101
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Lamb CA, Kennedy NA, Raine T, Hendy PA, Smith PJ, Limdi JK, Hayee B, Lomer MCE, Parkes GC, Selinger C, Barrett KJ, Davies RJ, Bennett C, Gittens S, Dunlop MG, Faiz O, Fraser A, Garrick V, Johnston PD, Parkes M, Sanderson J, Terry H, Gaya DR, Iqbal TH, Taylor SA, Smith M, Brookes M, Hansen R, Hawthorne AB. British Society of Gastroenterology consensus guidelines on the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut 2019; 68:s1-s106. [PMID: 31562236 PMCID: PMC6872448 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1301] [Impact Index Per Article: 260.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are the principal forms of inflammatory bowel disease. Both represent chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, which displays heterogeneity in inflammatory and symptomatic burden between patients and within individuals over time. Optimal management relies on understanding and tailoring evidence-based interventions by clinicians in partnership with patients. This guideline for management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults over 16 years of age was developed by Stakeholders representing UK physicians (British Society of Gastroenterology), surgeons (Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland), specialist nurses (Royal College of Nursing), paediatricians (British Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition), dietitians (British Dietetic Association), radiologists (British Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology), general practitioners (Primary Care Society for Gastroenterology) and patients (Crohn's and Colitis UK). A systematic review of 88 247 publications and a Delphi consensus process involving 81 multidisciplinary clinicians and patients was undertaken to develop 168 evidence- and expert opinion-based recommendations for pharmacological, non-pharmacological and surgical interventions, as well as optimal service delivery in the management of both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Comprehensive up-to-date guidance is provided regarding indications for, initiation and monitoring of immunosuppressive therapies, nutrition interventions, pre-, peri- and postoperative management, as well as structure and function of the multidisciplinary team and integration between primary and secondary care. Twenty research priorities to inform future clinical management are presented, alongside objective measurement of priority importance, determined by 2379 electronic survey responses from individuals living with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, including patients, their families and friends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Andrew Lamb
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nicholas A Kennedy
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
- University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Tim Raine
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS FoundationTrust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philip Anthony Hendy
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Philip J Smith
- Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jimmy K Limdi
- The Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Bu'Hussain Hayee
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- King's College London, London, UK
| | - Miranda C E Lomer
- King's College London, London, UK
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gareth C Parkes
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Christian Selinger
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
- University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - R Justin Davies
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS FoundationTrust, Cambridge, UK
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cathy Bennett
- Systematic Research Ltd, Quorn, UK
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Malcolm G Dunlop
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Omar Faiz
- Imperial College London, London, UK
- St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, UK
| | - Aileen Fraser
- University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Miles Parkes
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS FoundationTrust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeremy Sanderson
- King's College London, London, UK
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Daniel R Gaya
- Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tariq H Iqbal
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham NHSFoundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stuart A Taylor
- University College London, London, UK
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Melissa Smith
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Matthew Brookes
- Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
- University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Richard Hansen
- Royal Hospital for Children Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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102
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Abstract
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are the principal forms of inflammatory bowel disease. Both represent chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, which displays heterogeneity in inflammatory and symptomatic burden between patients and within individuals over time. Optimal management relies on understanding and tailoring evidence-based interventions by clinicians in partnership with patients. This guideline for management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults over 16 years of age was developed by Stakeholders representing UK physicians (British Society of Gastroenterology), surgeons (Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland), specialist nurses (Royal College of Nursing), paediatricians (British Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition), dietitians (British Dietetic Association), radiologists (British Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology), general practitioners (Primary Care Society for Gastroenterology) and patients (Crohn's and Colitis UK). A systematic review of 88 247 publications and a Delphi consensus process involving 81 multidisciplinary clinicians and patients was undertaken to develop 168 evidence- and expert opinion-based recommendations for pharmacological, non-pharmacological and surgical interventions, as well as optimal service delivery in the management of both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Comprehensive up-to-date guidance is provided regarding indications for, initiation and monitoring of immunosuppressive therapies, nutrition interventions, pre-, peri- and postoperative management, as well as structure and function of the multidisciplinary team and integration between primary and secondary care. Twenty research priorities to inform future clinical management are presented, alongside objective measurement of priority importance, determined by 2379 electronic survey responses from individuals living with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, including patients, their families and friends.
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103
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Chai SC, Wright WC, Chen T. Strategies for developing pregnane X receptor antagonists: Implications from metabolism to cancer. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:1061-1083. [PMID: 31782213 DOI: 10.1002/med.21648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor (NR) that was originally identified as a master regulator of xenobiotic detoxification. It regulates the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters to control the degradation and excretion of endobiotics and xenobiotics, including therapeutic agents. The metabolism and disposition of drugs might compromise their efficacy and possibly cause drug toxicity and/or drug resistance. Because many drugs can promiscuously bind and activate PXR, PXR antagonists might have therapeutic value in preventing and overcoming drug-induced PXR-mediated drug toxicity and drug resistance. Furthermore, PXR is now known to have broader cellular functions, including the regulation of cell proliferation, and glucose and lipid metabolism. Thus, PXR might be involved in human diseases such as cancer and metabolic diseases. The importance of PXR antagonists is discussed in the context of the role of PXR in xenobiotic sensing and other disease-related pathways. This review focuses on the development of PXR antagonists, which has been hampered by the promiscuity of PXR ligand binding. However, substantial progress has been made in recent years, suggesting that it is feasible to develop selective PXR antagonists. We discuss the current status, challenges, and strategies in developing selective PXR antagonists. The strategies are based on the molecular mechanisms of antagonism in related NRs that can be applied to the design of PXR antagonists, primarily driven by structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio C Chai
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - William C Wright
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.,Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.,Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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104
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Dheer R, Davies JM, Quintero MA, Damas OM, Deshpande AR, Kerman DH, Sawyer WP, Pignac-Kobinger J, Ban Y, Fernandez I, Burgueno JF, Phillips MC, Abreu MT. Microbial Signatures and Innate Immune Gene Expression in Lamina Propria Phagocytes of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 9:387-402. [PMID: 31740421 PMCID: PMC7015995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The interaction between intestinal microbiota and the immune system plays a vital role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although numerous deep-sequencing studies have suggested dysbiosis in IBD, identifying specific bacteria from the stool or mucosa that are responsible for disease susceptibility or severity has remained a challenge. Lamina propria phagocytes ideally are localized to interact with bacteria that are in close proximity to, or have invaded, the tissue. Thus, we examined the microbial populations associated with the lamina propria phagocytes in 20 Crohn's disease and 12 ulcerative colitis patients. Specifically, we aimed to address whether the phagocyte-associated microbiota differed from the mucosa-associated microbiota and whether this varied based on IBD type or the state of inflammation. METHODS 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and innate immune gene expression profiling was done on CD11b+ lamina propria phagocytes isolated from the biopsies obtained from IBD patients. RESULTS Phagocyte-associated microbiota was enriched in bacterial species belonging to phylum Proteobacteria, whereas species belonging to phylum Bacteroidetes were enriched in the mucosal microbiota of IBD patients. Disease type was the most influential factor in driving differences in the microbiota of both the mucosa and the lamina propria phagocytes, irrespective of inflammation state o`r anatomic location. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis specimens showed similar patterns of increased inflammatory gene expression in phagocytes isolated from inflamed areas compared with those isolated from uninflamed regions. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study shows the feasibility of using lamina propria phagocytes to characterize the microbiota in IBD patients. The approach used in this study can narrow the spectrum of potentially dysbiotic bacterial populations and clinically relevant gene expression signatures in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishu Dheer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Julie M Davies
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Maria A Quintero
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Oriana M Damas
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Amar R Deshpande
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - David H Kerman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - William Peter Sawyer
- Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Judith Pignac-Kobinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Yuguang Ban
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Core Shared Resource, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Irina Fernandez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Juan F Burgueno
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Matthew C Phillips
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Maria T Abreu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
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105
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Segal JP, Htet HMT, Limdi J, Hayee B. How to manage IBD in the 'elderly'. Frontline Gastroenterol 2019; 11:468-477. [PMID: 33101625 PMCID: PMC7569512 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2019-101218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) rises and the global population ages, the number of older people living with these conditions will inevitably increase. The challenges posed by comorbid conditions, polypharmacy, the unintended consequences of long-term treatment and the real but often underestimated mismatch between chronological and biological ages underpin management. Significantly, there may be differences in disease characteristics, presentation and management of an older patient with IBD, together with other unique challenges. Importantly, clinical trials often exclude older patients, so treatment decisions are frequently pragmatic, extrapolated from a number of sources of evidence and perhaps primarily dictated by concerns around adverse effects. This review aimed to discuss the epidemiology, clinical features and considerations with management in older patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jimmy Limdi
- Section of IBD, Division of Gastroenterology, The Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, UK,Department of Gastroenterology, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Bu'Hussain Hayee
- Department of Gastroenterology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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106
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Ghaly S, Hart PH, Lawrance IC. Inflammatory bowel diseases: interrelationships between dietary vitamin D, exposure to UV radiation and the fecal microbiome. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 13:1039-1048. [PMID: 31657973 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2019.1685874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Environmental factors and an altered fecal microbiome are believed to be central to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Vitamin D and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) are environmental factors that are associated by several pathways, including changes to the gastrointestinal microbiome, with the development and course of IBD.Area covered: This review explores the interaction of vitamin D, and UVR, with the intestinal innate and adaptive immune systems, and how they may influence the gut microbiome and the subsequent development, and progression, of IBD.Expert opinion: Vitamin D and UVR both regulate innate and adaptive immunity through a combination of common and independent mechanisms, with the overall effect being the promotion of immune tolerance. Vitamin D, and to a lesser extent UVR, can modify the gastrointestinal microbiome either directly, or through immune-mediated mechanisms and this may explain the effect on intestinal inflammation in animal models of IBD and some clinical studies. Thus, both vitamin D and UVR exposure can be considered potential 'master regulators' of gastrointestinal immunity, fine-tuning the complex interaction between genetics, host immunity and the gut microbiome. Further research and increased understanding of environment-host interactions is essential to achieving the ultimate goal of preventing and curing IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ghaly
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Inflammation, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Inflammation, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Ian C Lawrance
- Inflammation, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia.,Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, St John of God Hospital, Subiaco, Australia
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107
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Hoter A, Naim HY. The Functions and Therapeutic Potential of Heat Shock Proteins in Inflammatory Bowel Disease-An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215331. [PMID: 31717769 PMCID: PMC6862201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial human intestinal disease that arises from numerous, yet incompletely defined, factors. Two main forms, Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), lead to a chronic pathological form. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are stress-responsive molecules involved in various pathophysiological processes. Several lines of evidence link the expression of HSPs to the development and prognosis of IBD. HSP90, HSP70 and HSP60 have been reported to contribute to IBD in different aspects. Moreover, induction and/or targeted inhibition of specific HSPs have been suggested to ameliorate the disease consequences. In the present review, we shed the light on the role of HSPs in IBD and their targeting to prevent further disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Hoter
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt or
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hassan Y. Naim
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-953-8780; Fax: +49-511-953-8585
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108
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Lau JSY, Korman TM, Woolley I. Life-long antimicrobial therapy: where is the evidence? J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:2601-2612. [PMID: 29873746 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The decision to prescribe long-term or 'life-long' antibiotics in patients requires careful consideration by the treating clinician. While several guidelines exist to help assist in this decision, the long-term consequences are yet to be well studied. In this review, we aim to provide a summary of the available evidence for patient populations where long-term antibiotic therapy is currently recommended in clinical practice. We will also discuss the pitfalls of this approach, including medication adverse effects, economic cost and any possible contribution to the emerging epidemic of microbial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian S Y Lau
- Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tony M Korman
- Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian Woolley
- Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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109
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Son HJ, Kim N, Song CH, Nam RH, Choi SI, Kim JS, Lee DH. Sex-related Alterations of Gut Microbiota in the C57BL/6 Mouse Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Cancer Prev 2019; 24:173-182. [PMID: 31624723 PMCID: PMC6786806 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2019.24.3.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gut microbiota is closely associated with development and exacerbation of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The aim of this study was to investigate differences in gut microbiota depending on sex and changes of gut microbiota during IBD developments. Methods 16s rRNA metagenomic sequencing was performed for fecal materials from 8-week-old wild type (WT) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) knockout (KO) C57BL/6 mice of both sexes. Diversity indices, relative abundance of microbiota, and linear discriminant analysis effect size were examined to compare microbial communities between groups. Clustering of groups was performed by principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). Functional capabilities of microbiota were estimated using phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. Results PCoA and UPGMA tree analysis of beta-diversity demonstrated significant differences in gut microbiota between male and female groups of WT mice, but not of IL-10 KO mice. Firmicutes to Bacteroides ratio was higher in male group than that in female group in both WT mice and IL-10 KO mice. Phylum Proteobacteria significantly increased in female IL-10 KO mice than that in female WT mice. At species level, Lactobacillus murinus, Bacteroides acidifaciens, and Helicobacter hepaticus significantly increased in IL-10 KO mice than in WT mice. The relative abundance of beta-glucuronidase (K01195) was higher in female IL-10 KO mice than that in female WT mice by PICRUSt. Conclusions Our results suggest that microbiota-host interactions might differ between sexes during development of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jin Son
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chin-Hee Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ryoung Hee Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Soo In Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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110
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Breton J, Kastl A, Hoffmann N, Rogers R, Grossman AB, Mamula P, Kelsen JR, Baldassano RN, Albenberg L. Efficacy of Combination Antibiotic Therapy for Refractory Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:1586-1593. [PMID: 30715364 PMCID: PMC6939824 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that oral combination antibiotics may improve disease course in refractory inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Here, we describe the use of combination oral antibiotics as salvage therapy in refractory ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's colitis, and IBD-unclassified (IBD-U) at a large pediatric IBD center. METHODS Clinical response, disease activity indices, adverse events, and clinical outcomes were measured up to 1 year after antibiotic treatment in this retrospective cohort study of children with medically refractory IBD colitis. RESULTS Sixty-three patients with refractory UC, Crohn's colitis, and IBD-U (median age [interquartile range {IQR}], 15.3 [11.2-16.5] years; median disease duration [IQR], 1.2 [0.41-4.6] years) received a combination of 3 or 4 oral antibiotics (most commonly amoxicillin, metronidazole, and either doxycycline or ciprofloxacin) for a median (IQR) of 29 (21-58) days. Thirty-four patients (54%) were deemed corticosteroid-refractory or -dependent, with the majority (62/63) having a previous or present loss of response or primary nonresponse to anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNFα) therapy. Use of combination antibiotics led to a significant decrease in median Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index (PUCAI) score (IQR) from 55 (40-65) to 10 (0-40; P < 0.0001) over 3 ± 1 weeks, with 25/63 (39.7%) patients achieving clinical remission (PUCAI <10 points). The clinical benefits of oral antibiotics were independent of anti-TNFα therapy optimization. Among children entering clinical remission (n = 25), only 1 patient required surgery at 1-year follow-up, vs 10 patients in the nonresponder group. Negative predictors of response to combination antibiotics were exposure to doxycycline (odds ratio [OR], 0.25; 95% CI, 0.08-0.76) and PUCAI ≥65 at baseline (OR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.05-0.74). CONCLUSIONS Oral combination antibiotics appears to be an effective rescue and steroid-sparing therapy to induce remission in the short term in patients failing a biologic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Breton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Arthur Kastl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Natalie Hoffmann
- Division of General Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rachel Rogers
- Biostatistics and Data Management Core, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew B Grossman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Petar Mamula
- Division of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Judith R Kelsen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert N Baldassano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lindsey Albenberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Address correspondence to: Lindsey Albenberg, DO, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Roberts Center, 14-140 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA, 19146 ()
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111
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Wang S, Martins R, Sullivan MC, Friedman ES, Misic AM, El-Fahmawi A, De Martinis ECP, O'Brien K, Chen Y, Bradley C, Zhang G, Berry ASF, Hunter CA, Baldassano RN, Rondeau MP, Beiting DP. Diet-induced remission in chronic enteropathy is associated with altered microbial community structure and synthesis of secondary bile acids. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:126. [PMID: 31472697 PMCID: PMC6717631 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0740-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbiome has been implicated in the initiation and persistence of inflammatory bowel disease. Despite the fact that diet is one of the most potent modulators of microbiome composition and function and that dietary intervention is the first-line therapy for treating pediatric Crohn's disease, the relationships between diet-induced remission, enteropathy, and microbiome are poorly understood. Here, we leverage a naturally-occurring canine model of chronic inflammatory enteropathy that exhibits robust remission following nutritional therapy, to perform a longitudinal study that integrates clinical monitoring, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, metagenomic sequencing, metabolomic profiling, and whole genome sequencing to investigate the relationship between therapeutic diet, microbiome, and disease. RESULTS We show that remission induced by a hydrolyzed protein diet is accompanied by alterations in microbial community structure marked by decreased abundance of pathobionts (e.g., Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens), reduced severity of dysbiosis, and increased levels of the secondary bile acids, lithocholic and deoxycholic acid. Physiologic levels of these bile acids inhibited the growth of E. coli and C. perfringens isolates, in vitro. Metagenomic analysis and whole genome sequencing identified the bile acid producer Clostridium hiranonis as elevated after dietary therapy and a likely source of secondary bile acids during remission. When C. hiranonis was administered to mice, levels of deoxycholic acid were preserved and pathology associated with DSS colitis was ameliorated. Finally, a closely related bile acid producer, Clostridium scindens, was associated with diet-induced remission in human pediatric Crohn's disease. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight that remission induced by a hydrolyzed protein diet is associated with improved microbiota structure, an expansion of bile acid-producing clostridia, and increased levels of secondary bile acids. Our observations from clinical studies of exclusive enteral nutrition in human Crohn's disease, along with our in vitro inhibition assays and in vivo studies in mice, suggest that this may be a conserved response to diet therapy with the potential to ameliorate disease. These findings provide insight into diet-induced remission of gastrointestinal disease and could help guide the rational design of more effective therapeutic diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Rene Martins
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Megan C Sullivan
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Elliot S Friedman
- Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ana M Misic
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ayah El-Fahmawi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Kevin O'Brien
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Charles Bradley
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Grace Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alexander S F Berry
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Robert N Baldassano
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mark P Rondeau
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Daniel P Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Kongon P, Tangsirapat V, Ohmpornuwat V, Sumtong K, Chakrapan Na Ayudhya V, Chakrapan Na Ayudhya K, Sookpotarom P, Vejchapipat P. A challenge in diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis in elderly patient with atypical presentation: A reported case. Int J Surg Case Rep 2019; 61:234-237. [PMID: 31377552 PMCID: PMC6698301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of severe UC constitutes a difficult task in elderly patient. CT imaging can help physicians exclude non-surgical condition. Severe UC should be kept in mind in elderly patients with new onset abdominal pain.
Introduction Recognition of elderly-onset ulcerative colitis (UC) remains poor as the differential diagnosis in older patients with acute abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea is extensive and UC is generally not the obvious cause. A typical presentation in an elderly patient with acute severe UC can mimic surgical abdomen. Presentation of case An 80-year-old female had been presented with high grade fever, abdominal pain and diarrhoea. Physical examination showed sign of peritonitis and severe hypotension. A provisional diagnosis of perforated sigmoid diverticulitis was made. However, at the theater, there was only turbid yellowish ascites at cal-de-sac. Consequently, colonoscopy was performed and revealed continuous and circumferential erythematous with friable mucosa and multiple shallow ulcer along upper left side colon. Histologic examination of the colonic tissue was consistent with UC. Discussion As UC is uncommon in Thailand and clinical features of elderly-onset UC are much more non-specific; as a result, misdiagnosis at initial presentation is more common in elderly patients (60%) than that in younger population (15%). These might result in an unnecessary exploratory laparotomy; however, computed tomography scan can reduce the risk of that event. Conclusion The diagnosis of severe acute UC in elderly patients with acute abdomen had been complicated by the distinctive physiology of this aged group with atypical presentation and markedly unreliable physical examination. Eventually, severe UC should always be kept in mind with a circumstance of abdominal pain in geriatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panutchaya Kongon
- Department of Surgery, Panyananthaphikkhu Chonprathan Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot University, Nonthaburi, 11120, Thailand.
| | - Vorapatu Tangsirapat
- Department of Surgery, Panyananthaphikkhu Chonprathan Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot University, Nonthaburi, 11120, Thailand.
| | - Vittawat Ohmpornuwat
- Department of Surgery, Panyananthaphikkhu Chonprathan Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot University, Nonthaburi, 11120, Thailand.
| | - Kannakrit Sumtong
- Department of Surgery, Panyananthaphikkhu Chonprathan Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot University, Nonthaburi, 11120, Thailand.
| | - Vichack Chakrapan Na Ayudhya
- Department of Surgery, Panyananthaphikkhu Chonprathan Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot University, Nonthaburi, 11120, Thailand.
| | - Kobkool Chakrapan Na Ayudhya
- Department of Surgery, Panyananthaphikkhu Chonprathan Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot University, Nonthaburi, 11120, Thailand.
| | - Paiboon Sookpotarom
- Department of Surgery, Panyananthaphikkhu Chonprathan Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot University, Nonthaburi, 11120, Thailand.
| | - Paisarn Vejchapipat
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Allegretti JR, Mullish BH, Kelly C, Fischer M. The evolution of the use of faecal microbiota transplantation and emerging therapeutic indications. Lancet 2019; 394:420-431. [PMID: 31379333 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Developments in high-throughput microbial genomic sequencing and other systems biology techniques have given novel insight into the potential contribution of the gut microbiota to health and disease. As a result, an increasing number of diseases have been characterised by distinctive changes in the composition and functionality of the gut microbiota; however, whether such changes are cause, consequence, or incidental to the disease in question remains largely uncertain. Restoration of the gut microbiota to a premorbid state is a key novel therapeutic approach of interest, and faecal microbiota transplantation-the transfer of prescreened stool from healthy donors into the gastrointestinal tract of patients-is gaining increasing importance in both the clinical and research settings. At present, faecal microbiota transplantation is only recommended in the treatment of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection, although a large number of trials are ongoing worldwide exploring other potential therapeutic indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Allegretti
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Benjamin H Mullish
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Colleen Kelly
- Division of Gastroenterology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Monika Fischer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Mack DR, Benchimol EI, Critch J, deBruyn J, Tse F, Moayyedi P, Church P, Deslandres C, El-Matary W, Huynh H, Jantchou P, Lawrence S, Otley A, Sherlock M, Walters T, Kappelman MD, Sadowski D, Marshall JK, Griffiths A. Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Clinical Practice Guideline for the Medical Management of Pediatric Luminal Crohn's Disease. Gastroenterology 2019; 157:320-348. [PMID: 31320109 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We aim to provide guidance for medical treatment of luminal Crohn's disease in children. METHODS We performed a systematic search of publication databases to identify studies of medical management of pediatric Crohn's disease. Quality of evidence and strength of recommendations were rated according to the GRADE (Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach. We developed statements through an iterative online platform and then finalized and voted on them. RESULTS The consensus includes 25 statements focused on medical treatment options. Consensus was not reached, and no recommendations were made, for 14 additional statements, largely due to lack of evidence. The group suggested corticosteroid therapies (including budesonide for mild to moderate disease). The group suggested exclusive enteral nutrition for induction therapy and biologic tumor necrosis factor antagonists for induction and maintenance therapy at diagnosis or at early stages of severe disease, and for patients failed by steroid and immunosuppressant induction therapies. The group recommended against the use of oral 5-aminosalicylate for induction or maintenance therapy in patients with moderate disease, and recommended against thiopurines for induction therapy, corticosteroids for maintenance therapy, and cannabis in any role. The group was unable to clearly define the role of concomitant immunosuppressants during initiation therapy with a biologic agent, although thiopurine combinations are not recommended for male patients. No consensus was reached on the role of aminosalicylates in treatment of patients with mild disease, antibiotics or vedolizumab for induction or maintenance therapy, or methotrexate for induction therapy. Patients in clinical remission who are receiving immunomodulators should be assessed for mucosal healing within 1 year of treatment initiation. CONCLUSIONS Evidence-based medical treatment of Crohn's disease in children is recommended, with thorough ongoing assessments to define treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Mack
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric I Benchimol
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeff Critch
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Jennifer deBruyn
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frances Tse
- Division of Gastroenterology and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Moayyedi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Church
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; IBD Centre, Department of Paediatrics, SickKids Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colette Deslandres
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wael El-Matary
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hien Huynh
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (Gastroenterology), Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Prévost Jantchou
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sally Lawrence
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anthony Otley
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mary Sherlock
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Walters
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; IBD Centre, Department of Paediatrics, SickKids Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D Kappelman
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina, Hospital-Children's Specialty Clinic, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dan Sadowski
- Division of Gastroenterology, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John K Marshall
- Division of Gastroenterology and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne Griffiths
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; IBD Centre, Department of Paediatrics, SickKids Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Mack DR, Benchimol EI, Critch J, deBruyn J, Tse F, Moayyedi P, Church P, Deslandres C, El-Matary W, Huynh H, Jantchou P, Lawrence S, Otley A, Sherlock M, Walters T, Kappelman MD, Sadowski D, Marshall JK, Griffiths A. Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Clinical Practice Guideline for the Medical Management of Pediatric Luminal Crohn's Disease. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2019; 2:e35-e63. [PMID: 31294379 PMCID: PMC6619414 DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We aim to provide guidance for medical treatment of luminal Crohn's disease in children. METHODS We performed a systematic search of publication databases to identify studies of medical management of pediatric Crohn's disease. Quality of evidence and strength of recommendations were rated according to the GRADE (Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach. We developed statements through an iterative online platform and then finalized and voted on them. RESULTS The consensus includes 25 statements focused on medical treatment options. Consensus was not reached, and no recommendations were made, for 14 additional statements, largely due to lack of evidence. The group suggested corticosteroid therapies (including budesonide for mild to moderate disease). The group suggested exclusive enteral nutrition for induction therapy and biologic tumor necrosis factor antagonists for induction and maintenance therapy at diagnosis or at early stages of severe disease, and for patients failed by steroid and immunosuppressant induction therapies. The group recommended against the use of oral 5-aminosalicylate for induction or maintenance therapy in patients with moderate disease, and recommended against thiopurines for induction therapy, corticosteroids for maintenance therapy, and cannabis in any role. The group was unable to clearly define the role of concomitant immunosuppressants during initiation therapy with a biologic agent, although thiopurine combinations are not recommended for male patients. No consensus was reached on the role of aminosalicylates in treatment of patients with mild disease, antibiotics or vedolizumab for induction or maintenance therapy, or methotrexate for induction therapy. Patients in clinical remission who are receiving immunomodulators should be assessed for mucosal healing within 1 year of treatment initiation. CONCLUSIONS Evidence-based medical treatment of Crohn's disease in children is recommended, with thorough ongoing assessments to define treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Mack
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric I Benchimol
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeff Critch
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Jennifer deBruyn
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frances Tse
- Division of Gastroenterology and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Moayyedi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Church
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- IBD Centre, Department of Paediatrics, SickKids Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colette Deslandres
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wael El-Matary
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hien Huynh
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics (Gastroenterology), Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Prévost Jantchou
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sally Lawrence
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anthony Otley
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mary Sherlock
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Walters
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- IBD Centre, Department of Paediatrics, SickKids Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D Kappelman
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina, Hospital-Children's Specialty Clinic, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dan Sadowski
- Division of Gastroenterology, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John K Marshall
- Division of Gastroenterology and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne Griffiths
- Ch.I.L.D. Foundation Canadian Children IBD Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- IBD Centre, Department of Paediatrics, SickKids Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Panaccione R, Steinhart AH, Bressler B, Khanna R, Marshall JK, Targownik L, Afif W, Bitton A, Borgaonkar M, Chauhan U, Halloran B, Jones J, Kennedy E, Leontiadis GI, Loftus EV, Meddings J, Moayyedi P, Murthy S, Plamondon S, Rosenfeld G, Schwartz D, Seow CH, Williams C, Bernstein CN. Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Luminal Crohn's Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17:1680-1713. [PMID: 30853616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Crohn's disease (CD) is a lifelong illness with substantial morbidity, although new therapies and treatment paradigms have been developed. We provide guidance for treatment of ambulatory patients with mild to severe active luminal CD. METHODS We performed a systematic review to identify published studies of the management of CD. The quality of evidence and strength of recommendations were rated according to the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Statements were developed through an iterative online platform and then finalized and voted on by a group of specialists. RESULTS The consensus includes 41 statements focused on 6 main drug classes: antibiotics, 5-aminosalicylate, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, biologic therapies, and other therapies. The group suggested against the use of antibiotics or 5-aminosalicylate as induction or maintenance therapies. Corticosteroid therapies (including budesonide) can be used as induction, but not maintenance therapies. Among immunosuppressants, thiopurines should not be used for induction, but can be used for maintenance therapy for selected low-risk patients. Parenteral methotrexate was proposed for induction and maintenance therapy in patients with corticosteroid-dependent CD. Biologic agents, including tumor necrosis factor antagonists, vedolizumab, and ustekinumab, were recommended for patients failed by conventional induction therapies and as maintenance therapy. The consensus group was unable to clearly define the role of concomitant immunosuppressant therapies in initiation of treatment with a biologic agent. CONCLUSIONS Optimal management of CD requires careful patient assessment, acknowledgement of patient preferences, evidence-based use of existing therapies, and thorough assessment to define treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remo Panaccione
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - A Hillary Steinhart
- Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Bressler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Reena Khanna
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John K Marshall
- Division of Gastroenterology and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Targownik
- Section of Gastroenterology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Waqqas Afif
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Bitton
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark Borgaonkar
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Usha Chauhan
- Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendan Halloran
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer Jones
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Erin Kennedy
- Division of General Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grigorios I Leontiadis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward V Loftus
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jonathan Meddings
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul Moayyedi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanjay Murthy
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sophie Plamondon
- Department of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Greg Rosenfeld
- Division of Gastroenterology, Pacific Gastroenterology Associates, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David Schwartz
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Cynthia H Seow
- Departments of Medicine and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Charles N Bernstein
- Section of Gastroenterology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Zhai Z, Zhang F, Cao R, Ni X, Xin Z, Deng J, Wu G, Ren W, Yin Y, Deng B. Cecropin A Alleviates Inflammation Through Modulating the Gut Microbiota of C57BL/6 Mice With DSS-Induced IBD. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1595. [PMID: 31354682 PMCID: PMC6635700 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is undertaken to assess the alleviating effects of antimicrobial peptide cecropin A on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in C57BL/6 mice and changes in the gut microbiota, compared to an antibiotic gentamicin. Different doses of cecropin A were intraperitoneally injected into C57BL/6 mice for 5 days to determine the safe doses. The injection doses at ≤ 15 mg/kg showed no negative impact on the liver, heart, spleen, and kidney. The severe and moderate IBD mice model was successfully established via supplementation of 4 or 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water for 5 days. The severe IBD model was used to ensure the optimal therapeutic dose of cecropin A. Survival rate, body weight and disease activity index (DAI) scores were measured. Administration of 15 mg/kg, not 5 mg/kg cecropin A, for 5 days increased survival rate and decreased body weight loss of mice. The moderate IBD model was applied to investigate the mechanisms for cecropin A to alleviate inflammation in comparison to gentamicin. The mice were treated with 15 mg/kg cecropin A or 5 mg/kg gentamicin for 3 days. The levels of cytokines and related proteins in the colon were detected by ELISA and Western blotting. The microbiota in cecum contents were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed that cecropin A and gentamicin relieved body weight loss, DAI, and gut mucosa disruption, while decreasing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interlukin-1β (IL-1β), and interlukin-6 (IL-6) induced by DSS. In addition, cecropin A and gentamicin showed different effects on the gut microbiota structure. Both cecropin A and gentamicin decreased DSS-induced enrichment of Bacteroidaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. However, cecropin A showed a selective enrichment of Lactobacillus in contrast to gentamicin, which demonstrated a selective effect on Desulfovibrionaceae and Ruminococcaceae. Cecropin A alleviates IBD through decreasing harmful gut microflora and specifically enhancing beneficial gut microflora. The mechanism of this effect is different from gentamicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenya Zhai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruihua Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Ni
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongquan Xin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinping Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Baichuan Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Schreiner P, Neurath MF, Ng SC, El-Omar EM, Sharara AI, Kobayashi T, Hisamatsu T, Hibi T, Rogler G. Mechanism-Based Treatment Strategies for IBD: Cytokines, Cell Adhesion Molecules, JAK Inhibitors, Gut Flora, and More. Inflamm Intest Dis 2019; 4:79-96. [PMID: 31559260 DOI: 10.1159/000500721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although TNF inhibitors revolutionized the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we have been reaching a point where other therapies with different mechanisms of action are necessary. A rising number of elderly IBD patients with contraindications to established therapies and a growing group of patients losing response to anti-TNF therapy compel us to find safer, better-tolerated, and, ideally, personalized treatment options. However, in order to choose the right drug to fit a patient, it is indispensable to understand the pathomechanism involved in IBD. Summary The aim of this review is to explain the inflammatory signaling pathways in IBD and how to inhibit them with current and future therapeutic approaches. Next to biologic agents targeting inflammatory cytokines (anti-TNF agents, anti-IL-12/-23 agents, and specific inhibitors of IL-23), biologics blocking leukocyte trafficking to the gut (anti-integrin antibodies) are available nowadays. More recently, small molecules inhibiting the JAK-STAT pathway (JAK inhibitors) or preventing lymphocyte trafficking (sphingosine-1-phosphate modulators) have been approved or are under investigation. Furthermore, modifying the microbiota has potential therapeutic effects on IBD, and autologous hematopoietic or mesenchymal stem cell transplantation may be considered for a highly selected group of IBD patients. Key Message Physicians should understand the different mechanisms of action of the potential therapies for IBD to select the right drug for the right patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schreiner
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Siew C Ng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, LKS Institute of Health Science, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Emad M El-Omar
- St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ala I Sharara
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Taku Kobayashi
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Toshifumi Hibi
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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119
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Viennois E, Chassaing B, Tahsin A, Pujada A, Wang L, Gewirtz AT, Merlin D. Host-derived fecal microRNAs can indicate gut microbiota healthiness and ability to induce inflammation. Theranostics 2019; 9:4542-4557. [PMID: 31285778 PMCID: PMC6599659 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of intestine-microbiota symbiosis can result in chronic gut inflammation. We hypothesize that assessing the initial inflammatory potential of the microbiota in patients is essential and that host-derived miRNAs, which can be found in feces, could fulfill this function. We investigated whether the gut microbiota composition impacts the fecal miRNA profile and thereby indicates its ability to influence intestinal inflammation. Methods: We used high-throughput qPCR to compare fecal miRNA profile between germ-free and conventional mice. Conventionalization of germfree mice by various colitogenic and non-colitogenic microbiotas (IL10-/- and TLR5-/- associated microbiota) was performed. Results: We identified 12 fecal miRNAs impacted by the presence of a microbiota. Conventionalization of germfree mice by various colitogenic and non-colitogenic microbiotas associated with the development of intestinal inflammation (IL10-/- and TLR5-/- associated microbiota) yielded distinctively altered fecal miRNA profiles compared to that of mice receiving a “healthy” microbiota. Correlation analysis revealed the existence of interactions between the 12 abovementioned miRNAs and specific microbiota members. Conclusion: These results showed that fecal miRNA profile can be differentially and specifically impacted by microbiota composition, and that miRNA could importantly serve as markers of the colitogenic potential of the microbiota. This is particularly relevant to assess individual state of the microbiota in patients with dysbiosis-related disorders, such as IBD and potentially determine their ability to respond to therapeutics.
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120
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Cohen LJ, Cho JH, Gevers D, Chu H. Genetic Factors and the Intestinal Microbiome Guide Development of Microbe-Based Therapies for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:2174-2189. [PMID: 30880022 PMCID: PMC6568267 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is a dynamic community of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that mediates mucosal homeostasis and physiology. Imbalances in the microbiome and aberrant immune responses to gut bacteria can disrupt homeostasis and are associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) in humans and colitis in mice. We review genetic variants associated with IBD and their effects on the intestinal microbiome, the immune response, and disease pathogenesis. The intestinal microbiome, which includes microbial antigens, adjuvants, and metabolic products, affects the development and function of the intestinal mucosa, influencing inflammatory responses in the gut. Therefore, strategies to manipulate the microbiome might be used in treatment of IBD. We review microbe-based therapies for IBD and the potential to engineer patients' intestinal microbiota. We discuss how studies of patients with IBD and mouse models have advanced our understanding of the interactions between genetic factors and the gut microbiome, and challenges to the development of microbe-based therapies for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J. Cohen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn
School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA.,Correspondence:
(L.J.C.),
(H.C.)
| | - Judy H. Cho
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn
School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School
of Medicine at Mount Sinai; The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized
Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029,
USA
| | - Dirk Gevers
- Janssen Human Microbiome Institute, Janssen Research &
Development, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Hiutung Chu
- Department of Pathology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California; Chiba University and University of California-San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), La Jolla, California.
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121
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Paik J, Meeker S, Hsu CC, Seamons A, Pershutkina O, Snyder JM, Brabb T, Maggio-Price L. Validation studies for germ-free Smad3-/- mice as a bio-assay to test the causative role of fecal microbiomes in IBD. Gut Microbes 2019; 11:21-31. [PMID: 31138018 PMCID: PMC6973324 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1611151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While the association between microbiomes and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is well known, establishing causal relationships between the two is difficult in humans. Germ-free (GF) mice genetically susceptible to IBD can address this question. Smad3-/- mice with defective transforming growth factor ß signaling are a model of IBD and colon cancer. They develop IBD upon colonization with Helicobacter under specific pathogen-free conditions, suggesting a role of the microbiome in IBD in this model. Thus, we rederived Smad3-/- mice GF to determine the potential of using these mice for testing the causative role of microbiomes in IBD. We found that fecal microbiomes from mice with IBD cause more severe gut inflammation in GF Smad3-/- and wild type mice compared to microbiomes from healthy mice and that Helicobacter induces gut inflammation within the context of other microbiomes but not by itself. Unexpectedly, GF Smad3+/+ and Smad3+/- mice given IBD microbiomes develop IBD despite their lack of disease in SPF conditions upon Helicobacter infection. This was not unique to the background strain of our Smad3 model (129); both wild type C57BL/6 and 129 strains developed IBD upon fecal transfer. However, wild type Swiss Webster stock was not susceptible, indicating that the genetic background of recipient mice influences the severity of IBD following fecal transfer. Our data suggest that the microbiome is an independent risk factor contributing to IBD development, and careful characterization of new GF models is needed to understand potential sources of confounding factors influencing microbiome studies in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Paik
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,CONTACT Jisun Paik The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Stacey Meeker
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charlie C. Hsu
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Audrey Seamons
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Olesya Pershutkina
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica M. Snyder
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thea Brabb
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lillian Maggio-Price
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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122
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Garcia-Carbonell R, Yao SJ, Das S, Guma M. Dysregulation of Intestinal Epithelial Cell RIPK Pathways Promotes Chronic Inflammation in the IBD Gut. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1094. [PMID: 31164887 PMCID: PMC6536010 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are common intestinal bowel diseases (IBD) characterized by intestinal epithelial injury including extensive epithelial cell death, mucosal erosion, ulceration, and crypt abscess formation. Several factors including activated signaling pathways, microbial dysbiosis, and immune deregulation contribute to disease progression. Although most research efforts to date have focused on immune cells, it is becoming increasingly clear that intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) are important players in IBD pathogenesis. Aberrant or exacerbated responses to how IEC sense IBD-associated microbes, respond to TNF stimulation, and regenerate and heal the injured mucosa are critical to the integrity of the intestinal barrier. The role of several genes and pathways in which single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) showed strong association with IBD has recently been studied in the context of IEC. In patients with IBD, it has been shown that the expression of specific dysregulated genes in IECs plays an important role in TNF-induced cell death and microbial sensing. Among them, the NF-κB pathway and its target gene TNFAIP3 promote TNF-induced and receptor interacting protein kinase (RIPK1)-dependent intestinal epithelial cell death. On the other hand, RIPK2 functions as a key signaling protein in host defense responses induced by activation of the cytosolic microbial sensors nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing proteins 1 and 2 (NOD1 and NOD2). The RIPK2-mediated signaling pathway leads to the activation of NF-κB and MAP kinases that induce autophagy following infection. This article will review these dysregulated RIPK pathways in IEC and their role in promoting chronic inflammation. It will also highlight future research directions and therapeutic approaches involving RIPKs in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shih-Jing Yao
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Monica Guma
- Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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123
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Haac BE, Palmateer NC, Seaton ME, VanYPeren R, Fraser CM, Bafford AC. A Distinct Gut Microbiota Exists Within Crohn's Disease-Related Perianal Fistulae. J Surg Res 2019; 242:118-128. [PMID: 31075656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut bacteria are strongly suspected to play a key role in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD). Studies have demonstrated alterations in the gut microbiota in this patient population. The purpose of this study was to characterize the gut microbiota of fistulizing perianal CD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Stool and fistula samples were obtained from patients undergoing surgery for CD-related anorectal fistulae. Microbial compositions of matched stool and fistula samples were characterized using 16S rRNA gene profiling. The effect of sample type, patient gender, disease classification (Montreal A/B), disease activity (Harvey Bradshaw Index), antibiotic use, and presence of active proctitis on microbial composition was assessed. RESULTS Samples were obtained from 18 patients. Bacteroides was the most abundant genera across all samples collected, followed by Streptococcus and Bifidobacterium. Bifidobacterium was present at significantly higher levels in fecal samples than fistula samples, whereas Achromobacter and Corynebacterium were present at significantly higher levels in fistula samples. Antibiotic, but not thiopurine or antitumor necrosis factor medication, exposure affected the gut microbial composition. Patient gender, disease classification, disease activity, and presence of active proctitis did not alter stool or fistula microbiota. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that the gut microbiota within CD-related anorectal fistulae is distinct from that in stool samples obtained from the same patients. We also observe a dysbiosis in patients treated with antibiotics compared with those not treated with antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce E Haac
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Max E Seaton
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ryan VanYPeren
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Claire M Fraser
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrea C Bafford
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland.
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124
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Kim D, Taleban S. A Comprehensive Review of the Diagnosis and Pharmacological Management of Crohn's Disease in the Elderly Population. Drugs Aging 2019; 36:607-624. [PMID: 31055789 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-019-00672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) in the elderly is rising in prevalence, which is related to an increase in its incidence and improving life expectancies. There are differences in the presentation, natural history, and treatment of CD between adult-onset patients who progress to older age and patients who are initially diagnosed at an older age. Presentation at an older age may also delay or make diagnosis challenging due to accumulating co-morbidities that mimic inflammatory bowel disease. Differences exist between adult- and older-onset disease, yet many guidelines do not specifically distinguish the management of these two distinct populations. Identifying patients at high risk for progression or aggressive disease is particularly important as elderly patients may respond differently to medical and surgical treatment, and may be at higher risk for adverse effects. Despite newer agents being approved for CD, the data regarding efficacy and safety in the elderly are currently limited. Balancing symptom management with risks of medical and surgical therapy is an ongoing challenge and requires special consideration in these two distinct populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Banner University Medical Center, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arizona School of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sasha Taleban
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arizona School of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA. .,Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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125
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Schwerd T, Koletzko S. Darmmikrobiom und chronisch-entzündliche Darmerkrankungen. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-019-0683-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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126
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Byndloss MX, Litvak Y, Bäumler AJ. Microbiota-nourishing Immunity and Its Relevance for Ulcerative Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:811-815. [PMID: 30698700 PMCID: PMC6769399 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An imbalance in our microbiota may contribute to many human diseases, but the mechanistic underpinnings of dysbiosis remain poorly understood. We argue that dysbiosis is secondary to a defect in microbiota-nourishing immunity, a part of our immune system that balances the microbiota to attain colonization resistance against environmental exposure to microorganisms. We discuss this new hypothesis and its implications for ulcerative colitis, an inflammatory bowel disease of the large intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana X Byndloss
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation and Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yael Litvak
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Andreas J Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
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127
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Zeng B, Shi S, Ashworth G, Dong C, Liu J, Xing F. ILC3 function as a double-edged sword in inflammatory bowel diseases. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:315. [PMID: 30962426 PMCID: PMC6453898 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), composed mainly of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are strongly implicated in the development of intestinal inflammation lesions. Its exact etiology and pathogenesis are still undetermined. Recently accumulating evidence supports that group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) are responsible for gastrointestinal mucosal homeostasis through moderate generation of IL-22, IL-17, and GM-CSF in the physiological state. ILC3 contribute to the progression and aggravation of IBD while both IL-22 and IL-17, along with IFN-γ, are overexpressed by the dysregulation of NCR- ILC3 or NCR+ ILC3 function and the bias of NCR+ ILC3 towards ILC1 as well as regulatory ILC dysfunction in the pathological state. Herein, we feature the group 3 innate lymphoid cells' development, biological function, maintenance of gut homeostasis, mediation of IBD occurrence, and potential application to IBD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boning Zeng
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Immunobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong, Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengnan Shi
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Immunobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Jing Liu
- BioMedical Research Centre, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, UK.
| | - Feiyue Xing
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Department of Immunobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong, Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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128
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Abraham B, Quigley EMM. Antibiotics and probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: when to use them? Frontline Gastroenterol 2019; 11:62-69. [PMID: 31885842 PMCID: PMC6914299 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2018-101057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics and probiotics are often used as adjunctive therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. However, data are limited and randomised controlled trials are too inconsistent to provide generalised recommendations for their use in all patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. Antibiotics are best used in the management of infectious complications and fistulas in Crohn's disease and, perhaps, in reducing the intensity of inflammation in luminal disease. Ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and rifaximin have been most widely used and studied. On the other hand, there appears to be a limited role for antibiotics in ulcerative colitis (UC). Probiotics are most effective in pouchitis, and may have a role in the initial therapy and maintenance of remission in mild UC; the probiotic cocktail VSL#3 has been the most widely studied. There is scant evidence of efficacy for probiotics in Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bincy Abraham
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Houston Methodist, Houston, Texas, USA
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129
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Mirsepasi-Lauridsen HC, Vallance BA, Krogfelt KA, Petersen AM. Escherichia coli Pathobionts Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 32:e00060-18. [PMID: 30700431 PMCID: PMC6431131 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00060-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut bacteria play a key role in initiating and maintaining the inflammatory process in the gut tissues of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, by supplying antigens or other stimulatory factors that trigger immune cell activation. Changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota in IBD patients compared to that in healthy controls and a reduced diversity of intestinal microbial species are linked to the pathogenesis of IBD. Adherent invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) has been linked to Crohn's disease (CD) patients, while diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC) has been associated with ulcerative colitis (UC). Bacteriological analysis of intestinal biopsy specimens and fecal samples from IBD patients shows an increased number of E. coli strains belonging to the B2 phylogenetic group, which are typically known as extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). Results from studies of both cell cultures and animal models reveal pathogenic features of these E. coli pathobionts, which may link them to IBD pathogenesis. This suggests that IBD-associated E. coli strains play a facilitative role during IBD flares. In this review, we explain IBD-associated E. coli and its role in IBD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce Andrew Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karen Angeliki Krogfelt
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Viral and Microbiological Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Munk Petersen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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130
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King SJ, McCole DF. Epithelial-microbial diplomacy: escalating border tensions drive inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Intest Res 2019; 17:177-191. [PMID: 30836737 PMCID: PMC6505084 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2018.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic conditions of the gastrointestinal tract-the main site of host-microbial interaction in the body. Development of IBD is not due to a single event but rather is a multifactorial process where a patient’s genetic background, behavioral habits, and environmental exposures contribute to disease pathogenesis. IBD patients exhibit alterations to gut bacterial populations “dysbiosis” due to the inflammatory microenvironment, however whether this alteration of the gut microbiota precedes inflammation has not been confirmed. Emerging evidence has highlighted the important role of gut microbes in developing measured immune responses and modulating other host responses such as metabolism. Much of the work on the gut microbiota has been correlative and there is an increasing need to understand the intimate relationship between host and microbe. In this review, we highlight how commensal and pathogenic bacteria interact with host intestinal epithelial cells and explore how altered microenvironments impact these connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J King
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Declan F McCole
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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131
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Jeong DY, Kim S, Son MJ, Son CY, Kim JY, Kronbichler A, Lee KH, Shin JI. Induction and maintenance treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: A comprehensive review. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:439-454. [PMID: 30844556 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are the two major types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We conducted a comprehensive review of meta-analyses to summarize the reported effectiveness of different drugs for IBD. We performed a literature search and a total of 110 meta-analyses from 66 articles were summarized and re-analyzed (62 in UC and 48 in CD). In summary, 5-ASA was more effective than placebo in both induction and maintenance treatment of UC, but there were conflicting results on the effect of 5-ASA on the induction treatment or relapse of CD. The use of immunomodulatory agents in the induction or maintenance phase of UC and CD using immunomodulators appeared to be more effective than placebo, but the results were impacted by small number of patients, discordant results with the largest study and risk of biases. Anti-TNF-α and anti-integrin therapeutic antibodies in both, induction and maintenance, showed a better efficacy than placebo in a large proportion of patients analyzed. Other agents, such as probiotics, antibiotics, omega-3, were shown to be more effective than placebo, but the same issues arose as stated above with the use of immunomodulatory agents. In conclusion, we performed a comprehensive review of meta-analysis on comparative efficacy of pharmacotherapy used in the management of IBD. Our review will augment our understanding of the treatment of UC and CD by providing a guideline for interpreting the statistically significant findings and discusses the optimal choice for IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yeon Jeong
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Pediatric IBD Research Group, Severance Children's Hospital, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Son
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jong Yeob Kim
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Andreas Kronbichler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Keum Hwa Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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132
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Yi Q, Wang J, Song Y, Guo Z, Lei S, Yang X, Li L, Gao C, Zhou Z. Ascl2 facilitates IL-10 production in Th17 cells to restrain their pathogenicity in inflammatory bowel disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 510:435-441. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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M'Koma AE. The Multifactorial Etiopathogeneses Interplay of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Overview. GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS 2019; 1:75-105. [PMID: 37577036 PMCID: PMC10416806 DOI: 10.3390/gidisord1010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal system where inflammatory bowel disease occurs is central to the immune system where the innate and the adaptive/acquired immune systems are balanced in interactions with gut microbes under homeostasis conditions. This article overviews the high-throughput research screening on multifactorial interplay between genetic risk factors, the intestinal microbiota, urbanization, modernization, Westernization, the environmental influences and immune responses in the etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease in humans. Inflammatory bowel disease is an expensive multifactorial debilitating disease that affects thousands new people annually worldwide with no known etiology or cure. The conservative therapeutics focus on the established pathology where the immune dysfunction and gut injury have already happened but do not preclude or delay the progression. Inflammatory bowel disease is evolving globally and has become a global emergence disease. It is largely known to be a disease in industrial-urbanized societies attributed to modernization and Westernized lifestyle associated with environmental factors to genetically susceptible individuals with determined failure to process certain commensal antigens. In the developing nations, increasing incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been associated with rapid urbanization, modernization and Westernization of the population. In summary, there are identified multiple associations to host exposures potentiating the landscape risk hazards of inflammatory bowel disease trigger, that include: Western life-style and diet, host genetics, altered innate and/or acquired/adaptive host immune responses, early-life microbiota exposure, change in microbiome symbiotic relationship (dysbiosis/dysbacteriosis), pollution, changing hygiene status, socioeconomic status and several other environmental factors have long-standing effects/influence tolerance. The ongoing multipronged robotic studies on gut microbiota composition disparate patterns between the rural vs. urban locations may help elucidate and better understand the contribution of microbiome disciplines/ecology and evolutionary biology in potentially protecting against the development of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amosy E M'Koma
- Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Colon and Rectal Surgery, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS), Arlington Heights, IL 60005, USA
- The American Gastroenterological Association (AGA), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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134
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Eberhardson M, Hedin CRH, Carlson M, Tarnawski L, Levine YA, Olofsson PS. Towards improved control of inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Immunol 2019; 89:e12745. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eberhardson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine; Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital; Solna Sweden
| | - Charlotte R. H. Hedin
- Department of Medicine Solna; Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital; Sweden
| | - Marie Carlson
- Department of Medical Science, Gastroenterology Research Group; Uppsala University Hospital; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Laura Tarnawski
- Department of Medicine, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine; Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital; Solna Sweden
| | | | - Peder S. Olofsson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine; Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital; Solna Sweden
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Townsend CM, Parker CE, MacDonald JK, Nguyen TM, Jairath V, Feagan BG, Khanna R. Antibiotics for induction and maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 2:CD012730. [PMID: 30731030 PMCID: PMC6366891 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012730.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several antibiotics have been evaluated in Crohn's disease (CD), however randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have produced conflicting results. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of antibiotics for induction and maintenance of remission in CD. SEARCH METHODS We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, the Cochrane IBD Group Specialized Register and Clinicaltrials.gov database from inception to 28 February 2018. We also searched reference lists and conference proceedings. SELECTION CRITERIA RCTs comparing antibiotics to placebo or an active comparator in adult (> 15 years) CD patients were considered for inclusion. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors screened search results and extracted data. Bias was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. The primary outcomes were failure to achieve clinical remission and relapse. Secondary outcomes included clinical response, endoscopic response, endoscopic remission, endoscopic relapse, histologic response, histologic remission, adverse events (AEs), serious AEs, withdrawal due to AEs and quality of life. Remission is commonly defined as a Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) of < 150. Clinical response is commonly defined as a decrease in CDAI from baseline of 70 or 100 points. Relapse is defined as a CDAI > 150. For studies that enrolled participants with fistulizing CD, response was defined as a 50% reduction in draining fistulas. Remission was defined as complete closure of fistulas. We calculated the risk ratio (RR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for dichotomous outcomes. We calculated the mean difference (MD) and corresponding 95% CI for continuous outcomes. GRADE was used to assess the certainty of the evidence. MAIN RESULTS Thirteen RCTs (N = 1303 participants) were eligible. Two trials were rated as high risk of bias (no blinding). Seven trials were rated as unclear risk of bias and four trials were rated as low risk of bias. Comparisons included ciprofloxacin (500 mg twice daily) versus placebo, rifaximin (800 to 2400 mg daily) versus placebo, metronidazole (400 mg to 500 mg twice daily) versus placebo, clarithromycin (1 g/day) versus placebo, cotrimoxazole (960 mg twice daily) versus placebo, ciprofloxacin (500 mg twice daily) and metronidazole (250 mg four time daily) versus methylprednisolone (0.7 to 1 mg/kg daily), ciprofloxacin (500 mg daily), metronidazole (500 mg daily) and budesonide (9 mg daily) versus placebo with budesonide (9 mg daily), ciprofloxacin (500 mg twice daily) versus mesalazine (2 g twice daily), ciprofloxacin (500 mg twice daily) with adalimumab versus placebo with adalimumab, ciprofloxacin (500 mg twice daily) with infliximab versus placebo with infliximab, clarithromycin (750 mg daily) and antimycobacterial versus placebo, and metronidazole (400 mg twice daily) and cotrimoxazole (960 mg twice daily) versus placebo. We pooled all antibiotics as a class versus placebo and antibiotics with anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) versus placebo with anti-TNF.The effect of individual antibiotics on CD was generally uncertain due to imprecision. When we pooled antibiotics as a class, 55% (289/524) of antibiotic participants failed to achieve remission at 6 to 10 weeks compared with 64% (149/231) of placebo participants (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.98; 7 studies; high certainty evidence). At 10 to 14 weeks, 41% (174/428) of antibiotic participants failed to achieve a clinical response compared to 49% (93/189) of placebo participants (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.93; 5 studies; moderate certainty evidence). The effect of antibiotics on relapse in uncertain. Forty-five per cent (37/83) of antibiotic participants relapsed at 52 weeks compared to 57% (41/72) of placebo participants (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.47; 2 studies; low certainty evidence). Relapse of endoscopic remission was not reported in the included studies. Antibiotics do not appear to increase the risk of AEs. Thirty-eight per cent (214/568) of antibiotic participants had at least one adverse event compared to 45% (128/284) of placebo participants (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.02; 9 studies; high certainty evidence). The effect of antibiotics on serious AEs and withdrawal due to AEs was uncertain. Two per cent (6/377) of antibiotic participants had at least one adverse event compared to 0.7% (1/143) of placebo participants (RR 1.70, 95% CI 0.29 to 10.01; 3 studies; low certainty evidence). Nine per cent (53/569) of antibiotic participants withdrew due to AEs compared to 12% (36/289) of placebo participants (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.29; 9 studies; low certainty evidence) is uncertain. Common adverse events in the studies included gastrointestinal upset, upper respiratory tract infection, abscess formation and headache, change in taste and paraesthesiaWhen we pooled antibiotics used with anti-TNF, 21% (10/48) of patients on combination therapy failed to achieve a clinical response(50% closure of fistulas) or remission (closure of fistulas) at week 12 compared with 36% (19/52) of placebo and anti-TNF participants (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.29 to 1.10; 2 studies; low certainty evidence). These studies did not assess the effect of antibiotics and anti-TNF on clinical or endoscopic relapse. Seventy-seven per cent (37/48) of antibiotics and anti-TNF participants had an AE compared to 83% (43/52) of anti-TNF and placebo participants (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.12; 2 studies, moderate certainty evidence). The effect of antibiotics and anti-TNF on withdrawal due to AEs is uncertain. Six per cent (3/48) of antibiotics and anti-TNF participants withdrew due to an AE compared to 8% (4/52) of anti-TNF and placebo participants (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.19 to 3.45; 2 studies, low certainty evidence). Common adverse events included nausea, vomiting, upper respiratory tract infections, change in taste, fatigue and headache AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Moderate to high quality evidence suggests that any benefit provided by antibiotics in active CD is likely to be modest and may not be clinically meaningful. High quality evidence suggests that there is no increased risk of adverse events with antibiotics compared to placebo. The effect of antibiotics on the risk of serious adverse events is uncertain. The effect of antibiotics on maintenance of remission in CD is uncertain. Thus, no firm conclusions regarding the efficacy and safety of antibiotics for maintenance of remission in CD can be drawn. More research is needed to determine the efficacy and safety of antibiotics as therapy in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire E Parker
- Robarts Clinical Trials100 Dundas Street, Suite 200LondonONCanadaN6A 5B6
| | - John K MacDonald
- University of Western OntarioDepartment of MedicineLondonONCanada
- Robarts Clinical TrialsCochrane IBD Group100 Dundas Street, Suite 200LondonONCanadaN6A 5B6
| | - Tran M Nguyen
- Robarts Clinical TrialsCochrane IBD Group100 Dundas Street, Suite 200LondonONCanadaN6A 5B6
| | - Vipul Jairath
- University of Western OntarioDepartment of MedicineLondonONCanada
- University of Western OntarioDepartment of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsLondonONCanada
| | - Brian G Feagan
- University of Western OntarioDepartment of MedicineLondonONCanada
- Robarts Clinical TrialsCochrane IBD Group100 Dundas Street, Suite 200LondonONCanadaN6A 5B6
- University of Western OntarioDepartment of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsLondonONCanada
| | - Reena Khanna
- University of Western OntarioDepartment of MedicineLondonONCanada
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Colombel JF, Shin A, Gibson PR. AGA Clinical Practice Update on Functional Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Expert Review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17:380-390.e1. [PMID: 30099108 PMCID: PMC6581193 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DESCRIPTION The purpose of this clinical practice update review is to describe key principles in the diagnosis and management of functional gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS The evidence and best practices summarized in this manuscript are based on relevant scientific publications, systematic reviews, and expert opinion where applicable. Best practice advice 1: A stepwise approach to rule-out ongoing inflammatory activity should be followed in IBD patients with persistent GI symptoms (measurement of fecal calprotectin, endoscopy with biopsy, cross-sectional imaging). Best practice advice 2: In those patients with indeterminate fecal calprotectin levels and mild symptoms, clinicians may consider serial calprotectin monitoring to facilitate anticipatory management. Best practice advice 3: Anatomic abnormalities or structural complications should be considered in patients with obstructive symptoms including abdominal distention, pain, nausea and vomiting, obstipation or constipation. Best practice advice 4: Alternative pathophysiologic mechanisms should be considered and evaluated (small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, bile acid diarrhea, carbohydrate intolerance, chronic pancreatitis) based on predominant symptom patterns. Best practice advice 5: A low FODMAP diet may be offered for management of functional GI symptoms in IBD with careful attention to nutritional adequacy. Best practice advice 6: Psychological therapies (cognitive behavioural therapy, hypnotherapy, mindfulness therapy) should be considered in IBD patients with functional symptoms. Best practice advice 7: Osmotic and stimulant laxative should be offered to IBD patients with chronic constipation. Best practice advice 8: Hypomotility agents or bile-acid sequestrants may be used for chronic diarrhea in quiescent IBD. Best practice advice 9: Antispasmodics, neuropathic-directed agents, and anti-depressants should be used for functional pain in IBD while use of opiates should be avoided. Best practice advice 10: Probiotics may be considered for treatment of functional symptoms in IBD. Best practice advice 11: Pelvic floor therapy should be offered to IBD patients with evidence of an underlying defecatory disorder. Best practice advice 12: Until further evidence is available, fecal microbiota transplant should not be offered for treatment of functional GI symptoms in IBD. Best practice advice 13: Physical exercise should be encourage in IBD patients with functional GI symptoms. Best practice advice 14: Until further evidence is available, complementary and alternative therapies should not be routinely offered for functional symptoms in IBD. This Clinical Practice Update was produced by the AGA Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Frederic Colombel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| | - Andrea Shin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
| | - Peter R Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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137
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Anderson SJ, Lockhart JS, Estaki M, Quin C, Hirota SA, Alston L, Buret AG, Hancock TM, Petri B, Gibson DL, Morck DW. Effects of Azithromycin on Behavior, Pathologic Signs, and Changes in Cytokines, Chemokines, and Neutrophil Migration in C57BL/6 Mice Exposed to Dextran Sulfate Sodium. Comp Med 2019; 69:4-15. [PMID: 30545428 PMCID: PMC6382047 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-18-000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Here we characterized the murine dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) model of acute colitis. Specifically, we evaluated azithromycin and metronidazole treatment regimens to assess their effects on animal wellbeing, pathologic changes, barrier function, cytokine and chemokine profiles, and neutrophil migration in colon tissue. Azithromycin treatment significantly reduced the severity of colitis, as assessed through body weight change, water consumption, macroscopic lesions, and animal behaviors (activity level, climbing, and grooming), but did not alter food consumption or feeding behavior. Mucosal barrier function (evaluated by using FITC-labeled dextran) was decreased after DSS exposure; azithromycin did not significantly alter barrier function in mice with colitis, whereas metronidazole exacerbated the colitis-related deficit in barrier function. In addition, metronidazole appeared to exacerbate disease as assessed through water consumption and animal behaviors (overall activity, climbing, grooming, and drinking) but had no effect on weight loss, macroscopic lesions, or eating behavior. Pathologic changes were typical for DSS treatment. Antibiotic treatment resulted in reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and decreased neutrophil adhesion and emigration in DSS-exposed mice. The results highlight the importance of clinical and behavioral assessments in addition to laboratory evaluation as tools to evaluate animal welfare and therapeutic efficacy in disease models. Data from this study suggest that azithromycin may convey some benefits in the mouse DSS colitis model through modulation of the immune response, including neutrophil migration into tissues, whereas metronidazole may exacerbate colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie J Anderson
- Animal Health Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joey S Lockhart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mehrbod Estaki
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Candice Quin
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Simon A Hirota
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Laurie Alston
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andre G Buret
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Trina M Hancock
- Animal Health Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Björn Petri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Mouse Phenomics Resource Laboratory, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Deanna L Gibson
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Douglas W Morck
- Animal Health Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;,
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138
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Levine A, Kori M, Kierkus J, Sigall Boneh R, Sladek M, Escher JC, Wine E, Yerushalmi B, Amil Dias J, Shaoul R, Veereman Wauters G, Boaz M, Abitbol G, Bousvaros A, Turner D. Azithromycin and metronidazole versus metronidazole-based therapy for the induction of remission in mild to moderate paediatric Crohn's disease : a randomised controlled trial. Gut 2019; 68:239-247. [PMID: 29420227 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Crohn's disease (CD) pathogenesis associated with dysbiosis and presence of pathobionts in the lumen, intracellular compartments and epithelial biofilms. Azithromycin is active in all three compartments. Our goal was to evaluate if azithromycin-based therapy can improve response and induce remission compared with metronidazole alone in paediatric CD. DESIGN This blinded randomised controlled trial allocated children 5-18 years with 10<Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index (PCDAI)≤40 to azithromycin 7.5 mg/kg, 5 days/week for 4 weeks and 3 days/week for another 4 weeks with metronidazole 20 mg/kg/day (group 1) or metronidazole alone (group 2), daily for 8 weeks. Failures from group 2 were offered azithromycin as open label. The primary end point was response defined by a decrease in PCDAI>12.5 or remission using intention to treat analysis. RESULTS 73 patients (mean age 13.8±3.1 years) were enrolled, 35 to group 1 and 38 to group 2. Response and remission rates at week 8 were identical 23/35 (66%) in group 1 and 17/38 (45%) and 15/38 (39%) in group 2 (P=0.07 and P=0.025, respectively). The needed to treat for remission was 3.7. Faecal calprotectin declined significantly in group 1 (P=0.003) but not in group 2 (p=0.33), and was lower at week 8 (P=0.052). Additional therapy was required in 6/35(17%) from group 1 versus 16/38(42%) in group 2 (P=0.027) by week 8. Among 12 failures in group 2, open-label azithromycin led to remission in 10/12 (83%). CONCLUSIONS The combination of azithromycin and metronidazole failed to improve response but was superior for induction of remission and reduction in calprotectin. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01596894.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Levine
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Kori
- Pediatric Day Care Unit, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jarek Kierkus
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Feeding Disorders and Pediatrics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rotem Sigall Boneh
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Malgorzata Sladek
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Johanna C Escher
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eytan Wine
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Baruch Yerushalmi
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beersheba, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Negev, Israel
| | | | - Ron Shaoul
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Ruth Children's Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Mona Boaz
- Department of Nutrition School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.,Epidemiology and Research Unit, E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Guila Abitbol
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Lab, The Juliet Keidan Institute of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Athos Bousvaros
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dan Turner
- The Juliet Keidan Institute of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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139
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Knox NC, Forbes JD, Van Domselaar G, Bernstein CN. The Gut Microbiome as a Target for IBD Treatment: Are We There Yet? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 17:115-126. [DOI: 10.1007/s11938-019-00221-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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140
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Costello SP, Hughes PA, Waters O, Bryant RV, Vincent AD, Blatchford P, Katsikeros R, Makanyanga J, Campaniello MA, Mavrangelos C, Rosewarne CP, Bickley C, Peters C, Schoeman MN, Conlon MA, Roberts-Thomson IC, Andrews JM. Effect of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on 8-Week Remission in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2019; 321:156-164. [PMID: 30644982 PMCID: PMC6439766 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.20046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE High-intensity, aerobically prepared fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has demonstrated efficacy in treating active ulcerative colitis (UC). FMT protocols involving anaerobic stool processing methods may enhance microbial viability and allow efficacy with a lower treatment intensity. OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of a short duration of FMT therapy to induce remission in UC using anaerobically prepared stool. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 73 adults with mild to moderately active UC were enrolled in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind clinical trial in 3 Australian tertiary referral centers between June 2013 and June 2016, with 12-month follow-up until June 2017. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive either anaerobically prepared pooled donor FMT (n = 38) or autologous FMT (n = 35) via colonoscopy followed by 2 enemas over 7 days. Open-label therapy was offered to autologous FMT participants at 8 weeks and they were followed up for 12 months. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was steroid-free remission of UC, defined as a total Mayo score of ≤2 with an endoscopic Mayo score of 1 or less at week 8. Total Mayo score ranges from 0 to 12 (0 = no disease and 12 = most severe disease). Steroid-free remission of UC was reassessed at 12 months. Secondary clinical outcomes included adverse events. RESULTS Among 73 patients who were randomized (mean age, 39 years; women, 33 [45%]), 69 (95%) completed the trial. The primary outcome was achieved in 12 of the 38 participants (32%) receiving pooled donor FMT compared with 3 of the 35 (9%) receiving autologous FMT (difference, 23% [95% CI, 4%-42%]; odds ratio, 5.0 [95% CI, 1.2-20.1]; P = .03). Five of the 12 participants (42%) who achieved the primary end point at week 8 following donor FMT maintained remission at 12 months. There were 3 serious adverse events in the donor FMT group and 2 in the autologous FMT group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this preliminary study of adults with mild to moderate UC, 1-week treatment with anaerobically prepared donor FMT compared with autologous FMT resulted in a higher likelihood of remission at 8 weeks. Further research is needed to assess longer-term maintenance of remission and safety. TRIAL REGISTRATION anzctr.org.au Identifier: ACTRN12613000236796.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P. Costello
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia
| | - Patrick A. Hughes
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Oliver Waters
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Robert V. Bryant
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew D. Vincent
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men’s Health, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Blatchford
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rosa Katsikeros
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jesica Makanyanga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Melissa A. Campaniello
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Chris Mavrangelos
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Chelsea Bickley
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cian Peters
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mark N. Schoeman
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Ian C. Roberts-Thomson
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jane M. Andrews
- Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Disease, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Service, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Lu J, Dong B, Chen A, He F, Peng B, Wu Z, Cao J, Li W. Escherichia coli promotes DSS‑induced murine colitis recovery through activation of the TLR4/NF‑κB signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:2021-2028. [PMID: 30664156 PMCID: PMC6390074 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that intestinal microbiota have critical function in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. This present study investigated the effects of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Furthermore, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) gene expression was measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In total, two experiments were performed. In the first experiment, four groups were established in BALB/c mice: i) Group A, control (no treatments); ii) group B, DSS-induced colitis; iii) group C, DSS-induced colitis bacteria depleted (BD) mice; and iv) group D, E. coli-treated DSS-induced colitis BD mice. In the second experiment, there were three groups: i) Group A1, control C57BL/6 mice; ii) group B1, E. coli-treated DSS-induced colitis BD C57BL/6 mice; and iii) E. coli-treated DSS-induced colitis BD TLR4−/− mice. Clinical outcomes, colon and immune histopathology and tissue myeloperoxidase activity were assessed. Mice with DSS-induced colitis that were treated with E. coli exhibited enhanced recovery, with significantly improved clinical and histological scores compared with the DSS only group. The mRNA expression of TLR4 and NF-κB in the E. coli-treated group was also significantly higher. These effects were abolished in TLR4−/− mice, suggesting that E. coli may have promoted recovery through the TLR4 pathway. The present study indicated that E. coli promoted recovery from DSS-induced colitis in mice, potentially through activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Lu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Boye Dong
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Ailan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Feng He
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Baifu Peng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Zixin Wu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Wanglin Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
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142
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Gendo Y, Matsumoto T, Kamiyama N, Saechue B, Fukuda C, Dewayani A, Hidano S, Noguchi K, Sonoda A, Ozaki T, Sachi N, Hirose H, Ozaka S, Eshita Y, Mizukami K, Okimoto T, Kodama M, Yoshimatsu T, Nishida H, Daa T, Yamaoka Y, Murakami K, Kobayashi T. Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota on the Inflammatory Background due to Lack of Suppressor of Cytokine Signalling-1 in Mice. Inflamm Intest Dis 2019; 3:145-154. [PMID: 30820436 DOI: 10.1159/000495462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both environmental and genetic factors have been implicated in the induction of autoimmune disease. Therefore, it is important to understand the pathophysiological significance of the gut microbiota and host genetic background that contribute to an autoimmune disease such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We have previously reported that mice deficient for suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS1), in which SOCS1 expression was restored in T and B cells on an SOCS1-/- background (SOCS1-/-Tg mice), developed systemic autoimmune diseases accompanied by spontaneous colitis. Methods To investigate whether the proinflammatory genetic background affects the gut microbiota, we used SOCS1-/-Tg mice as a model of spontaneous chronic colitis. Fecal samples were collected from SOCS1-/-Tg mice and SOCS1+/+Tg (control) mice at 1 and 6 months of age, and the fecal bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA genes were sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Results Gut microbial diversity was significantly reduced and the intestinal bacterial community composition changed in SOCS1-/-Tg mice in comparison with the control mice. Interestingly, the population of Prevotella species, which is known to be elevated in ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer patients, was significantly increased in SOCS1-/-Tg mice regardless of age. Conclusion Taken together, these results suggest that the proinflammatory genetic background owing to SOCS1 deficiency causes dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, which in turn generates a procolitogenic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Gendo
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Naganori Kamiyama
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Benjawan Saechue
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Ciaki Fukuda
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Astri Dewayani
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Shinya Hidano
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Kaori Noguchi
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Akira Sonoda
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Takashi Ozaki
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Nozomi Sachi
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Haruna Hirose
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Sotaro Ozaka
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Yuki Eshita
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Mizukami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Okimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kodama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yoshimatsu
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Haruto Nishida
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Daa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Kazunari Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
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143
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Abstract
Despite the revolution in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment over the past two decades with the advent of biological therapies, there remains a substantial proportion of patients with inadequate or unsustained response to existent therapies. The overwhelming focus of IBD therapeutics has been targeting mucosal immunity, however with the developing evidence base pointing to the role of gut microbes in the inflammatory process, renewed focus should be placed on the impact of manipulating the microbiome in IBD management. This review provides an overview of the evidence implicating bacteria in the pathogenesis of gut inflammation in IBD and provides an overview of the evidence of antibiotics in IBD treatment. We also suggest a potential role of antibiotics in clinical practice based on available evidence and clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Ledder
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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144
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The Microbiome in Patients With Inflammatory Diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17:243-255. [PMID: 30196163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial dysbiosis characterized by alterations in the structure and function of the gut microbiome has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). To date, most human IBD microbiome studies are focused on microbial composition rather than function, however, with the latest technical advancements complemented by the rapidly dropping costs, studies focusing on the functional aspects of microbial dysbiosis are on the rise. Several compelling and complimentary pieces of evidence support the notion that the gut microbiome and their metabolites play an important role in the development of IBD. Data from preclinical studies overwhelmingly support the notion that changes in the gut microbiome causally underlie IBD pathogenesis. Hence, there is considerable interest in modulating the state and function of the gut microbiome to achieve therapeutic benefits. While the causal potential of the gut microbiome remains an active area of current research in the clinical setting, accumulating correlative evidence support the view that microbial dysbiosis parallels increased incidence of IBD. In this review, we intend to provide a brief overview of the current human IBD microbiome findings, describe the cause-effect relationships between the gut microbiome and IBD, and discuss the possibility of using microbiome-based approaches in the diagnosis, therapy, and management of disease. In addition, the potential role of microbiome-based interventions in the treatment of human IBD is also discussed.
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145
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Steinhart AH, Panaccione R, Targownik L, Bressler B, Khanna R, Marshall JK, Afif W, Bernstein CN, Bitton A, Borgaonkar M, Chauhan U, Halloran B, Jones J, Kennedy E, Leontiadis GI, Loftus EV, Meddings J, Moayyedi P, Murthy S, Plamondon S, Rosenfeld G, Schwartz D, Seow CH, Williams C. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Medical Management of Perianal Fistulizing Crohn's Disease: The Toronto Consensus. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:1-13. [PMID: 30099529 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fistulas occur in about 25% of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and can be difficult to treat. The aim of this consensus was to provide guidance for the management of patients with perianal fistulizing CD. METHODS A systematic literature search identified studies on the management of fistulizing CD. The quality of evidence and strength of recommendations were rated according to the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Statements were developed through an iterative online platform using a modified Delphi process, then finalized, and voted on by a group of specialists. RESULTS The quality of evidence for treatment of fistulizing CD was generally of very low quality, and because of the scarcity of good randomized controlled trials (RCTs), these consensus statements generally provide conditional suggestions (5 of 7 statements). Imaging and surgical consultations were recommended in the initial assessment of patients with active fistulizing CD, particularly those with complicated disease. Antibiotic therapy is useful for initial symptom control. Antitumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy was recommended to induce symptomatic response, and continued use was suggested to achieve and maintain complete remission. The use of concomitant immunosuppressant therapies may be useful to optimize pharmacokinetic parameters when initiating anti-TNF therapy. When there has been an inadequate symptomatic response to medical management strategies, surgical therapy may provide effective fistula healing for some patients. CONCLUSIONS Optimal management of perianal fistulizing CD requires a collaborative effort between gastroenterologists and surgeons and may include the evidence-based use of existing therapies, as well as surgical assessments and interventions when needed. 10.1093/ibd/izy247_video1izy247.video15978518763001.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hillary Steinhart
- Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Remo Panaccione
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Laura Targownik
- Section of Gastroenterology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Brian Bressler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Reena Khanna
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John K Marshall
- Division of Gastroenterology and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Waqqas Afif
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- Section of Gastroenterology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Alain Bitton
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark Borgaonkar
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Usha Chauhan
- Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendan Halloran
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer Jones
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Erin Kennedy
- Division of General Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grigorios I Leontiadis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward V Loftus
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jonathan Meddings
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Moayyedi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanjay Murthy
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sophie Plamondon
- Department of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Greg Rosenfeld
- Division of Gastroenterology, Pacific Gastroenterology Associates, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David Schwartz
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cynthia H Seow
- Departments of Medicine & Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chadwick Williams
- Division of Digestive Care & Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Dartmouth General Hospital, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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146
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Sun Y, Li L, Xie R, Wang B, Jiang K, Cao H. Stress Triggers Flare of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children and Adults. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:432. [PMID: 31709203 PMCID: PMC6821654 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic inflammatory disease characterized by chronic and relapsing manifestations. It is noteworthy that the prevalence of IBD is gradually increasing in both children and adults. Currently, the pathogenesis of IBD remains to be completely elucidated. IBD is believed to occur through interactions among genetics, environmental factors, and the gut microbiota. However, the relapsing and remitting course of IBD underlines the importance of other modifiers, such as psychological stress. Growing evidence from clinical and experimental studies suggests that stress acts as a promoting or relapsing factor for IBD. Importantly, recent studies have reported an increasing incidence of anxiety or depression in both children and adults with IBD. In this article, we review the mechanisms by which stress affects IBD, such as via impaired intestinal barrier function, disturbance of the gut microbiota, intestinal dysmotility, and immune and neuroendocrine dysfunction. With regard to both children and adults, we provide recent evidence to describe how stress can affect IBD at various stages. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of mental healing and discuss the value of approaches targeting stress in clinical management to develop enhanced strategies for the prevention and treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Runxiang Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kui Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hailong Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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147
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148
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Abstract
An imbalance in the colonic microbiota might underlie many human diseases, but the mechanisms that maintain homeostasis remain elusive. Recent insights suggest that colonocyte metabolism functions as a control switch, mediating a shift between homeostatic and dysbiotic communities. During homeostasis, colonocyte metabolism is directed toward oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in high epithelial oxygen consumption. The consequent epithelial hypoxia helps to maintain a microbial community dominated by obligate anaerobic bacteria, which provide benefit by converting fiber into fermentation products absorbed by the host. Conditions that alter the metabolism of the colonic epithelium increase epithelial oxygenation, thereby driving an expansion of facultative anaerobic bacteria, a hallmark of dysbiosis in the colon. Enteric pathogens subvert colonocyte metabolism to escape niche protection conferred by the gut microbiota. The reverse strategy, a metabolic reprogramming to restore colonocyte hypoxia, represents a promising new therapeutic approach for rebalancing the colonic microbiota in a broad spectrum of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Litvak
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mariana X Byndloss
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andreas J Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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149
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Bermejo F, Guerra I, Algaba A, López-Sanromán A. Pharmacological Approach to the Management of Crohn's Disease Patients with Perianal Disease. Drugs 2018; 78:1-18. [PMID: 29139091 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-017-0842-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Perianal localization of Crohn's disease involves significant morbidity, affects quality of life and results in an increased use of healthcare resources. Medical and surgical therapies contribute to its management. The objective of this review is to address the current understanding in the management of perianal Crohn's disease, with the main focus in reviewing pharmacological therapies, including stem cells. In complex fistulas, once local sepsis has been controlled by surgical drainage and/or antibiotics, anti-TNF drugs (infliximab, adalimumab) are the first-line therapy, with or without associated immunomodulators. Combining surgery and anti-TNF therapy has additional benefits for healing. However, response is inadequate in up to half of cases. A possible role of new biological drugs in this context (vedolizumab, ustekinumab) is an area of ongoing investigation, as is the local application of autologous or allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells. These are non-hematopoietic multipotent cells with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, the use of which may successfully treat refractory patients, and seem to be a promising and safe alternative to achieving fistula healing in Crohn's disease, without known systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bermejo
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Iván Guerra
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Algaba
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio López-Sanromán
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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150
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Ihekweazu FD, Versalovic J. Development of the Pediatric Gut Microbiome: Impact on Health and Disease. Am J Med Sci 2018; 356:413-423. [PMID: 30384950 PMCID: PMC6268214 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota are important in human growth and development. Microbial composition may yield insights into the temporal development of microbial communities and vulnerabilities to disorders of microbial ecology such as recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Discoveries of key microbiome features of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism are lending new insights into possible therapies or preventative strategies for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the development of the pediatric gastrointestinal microbiome, the influence of the microbiome on the developing brain through the gut-brain axis, and the impact of dysbiosis on disease development. Dysbiosis is explored in the context of pediatric allergy and asthma, recurrent C. difficile infection, IBD, IBS, and metabolic disorders. The central premise is that the human intestinal microbiome plays a vital role in health and disease, beginning in the prenatal period and extending throughout childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith D. Ihekweazu
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, 1102 Bates St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - James Versalovic
- Pediatric Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital 1102 Bates St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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