101
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Okajima K. Molecular mechanism of phototropin light signaling. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:149-157. [PMID: 26815763 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0783-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phototropin (phot) is a blue light (BL) receptor kinase involved in the BL responses of several species, ranging from green algae to higher plants. Phot converts BL signals from the environment into biochemical signals that trigger cellular responses. In phot, the LOV1 and LOV2 domains of the N-terminal region utilize BL for cyclic photoreactions and regulate C-terminal serine/threonine kinase (STK) activity. LOV2-STK peptides are the smallest functional unit of phot and are useful for understanding regulation mechanisms. The combined analysis of spectroscopy and STK activity assay in Arabidopsis phots suggests that the decay speed of the photo-intermediate S390 in LOV2 is one of the factors contributing to light sensitive kinase activity. LOV2 and STK are thought to be adjacent to each other in LOV2-STK with small angle scattering (SAXS). BL irradiation induces LOV2-STK elongation, resulting in LOV2 shifting away from STK. The N- and C-terminal lateral regions of LOV2, A'α-helix, Jα-helix, and A'α/Aβ gap are responsible for the propagation of the BL signal to STK via conformational changes. The comparison between LOV2-STK and full-length phot from Chlamydomonas suggests that LOV1 is directly adjacent to LOV2 in LOV2-STK; therefore, LOV1 may indirectly regulate STK. The molecular mechanism of phot is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Okajima
- Department of Physics, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan.
- RIKEN Harima Institute, Spring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan.
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102
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Takemiya A, Shimazaki KI. Arabidopsis phot1 and phot2 phosphorylate BLUS1 kinase with different efficiencies in stomatal opening. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:167-74. [PMID: 26780063 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-015-0780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, phototropins (phot1 and phot2), light-activated receptor kinases, redundantly regulate various photoresponses such as phototropism, chloroplast photorelocation movement, stomatal opening, and leaf flattening. However, it is still unclear how phot1 and phot2 signals are integrated into a common target and regulate physiological responses. In the present study, we provide evidence that phot1 and phot2 phosphorylate BLUE LIGHT SIGNALING1 (BLUS1) kinase as a common substrate in stomatal opening. Biochemical analysis revealed that the recombinant phot2 protein directly phosphorylated BLUS1 in vitro in a blue light-dependent manner, as reported for phot1. BLUS1 phosphorylation was observed in both phot1 and phot2 mutants, and phot2 mutant exhibited higher phosphorylation of BLUS1 than did phot1 mutant. Transgenic plants expressing phot1-GFP (P1G) and phot2-GFP (P2G) at a similar level under the PHOT2 promoter demonstrated that P1G initiated higher phosphorylation of BLUS1 than P2G, suggesting that phot1 phosphorylates BLUS1 more efficiently. Similarly, P1G mediated a higher activation of the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase and stomatal opening than P2G, indicating that the phosphorylation status of BLUS1 is a key determinant of physiological response. Together, these findings provide insights into the signal integration and different properties of phot1 and phot2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takemiya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Ken-ichiro Shimazaki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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103
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Kong SG, Okajima K. Diverse photoreceptors and light responses in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:111-4. [PMID: 26860414 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0792-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sam-Geun Kong
- Division of Structural Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
- Research Center for Live-Protein Dynamics, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Koji Okajima
- Department of Physics, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan.
- RIKEN Harima Institute, Spring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan.
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104
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Horrer D, Flütsch S, Pazmino D, Matthews JSA, Thalmann M, Nigro A, Leonhardt N, Lawson T, Santelia D. Blue Light Induces a Distinct Starch Degradation Pathway in Guard Cells for Stomatal Opening. Curr Biol 2016; 26:362-70. [PMID: 26774787 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stomatal pores form a crucial interface between the leaf mesophyll and the atmosphere, controlling water and carbon balance in plants [1]. Major advances have been made in understanding the regulatory networks and ion fluxes in the guard cells surrounding the stomatal pore [2]. However, our knowledge on the role of carbon metabolism in these cells is still fragmentary [3-5]. In particular, the contribution of starch in stomatal opening remains elusive [6]. Here, we used Arabidopsis thaliana as a model plant to provide the first quantitative analysis of starch turnover in guard cells of intact leaves during the diurnal cycle. Starch is present in guard cells at the end of night, unlike in the rest of the leaf, but is rapidly degraded within 30 min of light. This process is critical for the rapidity of stomatal opening and biomass production. We exploited Arabidopsis molecular genetics to define the mechanism and regulation of guard cell starch metabolism, showing it to be mediated by a previously uncharacterized pathway. This involves the synergistic action of β-amylase 1 (BAM1) and α-amylase 3 (AMY3)-enzymes that are normally not required for nighttime starch degradation in other leaf tissues. This pathway is under the control of the phototropin-dependent blue-light signaling cascade and correlated with the activity of the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase. Our results show that guard cell starch degradation has an important role in plant growth by driving stomatal responses to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Horrer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Flütsch
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Diana Pazmino
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jack S A Matthews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Matthias Thalmann
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Arianna Nigro
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Leonhardt
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes (LBDP), UMR 7265 CNRS-CEA Université Aix-Marseille II, CEA Cadarache Bat 156, 13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Diana Santelia
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.
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105
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WADA M. Chloroplast and nuclear photorelocation movements. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2016; 92:387-411. [PMID: 27840388 PMCID: PMC5328789 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.92.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts move toward weak light to increase photosynthetic efficiency, and migrate away from strong light to protect chloroplasts from photodamage and eventual cell death. These chloroplast behaviors were first observed more than 100 years ago, but the underlying mechanism has only recently been identified. Ideal plant materials, such as fern gametophytes for photobiological and cell biological approaches, and Arabidopsis thaliana for genetic analyses, have been used along with sophisticated methods, such as partial cell irradiation and time-lapse video recording under infrared light to study chloroplast movement. These studies have revealed precise chloroplast behavior, and identified photoreceptors, other relevant protein components, and novel actin filament structures required for chloroplast movement. In this review, our findings regarding chloroplast and nuclear movements are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu WADA
- Department Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiosawa, Tokyo, Japan
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106
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Takemiya A, Doi A, Yoshida S, Okajima K, Tokutomi S, Shimazaki KI. Reconstitution of an Initial Step of Phototropin Signaling in Stomatal Guard Cells. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:152-159. [PMID: 26707730 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phototropins are light-activated receptor kinases that mediate a wide range of blue light responses responsible for the optimization of photosynthesis. Despite the physiological importance of phototropins, it is still unclear how they transduce light signals into physiological responses. Here, we succeeded in reproducing a primary step of phototropin signaling in vitro using a physiological substrate of phototropin, the BLUS1 (BLUE LIGHT SIGNALING1) kinase of guard cells. When PHOT1 and BLUS1 were expressed in Escherichia coli and the resulting recombinant proteins were incubated with ATP, white and blue light induced phosphorylation of BLUS1 but red light and darkness did not. Site-directed mutagenesis of PHOT1 and BLUS1 revealed that the phosphorylation was catalyzed by phot1 kinase. Similar to stomatal blue light responses, the BLUS1 phosphorylation depended on the fluence rate of blue light and was inhibited by protein kinase inhibitors, K-252a and staurosporine. In contrast to the result in vivo, BLUS1 was not dephosphorylated in vitro, suggesting the involvement of a protein phosphatase in the response in vivo. phot1 with a C-terminal kinase domain but devoid of the N-terminal domain, constitutively phosphorylated BLUS1 without blue light, indicating that the N-terminal domain has an autoinhibitory action and prevents substrate phosphorylation. The results provide the first reconstitution of a primary step of phototropin signaling and a clue for understanding the molecular nature of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takemiya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Ayaka Doi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Sayumi Yoshida
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Koji Okajima
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-851 Japan Present address: Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Kanagawa, 223-8522 Japan.
| | - Satoru Tokutomi
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-851 Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Shimazaki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
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107
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Ibata H, Nagatani A, Mochizuki N. CHLH/GUN5 Function in Tetrapyrrole Metabolism Is Correlated with Plastid Signaling but not ABA Responses in Guard Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1650. [PMID: 27872634 PMCID: PMC5098175 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Expression of Photosynthesis-Associated Nuclear Genes (PhANGs) is controlled by environmental stimuli and plastid-derived signals ("plastid signals") transmitting the developmental and functional status of plastids to the nucleus. Arabidopsis genomes uncoupled (gun) mutants exhibit defects in plastid signaling, leading to ectopic expression of PhANGs in the absence of chloroplast development. GUN5 encodes the plastid-localized Mg-chelatase enzyme subunit (CHLH), and recent studies suggest that CHLH is a multifunctional protein involved in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, plastid signaling and ABA responses in guard cells. To understand the basis of CHLH multifunctionality, we investigated 15 gun5 missense mutant alleles and transgenic lines expressing a series of truncated CHLH proteins in a severe gun5 allele (cch) background (tCHLHs, 10 different versions). Here, we show that Mg-chelatase function and plastid signaling are generally correlated; in contrast, based on the analysis of the gun5 missense mutant alleles, ABA-regulated stomatal control is distinct from these two other functions. We found that none of the tCHLHs could restore plastid-signaling or Mg-chelatase functions. Additionally, we found that both the C-terminal half and N-terminal half of CHLH function in ABA-induced stomatal movement.
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108
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Kashojiya S, Yoshihara S, Okajima K, Tokutomi S. The linker between LOV2-Jα and STK plays an essential role in the kinase activation by blue light in Arabidopsis phototropin1, a plant blue light receptor. FEBS Lett 2015; 590:139-47. [PMID: 26763121 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Phototropin (phot), a blue light receptor in plants, is composed of several domains: LOV1, LOV2, and a serine/threonine kinase (STK). LOV2 is the main regulator of light activation of STK. However, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. In this report, we focused on the linker region between LOV2 and STK excluding the Jα-helix. Spectroscopy and a kinase assay for the substituents in the linker region of Arabidopsis phot1 LOV2-STK indicated that the linker is involved in the activation of STK. A putative module in the middle of the linker would be critical for intramolecular signaling and/or regulation of STK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Kashojiya
- Department of Biological Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shizue Yoshihara
- Department of Biological Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Okajima
- Department of Biological Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoru Tokutomi
- Department of Biological Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
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109
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Preuten T, Blackwood L, Christie JM, Fankhauser C. Lipid anchoring of Arabidopsis phototropin 1 to assess the functional significance of receptor internalization: should I stay or should I go? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:1038-1050. [PMID: 25643813 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The phototropin 1 (phot1) blue light receptor mediates a number of adaptive responses, including phototropism, that generally serve to optimize photosynthetic capacity. Phot1 is a plasma membrane-associated protein, but upon irradiation, a fraction is internalized into the cytoplasm. Although this phenomenon has been reported for more than a decade, its biological significance remains elusive. Here, we use a genetic approach to revisit the prevalent hypotheses regarding the functional importance of receptor internalization. Transgenic plants expressing lipidated versions of phot1 that are permanently anchored to the plasma membrane were used to analyse the effect of internalization on receptor turnover, phototropism and other phot1-mediated responses. Myristoylation and farnesylation effectively prevented phot1 internalization. Both modified photoreceptors were found to be fully functional in Arabidopsis, rescuing phototropism and all other phot1-mediated responses tested. Light-mediated phot1 turnover occurred as in the native receptor. Furthermore, our work does not provide any evidence of a role of phot1 internalization in the attenuation of receptor signalling during phototropism. Our results demonstrate that phot1 signalling is initiated at the plasma membrane. They furthermore indicate that release of phot1 into the cytosol is not linked to receptor turnover or desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Preuten
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Génopode Building, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Blackwood
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - John M Christie
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Christian Fankhauser
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Génopode Building, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
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110
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Kashojiya S, Okajima K, Shimada T, Tokutomi S. Essential role of the A'α/Aβ gap in the N-terminal upstream of LOV2 for the blue light signaling from LOV2 to kinase in Arabidopsis photototropin1, a plant blue light receptor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124284. [PMID: 25886203 PMCID: PMC4401697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phototropin (phot) is a blue light (BL) receptor in plants and is involved in phototropism, chloroplast movement, stomata opening, etc. A phot molecule has two photo-receptive domains named LOV (Light-Oxygen-Voltage) 1 and 2 in its N-terminal region and a serine/threonine kinase (STK) in its C-terminal region. STK activity is regulated mainly by LOV2, which has a cyclic photoreaction, including the transient formation of a flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-cysteinyl adduct (S390). One of the key events for the propagation of the BL signal from LOV2 to STK is conformational changes in a Jα-helix residing downstream of the LOV2 C-terminus. In contrast, we focused on the role of the A’α-helix, which is located upstream of the LOV2 N-terminus and interacts with the Jα-helix. Using LOV2-STK polypeptides from Arabidopsis thaliana phot1, we found that truncation of the A’α-helix and amino acid substitutions at Glu474 and Lys475 in the gap between the A’α and the Aβ strand of LOV2 (A’α/Aβ gap) to Ala impaired the BL-induced activation of the STK, although they did not affect S390 formation. Trypsin digested the LOV2-STK at Lys603 and Lys475 in a light-dependent manner indicating BL-induced structural changes in both the Jα-helix and the gap. The digestion at Lys603 is faster than at Lys475. These BL-induced structural changes were observed with the Glu474Ala and the Lys475Ala substitutes, indicating that the BL signal reached the Jα-helix as well as the A’α/Aβ gap but could not activate STK. The amino acid residues, Glu474 and Lys475, in the gap are conserved among the phots of higher plants and may act as a joint to connect the structural changes in the Jα-helix with the activation of STK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Kashojiya
- Department of Biological Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Okajima
- Department of Biological Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takashi Shimada
- Life Science Research Center, SHIMADZU Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Tokutomi
- Department of Biological Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
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111
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Kimura Y, Aoki S, Ando E, Kitatsuji A, Watanabe A, Ohnishi M, Takahashi K, Inoue SI, Nakamichi N, Tamada Y, Kinoshita T. A flowering integrator, SOC1, affects stomatal opening in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:640-9. [PMID: 25588388 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal movements are regulated by multiple environmental signals. Recent investigations indicate that photoperiodic flowering components, such as CRY, GI, CO, FT and TSF, are expressed in guard cells and positively affect stomatal opening in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we show that SOC1, which encodes a MADS box transcription factor and integrates multiple flowering signals, also exerts a positive effect on stomatal opening. FLC encodes a potent repressor of FT and SOC1, and FRI acts as an activator of FLC. Thus, we examined stomatal phenotypes in FRI-Col, which contains an active FRI allele of accession Sf-2 by introgression. We found higher expression of FLC and lower expression of FT, SOC1 and TSF in guard cells from FRI-Col than in those from Col. Light-induced stomatal opening was significantly suppressed in FRI-Col. Interestingly, vernalization of FRI-Col partially restored light-induced stomatal opening, concomitant with a decrease of FLC and increase of FT, SOC1 and TSF. Furthermore, we observed the constitutive open-stomata phenotype in transgenic plants overexpressing SOC1-GFP (green fluorescent protein) in guard cells (SOC1-GFP overexpressor), and found that light-induced stomatal opening was significantly suppressed in a soc1 knockout mutant. RNA sequencing using epidermis from the SOC1-GFP overexpressor revealed that the expression levels of several genes involved in stomatal opening, such as BLUS1 and the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPases, were higher than those in background plants. From these results, we conclude that SOC1 is involved in the regulation of stomatal opening via transcriptional regulation in guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Kimura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Saya Aoki
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Eigo Ando
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Ayaka Kitatsuji
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Aiko Watanabe
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Masato Ohnishi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Koji Takahashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Inoue
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Norihito Nakamichi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0022 Japan
| | - Yosuke Tamada
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
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112
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Christie JM, Blackwood L, Petersen J, Sullivan S. Plant flavoprotein photoreceptors. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:401-13. [PMID: 25516569 PMCID: PMC4357641 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants depend on the surrounding light environment to direct their growth. Blue light (300-500 nm) in particular acts to promote a wide variety of photomorphogenic responses including seedling establishment, phototropism and circadian clock regulation. Several different classes of flavin-based photoreceptors have been identified that mediate the effects of blue light in the dicotyledonous genetic model Arabidopsis thaliana. These include the cryptochromes, the phototropins and members of the Zeitlupe family. In this review, we discuss recent advances, which contribute to our understanding of how these photosensory systems are activated by blue light and how they initiate signaling to regulate diverse aspects of plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Christie
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Lisa Blackwood
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jan Petersen
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Stuart Sullivan
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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113
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Costa JM, Monnet F, Jannaud D, Leonhardt N, Ksas B, Reiter IM, Pantin F, Genty B. Open All Night Long: the dark side of stomatal control. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:289-94. [PMID: 25527716 PMCID: PMC4326751 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.253369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Isolation of Arabidopsis mutants that maintain stomata open all night long credits the existence of dedicated regulators for stomatal closure in darkness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Miguel Costa
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.),Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), andUniversité Aix-Marseille (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France;Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 84000 Avignon, France (F.M.); andCentro de Botânica Aplicada à Agricultura, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (J.M.C.)
| | - Fabien Monnet
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.),Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), andUniversité Aix-Marseille (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France;Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 84000 Avignon, France (F.M.); andCentro de Botânica Aplicada à Agricultura, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (J.M.C.)
| | - Dorothée Jannaud
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.),Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), andUniversité Aix-Marseille (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France;Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 84000 Avignon, France (F.M.); andCentro de Botânica Aplicada à Agricultura, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (J.M.C.)
| | - Nathalie Leonhardt
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.),Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), andUniversité Aix-Marseille (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France;Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 84000 Avignon, France (F.M.); andCentro de Botânica Aplicada à Agricultura, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (J.M.C.)
| | - Brigitte Ksas
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.),Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), andUniversité Aix-Marseille (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France;Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 84000 Avignon, France (F.M.); andCentro de Botânica Aplicada à Agricultura, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (J.M.C.)
| | - Ilja M Reiter
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.),Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), andUniversité Aix-Marseille (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France;Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 84000 Avignon, France (F.M.); andCentro de Botânica Aplicada à Agricultura, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (J.M.C.)
| | - Florent Pantin
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.),Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), andUniversité Aix-Marseille (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France;Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 84000 Avignon, France (F.M.); andCentro de Botânica Aplicada à Agricultura, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (J.M.C.)
| | - Bernard Genty
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.),Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), andUniversité Aix-Marseille (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France;Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 84000 Avignon, France (F.M.); andCentro de Botânica Aplicada à Agricultura, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (J.M.C.)
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Galvão VC, Fankhauser C. Sensing the light environment in plants: photoreceptors and early signaling steps. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2015; 34:46-53. [PMID: 25638281 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants must constantly adapt to a changing light environment in order to optimize energy conversion through the process of photosynthesis and to limit photodamage. In addition, plants use light cues for timing of key developmental transitions such as initiation of reproduction (transition to flowering). Plants are equipped with a battery of photoreceptors enabling them to sense a very broad light spectrum spanning from UV-B to far-red wavelength (280-750nm). In this review we briefly describe the different families of plant photosensory receptors and the mechanisms by which they transduce environmental information to influence numerous aspects of plant growth and development throughout their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Costa Galvão
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Fankhauser
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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115
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Mo M, Yokawa K, Wan Y, Baluška F. How and why do root apices sense light under the soil surface? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:775. [PMID: 26442084 PMCID: PMC4585147 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Light can penetrate several centimeters below the soil surface. Growth, development and behavior of plant roots are markedly affected by light despite their underground lifestyle. Early studies provided contrasting information on the spatial and temporal distribution of light-sensing cells in the apical region of root apex and discussed the physiological roles of plant hormones in root responses to light. Recent biological and microscopic advances have improved our understanding of the processes involved in the sensing and transduction of light signals, resulting in subsequent physiological and behavioral responses in growing root apices. Here, we review current knowledge of cellular distributions of photoreceptors and their signal transduction pathways in diverse root tissues and root apex zones. We are discussing also the roles of auxin transporters in roots exposed to light, as well as interactions of light signal perceptions with sensing of other environmental factors relevant to plant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Mo
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ken Yokawa
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yinglang Wan
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yinglang Wan, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road No. 35, 100083 Beijing, China, ; František Baluška, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany,
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: Yinglang Wan, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road No. 35, 100083 Beijing, China, ; František Baluška, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany,
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116
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Hohm T, Demarsy E, Quan C, Allenbach Petrolati L, Preuten T, Vernoux T, Bergmann S, Fankhauser C. Plasma membrane H⁺ -ATPase regulation is required for auxin gradient formation preceding phototropic growth. Mol Syst Biol 2014; 10:751. [PMID: 25261457 PMCID: PMC4299663 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20145247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phototropism is a growth response allowing plants to align their photosynthetic organs toward
incoming light and thereby to optimize photosynthetic activity. Formation of a lateral gradient of
the phytohormone auxin is a key step to trigger asymmetric growth of the shoot leading to
phototropic reorientation. To identify important regulators of auxin gradient formation, we
developed an auxin flux model that enabled us to test in silico the impact of
different morphological and biophysical parameters on gradient formation, including the contribution
of the extracellular space (cell wall) or apoplast. Our model indicates that cell size, cell
distributions, and apoplast thickness are all important factors affecting gradient formation. Among
all tested variables, regulation of apoplastic pH was the most important to enable the formation of
a lateral auxin gradient. To test this prediction, we interfered with the activity of plasma
membrane H+-ATPases that are required to control apoplastic pH. Our results show
that H+-ATPases are indeed important for the establishment of a lateral auxin
gradient and phototropism. Moreover, we show that during phototropism, H+-ATPase
activity is regulated by the phototropin photoreceptors, providing a mechanism by which light
influences apoplastic pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hohm
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Demarsy
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clément Quan
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laure Allenbach Petrolati
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Preuten
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, CNRS INRA ENS Lyon UCBL Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Fankhauser
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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117
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Suetsugu N, Takami T, Ebisu Y, Watanabe H, Iiboshi C, Doi M, Shimazaki KI. Guard cell chloroplasts are essential for blue light-dependent stomatal opening in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108374. [PMID: 25250952 PMCID: PMC4177113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Blue light (BL) induces stomatal opening through the activation of H+-ATPases with subsequent ion accumulation in guard cells. In most plant species, red light (RL) enhances BL-dependent stomatal opening. This RL effect is attributable to the chloroplasts of guard cell, the only cells in the epidermis possessing this organelle. To clarify the role of chloroplasts in stomatal regulation, we investigated the effects of RL on BL-dependent stomatal opening in isolated epidermis, guard cell protoplasts, and intact leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. In isolated epidermal tissues and intact leaves, weak BL superimposed on RL enhanced stomatal opening while BL alone was less effective. In guard cell protoplasts, RL enhanced BL-dependent H+-pumping and DCMU, a photosynthetic electron transport inhibitor, eliminated this effect. RL enhanced phosphorylation levels of the H+-ATPase in response to BL, but this RL effect was not suppressed by DCMU. Furthermore, DCMU inhibited both RL-induced and BL-dependent stomatal opening in intact leaves. The photosynthetic rate in leaves correlated positively with BL-dependent stomatal opening in the presence of DCMU. We conclude that guard cell chloroplasts provide ATP and/or reducing equivalents that fuel BL-dependent stomatal opening, and that they indirectly monitor photosynthetic CO2 fixation in mesophyll chloroplasts by absorbing PAR in the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tsuneaki Takami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuuta Ebisu
- Graduate School of System Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Harutaka Watanabe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chihoko Iiboshi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Michio Doi
- Faculty of Art and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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118
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McLachlan DH, Kopischke M, Robatzek S. Gate control: guard cell regulation by microbial stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:1049-1063. [PMID: 25040778 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial plants rely on stomata, small pores in the leaf surface, for photosynthetic gas exchange and transpiration of water. The stomata, formed by a pair of guard cells, dynamically increase and decrease their volume to control the pore size in response to environmental cues. Stresses can trigger similar or opposing movements: for example, drought induces closure of stomata, whereas many pathogens exploit stomata and cause them to open to facilitate entry into plant tissues. The latter is an active process as stomatal closure is part of the plant's immune response. Stomatal research has contributed much to clarify the signalling pathways of abiotic stress, but guard cell signalling in response to microbes is a relatively new area of research. In this article, we discuss present knowledge of stomatal regulation in response to microbes and highlight common points of convergence, and differences, compared to stomatal regulation by abiotic stresses. We also expand on the mechanisms by which pathogens manipulate these processes to promote disease, for example by delivering effectors to inhibit closure or trigger opening of stomata. The study of pathogen effectors in stomatal manipulation will aid our understanding of guard cell signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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119
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Tomiyama M, Inoue SI, Tsuzuki T, Soda M, Morimoto S, Okigaki Y, Ohishi T, Mochizuki N, Takahashi K, Kinoshita T. Mg-chelatase I subunit 1 and Mg-protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase affect the stomatal aperture in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2014; 127:553-63. [PMID: 24840863 PMCID: PMC4683165 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of stomatal opening and closure, we performed a genetic screen using infrared thermography to isolate stomatal aperture mutants. We identified a mutant designated low temperature with open-stomata 1 (lost1), which exhibited reduced leaf temperature, wider stomatal aperture, and a pale green phenotype. Map-based analysis of the LOST1 locus revealed that the lost1 mutant resulted from a missense mutation in the Mg-chelatase I subunit 1 (CHLI1) gene, which encodes a subunit of the Mg-chelatase complex involved in chlorophyll synthesis. Transformation of the wild-type CHLI1 gene into lost1 complemented all lost1 phenotypes. Stomata in lost1 exhibited a partial ABA-insensitive phenotype similar to that of rtl1, a Mg-chelatase H subunit missense mutant. The Mg-protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase (CHLM) gene encodes a subsequent enzyme in the chlorophyll synthesis pathway. We examined stomatal movement in a CHLM knockdown mutant, chlm, and found that it also exhibited an ABA-insensitive phenotype. However, lost1 and chlm seedlings all showed normal expression of ABA-induced genes, such as RAB18 and RD29B, in response to ABA. These results suggest that the chlorophyll synthesis enzymes, Mg-chelatase complex and CHLM, specifically affect ABA signaling in the control of stomatal aperture and have no effect on ABA-induced gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Tomiyama
- />Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Inoue
- />Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Tomo Tsuzuki
- />Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Midori Soda
- />Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Sayuri Morimoto
- />Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Yukiko Okigaki
- />Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Takaya Ohishi
- />Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Mochizuki
- />Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Koji Takahashi
- />Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- />Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
- />Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
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120
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Kollist H, Nuhkat M, Roelfsema MRG. Closing gaps: linking elements that control stomatal movement. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:44-62. [PMID: 24800691 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are an attractive experimental system in plant biology, because the responses of guard cells to environmental signals can be directly linked to changes in the aperture of stomatal pores. In this review, the mechanics of stomatal movement are discussed in relation to ion transport in guard cells. Emphasis is placed on the ion pumps, transporters, and channels in the plasma membrane, as well as in the vacuolar membrane. The biophysical properties of transport proteins for H(+), K(+), Ca(2+), and anions are discussed and related to their function in guard cells during stomatal movements. Guard cell signaling pathways for ABA, CO2, ozone, microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and blue light are presented. Special attention is given to the regulation of the slow anion channel (SLAC) and SLAC homolog (SLAH)-type anion channels by the ABA signalosome. Over the last decade, several knowledge gaps in the regulation of ion transport in guard cells have been closed. The current state of knowledge is an excellent starting point for tackling important open questions concerning stress tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
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121
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Light-induced stomatal opening is affected by the guard cell protein kinase APK1b. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97161. [PMID: 24828466 PMCID: PMC4020820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Guard cells allow land plants to survive under restricted or fluctuating water availability. They control the exchange of gases between the external environment and the interior of the plant by regulating the aperture of stomatal pores in response to environmental stimuli such as light intensity, and are important regulators of plant productivity. Their turgor driven movements are under the control of a signalling network that is not yet fully characterised. A reporter gene fusion confirmed that the Arabidopsis APK1b protein kinase gene is predominantly expressed in guard cells. Infrared gas analysis and stomatal aperture measurements indicated that plants lacking APK1b are impaired in their ability to open their stomata on exposure to light, but retain the ability to adjust their stomatal apertures in response to darkness, abscisic acid or lack of carbon dioxide. Stomatal opening was not specifically impaired in response to either red or blue light as both of these stimuli caused some increase in stomatal conductance. Consistent with the reduction in maximum stomatal conductance, the relative water content of plants lacking APK1b was significantly increased under both well-watered and drought conditions. We conclude that APK1b is required for full stomatal opening in the light but is not required for stomatal closure.
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122
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Negi J, Hashimoto-Sugimoto M, Kusumi K, Iba K. New approaches to the biology of stomatal guard cells. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:241-50. [PMID: 24104052 PMCID: PMC3913439 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
CO2 acts as an environmental signal that regulates stomatal movements. High CO2 concentrations reduce stomatal aperture, whereas low concentrations trigger stomatal opening. In contrast to our advanced understanding of light and drought stress responses in guard cells, the molecular mechanisms underlying stomatal CO2 sensing and signaling are largely unknown. Leaf temperature provides a convenient indicator of transpiration, and can be used to detect mutants with altered stomatal control. To identify genes that function in CO2 responses in guard cells, CO2-insensitive mutants were isolated through high-throughput leaf thermal imaging. The isolated mutants are categorized into three groups according to their phenotypes: (i) impaired in stomatal opening under low CO2 concentrations; (ii) impaired in stomatal closing under high CO2 concentrations; and (iii) impaired in stomatal development. Characterization of these mutants has begun to yield insights into the mechanisms of stomatal CO2 responses. In this review, we summarize the current status of the field and discuss future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntaro Negi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Mimi Hashimoto-Sugimoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Kensuke Kusumi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
| | - Koh Iba
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
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123
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Okajima K, Aihara Y, Takayama Y, Nakajima M, Kashojiya S, Hikima T, Oroguchi T, Kobayashi A, Sekiguchi Y, Yamamoto M, Suzuki T, Nagatani A, Nakasako M, Tokutomi S. Light-induced conformational changes of LOV1 (light oxygen voltage-sensing domain 1) and LOV2 relative to the kinase domain and regulation of kinase activity in Chlamydomonas phototropin. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:413-22. [PMID: 24285544 PMCID: PMC3879564 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.515403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Phototropin (phot), a blue light (BL) receptor in plants, has two photoreceptive domains named LOV1 and LOV2 as well as a Ser/Thr kinase domain (KD) and acts as a BL-regulated protein kinase. A LOV domain harbors a flavin mononucleotide that undergoes a cyclic photoreaction upon BL excitation via a signaling state in which the inhibition of the kinase activity by LOV2 is negated. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying the BL-dependent activation of the kinase, the photochemistry, kinase activity, and molecular structure were studied with the phot of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Full-length and LOV2-KD samples of C. reinhardtii phot showed cyclic photoreaction characteristics with the activation of LOV- and BL-dependent kinase. Truncation of LOV1 decreased the photosensitivity of the kinase activation, which was well explained by the fact that the signaling state lasted for a shorter period of time compared with that of the phot. Small angle x-ray scattering revealed monomeric forms of the proteins in solution and detected BL-dependent conformational changes, suggesting an extension of the global molecular shapes of both samples. Constructed molecular model of full-length phot based on the small angle x-ray scattering data proved the arrangement of LOV1, LOV2, and KD for the first time that showed a tandem arrangement both in the dark and under BL irradiation. The models suggest that LOV1 alters its position relative to LOV2-KD under BL irradiation. This finding demonstrates that LOV1 may interact with LOV2 and modify the photosensitivity of the kinase activation through alteration of the duration of the signaling state in LOV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Okajima
- From the Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
- RIKEN Harima Institute, SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Mikaduki, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yusuke Aihara
- the Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan, and
| | - Yuki Takayama
- RIKEN Harima Institute, SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Mikaduki, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- the Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Mihoko Nakajima
- From the Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kashojiya
- From the Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
- RIKEN Harima Institute, SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Mikaduki, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Takaaki Hikima
- RIKEN Harima Institute, SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Mikaduki, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Oroguchi
- RIKEN Harima Institute, SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Mikaduki, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- the Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Amane Kobayashi
- RIKEN Harima Institute, SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Mikaduki, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- the Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yuki Sekiguchi
- RIKEN Harima Institute, SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Mikaduki, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- the Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Masaki Yamamoto
- RIKEN Harima Institute, SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Mikaduki, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Tomomi Suzuki
- the Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan, and
| | - Akira Nagatani
- the Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan, and
| | - Masayoshi Nakasako
- RIKEN Harima Institute, SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Mikaduki, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- the Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Satoru Tokutomi
- From the Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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Abstract
The plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase is the pump that provides the driving force for transport of numerous solutes in plant cells, and plays an essential role for the growth and maintenance of cell homeostasis. Recent investigations using guard cells with respect to blue-light-induced stomatal opening uncovered the regulatory mechanisms of the H(+)-ATPase, and revealed that the phosphorylation status of penultimate threonine in the C-terminus of H(+)-ATPase is key step for the activity regulation. The same regulatory mechanisms for the H(+)-ATPase were evidenced in hypocotyl elongation in response to ABA and auxin, suggesting that the phosphorylation of the penultimate threonine is a common regulatory mechanism for the H(+)-ATPase. We also present the data that the activity of the H(+)-ATPase limits the plant growth. Typical structure of the H(+)-ATPase in the C-terminus was acquired in the transition of plants from water to the terrestrial land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wang
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya, Japan
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125
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Zhang T, Chen S, Harmon AC. Protein phosphorylation in stomatal movement. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e972845. [PMID: 25482764 PMCID: PMC4622631 DOI: 10.4161/15592316.2014.972845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As research progresses on how guard cells perceive and transduce environmental cues to regulate stomatal movement, plant biologists are discovering key roles of protein phosphorylation. Early research efforts focused on characterization of ion channels and transporters in guard cell hormonal signaling. Subsequent genetic studies identified mutants of kinases and phosphatases that are defective in regulating guard cell ion channel activities, and recently proteins regulated by phosphorylation have been identified. Here we review the essential role of protein phosphorylation in ABA-induced stomatal closure and in blue light-induced stomatal opening. We also highlight evidence for the cross-talk between different pathways, which is mediated by protein phosphorylation.
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Key Words
- AAPK, ABA activated protein kinase
- ABA
- ABA, abscisic acid
- ABI, abscisic acid insensitive
- AHK5, Arabidopsis histidine kinases 5
- AKS, ABA-responsive kinase substrates
- BL, blue light
- BLUS1, blue light signaling1
- CBL, calcineurin-B like proteins
- CIPK, CBL-interacting protein kinase
- CPK, calcium dependent protein kinase
- EPs, epidermal peels
- GCPs, guard cell protoplasts
- GHR1, guard cell hydrogen peroxide-resistant1
- HAB1, homology to ABI1
- HRB1, hypersensitive to red and blue 1
- HXK, hexokinase
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- KAT1, K+ channel in A. thaliana 1
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
- MAP4K, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase
- MPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MeJA, methyl jasmonate
- NO, nitric oxide
- OST1, open stomata 1
- PA, phosphatidic acid
- PHO1, phosphate1
- PP1, protein phosphatase
- PP7, protein phosphatase
- PRSL1, PP1 regulatory subunit2-like protein1
- PTPases, protein tyrosine phosphatases
- QUAC1, quickly-activating anion channel 1
- RBOH, respiratory burst oxidase homolog
- ROS
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SLAC1, slow anion channel-associated 1
- SnRK2.6, sucrose nonfermenting-1 (Snf1)-related protein kinase 2.6
- blue light
- guard cell, ion channel
- kinase
- phosphatase
- protein phosphorylation
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Department of Biology and the University of Florida Genetics Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology and the University of Florida Genetics Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Alice C Harmon
- Department of Biology and the University of Florida Genetics Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
- Correspondence to: Alice C Harmon;
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126
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Brodribb TJ, McAdam SAM. Unique responsiveness of angiosperm stomata to elevated CO2 explained by calcium signalling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82057. [PMID: 24278470 PMCID: PMC3835710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiosperm and conifer tree species respond differently when exposed to elevated CO2, with angiosperms found to dynamically reduce water loss while conifers appear insensitive. Such distinct responses are likely to affect competition between these tree groups as atmospheric CO2 concentration rises. Seeking the mechanism behind this globally important phenomenon we targeted the Ca(2+)-dependent signalling pathway, a mediator of stomatal closure in response to elevated CO2, as a possible explanation for the differentiation of stomatal behaviours. Sampling across the diversity of vascular plants including lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms we show that only angiosperms possess the stomatal behaviour and prerequisite genetic coding, linked to Ca(2+)-dependent stomatal signalling. We conclude that the evolution of Ca(2+)-dependent stomatal signalling gives angiosperms adaptive benefits in terms of highly efficient water use, but that stomatal sensitivity to high CO2 may penalise angiosperm productivity relative to other plant groups in the current era of soaring atmospheric CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Brodribb
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Scott A. M. McAdam
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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