.P., J.K.R.); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (D.M.P., J.K.R.); Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (J.R.A.); P1Vital, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom (G.R.D.); Alzheimer's Research UK, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.S.R.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (V.V.N.P.B.T., G.L., M.R.S., J.M.C.); and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.S.)
| | - Gerard R Dawson
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts (A.N.D., Z.M., D.M.P., J.K.R.); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (D.M.P., J.K.R.); Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (J.R.A.); P1Vital, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom (G.R.D.); Alzheimer's Research UK, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.S.R.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (V.V.N.P.B.T., G.L., M.R.S., J.M.C.); and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.S.)
| | - David S Reynolds
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts (A.N.D., Z.M., D.M.P., J.K.R.); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (D.M.P., J.K.R.); Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (J.R.A.); P1Vital, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom (G.R.D.); Alzheimer's Research UK, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.S.R.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (V.V.N.P.B.T., G.L., M.R.S., J.M.C.); and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.S.)
| | - V V N Phani Babu Tiruveedhula
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts (A.N.D., Z.M., D.M.P., J.K.R.); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (D.M.P., J.K.R.); Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (J.R.A.); P1Vital, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom (G.R.D.); Alzheimer's Research UK, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.S.R.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (V.V.N.P.B.T., G.L., M.R.S., J.M.C.); and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.S.)
| | - Guanguan Li
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts (A.N.D., Z.M., D.M.P., J.K.R.); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (D.M.P., J.K.R.); Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (J.R.A.); P1Vital, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom (G.R.D.); Alzheimer's Research UK, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.S.R.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (V.V.N.P.B.T., G.L., M.R.S., J.M.C.); and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.S.)
| | - Michael Rajesh Stephen
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts (A.N.D., Z.M., D.M.P., J.K.R.); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (D.M.P., J.K.R.); Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (J.R.A.); P1Vital, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom (G.R.D.); Alzheimer's Research UK, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.S.R.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (V.V.N.P.B.T., G.L., M.R.S., J.M.C.); and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.S.)
| | - Werner Sieghart
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts (A.N.D., Z.M., D.M.P., J.K.R.); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (D.M.P., J.K.R.); Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (J.R.A.); P1Vital, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom (G.R.D.); Alzheimer's Research UK, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.S.R.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (V.V.N.P.B.T., G.L., M.R.S., J.M.C.); and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.S.)
| | - James M Cook
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts (A.N.D., Z.M., D.M.P., J.K.R.); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (D.M.P., J.K.R.); Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (J.R.A.); P1Vital, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom (G.R.D.); Alzheimer's Research UK, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.S.R.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (V.V.N.P.B.T., G.L., M.R.S., J.M.C.); and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.S.)
| | - James K Rowlett
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts (A.N.D., Z.M., D.M.P., J.K.R.); Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi (D.M.P., J.K.R.); Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (J.R.A.); P1Vital, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom (G.R.D.); Alzheimer's Research UK, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.S.R.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (V.V.N.P.B.T., G.L., M.R.S., J.M.C.); and Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.S.)
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Koulentaki M, Kouroumalis E. GABA A receptor polymorphisms in alcohol use disorder in the GWAS era. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1845-1865. [PMID: 29721579 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4918-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic, relapsing, neuro-psychiatric illness of high prevalence and with a serious public health impact worldwide. It is complex and polygenic, with a heritability of about 50%, and influenced by environmental causal heterogeneity. Risk factors associated with its etiology have a genetic component. GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in mammalian brain. GABAA receptors are believed to mediate some of the physiological and behavioral actions of alcohol. In this critical review, relevant genetic terms and type and methodology of the genetic studies are briefly explained. Postulated candidate genes that encode subunits of GABAA receptors, with all the reported SNPs, are presented. Genetic studies and meta-analyses examining polymorphisms of the GABAA receptor and their association with AUD predisposition are presented. The data are critically examined with reference to recent GWAS studies that failed to show relations between GABAA receptors and AUD. Restrictions and perspectives of the different findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairi Koulentaki
- Alcohology Research Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, 71500, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heraklion, 71500, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Elias Kouroumalis
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heraklion, 71500, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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Safaei-Ghomi J, Paymard-Samani S, Shahbazi-Alavi H. MNPs-NHC6
H4
SO3
H as high-performance catalyst for the synthesis of 1,4-diazepines containing tetrazole ring under microwave irradiation. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201700349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javad Safaei-Ghomi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Kashan; Kashan I. R. Iran
| | - Soleiman Paymard-Samani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Kashan; Kashan I. R. Iran
| | - Hossein Shahbazi-Alavi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Kashan; Kashan I. R. Iran
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Kawaharada S, Nakanishi M, Nakanishi N, Hazama K, Higashino M, Yasuhiro T, Lewis A, Clark GS, Chambers MS, Maidment SA, Katsumata S, Kaneko S. ONO-8590580, a Novel GABAAα5 Negative Allosteric Modulator Enhances Long-Term Potentiation and Improves Cognitive Deficits in Preclinical Models. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 366:58-65. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.247627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Pflanz NC, Daszkowski AW, Cornelison GL, Trudell JR, Mihic SJ. An intersubunit electrostatic interaction in the GABA A receptor facilitates its responses to benzodiazepines. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8264-8274. [PMID: 29622679 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepines are positive allosteric modulators of the GABAA receptor (GABAAR), acting at the α-γ subunit interface to enhance GABAAR function. GABA or benzodiazepine binding induces distinct conformational changes in the GABAAR. The molecular rearrangements in the GABAAR following benzodiazepine binding remain to be fully elucidated. Using two molecular models of the GABAAR, we identified electrostatic interactions between specific amino acids at the α-γ subunit interface that were broken by, or formed after, benzodiazepine binding. Using two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology in Xenopus laevis oocytes, we investigated these interactions by substituting one or both amino acids of each potential pair. We found that Lys104 in the α1 subunit forms an electrostatic bond with Asp75 of the γ2 subunit after benzodiazepine binding and that this bond stabilizes the positively modified state of the receptor. Substitution of these two residues to cysteine and subsequent covalent linkage between them increased the receptor's sensitivity to low GABA concentrations and decreased its response to benzodiazepines, producing a GABAAR that resembles a benzodiazepine-bound WT GABAAR. Breaking this bond restored sensitivity to GABA to WT levels and increased the receptor's response to benzodiazepines. The α1 Lys104 and γ2 Asp75 interaction did not play a role in ethanol or neurosteroid modulation of GABAAR, suggesting that different modulators induce different conformational changes in the receptor. These findings may help explain the additive or synergistic effects of modulators acting at the GABAAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha C Pflanz
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Institutes for Neuroscience and Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Anna W Daszkowski
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Institutes for Neuroscience and Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Garrett L Cornelison
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Institutes for Neuroscience and Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - James R Trudell
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - S John Mihic
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Institutes for Neuroscience and Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712.
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Kumari A, Singh AP, Vidhan J, Gupta R, Dhawan J, Kaur J. The Sedative and Propofol-Sparing Effect of Dexmedetomidine and Midazolam as Premedicants in Minor Gynecological Day Care Surgeries: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study. Anesth Essays Res 2018; 12:423-427. [PMID: 29962610 PMCID: PMC6020601 DOI: 10.4103/aer.aer_8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Ambulatory surgery is continually evolving specialty in the majority of surgical procedures. Dexmedetomidine and midazolam are newer adjuvants for sedation and reducing the dose of anesthetic agents. The aim of this study was to compare the sedative and propofol-sparing effect of dexmedetomidine and midazolam in minor gynecological day care surgeries. Observer's Assessment of Activity and Sedation, dose of additional propofol, Aldrete and street fitness score were studied as primary outcomes. Hemodynamic parameters and side effects were evaluated as secondary outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective randomized placebo-controlled study was conducted on 150 American Society of Anesthesiologists ASA physical status Classes I and II gynecological patients between 18 and 50 years and were allocated into three groups of fifty each. Group A received intravenous (i.v.) dexmedetomidine 0.1 μg/kg, Group B received i.v. midazolam 0.04 mg/kg, and Group C received normal saline 10 min before induction. RESULTS Sedation score was statistically highly significant between Group A and B (P < 0.001). Between Group A and C, it was statistically significant (P < 0.05); however, score was nonsignificant between Groups B and C (P > 0.05). During recovery at 120 min after surgery, score 5 was achieved equally by all three groups which was found to be statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). Mean dose of additional propofol used was less in Group A (14 ± 9.25) than B (25 ± 5.40) and C (53 ± 10.96). On intergroup comparison between all three groups, it was found to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). Comparison of bispectral index (BIS) values between Groups A and C and Groups B and C were highly significant (P < 0.001). However, it was statistically significant between Groups A and B (P < 0.05). Aldrete scoring and street fitness scores were highly significant between Groups A and B, B and C, and also between Groups A and C (P < 0.001). No significant hemodynamic derangements and side effects were noted in any of three groups. CONCLUSION Dexmedetomidine had good sedation and better recovery characteristics than midazolam. BIS monitoring was helpful in maintaining the depth of anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kumari
- Department of Anaesthesia, SGRD Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Arvinder Pal Singh
- Department of Anaesthesia, SGRD Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Jyoti Vidhan
- Department of Anaesthesia, SGRD Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- Department of Anaesthesia, SGRD Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Jonny Dhawan
- Department of Anaesthesia, SGRD Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Jasleen Kaur
- Department of Anaesthesia, SGRD Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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Garret M, Du Z, Chazalon M, Cho YH, Baufreton J. Alteration of GABAergic neurotransmission in Huntington's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:292-300. [PMID: 29464851 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary Huntington's disease (HD) is characterized by cell dysfunction and death in the brain, leading to progressive cognitive, psychiatric, and motor impairments. Despite molecular and cellular descriptions of the effects of the HD mutation, no effective pharmacological treatment is yet available. In addition to well-established alterations of glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems, it is becoming clear that the GABAergic systems are also impaired in HD. GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and GABAergic neurotransmission has been postulated to be modified in many neurological and psychiatric diseases. In addition, GABAergic neurotransmission is the target of many drugs that are in wide clinical use. Here, we summarize data demonstrating the occurrence of alterations of GABAergic markers in the brain of HD carriers as well as in rodent models of the disease. In particular, we pinpoint HD-related changes in the expression of GABAA receptors (GABAA Rs). On the basis that a novel GABA pharmacology of GABAA Rs established with more selective drugs is emerging, we argue that clinical treatments acting specifically on GABAergic neurotransmission may be an appropriate strategy for improving symptoms linked to the HD mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Garret
- Université de Bordeaux, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Zhuowei Du
- Université de Bordeaux, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marine Chazalon
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yoon H Cho
- Université de Bordeaux, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jérôme Baufreton
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
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125
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Milanos S, Kuenzel K, Gilbert DF, Janzen D, Sasi M, Buettner A, Frimurer TM, Villmann C. Structural changes at the myrtenol backbone reverse its positive allosteric potential into inhibitory GABAA receptor modulation. Biol Chem 2018; 399:549-563. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
GABAA receptors are ligand-gated anion channels that form pentameric arrangements of various subunits. Positive allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors have been reported as being isolated either from plants or synthesized analogs of known GABAA receptor targeting drugs. Recently, we identified monoterpenes, e.g. myrtenol as a positive allosteric modulator at α1β2 GABAA receptors. Here, along with pharmacophore-based virtual screening studies, we demonstrate that scaffold modifications of myrtenol resulted in the loss of modulatory activity. Two independent approaches, fluorescence-based compound analysis and electrophysiological recordings in whole-cell configurations were used for analysis of transfected cells. C-atoms 1 and 2 of the myrtenol backbone were identified as crucial to preserve positive allosteric potential. A modification at C-atom 2 and lack of the hydroxyl group at C-atom 1 exhibited significantly reduced GABAergic currents at α1β2, α1β2γ, α2β3, α2β3γ and α4β3δ receptors. This effect was independent of the γ2 subunit. A sub-screen with side chain length and volume differences at the C-atom 1 identified two compounds that inhibited GABAergic responses but without receptor subtype specificity. Our combined approach of pharmacophore-based virtual screening and functional readouts reveals that side chain modifications of the bridged six-membered ring structure of myrtenol are crucial for its modulatory potential at GABAA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Milanos
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Versbacherstr. 5 , D-97078 Würzburg , Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Food Chemistry, Emil-Fischer-Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , D-90154 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Katharina Kuenzel
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , D-91052 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Daniel F. Gilbert
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , D-91052 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Dieter Janzen
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Versbacherstr. 5 , D-97078 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Manju Sasi
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Versbacherstr. 5 , D-97078 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Andrea Buettner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Food Chemistry, Emil-Fischer-Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , D-90154 Erlangen , Germany
- Department of Sensory Analytics , Fraunhofer-Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Thomas M. Frimurer
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Carmen Villmann
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Versbacherstr. 5 , D-97078 Würzburg , Germany
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126
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Nickolls SA, Gurrell R, van Amerongen G, Kammonen J, Cao L, Brown AR, Stead C, Mead A, Watson C, Hsu C, Owen RM, Pike A, Fish RL, Chen L, Qiu R, Morris ED, Feng G, Whitlock M, Gorman D, van Gerven J, Reynolds DS, Dua P, Butt RP. Pharmacology in translation: the preclinical and early clinical profile of the novel α2/3 functionally selective GABA A receptor positive allosteric modulator PF-06372865. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:708-725. [PMID: 29214652 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Benzodiazepines, non-selective positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of GABAA receptors, have significant side effects that limit their clinical utility. As many of these side effects are mediated by the α1 subunit, there has been a concerted effort to develop α2/3 subtype-selective PAMs. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In vitro screening assays were used to identify molecules with functional selectivity for receptors containing α2/3 subunits over those containing α1 subunits. In vivo receptor occupancy (RO) was conducted, prior to confirmation of in vivo α2/3 and α1 pharmacology through quantitative EEG (qEEG) beta frequency and zolpidem drug discrimination in rats respectively. PF-06372865 was then progressed to Phase 1 clinical trials. KEY RESULTS PF-06372865 exhibited functional selectivity for those receptors containing α2/3/5 subunits, with significant positive allosteric modulation (90-140%) but negligible activity (≤20%) at GABAA receptors containing α1 subunits. PF-06372865 exhibited concentration-dependent occupancy of GABAA receptors in preclinical species. There was an occupancy-dependent increase in qEEG beta frequency and no generalization to a GABAA α1 cue in the drug-discrimination assay, clearly demonstrating the lack of modulation at the GABAA receptors containing an α1 subtype. In a Phase 1 single ascending dose study in healthy volunteers, evaluation of the pharmacodynamics of PF-06372865 demonstrated a robust increase in saccadic peak velocity (a marker of α2/3 pharmacology), increases in beta frequency qEEG and a slight saturating increase in body sway. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS PF-06372865 has a unique clinical pharmacology profile and a highly predictive translational data package from preclinical species to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Nickolls
- Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, UK.,GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andy Mead
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA.,Drug Safety & Metabolism, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christine Watson
- Department of Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Sandwich, Kent, UK
| | - Cathleen Hsu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Laigao Chen
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Ruolun Qiu
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Evan D Morris
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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127
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Kato AS, Witkin JM. Protein complexes as psychiatric and neurological drug targets. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 151:263-281. [PMID: 29330067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The need for improved medications for psychiatric and neurological disorders is clear. Difficulties in finding such drugs demands that all strategic means be utilized for their invention. The discovery of forebrain specific AMPA receptor antagonists, which selectively block the specific combinations of principal and auxiliary subunits present in forebrain regions but spare targets in the cerebellum, was recently disclosed. This discovery raised the possibility that other auxiliary protein systems could be utilized to help identify new medicines. Discussion of the TARP-dependent AMPA receptor antagonists has been presented elsewhere. Here we review the diversity of protein complexes of neurotransmitter receptors in the nervous system to highlight the broad range of protein/protein drug targets. We briefly outline the structural basis of protein complexes as drug targets for G-protein-coupled receptors, voltage-gated ion channels, and ligand-gated ion channels. This review highlights heterodimers, subunit-specific receptor constructions, multiple signaling pathways, and auxiliary proteins with an emphasis on the later. We conclude that the use of auxiliary proteins in chemical compound screening could enhance the detection of specific, targeted drug searches and lead to novel and improved medicines for psychiatric and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko S Kato
- Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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128
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Cheng T, Wallace DM, Ponteri B, Tuli M. Valium without dependence? Individual GABA A receptor subtype contribution toward benzodiazepine addiction, tolerance, and therapeutic effects. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:1351-1361. [PMID: 29872302 PMCID: PMC5973310 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s164307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepines are one of the most prescribed medications as first-line treatment of anxiety, insomnia, and epilepsy around the world. Over the past two decades, advances in the neuropharmacological understanding of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptors revealed distinct contributions from each subtype and produced effects. Recent findings have highlighted the importance of α1 containing GABAA receptors in the mechanisms of addiction and tolerance in benzodiazepine treatments. This has shown promise in the development of tranquilizers with minimal side effects such as cognitive impairment, dependence, and tolerance. A valium-like drug without its side effects, as repeatedly demonstrated in animals, is achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mahir Tuli
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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129
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Sharma P, Kumari A, Gulati A, Krishnamurthy S, Hemalatha S. Chrysin isolated from Pyrus pashia fruit ameliorates convulsions in experimental animals. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:569-577. [PMID: 29284373 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1418786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The traditional use of the ethanolic extract of the fruit of Pyrus pashia (EPP) as a potential anticonvulsant was validated using experimental animal models. Furthermore, the anticonvulsant activity of isolated chrysin was investigated against experimental animal models to draw a possible therapeutic mechanism of EPP. Additionally, the safety profile of chrysin was evaluated to explore the possible therapeutic alternative in the management of epilepsy. Method: The anticonvulsant activity in terms of duration of onset of hind limb tonic extension and convulsion of standardized EPP was evaluated against maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) model of experimental epilepsy respectively. Furthermore, the anticonvulsant activity and electrophysiological properties of chrysin was investigated in addition to antioxidant activity against PTZ-induced convulsion in experimental animals. Moreover, the neurotoxic profile of the chrysin was assessed in terms of duration of movement and running in photoactometer and rotarod apparatus, respectively. Results: EPP (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) exhibited significant anticonvulsant activity against an acute model of MES and PTZ-induced convulsions in experimental animals. Furthermore, chrysin (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) also exhibited significant anticonvulsant activity against PTZ-induced convulsions in rats. In addition, chrysin did not exhibit sedative-like behavior in experimental rodents. Discussion: EPP could be considered as a potential and alternative therapeutic option in the management of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sharma
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology , Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) , Varanasi , India
| | - Amita Kumari
- b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology , Palampur , India
| | - Ashu Gulati
- b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology , Palampur , India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology , Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) , Varanasi , India
| | - Siva Hemalatha
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology , Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) , Varanasi , India
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130
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Perrot-Minnot MJ, Banchetry L, Cézilly F. Anxiety-like behaviour increases safety from fish predation in an amphipod crustacea. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:171558. [PMID: 29308271 PMCID: PMC5750038 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety is an emotional state generally expressed as sustained apprehension of the environment and elevated vigilance. It has been widely reported in vertebrates and, more recently, in a few invertebrate species. However, its fitness value remains elusive. We investigated anxiety-like behaviour and its consequences in an amphipod crustacean, using electric shock as aversive stimuli, and pharmacological assays. An anxiety-like state induced by electric shocks in Gammarus fossarum was expressed through increased sheltering behaviour in the absence of predation risk, thereby showing the pervasive nature of such behavioural response. Increasing the number of electric shocks both increased refuge use and delayed behavioural recovery. The behavioural effect of electric shock was mitigated by pre-treatment with LY354740, a metabotropic glutamate receptor group II/III agonist. Importantly, we found that this modulation of decision-making under an anxiety-like state resulted in an increased survival to predation in microcosm experiments. This study confirms the interest in taking an evolutionary view to the study of anxiety and calls for further investigation on the costs counterbalancing the survival benefit of an elevated anxiety level evidenced here.
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131
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Chuang SH, Reddy DS. Genetic and Molecular Regulation of Extrasynaptic GABA-A Receptors in the Brain: Therapeutic Insights for Epilepsy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 364:180-197. [PMID: 29142081 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.244673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GABA-A receptors play a pivotal role in many brain diseases. Epilepsy is caused by acquired conditions and genetic defects in GABA receptor channels regulating neuronal excitability in the brain. The latter is referred to as GABA channelopathies. In the last two decades, major advances have been made in the genetics of epilepsy. The presence of specific GABAergic genetic abnormalities leading to some of the classic epileptic syndromes has been identified. Advances in molecular cloning and recombinant systems have helped characterize mutations in GABA-A receptor subunit genes in clinical neurology. GABA-A receptors are the prime targets for neurosteroids (NSs). However, GABA-A receptors are not static but undergo rapid changes in their number or composition in response to the neuroendocrine milieu. This review describes the recent advances in the genetic and neuroendocrine control of extrasynaptic and synaptic GABA-A receptors in epilepsy and its impact on neurologic conditions. It highlights the current knowledge of GABA genetics in epilepsy, with an emphasis on the neuroendocrine regulation of extrasynaptic GABA-A receptors in network excitability and seizure susceptibility. Recent advances in molecular regulation of extrasynaptic GABA-A receptor-mediated tonic inhibition are providing unique new therapeutic approaches for epilepsy, status epilepticus, and certain brain disorders. The discovery of an extrasynaptic molecular mechanism represents a milestone for developing novel therapies such as NS replacement therapy for catamenial epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hui Chuang
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
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132
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Yoo JH, Ha TW, Hong JT, Oh KW. Sinomenine, an Alkaloid Derived from Sinomenium acutum Potentiates Pentobarbital-Induced Sleep Behaviors and Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) Sleep in Rodents. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:586-592. [PMID: 29081090 PMCID: PMC5685427 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sinomenium acutum has been long used in the preparations of traditional medicine in Japan, China and Korea for the treatment of various disorders including rheumatism, fever, pulmonary diseases and mood disorders. Recently, it was reported that Sinomenium acutum, has sedative and anxiolytic effects mediated by GABA-ergic systems. These experiments were performed to investigate whether sinomenine (SIN), an alkaloid derived from Sinomenium acutum enhances pentobarbital-induced sleep via γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic systems, and modulates sleep architecture in mice. Oral administration of SIN (40 mg/kg) markedly reduced spontaneous locomotor activity, similar to diazepam (a benzodiazepine agonist) in mice. SIN shortened sleep latency, and increased total sleep time in a dose-dependent manner when co-administrated with pentobarbital (42 mg/kg, i.p.). SIN also increased the number of sleeping mice and total sleep time by concomitant administration with the sub-hypnotic dosage of pentobarbital (28 mg/kg, i.p.). SIN reduced the number of sleep-wake cycles, and increased total sleep time and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. In addition, SIN also increased chloride influx in the primary cultured hypothalamic neuronal cells. Furthermore, protein overexpression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65/67) and GABAA receptor subunits by western blot were found, being activated by SIN. In conclusion, SIN augments pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors through GABAA-ergic systems, and increased NREM sleep. It could be a candidate for the treatment of insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyeon Yoo
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Woo Ha
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Wan Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
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Stefanits H, Milenkovic I, Mahr N, Pataraia E, Hainfellner JA, Kovacs GG, Sieghart W, Yilmazer-Hanke D, Czech T. GABAAreceptor subunits in the human amygdala and hippocampus: Immunohistochemical distribution of 7 subunits. J Comp Neurol 2017; 526:324-348. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Stefanits
- Department of Neurosurgery; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Ivan Milenkovic
- Department of Clinical Neurology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Nina Mahr
- Department of Neurosurgery; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Ekaterina Pataraia
- Department of Clinical Neurology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | | | - Gabor G. Kovacs
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Werner Sieghart
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Molecular Neurosciences; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Deniz Yilmazer-Hanke
- Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neurology Department, Medical Faculty; Ulm University; Ulm Germany
| | - Thomas Czech
- Department of Neurosurgery; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
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134
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Abstract
GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) receptors, of which there are two types, are involved in inhibitory synapses within the central nervous system. The GABAA receptor (GABAAR) has a central role in modern anesthesia and sedation practice, which is evident from the high proportion of agents that target the GABAAR. Many GABAAR agonists are used in anesthesia practice and sedation, including propofol, etomidate, methohexital, thiopental, isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane. There are advantages and disadvantages to each GABAAR agonist currently in clinical use. With increasing knowledge regarding the pharmacology of GABAAR agonists, however, newer sedative agents have been developed which employ 'soft pharmacology', a term used to describe the pharmacology of agents whereby their chemical configuration allows rapid metabolism into inactive metabolites after the desired therapeutic effect(s) has occurred. These newer 'soft' GABAAR agonists may well approach ideal sedative agents, as they can offer well-controlled, titratable activity and ultrashort action. This review provides an overview of the role that GABAAR agonists currently play in sedation and anesthesia, in addition to discussing the future role of novel GABAAR agonists in anesthesia and sedation.
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135
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Hsu YT, Chang YG, Chang CP, Siew JJ, Chen HM, Tsai CH, Chern Y. Altered behavioral responses to gamma-aminobutyric acid pharmacological agents in a mouse model of Huntington's disease. Mov Disord 2017; 32:1600-1609. [PMID: 28782830 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruptions in gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) acid signaling are believed to be involved in Huntington's disease pathogenesis, but the regulation of GABAergic signaling remains elusive. Here we evaluated GABAergic signaling by examining the function of GABAergic drugs in Huntington's disease and the expression of GABAergic molecules using mouse models and human brain tissues from Huntington's disease. METHODS We treated wild-type and R6/2 mice (a transgenic Huntington's disease mouse model) acutely with vehicle, diazepam, or gaboxadol (drugs that selectively target synaptic or extrasynaptic GABAA receptors) and monitored their locomotor activity. The expression levels of GABAA receptors and a major neuron-specific chloride extruder (potassium-chloride cotransporter-2) were analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS The R6/2 mice were less sensitive to the sedative effects of both drugs, suggesting reduced function of GABAA receptors. Consistently, the expression levels of α1/α2 and δ subunits were lower in the cortex and striatum of R6/2 mice. Similar results were also found in 2 other mouse models of Huntington's disease and in Huntington's disease patients. Moreover, the interaction and expression levels of potassium-chloride cotransporter-2 and its activator (brain-type creatine kinase) were decreased in Huntington's disease neurons. These findings collectively suggest impaired chloride homeostasis, which further dampens GABAA receptor-mediated inhibitory signaling in Huntington's disease brains. CONCLUSIONS The dysregulated GABAergic responses and altered expression levels of GABAA receptors and potassium-chloride cotransporter-2 in Huntington's disease mice appear to be authentic and may contribute to the clinical manifestations of Huntington's disease patients. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Hsu
- Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Gin Chang
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Pang Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Jing Siew
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Mei Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chon-Haw Tsai
- Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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136
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Rousselet M, Feuillet F, Gerardin M, Jolliet P, Hardouin JB, Victorri-Vigneau C. The French addictovigilance network clinical assessment: Z-drugs, true false twins. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2017. [PMID: 28649864 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2017.1346084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In France, an addictovigilance network is responsible for evaluating drug dependence, by drawing on pharmacoepidemiological studies, clinical studies and by assessing healthcare professionals' reports on problematic consumption. METHODS The aim of this study was to determine whether zolpidem and zopiclone have different dependence profiles, based on healthcare professionals' reports, and to identify various consumer dependence profiles among zolpidem users and among zopiclone users. Dependence in reports was assessed using the EGAP scale; a scale developed using the DSM diagnostic dependence criteria. RESULTS The comparison of dependence profiles for zolpidem and zopiclone showed differences both in total EGAP score and EGAP item positivity. The descriptive analysis showed that EGAP scores were higher for zolpidem than for zopiclone, suggesting more severe problematic consumption with zolpidem. For zolpidem 2 subpopulations of consumers were identified, with one subpopulation's consumption being more severe than the other, with a significantly higher total EGAP score and more harmful consequences. No subpopulation was highlighted for zopiclone. CONCLUSION These results were in favour of a higher prevalence of physical and compulsive signs of dependence and of harmful consequences of dependence, with zolpidem than with zopiclone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Rousselet
- a Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependence - Addictovigilance , Clinical Pharmacology Department, University Hospital , Nantes , France.,b INSERM U1246 SPHERE "methods in Patient-centered outcomes and Health Research" , Nantes University , Nantes , France.,c Addictology and Psychiatry Department , University Hospital , Nantes , France
| | - Fanny Feuillet
- b INSERM U1246 SPHERE "methods in Patient-centered outcomes and Health Research" , Nantes University , Nantes , France
| | - Marie Gerardin
- a Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependence - Addictovigilance , Clinical Pharmacology Department, University Hospital , Nantes , France.,b INSERM U1246 SPHERE "methods in Patient-centered outcomes and Health Research" , Nantes University , Nantes , France
| | - Pascale Jolliet
- a Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependence - Addictovigilance , Clinical Pharmacology Department, University Hospital , Nantes , France.,b INSERM U1246 SPHERE "methods in Patient-centered outcomes and Health Research" , Nantes University , Nantes , France
| | - Jean-Benoit Hardouin
- b INSERM U1246 SPHERE "methods in Patient-centered outcomes and Health Research" , Nantes University , Nantes , France
| | - Caroline Victorri-Vigneau
- a Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependence - Addictovigilance , Clinical Pharmacology Department, University Hospital , Nantes , France.,b INSERM U1246 SPHERE "methods in Patient-centered outcomes and Health Research" , Nantes University , Nantes , France
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137
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Locci A, Pinna G. Neurosteroid biosynthesis down-regulation and changes in GABA A receptor subunit composition: a biomarker axis in stress-induced cognitive and emotional impairment. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3226-3241. [PMID: 28456011 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
By rapidly modulating neuronal excitability, neurosteroids regulate physiological processes, such as responses to stress and development. Excessive stress affects their biosynthesis and causes an imbalance in cognition and emotions. The progesterone derivative, allopregnanolone (Allo) enhances extrasynaptic and postsynaptic inhibition by directly binding at GABAA receptors, and thus, positively and allosterically modulates the function of GABA. Allo levels are decreased in stress-induced psychiatric disorders, including depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and elevating Allo levels may be a valid therapeutic approach to counteract behavioural dysfunction. While benzodiazepines are inefficient, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) represent the first choice treatment for depression and PTSD. Their mechanisms to improve behaviour in preclinical studies include neurosteroidogenic effects at low non-serotonergic doses. Unfortunately, half of PTSD and depressed patients are resistant to current prescribed 'high' dosage of these drugs that engage serotonergic mechanisms. Unveiling novel biomarkers to develop more efficient treatment strategies is in high demand. Stress-induced down-regulation of neurosteroid biosynthesis and changes in GABAA receptor subunit expression offer a putative biomarker axis to develop new PTSD treatments. The advantage of stimulating Allo biosynthesis relies on the variety of neurosteroidogenic receptors to be targeted, including TSPO and endocannabinoid receptors. Furthermore, stress favours a GABAA receptor subunit composition with higher sensitivity for Allo. The use of synthetic analogues of Allo is a valuable alternative. Pregnenolone or drugs that stimulate its levels increase Allo but also sulphated steroids, including pregnanolone sulphate which, by inhibiting NMDA tonic neurotransmission, provides neuroprotection and cognitive benefits. In this review, we describe current knowledge on the effects of stress on neurosteroid biosynthesis and GABAA receptor neurotransmission and summarize available pharmacological strategies that by enhancing neurosteroidogenesis are relevant for the treatment of SSRI-resistant patients. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Pharmacology of Cognition: a Panacea for Neuropsychiatric Disease? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.19/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Locci
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Graziano Pinna
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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138
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Differential depression of neuronal network activity by midazolam and its main metabolite 1-hydroxymidazolam in cultured neocortical slices. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3503. [PMID: 28615640 PMCID: PMC5471240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03154-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The benzodiazepine midazolam is widely used in critical care medicine. Midazolam has a clinically active metabolite, 1-hydroxymidazolam. The contribution of 1-hydroxymidazolam to the effects of midazolam is controversial. The aim of the current study was to compare the actions of midazolam and 1-hydroxymidazolam on network activity of cortical neurons. Midazolam depressed neuronal activity at a low concentration of 5 nM. When midazolam concentration was increased, it depressed neuronal discharge rates in a biphasic manner. In comparison, 1-hydroxymidazolam did not depress the cortical network activity at low nanomolar concentrations. Higher concentrations of 1-hydroxymidazolam consistently inhibited neuronal activity. Moreover, midazolam shortened cortical up states at low, but not at high concentrations, while the opposite effect was observed with 1-hydroxymidazolam. The network depressant action of midazolam at low concentrations was absent in slices from GABAA receptor α1(H101R)mutant mice. The α1(H101R)mutation renders α1-subunit containing GABAA receptors insensitive towards benzodiazepines. This GABAA receptor subtype is thought to mediate sedation. As midazolam is more potent than its metabolite 1-hydroxymidazolam, the major clinical effects are thus likely caused by midazolam itself. However, 1-hydroxymidazolam could add to the effects of midazolam, especially after the application of high doses of midazolam, and in case of impaired drug metabolism.
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139
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Witkin JM, Cerne R, Wakulchik M, S J, Gleason SD, Jones TM, Li G, Arnold LA, Li JX, Schkeryantz JM, Methuku KR, Cook JM, Poe MM. Further evaluation of the potential anxiolytic activity of imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepin agents selective for α2/3-containing GABA A receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 157:35-40. [PMID: 28442369 PMCID: PMC5519285 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors transduce a host of beneficial effects including anxiolytic actions. We have recently shown that bioavailability and anxiolytic-like activity can be improved by eliminating the ester functionality in imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepines. In the present series of experiments, we further substantiate the value of heterocyle replacement of the ester for potential treatment of anxiety. None of three esters was active in a Vogel conflict test in rats that detects anxiolytic drugs like diazepam. Compounds 7 and 8, ester bioisosters, were selective for alpha 2 and 3 over alpha 1-containing GABAA receptors but also had modest efficacy at GABAA alpha 5-containing receptors. Compound 7 was efficacious and potent in this anxiolytic-detecting assay without affecting non-punished responding. The efficacies of the esters and of compound 7 were predicted from their efficacies as anticonvulsants against the GABAA antagonist pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). In contrast, the related structural analog, compound 8, did not produce anxiolytic-like effects in rats despite anticonvulsant efficacy. These data thus support the following conclusions: 1) ancillary pharmacological actions of compound 8 might be responsible for its lack of anxiolytic-like efficacy despite its efficacy as an anticonvulsant 2) esters of imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepines do not demonstrate anxiolytic-like effects in rats due to their low bioavailability and 3) replacement of the ester function with suitable heterocycles markedly improves bioavailability and engenders molecules with the opportunity to have potent and efficacious effects in vivo that correspond to human anxiolytic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Witkin
- Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - R Cerne
- Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - M Wakulchik
- Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - J S
- Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - S D Gleason
- Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - T M Jones
- Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - G Li
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - L A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - J-X Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - J M Schkeryantz
- Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - K R Methuku
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - J M Cook
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - M M Poe
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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140
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Fischer BD, Schlitt RJ, Hamade BZ, Rehman S, Ernst M, Poe MM, Li G, Kodali R, Arnold LA, Cook JM. Pharmacological and antihyperalgesic properties of the novel α2/3 preferring GABA A receptor ligand MP-III-024. Brain Res Bull 2017; 131:62-69. [PMID: 28267561 PMCID: PMC5501353 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors are located in spinal nociceptive circuits where they modulate the transmission of pain sensory signals from the periphery to higher centers. Benzodiazepine-type drugs bind to GABAA receptors containing α1, α2, α3, and α5 subunits (α1GABAA, α2GABAA, α3GABAA and α5GABAA receptors, respectively) through which they inhibit the transmission of these signals. In the present study we describe the novel benzodiazepine site positive allosteric modulator modulator methyl 8-ethynyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepine-3-carboxylate (MP-III-024). MP-III-024 displayed preference for α2GABAA and α3GABAA receptors relative to α1GABAA and α5GABAA receptors as well as an improved metabolic profile relative to subtype-selective positive modulators that are available currently. Administration of MP-III-024 resulted in a dose- and time-dependent reversal of mechanical hyperalgesia. On locomotor activity and schedule-controlled responding, MP-III-024 was ineffective across the doses tested. These data provide further evidence that α2GABAA and α3GABAA receptors play an important role in the antihyperalgesic effects and may not be involved in some of the undesired effects of benzodiazepine-like drugs. Further, these findings suggest that MP-III-024 is a suitable research tool for investigating the role of α2GABAA and α3GABAA receptors in the behavioral properties of benzodiazepine-like drugs in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford D Fischer
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Department of Biomedical Sciences Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
| | - Raymond J Schlitt
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Department of Biomedical Sciences Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Bryan Z Hamade
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Department of Biomedical Sciences Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Sabah Rehman
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Molecular Neurosciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Margot Ernst
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Molecular Neurosciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael M Poe
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Guanguan Li
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Revathi Kodali
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - James M Cook
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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141
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Fatemi SH, Folsom TD, Thuras PD. GABA A and GABA B receptor dysregulation in superior frontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Synapse 2017; 71. [PMID: 28316115 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are complex psychiatric disorders that affect millions of people worldwide. Evidence from gene association and postmortem studies has identified abnormalities of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling system in both disorders. Abnormal GABAergic signaling and transmission could contribute to the symptomatology of these disorders, potentially through impaired gamma oscillations which normally occur during cognitive processing. In the current study, we examined the protein expression of 14 GABAA and two GABAB receptor subunits in the superior frontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and healthy controls. Analyses of Variance (ANOVAs) identified significant group effects for protein levels for the α1, α6, β1, β3, δ, ɛ, and π GABAA receptor subunits and R1 and R2 GABAB receptor subunits. Follow-up t tests confirmed changes for these subunits in subjects with schizophrenia, subjects with bipolar disorder, or both groups. Alterations in stoichiometry of GABA receptor subunits could result in altered ligand binding, transmission, and pharmacology of GABA receptors in superior frontal cortex. Thus, impaired GABAergic transmission may negatively contribute to symptoms such as anxiety or panic as well as impaired learning and information processing, all of which are disrupted in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Taken together, these results provide additional evidence of GABAergic receptor abnormalities in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hossein Fatemi
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St. SE, MMC 392, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Timothy D Folsom
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St. SE, MMC 392, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Paul D Thuras
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Medical Center, 1 Veterans Drive Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55417-2399
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142
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Müller Herde A, Benke D, Ralvenius WT, Mu L, Schibli R, Zeilhofer HU, Krämer SD. GABAA receptor subtypes in the mouse brain: Regional mapping and diazepam receptor occupancy by in vivo [18F]flumazenil PET. Neuroimage 2017; 150:279-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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143
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Chen X, Broeyer F, de Kam M, Baas J, Cohen A, van Gerven J. Pharmacodynamic response profiles of anxiolytic and sedative drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 83:1028-1038. [PMID: 27922194 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Centrally-acting acutely anxiolytic drugs, such as benzodiazepines, barbiturates and gabapentinoids, affect various central nervous system (CNS) functions, which reflects not only their anxiolytic effects but also neuropsychological side-effects. To validate the pharmacodynamic biomarkers for GABA-ergic anxiolytics, this study determined the pharmacodynamics of two anxiolytics and a nonanxiolytic control, and linked them to their anxiolytic and sedative effects, during an anxiety-challenge study day. METHODS Twenty healthy volunteers were randomized in this placebo-controlled, double-blind, four-way cross-over study with single-dose alprazolam (1 mg), diphenhydramine (50 mg), pregabalin (200 mg) or placebo. The Neurocart was used between repeated fear-potentiated startle assessments. Thus, the potential influence of anxiety on CNS pharmacodynamic markers could be examined. RESULTS Compared to placebo, VAScalmness increased with alprazolam (2.0 mm) and pregabalin (2.5 mm) but not with diphenhydramine. Saccadic peak velocity (SPV) declined after alprazolam (-57 ° s-1 ) and pregabalin (-28 ° s-1 ), more than with diphenhydramine (-14 ° s-1 ); so did smooth pursuit. The average responses of SPV and smooth pursuit were significantly correlated with the drug-induced increases in VAScalmness . The SPV-relative responses of VASalertness , body-sway and adaptive-tracking also differed among alprazolam, pregabalin and diphenhydramine. CONCLUSIONS Compared with the antihistaminergic sedative diphenhydramine, alprazolam and pregabalin caused larger SPV reduction, which was correlated with simultaneous improvement of subjective calmness, during a study day in which anxiety was stimulated repeatedly. The different effect profiles of the three drugs are in line with their pharmacological distinctions. These findings corroborate the profiling of CNS effects to demonstrate pharmacological selectivity, and further support SPV as biomarker for anxiolysis involving GABA-ergic neurons. The study also supports the use of prolonged mild threat to demonstrate anxiolytic effects in healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Chen
- Phase I Unit, Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100032, China.,Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Joke Baas
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Adam Cohen
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Qomi HR, Habibi A, Shahcheragh SM. Synthesis and fluorescence studies of nine 1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4-dione derivatives: Dual emission and excimer fluorescence. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 174:164-170. [PMID: 27894000 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of nine 1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4-dione (BZD) derivatives were investigated using absorption and fluorescence spectral techniques in dimethyl sulfoxide. The trend of red shifts caused by the substitutions had full compliance with the trend of decreasing the calculated band gap (ΔELUMO-HOMO) by semi-empirical AM1 and DFT/B3LYP/6-311+G* computational methods. The positive solvatochromism of BZD a demonstrated the π-π* nature of the singlet excited state. Dual fluorescence was observed in the emission spectra of BZD f and g, while their spectrum in different concentration showed only one peak short wavelength (SW) in dilute solutions. The main peak in SW around 370nm was attributed to the monomer of BZD (f* or g*) and the broader emission shifted to the visible region around 400nm in middle wavelength (MW) to the intermolecular excimer emission of BZD ([f/f]*or [g/g]*). The observed phenomena, such as solvatochromism, dual fluorescence, some red shifts caused by substitution, and larger Stokes shift indicated the existence of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) in the BZDs series. The phosphorescence emission of the BZDs demonstrated their intersystem crossing (ISC) process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Qomi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, No. 43; Mofatteh Street, Enghelab Ave, P. Code 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azizollah Habibi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, No. 43; Mofatteh Street, Enghelab Ave, P. Code 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Shahcheragh
- Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, No. 43; Mofatteh Street, Enghelab Ave, P. Code 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran
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Effects of Traumatic Stress Induced in the Juvenile Period on the Expression of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Receptor Type A Subunits in Adult Rat Brain. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:5715816. [PMID: 28352479 PMCID: PMC5352903 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5715816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have found that early traumatic experience significantly increases the risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) deficits were proposed to be implicated in development of PTSD, but the alterations of GABA receptor A (GABAAR) subunits induced by early traumatic stress have not been fully elucidated. Furthermore, previous studies suggested that exercise could be more effective than medications in reducing severity of anxiety and depression but the mechanism is unclear. This study used inescapable foot-shock to induce PTSD in juvenile rats and examined their emotional changes using open-field test and elevated plus maze, memory changes using Morris water maze, and the expression of GABAAR subunits (γ2, α2, and α5) in subregions of the brain in the adulthood using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. We aimed to observe the role of GABAAR subunits changes induced by juvenile trauma in the pathogenesis of subsequent PTSD in adulthood. In addition, we investigated the protective effects of exercise for 6 weeks and benzodiazepine (clonazepam) for 2 weeks. This study found that juvenile traumatic stress induced chronic anxiety and spatial memory loss and reduced expression of GABAAR subunits in the adult rat brains. Furthermore, exercise led to significant improvement as compared to short-term BZ treatment.
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146
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Woo JH, Ha TW, Kang JS, Hong JT, Oh KW. Potentiation of decursinol angelate on pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors via the activation of GABA A-ergic systems in rodents. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 21:27-36. [PMID: 28066138 PMCID: PMC5214908 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Angelicae Gigantis Radix (AGR, Angelica gigas) has been used for a long time as a traditional folk medicine in Korea and oriental countries. Decursinol angelate (DCA) is structurally isomeric decursin, one of the major components of AGR. This study was performed to confirm whether DCA augments pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors via the activation of GABAA-ergic systems in animals. Oral administration of DCA (10, 25 and 50 mg/kg) markedly suppressed spontaneous locomotor activity. DCA also prolonged sleeping time, and decreased the sleep latency by pentobarbital (42 mg/kg), in a dose-dependent manner, similar to muscimol, both at the hypnotic (42 mg/kg) and sub-hypnotic (28 mg/kg) dosages. Especially, DCA increased the number of sleeping animals in the sub-hypnotic dosage. DCA (50 mg/kg, p.o.) itself modulated sleep architectures; DCA reduced the counts of sleep/wake cycles. At the same time, DCA increased total sleep time, but not non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In the molecular experiments. DCA (0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 µg/ml) increased intracellular Cl- influx level in hypothalamic primary cultured neuronal cells of rats. In addition, DCA increased the protein expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65/67) and GABAA receptors subtypes. Taken together, these results suggest that DCA potentiates pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors through the activation of GABAA-ergic systems, and can be useful in the treatment of insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Woo
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Tae-Woo Ha
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jae-Seon Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan, 48434, Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Ki-Wan Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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147
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Poe MM, Methuku KR, Li G, Verma AR, Teske KA, Stafford DC, Arnold LA, Cramer JW, Jones TM, Cerne R, Krambis MJ, Witkin JM, Jambrina E, Rehman S, Ernst M, Cook JM, Schkeryantz JM. Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A (GABA A) Receptor Ligand That Combines Outstanding Metabolic Stability, Pharmacokinetics, and Anxiolytic Efficacy. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10800-10806. [PMID: 27933953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
1,4-Benzodiazepines are used in the treatment of anxiety disorders but have limited long-term use due to adverse effects. HZ-166 (2) has been shown to have anxiolytic-like effects with reduced sedative/ataxic liabilities. A 1,3-oxazole KRM-II-81 (9) was discovered from a series of six bioisosteres with significantly improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties as compared to 2. Oxazole 9 was further characterized and exhibited improved anxiolytic-like effects in a mouse marble burying assay and a rat Vogel conflict test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Poe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Kashi Reddy Methuku
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Ashwini R Verma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Kelly A Teske
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Douglas C Stafford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Cramer
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 42685, United States
| | - Timothy M Jones
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 42685, United States
| | - Rok Cerne
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 42685, United States
| | - Michael J Krambis
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 42685, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 42685, United States
| | - Enrique Jambrina
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , 28108 Alcobendas, Spain
| | - Sabah Rehman
- Department for Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University of Vienna , 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Margot Ernst
- Department for Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University of Vienna , 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Schkeryantz
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 42685, United States
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148
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Jahan R, Stephen MR, Forkuo GS, Kodali R, Guthrie ML, Nieman AN, Yuan NY, Zahn NM, Poe MM, Li G, Yu OB, Yocum GT, Emala CW, Stafford DC, Cook JM, Arnold LA. Optimization of substituted imidazobenzodiazepines as novel asthma treatments. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 126:550-560. [PMID: 27915170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of analogs of XHE-III-74, a selective α4β3γ2 GABAAR ligand, shown to relax airway smooth muscle ex vivo and reduce airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine asthma model. To improve properties of this compound as an asthma therapeutic, a series of analogs with a deuterated methoxy group in place of methoxy group at C-8 position was evaluated for isotope effects in preclinical assays; including microsomal stability, cytotoxicity, and sensorimotor impairment. The deuterated compounds were equally or more metabolically stable than the corresponding non-deuterated analogs and increased sensorimotor impairment was observed for some deuterated compounds. Thioesters were more cytotoxic in comparison to other carboxylic acid derivatives of this compound series. The most promising compound 16 identified from the in vitro screens also strongly inhibited smooth muscle constriction in ex vivo guinea pig tracheal rings. Smooth muscle relaxation, determined by reduction of airway hyperresponsiveness with a murine ovalbumin sensitized and challenged model, showed that 16 was efficacious at low methacholine concentrations. However, this effect was limited due to suboptimal pharmacokinetics of 16. Based on these findings, further analogs of XHE-III-74 will be investigated to improve in vivo metabolic stability while retaining the efficacy at lung tissues involved in asthma pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajwana Jahan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States
| | - Michael Rajesh Stephen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States
| | - Gloria S Forkuo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States
| | - Revathi Kodali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States
| | - Margaret L Guthrie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States
| | - Amanda N Nieman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States
| | - Nina Y Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States
| | - Nicolas M Zahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States
| | - Michael M Poe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States
| | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States
| | - Olivia B Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States
| | - Gene T Yocum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, United States
| | - Charles W Emala
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, United States
| | - Douglas C Stafford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States.
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States.
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149
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Chagraoui A, Skiba M, Thuillez C, Thibaut F. To what extent is it possible to dissociate the anxiolytic and sedative/hypnotic properties of GABAA receptors modulators? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 71:189-202. [PMID: 27495357 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The relatively common view indicates a possible dissociation between the anxiolytic and sedative/hypnotic properties of benzodiazepines (BZs). Indeed, GABAA receptor (GABAAR) subtypes have specific cerebral distribution in distinct neural circuits. Thus, GABAAR subtype-selective drugs may be expected to perform distinct functions. However, standard behavioral test assays provide limited direction towards highlighting new action mechanisms of ligands targeting GABAARs. Automated behavioral tests, lack sensitivity as some behavioral characteristics or subtle behavioral changes of drug effects or that are not considered in the overall analysis (Ohl et al., 2001) and observation-based analyses are not always performed. In addition, despite the use of genetically engineered mice, any possible dissociation between the anxiolytic and sedative properties of BZs remains controversial. Moreover, the involvement the different subtypes of GABAAR subtypes in the anxious behavior and the mechanism of action of anxiolytic agents remains unclear since there has been little success in the pharmacological investigations so far. This raises the question of the involvement of the different subunits in anxiolytic-like and/or sedative effects; and the actual implication of these subunits, particularly, α-subunits in the modulation of sedation and/or anxiety-related disorders. This present review was prompted by several conflicting studies on the degree of involvement of these subunits in anxiolytic-like and/or sedative effects. To this end, we explored the GABAergic system, particularly, the role of different subunits containing synaptic GABAARs. We report herein the targeting gene encoding the different subunits and their contribution in anxiolytic-like and/or sedative actions, as well as, the mechanism underlying tolerance to BZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chagraoui
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedecine, Normandy University, France; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.
| | - M Skiba
- Inserm U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedecine, Normandy University, France
| | - C Thuillez
- Department of Pharmacology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, and INSERM U1096, Laboratory of New Pharmacological Targets for Endothelial Protection and Heart Failure, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandy University, France
| | - F Thibaut
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Cochin (site Tarnier), University of Paris-Descartes and INSERM U 894 Laboratory of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France
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150
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Ain QU, Owen RM, Omoto K, Torella R, Bulusu KC, Pryde DC, Glen RC, Fuchs JE, Bender A. Analysis of Differential Efficacy and Affinity of GABA A (α1/α2) Selective Modulators. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:4001-4012. [PMID: 27704838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Selective modulators of the γ-amino butyric acid (GABAA) family of receptors have the potential to treat a range of disease states related to cognition, pain, and anxiety. While the development of various α subunit-selective modulators is currently underway for the treatment of anxiety disorders, a mechanistic understanding of the correlation between their bioactivity and efficacy, based on ligand-target interactions, is currently still lacking. In order to alleviate this situation, in the current study we have analyzed, using ligand- and structure-based methods, a data set of 5440 GABAA modulators. The Spearman correlation (ρ) between binding activity and efficacy of compounds was calculated to be 0.008 and 0.31 against the α1 and α2 subunits of GABA receptor, respectively; in other words, the compounds had little diversity in structure and bioactivity, but they differed significantly in efficacy. Two compounds were selected as a case study for detailed interaction analysis due to the small difference in their structures and affinities (ΔpKi(comp1_α1 - comp2_α1) = 0.45 log units, ΔpKi(comp1_α2 - comp2_α2) = 0 log units) as compared to larger relative efficacies (ΔRE(comp1_α1 - comp2_α1) = 1.03, ΔRE(comp1_α2 - comp2_α2) = 0.21). Docking analysis suggested that His-101 is involved in a characteristic interaction of the α1 receptor with both compounds 1 and 2. Residues such as Phe-77, Thr-142, Asn-60, and Arg-144 of the γ chain of the α1γ2 complex also showed interactions with heterocyclic rings of both compounds 1 and 2, but these interactions were disturbed in the case of α2γ2 complex docking results. Binding pocket stability analysis based on molecular dynamics identified three substitutions in the loop C region of the α2 subunit, namely, G200E, I201T, and V202I, causing a reduction in the flexibility of α2 compared to α1. These amino acids in α2, as compared to α1, were also observed to decrease the vibrational and dihedral entropy and to increase the hydrogen bond content in α2 in the apo state. However, freezing of both α1 and α2 was observed in the ligand-bound state, with an increased number of internal hydrogen bonds and increased entropy. Therefore, we hypothesize that the amino acid differences in the loop C region of α2 are responsible for conformational changes in the protein structure compared to α1, as well as for the binding modes of compounds and hence their functional signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qurrat U Ain
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Robert M Owen
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer NPRU , The Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, United Kingdom
| | - Kiyoyuki Omoto
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer NPRU , The Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, United Kingdom
| | - Rubben Torella
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer NPRU , The Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, United Kingdom
| | - Krishna C Bulusu
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - David C Pryde
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer NPRU , The Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, United Kingdom
| | - Robert C Glen
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Julian E Fuchs
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.,Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck , Innrain 82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bender
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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