101
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Kim H, Khanna V, Kucaba TA, Zhang W, Sehgal D, Ferguson DM, Griffith TS, Panyam J. TLR7/8 Agonist-Loaded Nanoparticles Augment NK Cell-Mediated Antibody-Based Cancer Immunotherapy. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2109-2124. [PMID: 32383885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Activated natural killer (NK) cells can kill malignant tumor cells via granule exocytosis and secretion of IFN-γ, a key regulator of the TH1 response. Thus, mobilization of NK cells can augment cancer immunotherapy, particularly when mediated through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Stimulation of toll-like receptor (TLR)7/8 activity in dendritic cells promotes pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and costimulatory molecule upregulation, both of which can potentiate NK cell activation. However, currently available TLR7/8 agonists exhibit unfavorable pharmacokinetics, limiting their in vivo efficacy. To enable efficient delivery to antigen-presenting cells, we encapsulated a novel imidazoquinoline-based TLR7/8 agonist in pH-responsive polymeric NPs. Enhanced costimulatory molecule expression on dendritic cells and a stronger pro-inflammatory cytokine response were observed with a NP-encapsulated agonist, compared to that with the soluble form. Treatment with NP-encapsulated agonists resulted in stronger in vivo cytotoxicity and prolonged activation of NK cells compared to that with a soluble agonist. In addition, TLR7/8 agonist-loaded NPs potentiated stronger NK cell degranulation, which resulted in enhanced in vitro and in vivo ADCC mediated by the epidermal growth factor receptor-targeting antibody cetuximab. TLR7/8 agonist-loaded NP treatment significantly enhanced the antitumor efficacy of cetuximab and an anti-HER2/neu antibody in mouse tumor models. Collectively, our data show that a pH-responsive NP-encapsulating TLR7/8 agonist could be used as a potent immunostimulatory adjuvant for antibody-based cancer immunotherapy by promoting NK cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjoon Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Vidhi Khanna
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Tamara A Kucaba
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Wenqiu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Drishti Sehgal
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - David M Ferguson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jayanth Panyam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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102
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Tarazona R, Lopez-Sejas N, Guerrero B, Hassouneh F, Valhondo I, Pera A, Sanchez-Correa B, Pastor N, Duran E, Alonso C, Solana R. Current progress in NK cell biology and NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:879-899. [PMID: 32130453 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of the complex interactions between the immune system and tumour cells from different origins has opened the possibility to design novel procedures of antitumoral immunotherapy. One of these novel approaches is based on the use of autologous or allogeneic natural killer (NK) cells to treat cancer. In the last decade, different strategies to activate NK cells and their use in adoptive NK cell-based therapy have been established. Although NK cells are often considered as a uniform cell population, several phenotypic and functionally distinct NK cells subsets exist in healthy individuals, that are differentially affected by ageing or by apparently innocuous viruses such as cytomegalovirus (CMV). In addition, further alterations in the expression of activating and inhibitory receptors are found in NK cells from cancer patients, likely because of their interaction with tumour cells. Thus, NK cells represent a promising strategy for adoptive immunotherapy of cancer already tested in phase 1/2 clinical trials. However, the existence of NK cell subpopulations expressing different patterns of activating and inhibitory receptors and different functional capacities, that can be found to be altered not only in cancer patients but also in healthy individuals stratified by age or CMV infection, makes necessary a personalized definition of the procedures used in the selection, expansion, and activation of the relevant NK cell subsets to be successfully used in NK cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alejandra Pera
- University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Nieves Pastor
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Esther Duran
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Corona Alonso
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain. .,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain. .,Immunology Unit, IMIBIC-Reina Sofia University Hospital-University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Rafael Solana
- University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain. .,Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain. .,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain. .,Immunology Unit, IMIBIC-Reina Sofia University Hospital-University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
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103
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Phenotypic and Functional Changes in Peripheral Blood Natural Killer Cells in Crohn Disease Patients. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:6401969. [PMID: 32148442 PMCID: PMC7049869 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6401969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated activation status, cytotoxic potential, and gut homing ability of the peripheral blood Natural Killer (NK) cells in Crohn disease (CD) patients. For this purpose, we compared the expression of different activating and inhibitory receptors (KIR and non-KIR) and integrins on NK cells as well as their recent degranulation history between the patients and age-matched healthy controls. The study was conducted using freshly obtained peripheral blood samples from the study participants. Multiple color flow cytometry was used for these determinations. Our results show that NK cells from treatment-naïve CD patients expressed higher levels of activating KIR as well as other non-KIR activating receptors vis-à-vis healthy controls. They also showed increased frequencies of the cells expressing these receptors. The expression of several KIR and non-KIR inhibitory receptors tended to decrease compared with the cells from healthy donors. NK cells from the patients also expressed increased levels of different gut-homing integrin molecules and showed a history of increased recent degranulation events both constitutively and in response to their in vitro stimulation. Furthermore, treatment of the patients tended to reverse these NK cell changes. Our results demonstrate unequivocally, for the first time, that peripheral blood NK cells in treatment-naïve CD patients are more activated and are more poised to migrate to the gut compared to their counterpart cells from healthy individuals. Moreover, they show that treatment of the patients tends to normalize their NK cells. The results suggest that NK cells are very likely to play a role in the immunopathogenesis of Crohn disease.
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104
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Levin SD, Evans LS, Bort S, Rickel E, Lewis KE, Wu RP, Hoover J, MacNeil S, La D, Wolfson MF, Rixon MW, Dillon SR, Kornacker MG, Swanson R, Peng SL. Novel Immunomodulatory Proteins Generated via Directed Evolution of Variant IgSF Domains. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3086. [PMID: 32038630 PMCID: PMC6985287 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin superfamily member (IgSF) proteins play a significant role in regulating immune responses with surface expression on all immune cell subsets, making the IgSF an attractive family of proteins for therapeutic targeting in human diseases. We have developed a directed evolution platform capable of engineering IgSF domains to increase affinities for cognate ligands and/or introduce binding to non-cognate ligands. Using this scientific platform, ICOSL domains have been derived with enhanced binding to ICOS and with additional high-affinity binding to the non-cognate receptor, CD28. Fc-fusion proteins containing these engineered ICOSL domains significantly attenuate T cell activation in vitro and in vivo and can inhibit development of inflammatory diseases in mouse models. We also present evidence that engineered ICOSL domains can be formatted to selectively provide costimulatory signals to augment T cell responses. Our scientific platform thus provides a system for developing therapeutic protein candidates with selective biological impact for treatments of a wide array of human disorders including cancer and autoimmune/inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susan Bort
- Alpine Immune Sciences Inc., Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Erika Rickel
- Alpine Immune Sciences Inc., Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Rebecca P Wu
- Alpine Immune Sciences Inc., Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Joseph Hoover
- Alpine Immune Sciences Inc., Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sean MacNeil
- Alpine Immune Sciences Inc., Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David La
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Mark W Rixon
- Alpine Immune Sciences Inc., Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | | | - Ryan Swanson
- Alpine Immune Sciences Inc., Seattle, WA, United States
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105
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Synergistic cancer immunotherapy combines MVA-CD40L induced innate and adaptive immunity with tumor targeting antibodies. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5041. [PMID: 31695037 PMCID: PMC6834557 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-based vaccines and appropriate costimulation potently enhance antigen-specific T cell immunity against cancer. Here we report the use of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA) encoding costimulatory CD40L against solid tumors. Therapeutic treatment with rMVA-CD40L-expressing tumor-associated antigens results in the control of established tumors. The expansion of tumor-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells is essential for the therapeutic antitumor effects. Strikingly, rMVA-CD40L also induces strong natural killer (NK) cell activation and expansion. Moreover, the combination of rMVA-CD40L and tumor-targeting antibodies results in increased therapeutic antitumor efficacy relying on the presence of Fc receptor and NK cells. We describe a translationally relevant therapeutic synergy between systemic viral vaccination and CD40L costimulation. We show strengthened antitumor immune responses when both rMVA-CD40L-induced innate and adaptive immune mechanisms are exploited by combination with tumor-targeting antibodies. This immunotherapeutic approach could translate into clinical cancer therapies where tumor-targeting antibodies are employed. CD40 agonists have been investigated as a strategy to awaken the immune system against cancers. Here, the authors use a virus encoding CD40L and tumour-associated antigens to enhance innate and adaptive immunity that together with tumour targeting antibodies controls the growth of tumours in mice.
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106
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Ghaemdoust F, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Rezaei N. Natural killer cells and cancer therapy, what we know and where we are going. Immunotherapy 2019; 11:1231-1251. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are among the significant components of innate immune system and they have come to the first line of defense against tumor cells developing inside the body. CD56lo/CD16+ NK cells are highly cytotoxic and CD56hi NK cells can produce cytokines and perform a regulatory function. Specific features of NK cells have made them a unique choice for cancer immunotherapy. Simple interventions like cytokine-injection to boost the internal NK cells were the first trials to target these cells. Nowadays, many other types of intervention are under investigation, such as adoptive NK cell immunotherapy. In this paper, we will discuss the biology and function of NK cells in cancer immunosurveillance and therapeutic approaches against cancer via using NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Ghaemdoust
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, 1419733151, Iran
| | - Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, 1419733151, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1419733151, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1419733151, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran
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107
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Abstract
γδT cells function in the regulation of T-cell activation in cancer and have been identified as a novel target for cancer immunotherapy. Activated γδT cells release a series of cytotoxic molecules-including granulysin, perforin, Fas/Fas ligand (Fas-L), and granzymes A and B-to kill target cells. Our previous research has shown that high mobility group nucleosomal-binding domain 2 (HMGN2), which is expressed at a high level in activated CD8T cells, is an antitumor effector molecule of CD8T cells. In the present study, we examined the expression and antitumor effects of HMGN2 in γδT cells. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from healthy donors with a PBMC separation column. PMBCs were stimulated with isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) for 10 days for activation and expansion. Activated γδT cells were isolated from IPP-pretreated PBMCs with a Moflo XDP flow cytometry sorter. The expression of HMGN2 in γδT cells was detected by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The cytotoxic effects of γδT cells and HMGN2 were analyzed by carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester labeling. IPP combined with IL-2 induced significant activation and expansion of γδT cells in vitro. HMGN2 was constitutively expressed in γδT cells. IPP-activated γδT cells expressed a high level of HMGN2 that could be detected intracellularly and in the supernatant. Moreover, supernatants of purified γδT cells were sufficient to kill tumor cells and could be blocked with anti-human HMGN2 antibody. This study suggests that HMGN2 is an antitumor effector molecule of γδT cells.
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108
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Ottaiano A, Scala S, Normanno N, Napolitano M, Capozzi M, Rachiglio AM, Roma C, Trotta AM, D’Alterio C, Portella L, Romano C, Cassata A, Casaretti R, Silvestro L, Nappi A, Tafuto S, Avallone A, De Stefano A, Tamburini M, Picone C, Petrillo A, Izzo F, Palaia R, Albino V, Amore A, Belli A, Pace U, Di Marzo M, Chiodini P, Botti G, De Feo G, Delrio P, Nasti G. Cetuximab, irinotecan and fluorouracile in fiRst-line treatment of immunologically-selected advanced colorectal cancer patients: the CIFRA study protocol. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:899. [PMID: 31500586 PMCID: PMC6734266 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combination of chemotherapies (fluoropirimidines, oxaliplatin and irinotecan) with biologic drugs (bevacizumab, panitumumab, cetuximab) have improved clinical responses and survival of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, patients' selection thorough the identification of predictive factors still represent a challange. Cetuximab (Erbitux®), a chimeric monoclonal antibody binding to the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), belongs to the Immunoglobulins (Ig) grade 1 subclass able to elicite both in vitro and in vivo the Antibody-Dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC). ADCC is the cytotoxic killing of antibody-coated target cells by immunologic effectors. The effector cells express a receptor for the Fc portion of these antibodies (FcγR); genetic polymorphisms of FcγR modify the binding affinity with the Fc of IgG1. Interestingly, the high-affinity FcγRIIIa V/V is associated with increased ADCC in vitro and in vivo. Thus, ADCC could partially account for cetuximab activity. METHODS/DESIGN CIFRA is a single arm, open-label, phase II study assessing the activity of cetuximab in combination with irinotecan and fluorouracile in FcγRIIIa V/V patients with KRAS, NRAS, BRAF wild type mCRC. The study is designed with a two-stage Simon model based on a hypothetical higher response rate (+ 10%) of FcγRIIIa V/V patients as compared to previous trials (about 60%) assuming ADCC as one of the possible mechanisms of cetuximab action. The test power is 95%, the alpha value of the I-type error is 5%. With these assumptions the sample for passing the first stage is 14 patients with > 6 responses and the final sample is 34 patients with > 18 responses to draw positive conclusions. Secondary objectives include toxicity, responses' duration, progression-free and overall survival. Furthermore, an associated translational study will assess the patients' cetuximab-mediated ADCC and characterize the tumor microenvironment. DISCUSSION The CIFRA study will determine whether ADCC contributes to cetuximab activity in mCRC patients selected on an innovative immunological screening. Data from the translational study will support results' interpretation as well as provide new insights in host-tumor interactions and cetuximab activity. TRIAL REGISTRATION The CIFRA trial (version 0.0, June 21, 2018) has been registered into the NIH-US National Library of Medicine, ClinicalTrials.gov database with the identifier number ( NCT03874062 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ottaiano
- Innovative Therapies for Abdominal Metastases Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Scala
- Molecular Immunology and Immunoregulation Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Normanno
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Napolitano
- Molecular Immunology and Immunoregulation Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Capozzi
- Abdominal Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Rachiglio
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Cristin Roma
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Trotta
- Molecular Immunology and Immunoregulation Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Crescenzo D’Alterio
- Molecular Immunology and Immunoregulation Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Portella
- Molecular Immunology and Immunoregulation Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Romano
- Abdominal Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonino Cassata
- Abdominal Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rossana Casaretti
- Abdominal Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Silvestro
- Abdominal Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Nappi
- Abdominal Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Tafuto
- Abdominal Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Avallone
- Abdominal Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso De Stefano
- Abdominal Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Tamburini
- Scientific Directorate, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Picone
- Radiology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Petrillo
- Radiology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Izzo
- Hepatobiliary Surgical Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Palaia
- Hepatobiliary Surgical Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vittorio Albino
- Hepatobiliary Surgical Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Amore
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Surgery Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Belli
- Colorectal Cancer Surgery Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ugo Pace
- Colorectal Cancer Surgery Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Di Marzo
- Colorectal Cancer Surgery Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Chiodini
- Medical Statistics Unit, University of Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Scientific Directorate, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianfranco De Feo
- Scientific Directorate, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Delrio
- Colorectal Cancer Surgery Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Nasti
- Innovative Therapies for Abdominal Metastases Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
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109
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Bhatti MM, Cai AG, Theunissen JW. Binding affinities of human IgG1 and chimerized pig and rabbit derivatives to human, pig and rabbit Fc gamma receptor IIIA. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219999. [PMID: 31323052 PMCID: PMC6641210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While pigs and rabbits are used as models for human immune diseases, FcγR binding is poorly characterized in both test species. To evaluate antibody binding to FcγRIIIA, a receptor involved in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, chimerized antibodies were generated by grafting the variable regions of a human IgG1 onto scaffolds from both species. The affinities of the parent and chimeric antibodies to the FcγRIIIA proteins from all three species were determined. While the human IgG1 and rabbit IgG had similar affinities for each FcγRIIIA with notable differences across species, pig IgG1 only bound pig FcγRIIIA with appreciable affinity. Also, the functional pig and rabbit proteins described here can be used in future experiments, such as pharmacology and mechanism of action studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam M. Bhatti
- Iconic Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Allen G. Cai
- Iconic Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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State of the Art of Natural Killer Cell Imaging: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070967. [PMID: 31324064 PMCID: PMC6678345 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell therapy is a promising alternative to conventional T cell-based treatments, although there is a lack of diagnostic tools to predict and evaluate therapeutic outcomes. Molecular imaging can offer several approaches to non-invasively address this issue. In this study, we systematically reviewed the literature to evaluate the state of the art of NK cell imaging and its translational potential. PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for published articles on the imaging of NK cells in humans and preclinical models. Study quality was evaluated following Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) criteria. We pooled studies as follows: Optical, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear medicine imaging with a total of 21 studies (n = 5, n = 8 and n = 8, respectively). Considering the limitation of comparing different imaging modalities, it appears that optical imaging (OI) of NK cells is very useful in a preclinical setting, but has the least translational potential. MRI provides high quality images without ionizing radiations with lower sensitivity. Nuclear medicine is the only imaging technique that has been applied in humans (four papers), but results were not outstanding due to a limited number of enrolled patients. At present, no technique emerged as superior over the others and more standardization is required in conducting human and animal studies.
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111
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Sailliet N, Brosseau C, Robert JM, Brouard S. Role of JAK inhibitors and immune cells in transplantation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 47:62-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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112
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Di Vito C, Mikulak J, Zaghi E, Pesce S, Marcenaro E, Mavilio D. NK cells to cure cancer. Semin Immunol 2019; 41:101272. [PMID: 31085114 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes able to mediate immune-surveillance and clearance of viral infected and tumor-transformed cells. Growing experimental and clinical evidence highlighted a dual role of NK cells either in the control of cancer development/progression or in promoting the onset of immune-suppressant tumor microenvironments. Indeed, several mechanisms of NK cell-mediated tumor escape have been described and these includes cancer-induced aberrant expression of activating and inhibitory receptors (i.e. NK cell immune checkpoints), impairments of NK cell migration to tumor sites and altered NK cell effector-functions. These phenomena highly contribute to tumor progression and metastasis formation. In this review, we discuss the latest insights on those NK cell receptors and related molecules that are currently being implemented in clinics either as possible prognostic factors or therapeutic targets to unleash NK cell anti-tumor effector-functions in vivo. Moreover, we address here the major recent advances in regard to the genetic modification and ex vivo expansion of anti-tumor specific NK cells used in innovative adoptive cellular transfer approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Di Vito
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Joanna Mikulak
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Zaghi
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Pesce
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Italy.
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113
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Poggi A, Benelli R, Venè R, Costa D, Ferrari N, Tosetti F, Zocchi MR. Human Gut-Associated Natural Killer Cells in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:961. [PMID: 31130953 PMCID: PMC6509241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that natural killer (NK) cells are involved in both innate and adaptive immunity. Indeed, they can recognize molecules induced at the cell surface by stress signals and virus infections. The functions of NK cells in the gut are much more complex. Gut NK cells are not precisely organized in lymphoid aggregates but rather scattered in the epithelium or in the stroma, where they come in contact with a multitude of antigens derived from commensal or pathogenic microorganisms in addition to components of microbiota. Furthermore, NK cells in the bowel interact with several cell types, including epithelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes, and contribute to the maintenance of immune homeostasis and development of efficient immune responses. NK cells have a key role in the response to intestinal bacterial infections, primarily through production of IFNγ, which can stimulate recruitment of additional NK cells from peripheral blood leading to amplification of the anti-bacterial immune response. Additionally, NK cells can have a role in the pathogenesis of gut autoimmune inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. These diseases are considered relevant to the generation of gastrointestinal malignancies. Indeed, the role of gut-associated NK cells in the immune response to bowel cancers is known. Thus, in the gut immune system, NK cells play a dual role, participating in both physiological and pathogenic processes. In this review, we will analyze the known functions of NK cells in the gut mucosa both in health and disease, focusing on the cross-talk among bowel microenvironment, epithelial barrier integrity, microbiota, and NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Poggi
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Benelli
- Immunology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberta Venè
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Delfina Costa
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Ferrari
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Tosetti
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Raffaella Zocchi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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114
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Sivori S, Vacca P, Del Zotto G, Munari E, Mingari MC, Moretta L. Human NK cells: surface receptors, inhibitory checkpoints, and translational applications. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:430-441. [PMID: 30778167 PMCID: PMC6474200 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells play important roles in innate defenses against viruses and in the control of tumor growth and metastasis. The regulation/induction of NK cell function is mediated by an array of activating or inhibitory surface receptors. In humans, major activating receptors involved in target cell killing are the natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) and NKG2D. Activating receptors recognize ligands that are overexpressed or expressed de novo upon cell stress, viral infection, or tumor transformation. The HLA-class I-specific inhibitory receptors, including KIRs recognizing HLA-class I allotypic determinants and CD94/NKG2A recognizing the class-Ib HLA-E, constitute a fail-safe mechanism to avoid unwanted NK-mediated damage to healthy cells. Other receptors such as PD-1, primarily expressed by activated T lymphocytes, are important inhibitory checkpoints of immune responses that ensure T-cell tolerance. PD-1 also may be expressed by NK cells in cancer patients. Since PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) may be expressed by different tumors, PD-1/PD-L1 interactions inactivate both T and NK cells. Thus, the reliable evaluation of PD-L1 expression in tumors has become a major issue to select patients who may benefit from therapy with mAbs disrupting PD-1/PD-L1 interactions. Recently, NKG2A was revealed to be an important checkpoint controlling both NK and T-cell activation. Since most tumors express HLA-E, mAbs targeting NKG2A has been used alone or in combination with other therapeutic mAbs targeting PD-1 or tumor antigens (e.g., EGFR), with encouraging results. The translational value of NK cells and their receptors is evidenced by the extraordinary therapeutic success of haploidentical HSCT to cure otherwise fatal high-risk leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Sivori
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Vacca
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Genny Del Zotto
- Department of Research and Diagnostics, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Enrico Munari
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of Pathology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Negrar, VR, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Mingari
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- UOC Immunologia, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
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115
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Sacchetti B, Botticelli A, Pierelli L, Nuti M, Alimandi M. CAR-T with License to Kill Solid Tumors in Search of a Winning Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1903. [PMID: 30999624 PMCID: PMC6514830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial receptors designed for adoptive immune therapies need to absolve dual functions: antigen recognition and abilities to trigger the lytic machinery of reprogrammed effector T lymphocytes. In this way, CAR-T cells deliver their cytotoxic hit to cancer cells expressing targeted tumor antigens, bypassing the limitation of HLA-restricted antigen recognition. Expanding technologies have proposed a wide repertoire of soluble and cellular "immunological weapons" to kill tumor cells; they include monoclonal antibodies recognizing tumor associated antigens on tumor cells and immune cell checkpoint inhibition receptors expressed on tumor specific T cells. Moreover, a wide range of formidable chimeric antigen receptors diversely conceived to sustain quality, strength and duration of signals delivered by engineered T cells have been designed to specifically target tumor cells while minimize off-target toxicities. The latter immunological weapons have shown distinct efficacy and outstanding palmarès in curing leukemia, but limited and durable effects for solid tumors. General experience with checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T cell immunotherapy has identified a series of variables, weaknesses and strengths, influencing the clinical outcome of the oncologic illness. These aspects will be shortly outlined with the intent of identifying the still "missing strategy" to combat epithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Botticelli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Pierelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marianna Nuti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Alimandi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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116
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Liu X, Liu C, Zheng Z, Chen S, Pang X, Xiang X, Tang J, Ren E, Chen Y, You M, Wang X, Chen X, Luo W, Liu G, Xia N. Vesicular Antibodies: A Bioactive Multifunctional Combination Platform for Targeted Therapeutic Delivery and Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1808294. [PMID: 30848011 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201808294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability to selectively kill cancerous cell populations while leaving healthy cells unaffected is a key goal in oncology. The use of nanovesicles (NVs) as chemotherapeutic delivery vehicles has been recently proven successful, yet monotherapy with monomodalities remains a significant limitation for solid tumor treatment. Here, as a proof of principle, a novel cell-membrane-derived NVs that can display full-length monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is engineered. The high affinity and specificity of mAb for tumor-specific antigens allow these vesicular antibodies (VAs) to selectively deliver a cytotoxic agent to tumor cells and exert potent inhibition effects. These VAs can also regulate the tumor immune microenvironment. They can mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity to eradicate tumor cells via recruitment and activation of natural killer cells in the tumor. Upon further encapsulation with chemotherapeutic agents, the VAs show unequaled cooperative effects in chemotherapy and immunotherapy in tumor-bearing mice. As far as it is known, this is the first report of a VA-based multifunctional combination therapy platform. This might lead to additional applications of vesicular antibodies in cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zizheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xin Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xinchu Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jixian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - En Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yuanzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Min You
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Wenxin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
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117
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Patra T, Ray RB, Ray R. Strategies to Circumvent Host Innate Immune Response by Hepatitis C Virus. Cells 2019; 8:E274. [PMID: 30909456 PMCID: PMC6468774 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses generate interferons, proinflammatory cytokines, complement activation, and natural killer (NK) cell response. Ultimately, this leads to the induction of a robust virus-specific adaptive immunity. Although the host innate immune system senses and responds to eliminate virus infection, hepatitis C virus (HCV) evades immune attack and establishes persistent infection within the liver. Spontaneous clearance of HCV infection is associated with a prompt induction of innate immunity generated in an infected host. In this review, we have highlighted the current knowledge of our understanding of host⁻HCV interactions, especially for endogenous interferon production, proinflammatory response, NK cell response, and complement activation, which may impair the generation of a strong adaptive immune response for establishment of chronicity. The information may provide novel strategies in augmenting therapeutic intervention against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Patra
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| | - Ratna B Ray
- Departments of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| | - Ranjit Ray
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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118
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Ali A, Gyurova IE, Waggoner SN. Mutually assured destruction: the cold war between viruses and natural killer cells. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 34:130-139. [PMID: 30877885 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a multitude of antiviral roles that are significant enough to provoke viral counterefforts to subvert their activity. As innate lymphocytes, NK cells provide a rapid source of pro-inflammatory antiviral cytokines and bring to bear cytolytic activities that are collectively meant to constrain viral replication and dissemination. Additionally, NK cells participate in adaptive immunity both by shaping virus-specific T-cell responses and by developing adaptive features themselves, including enhanced antibody-dependent effector functions. The relative importance of different functional activities of NK cells are poorly understood, thereby obfuscating clinical use of these cells. Here we focus on opposing efforts of NK cells and viruses to gain tactical superiority during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayad Ali
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States; Immunology Graduate Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States
| | - Ivayla E Gyurova
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States; Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States
| | - Stephen N Waggoner
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States; Immunology Graduate Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States; Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States.
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119
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Shapovalova M, Pyper SR, Moriarity BS, LeBeau AM. The Molecular Imaging of Natural Killer Cells. Mol Imaging 2019; 17:1536012118794816. [PMID: 30203710 PMCID: PMC6134484 DOI: 10.1177/1536012118794816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent success of autologous T cell-based therapies in hematological malignancies has spurred interest in applying similar immunotherapy strategies to the treatment of solid tumors. Identified nearly 4 decades ago, natural killer (NK) cells represent an arguably better cell type for immunotherapy development. Natural killer cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that mediate the direct killing of transformed cells with reduced or absent major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and are the effector cells in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Unlike T cells, they do not require human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching allowing for the adoptive transfer of allogeneic NK cells in the clinic. The development of NK cell-based therapies for solid tumors is complicated by the presence of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that can potentially disarm NK cells rendering them inactive. The molecular imaging of NK cells in vivo will be crucial for the development of new therapies allowing for the immediate assessment of therapeutic response and off-target effects. A number of groups have investigated methods for detecting NK cells by optical, nuclear, and magnetic resonance imaging. In this review, we will provide an overview of the advances made in imaging NK cells in both preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Shapovalova
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sean R Pyper
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Branden S Moriarity
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Aaron M LeBeau
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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120
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Shi L, Liu T, Gross ML, Huang Y. Recognition of Human IgG1 by Fcγ Receptors: Structural Insights from Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange and Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins Coupled with Mass Spectrometry. Biochemistry 2019; 58:1074-1080. [PMID: 30666863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is an effector function of immunoglobulins (IgGs) involved in the killing of target cells by a cytotoxic effector cell. Recognition of IgG by Fc receptors expressed on natural killer cells, mostly FcγIII receptors (FcγRIII), underpins the ADCC mechanism, thus motivating investigations of these interactions. In this paper, we describe the combination of hydrogen-deuterium exchange and fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) coupled with mass spectrometry to study the interactions of the human IgG1/FcγRIII complex. Using these orthogonal approaches, we identified critical peptide regions and residues involved in the recognition of IgG1 by FcγRIII. The footprinting results are consistent with the previously published crystal structure of the IgG1 Fc/FcγRIII complex. Additionally, our FPOP results reveal the conformational changes in the Fab domain upon binding of the Fc domain to FcγRIII. These data demonstrate the value of footprinting as part of a comprehensive toolbox for identifying the changes in the higher-order structure of therapeutic antibodies in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Shi
- Department of Chemistry , Washington University in St. Louis , Campus Box 1134, One Brookings Drive , St. Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | - Tun Liu
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories , Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , Indiana 46285 , United States
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry , Washington University in St. Louis , Campus Box 1134, One Brookings Drive , St. Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | - Yining Huang
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories , Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , Indiana 46285 , United States
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121
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Wu J, Waxman DJ. Immunogenic chemotherapy: Dose and schedule dependence and combination with immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2019; 419:210-221. [PMID: 29414305 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Conventional cytotoxic cancer chemotherapy is often immunosuppressive and associated with drug resistance and tumor regrowth after a short period of tumor shrinkage or growth stasis. However, certain cytotoxic cancer chemotherapeutic drugs, including doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, and cyclophosphamide, can kill tumor cells by an immunogenic cell death pathway, which activates robust innate and adaptive anti-tumor immune responses and has the potential to greatly increase the efficacy of chemotherapy. Here, we review studies on chemotherapeutic drug-induced immunogenic cell death, focusing on how the choice of a conventional cytotoxic agent and its dose and schedule impact anti-tumor immune responses. We propose a strategy for effective immunogenic chemotherapy that employs a modified metronomic schedule for drug delivery, which we term medium-dose intermittent chemotherapy (MEDIC). Striking responses have been seen in preclinical cancer models using MEDIC, where an immunogenic cancer chemotherapeutic agent is administered intermittently and at an intermediate dose, designed to impart strong and repeated cytotoxic damage to tumors, and on a schedule compatible with activation of a sustained anti-tumor immune response, thereby maximizing anti-cancer activity. We also discuss strategies for combination chemo-immunotherapy, and we outline approaches to identify new immunogenic chemotherapeutic agents for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wu
- Department of Biology, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David J Waxman
- Department of Biology, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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122
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Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes F, Cursons J, Huntington ND. The Emergence of Natural Killer Cells as a Major Target in Cancer Immunotherapy. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:142-158. [PMID: 30639050 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immune 'checkpoint' inhibitors can increase the activity of tumor-resident cytotoxic lymphocytes and have revolutionized cancer treatment. Current therapies block inhibitory pathways in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and recent studies have shown similar programs in other effector populations such as natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells are critical for immunosurveillance, particularly the control of metastatic cells or hematological cancers. However, how NK cells specifically recognize transformed cells and dominant negative feedback pathways, as well as how tumors escape NK cell control, remains undefined. This review summarizes recent advances that have illuminated inhibitory checkpoints in NK cells, some of which are shared with conventional cytotoxic T lymphocytes. It also outlines emerging approaches aimed at unleashing the potential of NK cells in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes
- Molecular Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Joseph Cursons
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- Molecular Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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123
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IVIG induces apoptotic cell death in CD56dim NK cells resulting in inhibition of ADCC effector activity of human PBMC. Clin Immunol 2019; 198:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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124
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Martin Lluesma S, Graciotti M, Chiang CLL, Kandalaft LE. Does the Immunocompetent Status of Cancer Patients Have an Impact on Therapeutic DC Vaccination Strategies? Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:E79. [PMID: 30477198 PMCID: PMC6313858 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although different types of therapeutic vaccines against established cancerous lesions in various indications have been developed since the 1990s, their clinical benefit is still very limited. This observed lack of effectiveness in cancer eradication may be partially due to the often deficient immunocompetent status of cancer patients, which may facilitate tumor development by different mechanisms, including immune evasion. The most frequently used cellular vehicle in clinical trials are dendritic cells (DCs), thanks to their crucial role in initiating and directing immune responses. Viable vaccination options using DCs are available, with a positive toxicity profile. For these reasons, despite their limited therapeutic outcomes, DC vaccination is currently considered an additional immunotherapeutic option that still needs to be further explored. In this review, we propose potential actions aimed at improving DC vaccine efficacy by counteracting the detrimental mechanisms recognized to date and implicated in establishing a poor immunocompetent status in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martin Lluesma
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - Michele Graciotti
- Vaccine development laboratory, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - Cheryl Lai-Lai Chiang
- Vaccine development laboratory, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - Lana E Kandalaft
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
- Vaccine development laboratory, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
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125
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Lin W, Chen M, Hong L, Zhao H, Chen Q. Crosstalk Between PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade and Its Combinatorial Therapies in Tumor Immune Microenvironment: A Focus on HNSCC. Front Oncol 2018; 8:532. [PMID: 30519541 PMCID: PMC6258806 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide with a poor prognosis and high mortality. More than two-thirds of HNSCC patients still have no effective control of clinical progression, and the five-year survival rate is < 50%. Moreover, patients with platinum-refractory HNSCC have a median survival of < 6 months. The significant toxicity and low survival rates of current treatment strategies highlight the necessity for new treatment modalities. Recently, a large number of studies have demonstrated that programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, programmed cell death protein ligand-1 (PD-L1) play an essential role in tumor initiation and progression. PD-1/PD-L1 blockade has shown a desired and long-lasting therapeutic effect in the treatment of HNSCC and other malignancies. However, only a small number of patients with HNSCC can benefit from PD-1/PD-L1 blockade monotherapy, while the majority of patients do not respond. To overcome the unsatisfactory therapeutic effect of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade monotherapy, combining other treatment options for HNSCC (including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy) in the treatment scheme has become a commonly used strategy. Herein, the potential mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and its combinatorial therapies for HNSCC were reviewed, and it is hoped that the improved understanding of the crosstalk process would provide further ideas for the design of a combinatorial regimen with a higher efficiency and response rate for the treatment of HNSCC and other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Miao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Le Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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126
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[Immunological foundations of modern (tumor) immunotherapy]. DER PATHOLOGE 2018; 39:492-497. [PMID: 30327859 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-018-0517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the fundamental principles underlying the development, activation, regulation, plasticity, diversification, and even death of immune cells is a prerequisite for the development of targeted strategies to modulate the immune system in the fight against cancer. As our understanding of these processes evolves, their translation has led to the development of pioneering therapeutic approaches in the treatment of malignant diseases.
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127
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JIAPAER S, FURUTA T, TANAKA S, KITABAYASHI T, NAKADA M. Potential Strategies Overcoming the Temozolomide Resistance for Glioblastoma. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2018; 58:405-421. [PMID: 30249919 PMCID: PMC6186761 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.ra.2018-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly malignant type of primary brain tumor with a high mortality rate. Although the current standard therapy consists of surgery followed by radiation and temozolomide (TMZ), chemotherapy can extend patient's post-operative survival but most cases eventually demonstrate resistance to TMZ. O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) repairs the main cytotoxic lesion, as O6-methylguanine, generated by TMZ, can be the main mechanism of the drug resistance. In addition, mismatch repair and BER also contribute to TMZ resistance. TMZ treatment can induce self-protective autophagy, a mechanism by which tumor cells resist TMZ treatment. Emerging evidence also demonstrated that a small population of cells expressing stem cell markers, also identified as GBM stem cells (GSCs), contributes to drug resistance and tumor recurrence owing to their ability for self-renewal and invasion into neighboring tissue. Some molecules maintain stem cell properties. Other molecules or signaling pathways regulate stemness and influence MGMT activity, making these GCSs attractive therapeutic targets. Treatments targeting these molecules and pathways result in suppression of GSCs stemness and, in highly resistant cases, a decrease in MGMT activity. Recently, some novel therapeutic strategies, targeted molecules, immunotherapies, and microRNAs have provided new potential treatments for highly resistant GBM cases. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of different resistance mechanisms, novel strategies for enhancing the effect of TMZ, and emerging therapeutic approaches to eliminate GSCs, all with the aim to produce a successful GBM treatment and discuss future directions for basic and clinical research to achieve this end.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takuya FURUTA
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shingo TANAKA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | - Mitsutoshi NAKADA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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128
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Belizário JE, Neyra JM, Setúbal Destro Rodrigues MF. When and how NK cell-induced programmed cell death benefits immunological protection against intracellular pathogen infection. Innate Immun 2018; 24:452-465. [PMID: 30236030 PMCID: PMC6830868 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918800200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are innate lymphoid cells that exert a key role in immune surveillance
through the recognition and elimination of transformed cells and viral,
bacterial, and protozoan pathogen-infected cells without prior sensitization.
Elucidating when and how NK cell-induced intracellular microbial cell death
functions in the resolution of infection and host inflammation has been an
important topic of investigation. NK cell activation requires the engagement of
specific activating, co-stimulatory, and inhibitory receptors which control
positively and negatively their differentiation, memory, and exhaustion. NK
cells secrete diverse cytokines, including IFN-γ, TNF-α/β, CD95/FasL, and TRAIL,
as well as cytoplasmic cytotoxic granules containing perforin, granulysin, and
granzymes A and B. Paradoxically, NK cells also kill other immune cells like
macrophages, dendritic cells, and hyper-activated T cells, thus turning off
self-immune reactions. Here we first provide an overview of NK cell biology, and
then we describe and discuss the life–death signals that connect the microbial
pathogen sensors to the inflammasomes and finally to cell death signaling
pathways. We focus on caspase-mediated cell death by apoptosis and
pro-inflammatory and non-caspase-mediated cell death by necroptosis, as well as
inflammasome- and caspase-mediated pyroptosis.
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129
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Dianat-Moghadam H, Rokni M, Marofi F, Panahi Y, Yousefi M. Natural killer cell-based immunotherapy: From transplantation toward targeting cancer stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:259-273. [PMID: 30144312 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are key players of the innate immune system. NK cells provide protection against infectious pathogens and malignancies in cell. This characteristic may be attributable to their intrinsic diverse potentialities and also their cooperation with adaptive immune lymphocytes, known as B and T cells. The growth, recurrence, and metastasis of cancer cells, and the failure of cytoreductive therapies against cancer cells are due to the small population of intratumor stem-like cells, called cancer stem cells (CSCs). Furthermore, NK cells can efficiently eradicate heterogeneous tumor cells after a long-term treatment. Therefore, NK cell-based therapy is a promising strategy to target and break CSC-associated resistance to anticancer drugs treatment. In this review, we have presented an overview of the emerging knowledge of the characteristics, diversities, and mechanism-driven immune surveillance of human NK cells and advances in NK cell-based immunotherapies. Finally, we will discuss how these cells can be applied to introduce the next generation of vaccine- and immune-based approaches to prevent drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Dianat-Moghadam
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rokni
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yunes Panahi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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130
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Han X, Vesely MD. Stimulating T Cells Against Cancer With Agonist Immunostimulatory Monoclonal Antibodies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 342:1-25. [PMID: 30635089 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Elimination of cancer cells through antitumor immunity has been a long-sought after goal since Sir F. Macfarlane Burnet postulated the theory of immune surveillance against tumors in the 1950s. Finally, the use of immunotherapeutics against established cancer is becoming a reality in the past 5years. Most notable are the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against inhibitory T-cell receptors cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 and programmed death-1. The next generation of mAbs targeting T cells is designed to stimulate costimulatory receptors on T cells. Here we review the recent progress on these immunostimulatory agonist antibodies against the costimulatory receptors CD137, GITR, OX40, and CD27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Matthew D Vesely
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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131
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Multiple approaches to immunotherapy - the new pillar of cancer treatment. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 95:323-324. [PMID: 28174425 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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132
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Goletz C, Lischke T, Harnack U, Schiele P, Danielczyk A, Rühmann J, Goletz S. Glyco-Engineered Anti-Human Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Antibody Mediates Stronger CD8 T Cell Activation Than Its Normal Glycosylated and Non-Glycosylated Counterparts. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1614. [PMID: 30061887 PMCID: PMC6054930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis plays a central role in suppression of anti-tumor immunity. Blocking the axis by targeting PD-L1 with monoclonal antibodies is an effective and already clinically approved approach to treat cancer patients. Glyco-engineering technology can be used to optimize different properties of monoclonal antibodies, for example, binding to FcγRs. We generated two glycosylation variants of the same anti-PD-L1 antibody: one bearing core fucosylated N-glycans in its Fc part (92%) and its de-fucosylated counterpart (4%). The two glycosylation variants were compared to a non-glycosylated commercially available anti-PD-L1 antibody in various assays. No differences were observed regarding binding to PD-L1 and blocking of this interaction with its counter receptors PD-1 or CD80. The de-fucosylated anti-PD-L1 antibody showed increased FcγRIIIa binding resulting in enhanced antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity against PD-L1+ cancer cells compared to the "normal"-glycosylated variant. Both glycosylation variants showed no antibody-mediated lysis of B cells and monocytes. The non-glycosylated reference antibody showed no FcγRIIIa engagement and no ADCC activity. Using mixed leukocyte reaction it was observed that the de-fucosylated anti-PD-L1 antibody induced the strongest CD8 T cell activation determined by expression of activation markers, proliferation, and cytotoxicity against cancer cells. The systematic comparison of anti-PD-L1 antibody glycosylation variants with different Fc-mediated potencies demonstrates that our glyco-optimization approach has the potential to enhance CD8 T cell-mediated anti-tumor activity which may improve the therapeutic benefit of anti-PD-L1 antibodies.
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133
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Zahavi D, AlDeghaither D, O'Connell A, Weiner LM. Enhancing antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity: a strategy for improving antibody-based immunotherapy. Antib Ther 2018; 1:7-12. [PMID: 33928217 PMCID: PMC7990127 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tby002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The targeting of surface antigens expressed on tumor cells by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has revolutionized cancer therapeutics. One mechanism of action of antibody-based immunotherapy is the activation of immune effector cells to mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). This review will summarize the process of ADCC, its important role in the efficacy of mAb therapy, how to measure it, and finally future strategies for antibody design that can take advantage of it to improve clinical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zahavi
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center,3800 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Dalal AlDeghaither
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center,3800 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Allison O'Connell
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center,3800 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Louis M Weiner
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center,3800 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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134
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Mandó P, Rizzo M, Roberti MP, Juliá EP, Pampena MB, Pérez de la Puente C, Loza CM, Ponce C, Nadal J, Coló FA, Mordoh J, Levy EM. High neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and decreased CD69 +NK cells represent a phenotype of high risk in early-stage breast cancer patients. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:2901-2910. [PMID: 29844687 PMCID: PMC5961634 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s160911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Breast cancer (BC) is a highly heterogeneous disease presenting a broad range of clinical and molecular characteristics. In the past years, a growing body of evidence demonstrated that immune response plays a significant role in cancer outcome. However, immune prognostic markers are not completely validated in clinical practice in BC patients. Materials and methods With the aim to characterize immune features, several parameters were analyzed in peripheral blood at diagnosis of 85 nonmetastatic BC patients between April 2011 and July 2014. Results With a median follow-up of 38.6 months, peripheral blood analysis of BC patients (stages I, II, and III) showed that total lymphocyte and T lymphocyte counts were augmented in nonrelapsed patients. Also, a higher neutrophil-to-lymphocytes ratio was associated with prolonged disease-free survival. Natural killer cell receptor analysis revealed that early activation receptor CD69 was associated with a better outcome. Conclusion This preliminary evidence is in accordance with the concept of immune surveillance. We suggest an “immune phenotype” that provides relevant prognostic information in early-stage BC patients and which could be useful in the decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Mandó
- Oncology Research Center CIO-FUCA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Manglio Rizzo
- Alexander Fleming Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jorge Nadal
- Alexander Fleming Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - José Mordoh
- Oncology Research Center CIO-FUCA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Alexander Fleming Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Biochemical Research Institute of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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135
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Taieb J, Moehler M, Boku N, Ajani JA, Yañez Ruiz E, Ryu MH, Guenther S, Chand V, Bang YJ. Evolution of checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of metastatic gastric cancers: Current status and future perspectives. Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 66:104-113. [PMID: 29730461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standard treatment options for patients with advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer (GC/GEJC) are associated with limited efficacy and some toxicity. Recently, immunotherapy with antibodies that inhibit the programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) interaction has emerged as a new treatment option. This manuscript reviews early-phase and late-phase trials of immunotherapy in advanced GC/GEJC. METHODS Searches for studies of immunotherapy in GC/GEJC were performed using PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, and abstract databases for select annual congresses. Findings were interpreted based on expert opinion. RESULTS Monotherapy with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies, including pembrolizumab, nivolumab, avelumab, durvalumab, and atezolizumab, has shown interesting objective response rates (ORRs; 7-26%) across varying GC/GEJC populations, with ORRs potentially higher in PD-L1 + vs PD-L1 - tumors. Safety profiles compare favorably with chemotherapy, with grade ≥3 treatment-related adverse events occurring in 5-17%. Based on a large phase 2 study, pembrolizumab was approved in the United States for third-line treatment of patients with PD-L1 + GC/GEJC. In a phase 3 trial, third-line or later nivolumab increased overall survival vs placebo in an Asian population, leading to regulatory approval in Japan, although other completed phase 3 trials did not show superiority for pembrolizumab or avelumab monotherapy vs chemotherapy. Other trials in advanced GC/GEJC are assessing various anti-PD-1/PD-L1-based strategies, including administration in first-line and later-line settings and as combination (with chemotherapy or agents targeting other immune checkpoint proteins, eg, CTLA-4, LAG-3, and IDO) or switch-maintenance regimens. CONCLUSIONS Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies have shown encouraging clinical activity in advanced GC/GEJC. Results from ongoing phase 3 trials are needed to further evaluate the potential roles of these agents within the continuum of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Taieb
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Decartes University, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Paris, France.
| | | | | | - Jaffer A Ajani
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | | | - Min-Hee Ryu
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
| | | | | | - Yung-Jue Bang
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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136
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Daher M, Rezvani K. Next generation natural killer cells for cancer immunotherapy: the promise of genetic engineering. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 51:146-153. [PMID: 29605760 PMCID: PMC6140331 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of cellular therapy have focused on autologous T cells engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) against tumor antigens. Remarkable responses have been observed in patients receiving autologous CD19-redirected T cells for the treatment of B-lymphoid malignancies. However, the generation of autologous products for each patient is logistically challenging and expensive. Extensive research efforts are ongoing to generate an off-the-shelf cellular product for the treatment of cancer patients. Natural killer (NK) cells are attractive contenders since they have potent anti-tumor activity, and their safety in the allogeneic setting expands the cell sources for NK cell therapy beyond an autologous one. In this review, we discuss advantages and limitations of NK cellular therapy, and novel genetic engineering strategies that may be applied to overcome some of the limitations. Next-generation engineered NK cells are showing great promise in the preclinical setting and it is likely that in the next few years CAR-engineered NK cells will be incorporated into the current armamentarium of cell-based cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Daher
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Katayoun Rezvani
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States.
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137
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Dahlén E, Veitonmäki N, Norlén P. Bispecific antibodies in cancer immunotherapy. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2018; 6:3-17. [PMID: 29998217 DOI: 10.1177/2515135518763280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the clinical success of immune checkpoint antibodies targeting CTLA-4, PD-1 or PD-L1 in cancer treatment, bispecific antibodies are now emerging as a growing class of immunotherapies with potential to further improve clinical efficacy and safety. We describe three classes of immunotherapeutic bispecific antibodies: (a) cytotoxic effector cell redirectors; (b) tumor-targeted immunomodulators; and (c) dual immunomodulators. Cytotoxic effector cell redirectors are dominated by T-cell redirecting compounds, bispecific compounds engaging a tumor-associated antigen and the T-cell receptor/CD3 complex, thereby redirecting T-cell cytotoxicity to malignant cells. This is the most established class of bispecific immunotherapies, with two compounds having reached the market and numerous compounds in clinical development. Tumor-targeted immunomodulators are bispecific compounds binding to a tumor-associated antigen and an immunomodulating receptor, such as CD40 or 4-1BB. Such compounds are usually designed to be inactive until binding the tumor antigen, thereby localizing immune stimulation to the tumor environment, while minimizing immune activation elsewhere. This is expected to induce powerful activation of tumor-specific T cells with reduced risk of immune-related adverse events. Finally, dual immunomodulators are bispecific compounds that bind two distinct immunomodulating targets, often combining targeting of PD-1 or PD-L1 with that of LAG-3 or TIM-3. The rationale is to induce superior tumor immunity compared to monospecific antibodies to the same targets. In this review, we describe each of these classes of bispecific antibodies, and present examples of compounds in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Dahlén
- Alligator Bioscience, 22381 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Per Norlén
- Alligator Bioscience, 22381 Lund, Sweden
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138
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Versteven M, Van den Bergh JMJ, Marcq E, Smits ELJ, Van Tendeloo VFI, Hobo W, Lion E. Dendritic Cells and Programmed Death-1 Blockade: A Joint Venture to Combat Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:394. [PMID: 29599770 PMCID: PMC5863527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Two decades of clinical cancer research with dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccination have proved that this type of personalized medicine is safe and has the capacity to improve survival, but monotherapy is unlikely to cure the cancer. Designed to empower the patient’s antitumor immunity, huge research efforts are set to improve the efficacy of next-generation DC vaccines and to find synergistic combinations with existing cancer therapies. Immune checkpoint approaches, aiming to breach immune suppression and evasion to reinforce antitumor immunity, have been a revelation in the immunotherapy field. Early success of therapeutic antibodies blocking the programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway has sparked the development of novel inhibitors and combination therapies. Hence, merging immunoregulatory tumor-specific DC strategies with PD-1-targeted approaches is a promising path to explore. In this review, we focus on the role of PD-1-signaling in DC-mediated antitumor immunity. In the quest of exploiting the full potential of DC therapy, different strategies to leverage DC immunopotency by impeding PD-1-mediated immune regulation are discussed, including the most advanced research on targeted therapeutic antibodies, lessons learned from chemotherapy-induced immune activation, and more recent developments with soluble molecules and gene-silencing techniques. An overview of DC/PD-1 immunotherapy combinations that are currently under preclinical and clinical investigation substantiates the clinical potential of such combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Versteven
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan M J Van den Bergh
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien L J Smits
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Viggo F I Van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Willemijn Hobo
- Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Eva Lion
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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139
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Abstract
A group of impressive immunotherapies for cancer treatment, including immune checkpoint-blocking antibodies, gene therapy and immune cell adoptive cellular immunotherapy, have been established, providing new weapons to fight cancer. Natural killer (NK) cells are a component of the first line of defense against tumors and virus infections. Studies have shown dysfunctional NK cells in patients with cancer. Thus, restoring NK cell antitumor functionality could be a promising therapeutic strategy. NK cells that are activated and expanded ex vivo can supplement malfunctional NK cells in tumor patients. Therapeutic antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), or bispecific proteins can all retarget NK cells precisely to tumor cells. Therapeutic antibody blockade of the immune checkpoints of NK cells has been suggested to overcome the immunosuppressive signals delivered to NK cells. Oncolytic virotherapy provokes antitumor activity of NK cells by triggering antiviral immune responses. Herein, we review the current immunotherapeutic approaches employed to restore NK cell antitumor functionality for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxi Li
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
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140
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Abstract
As of May 1, 2017, 74 antibody-based molecules have been approved by a regulatory authority in a major market. Additionally, there are 70 and 575 antibody-based molecules in phase III and phase I/II clinical trials, respectively. These total 719 antibody-based clinical stage molecules include 493 naked IgGs, 87 antibody-drug conjugates, 61 bispecific antibodies, 37 total Fc fusion proteins, 17 radioimmunoglobulins, 13 antibody fragments, and 11 immunocytokines. New uses for these antibodies are being discovered each year. For oncology, many of the exciting new approaches involve antibody modulation of T-cells. There are over 80 antibodies in clinical trials targeting T cell checkpoints, 26 T-cell-redirected bispecific antibodies, and 145 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell-based candidates (all currently in phase I or II clinical trials), totaling more than 250 T cell interacting clinical stage antibody-based candidates. Finally, significant progress has been made recently on routes of delivery, including delivery of proteins across the blood-brain barrier, oral delivery to the gut, delivery to the cellular cytosol, and gene- and viral-based delivery of antibodies. Thus, there are currently at least 864 antibody-based clinical stage molecules or cells, with incredible diversity in how they are constructed and what activities they impart. These are followed by a next wave of novel molecules, approaches, and new methods and routes of delivery, demonstrating that the field of antibody-based biologics is very innovative and diverse in its approaches to fulfill their promise to treat unmet medical needs.
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141
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Rationale for combination of therapeutic antibodies targeting tumor cells and immune checkpoint receptors: Harnessing innate and adaptive immunity through IgG1 isotype immune effector stimulation. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 63:48-60. [PMID: 29223828 PMCID: PMC7505164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 antibodies stimulate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Cetuximab, an IgG1 isotype monoclonal antibody, is a standard-of-care treatment for locally advanced and recurrent and/or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) and metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). Here we review evidence regarding the clinical relevance of cetuximab-mediated ADCC and other immune functions and provide a biological rationale concerning why this property positions cetuximab as an ideal partner for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and other emerging immunotherapies. We performed a nonsystematic review of available preclinical and clinical data involving cetuximab-mediated immune activity and combination approaches of cetuximab with other immunotherapies, including ICIs, in SCCHN and CRC. Indeed, cetuximab mediates ADCC activity in the intratumoral space and primes adaptive and innate cellular immunity. However, counterregulatory mechanisms may lead to immunosuppressive feedback loops. Accordingly, there is a strong rationale for combining ICIs with cetuximab for the treatment of advanced tumors, as targeting CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 can ostensibly overcome these immunosuppressive counter-mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, combining ICIs (or other immunotherapies) with cetuximab is a promising strategy for boosting immune response and enhancing response rates and durability of response. Cetuximab immune activity–including, but not limited to, ADCC–provides a strong rationale for its combination with ICIs or other immunotherapies to synergistically and fully mobilize the adaptive and innate immunity against tumor cells. Ongoing prospective studies will evaluate the clinical effect of these combination regimens and their immune effect in CRC and SCCHN and in other indications.
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142
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Ochoa MC, Minute L, López A, Pérez-Ruiz E, Gomar C, Vasquez M, Inoges S, Etxeberria I, Rodriguez I, Garasa S, Mayer JPA, Wirtz P, Melero I, Berraondo P. Enhancement of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of cetuximab by a chimeric protein encompassing interleukin-15. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1393597. [PMID: 29308327 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1393597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancement of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) may potentiate the antitumor efficacy of tumor-targeted monoclonal antibodies. Increasing the numbers and antitumor activity of NK cells is a promising strategy to maximize the ADCC of standard-of-care tumor-targeted antibodies. For this purpose, we have preclinically tested a recombinant chimeric protein encompassing the sushi domain of the IL15Rα, IL-15, and apolipoprotein A-I (Sushi-IL15-Apo) as produced in CHO cells. The size-exclusion purified monomeric fraction of this chimeric protein was stable and retained the IL-15 and the sushi domain bioactivity as measured by CTLL-2 and Mo-7e cell proliferation and STAT5 phosphorylation in freshly isolated human NK and CD8+ T cells. On cell cultures, Sushi-IL15-Apo increases NK cell proliferation and survival as well as spontaneous and antibody-mediated cytotoxicity. Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-B1) is the receptor for ApoA-I and is expressed on the surface of tumor cells. SR-B1 can adsorb the chimeric protein on tumor cells and can transpresent IL-15 to NK and CD8+ T cells. A transient NK-humanized murine model was developed to test the increase of ADCC attained by the chimeric protein in vivo. The EGFR+ human colon cancer cell line HT-29 was intraperitoneally inoculated in immune-deficient Rag2-/-γc-/- mice that were reconstituted with freshly isolated PBMCs and treated with the anti-EGFR mAb cetuximab. The combination of the Sushi-IL15-Apo protein and cetuximab reduced the number of remaining tumor cells in the peritoneal cavity and delayed tumor engraftment in the peritoneum. Furthermore, Sushi-IL15-Apo increased the anti-tumor effect of a murine anti-EGFR mAb in Rag1-/- mice bearing subcutaneous MC38 colon cancer transfected to express EGFR. Thus, Sushi-IL15-Apo is a potent tool to increase the number and the activation of NK cells to promote the ADCC activity of antibodies targeting tumor antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Ochoa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Luna Minute
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ascensión López
- Servicio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Hematología y Área de Terapia Celular, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Pérez-Ruiz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Celia Gomar
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marcos Vasquez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Susana Inoges
- Servicio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Hematología y Área de Terapia Celular, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Etxeberria
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Rodriguez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Saray Garasa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Servicio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
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143
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Immunotherapy targeting 4-1BB: mechanistic rationale, clinical results, and future strategies. Blood 2017; 131:49-57. [PMID: 29118009 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-06-741041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
4-1BB (CD137, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 9) is an inducible costimulatory receptor expressed on activated T and natural killer (NK) cells. 4-1BB ligation on T cells triggers a signaling cascade that results in upregulation of antiapoptotic molecules, cytokine secretion, and enhanced effector function. In dysfunctional T cells that have a decreased cytotoxic capacity, 4-1BB ligation demonstrates a potent ability to restore effector functions. On NK cells, 4-1BB signaling can increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Agonistic monoclonal antibodies targeting 4-1BB have been developed to harness 4-1BB signaling for cancer immunotherapy. Preclinical results in a variety of induced and spontaneous tumor models suggest that targeting 4-1BB with agonist antibodies can lead to tumor clearance and durable antitumor immunity. Clinical trials of 2 agonist antibodies, urelumab and utomilumab, are ongoing. Despite initial signs of efficacy, clinical development of urelumab has been hampered by inflammatory liver toxicity at doses >1 mg/kg. Utomilumab has a superior safety profile, but is a less potent 4-1BB agonist relative to urelumab. Both antibodies have demonstrated promising results in patients with lymphoma and are being tested in combination therapy trials with other immunomodulatory agents. In an effort to optimally leverage 4-1BB-mediated immune activation, the next generation of 4-1BB targeting strategies attempts to decouple the observed antitumor efficacy from the on-target liver toxicity. Multiple therapeutics that attempt to restrict 4-1BB agonism to the tumor microenvironment and minimize systemic exposure have emerged. 4-1BB is a compelling target for cancer immunotherapy and future agents show great promise for achieving potent immune activation while avoiding limiting immune-related adverse events.
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144
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Sung AP, Tang JJJ, Guglielmo MJ, Redelman D, Smith-Gagen J, Bateman L, Hudig D. An improved method to quantify human NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) per IgG FcR-positive NK cell without purification of NK cells. J Immunol Methods 2017; 452:63-72. [PMID: 29113954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) lymphocyte ADCC supports anti-viral protection and monoclonal antibody (mAb) anti-tumor therapies. To predict in vivo ADCC therapeutic responses of different individuals, measurement of both ADCC cellular lytic capacity and their NK cellular receptor recognition of antibodies on 'target' cells are needed, using clinically available amounts of blood. Twenty ml of blood provides sufficient peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for the new assay for lytic capacity described here and for an antibody EC50 assay for Fc-receptor recognition. For the lytic capacity assay, we employed flow cytometry to quantify the CD16A IgG Fc-receptor positive NK effector cells from PBMCs to avoid loss of NKs during isolation. Targets were 51Cr-labeled Daudi B cells pretreated with excess obinutuzumab type 2 anti-CD20 mAb and washed; remaining free mAb was insufficient to convert B cells in the PBMCs into 'targets'. We calculated: the percentage Daudis killed at a 1:1 ratio of CD16A-positive NK cells to Daudis (CX1:1); lytic slopes; and ADCC50 lytic units. Among 27 donors, we detected wide ranges in CX1:1 (16-73% targets killed) and in lytic slopes. Slope variations prevented application of lytic units. We recommend CX1:1 to compare individuals' ADCC capacity. CX1:1 was similar for purified NK cells vs. PBMCs and independent of CD16A V & F genotypes and antibody EC50s. With high mAb bound onto targets and the high affinity of obinutuzumab Fc for CD16A, CX1:1 measurements discern ADCC lytic capacity rather than antibody recognition. This assay allows ADCC to be quantified without NK cell isolation and avoids distortion associated with lytic units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Sung
- University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Reno, Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Jennifer J-J Tang
- University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Reno, Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Michael J Guglielmo
- University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Reno, Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Doug Redelman
- University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology Reno, Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Julie Smith-Gagen
- University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, School of Community Health Sciences Reno, Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Lucinda Bateman
- Bateman Horne Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84102, United States
| | - Dorothy Hudig
- University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Reno, Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, United States.
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145
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Malmberg KJ, Carlsten M, Björklund A, Sohlberg E, Bryceson YT, Ljunggren HG. Natural killer cell-mediated immunosurveillance of human cancer. Semin Immunol 2017; 31:20-29. [PMID: 28888619 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of natural killer (NK) cells to immunosurveillance of human cancer remains debatable. Here, we discuss advances in several areas of human NK cell research, many of which support the ability of NK cells to prevent cancer development and avoid relapse following adoptive immunotherapy. We describe the molecular basis for NK cell recognition of human tumor cells and provide evidence for NK cell-mediated killing of human primary tumor cells ex vivo. Subsequently, we highlight studies demonstrating the ability of NK cells to migrate to, and reside in, the human tumor microenvironment where selection of tumor escape variants from NK cells can occur. Indirect evidence for NK cell immunosurveillance against human malignancies is provided by the reduced incidence of cancer in individuals with high levels of NK cell cytotoxicity, and the significant clinical responses observed following infusion of human NK cells into cancer patients. Finally, we describe studies showing enhanced tumor progression, or increased cancer incidence, in patients with inherited and acquired defects in cellular cytotoxicity. All these observations have in common that they, either indirectly or directly, suggest a role for NK cells in mediating immunosurveillance against human cancer. This opens up for exciting possibilities with respect to further exploring NK cells in settings of adoptive immunotherapy in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Johan Malmberg
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; The KG Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlsten
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Björklund
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ebba Sohlberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Cell Therapy Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, FL, USA.
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146
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Zong S, Hoffmann C, Mané-Damas M, Molenaar P, Losen M, Martinez-Martinez P. Neuronal Surface Autoantibodies in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Are There Implications for Depression? Front Immunol 2017; 8:752. [PMID: 28725222 PMCID: PMC5497139 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are affecting around 7.6-9.4% of the general population. A number of central nervous system disorders, including encephalitis and severe psychiatric disorders, have been demonstrated to associate with specific neuronal surface autoantibodies (NSAbs). It has become clear that specific autoantibodies targeting neuronal surface antigens and ion channels could cause severe mental disturbances. A number of studies have focused or are currently investigating the presence of autoantibodies in specific mental conditions such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. However, less is known about other conditions such as depression. Depression is a psychiatric disorder with complex etiology and pathogenesis. The diagnosis criteria of depression are largely based on symptoms but not on the origin of the disease. The question which arises is whether in a subgroup of patients with depression, the symptoms might be caused by autoantibodies targeting membrane-associated antigens. Here, we describe how autoantibodies targeting membrane proteins and ion channels cause pathological effects. We discuss the physiology of these antigens and their role in relation to depression. Finally, we summarize a number of studies detecting NSAbs with a special focus on cohorts that include depression diagnosis and/or show depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Zong
- Division Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Carolin Hoffmann
- Division Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marina Mané-Damas
- Division Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Peter Molenaar
- Division Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Mario Losen
- Division Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Pilar Martinez-Martinez
- Division Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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147
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Xu F, Sunderland A, Zhou Y, Schulick RD, Edil BH, Zhu Y. Blockade of CD112R and TIGIT signaling sensitizes human natural killer cell functions. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017. [PMID: 28623459 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Trastuzumab is the first-line drug to treat breast cancer with high Her2 expression. However, many cancers failed to respond, largely due to their resistance to NK cell-triggered antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Poliovirus receptor (PVR)-like molecules are known to be important for lymphocyte functions. We found that all PVR-like receptors are expressed on human NK cells, and only TIGIT is preferentially expressed on the CD16+ NK cell subset. Disrupting the interactions of PVR-like receptors with their ligands on cancer cells regulates NK cell activity. More importantly, TIGIT is upregulated upon NK cell activation via ADCC. Blockade of TIGIT or CD112R, separately or together, enhances trastuzumab-triggered antitumor response by human NK cells. Thus, our findings suggest that PVR-like receptors regulate NK cell functions and can be targeted for improving trastuzumab therapy for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, RC1-North Building, P18-8116, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Splenic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Alexander Sunderland
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, RC1-North Building, P18-8116, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, RC1-North Building, P18-8116, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Richard D Schulick
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, RC1-North Building, P18-8116, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Barish H Edil
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, RC1-North Building, P18-8116, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Yuwen Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, RC1-North Building, P18-8116, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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148
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Fang F, Xiao W, Tian Z. NK cell-based immunotherapy for cancer. Semin Immunol 2017; 31:37-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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149
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Veluchamy JP, Kok N, van der Vliet HJ, Verheul HMW, de Gruijl TD, Spanholtz J. The Rise of Allogeneic Natural Killer Cells As a Platform for Cancer Immunotherapy: Recent Innovations and Future Developments. Front Immunol 2017; 8:631. [PMID: 28620386 PMCID: PMC5450018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are critical immune effector cells in the fight against cancer. As NK cells in cancer patients are highly dysfunctional and reduced in number, adoptive transfer of large numbers of cytolytic NK cells and their potential to induce relevant antitumor responses are widely explored in cancer immunotherapy. Early studies from autologous NK cells have failed to demonstrate significant clinical benefit. In this review, the clinical benefits of adoptively transferred allogeneic NK cells in a transplant and non-transplant setting are compared and discussed in the context of relevant NK cell platforms that are being developed and optimized by various biotech industries with a special focus on augmenting NK cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Veluchamy
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Glycostem Therapeutics, Oss, Netherlands
| | - Nina Kok
- Glycostem Therapeutics, Oss, Netherlands
| | - Hans J van der Vliet
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henk M W Verheul
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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