101
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Kou Z, Dai W. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor: Its roles in physiology. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 185:114428. [PMID: 33515530 PMCID: PMC8862184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) was initially discovered as a cellular protein involved in mediating the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds. Extensive research in the past two decades has identified several families of physiological ligands and uncovered important functions of AHR in normal development and homeostasis. Deficiency in AHR expression disrupts major signaling systems and transcriptional programs, which appear to be responsible for the development of numerous developmental abnormalities including cardiac hypertrophy and epidermal hyperplasia. This mini review primarily summarizes recent advances in our understanding of AHR functions in normal physiology with an emphasis on the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, integumentary, nervous, and immunomodulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Kou
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, NY 10010, United States
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, NY 10010, United States.
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102
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Hsu YSO, Lu KL, Fu Y, Wang CW, Lu CW, Lin YF, Chang WC, Yeh KY, Hung SI, Chung WH, Chen CB. The Roles of Immunoregulatory Networks in Severe Drug Hypersensitivity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:597761. [PMID: 33717075 PMCID: PMC7953830 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.597761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulatory effects of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and co-signaling receptors have gained much attention, as they help balance immunogenic and immunotolerant responses that may be disrupted in autoimmune and infectious diseases. Drug hypersensitivity has a myriad of manifestations, which ranges from the mild maculopapular exanthema to the severe Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms/drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DRESS/DIHS). While studies have identified high-risk human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allotypes, the presence of the HLA allotype at risk is not sufficient to elicit drug hypersensitivity. Recent studies have suggested that insufficient regulation by Tregs may play a role in severe hypersensitivity reactions. Furthermore, immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-CTLA-4 or anti-PD-1, in cancer treatment also induce hypersensitivity reactions including SJS/TEN and DRESS/DIHS. Taken together, mechanisms involving both Tregs as well as coinhibitory and costimulatory receptors may be crucial in the pathogenesis of drug hypersensitivity. In this review, we summarize the currently implicated roles of co-signaling receptors and Tregs in delayed-type drug hypersensitivity in the hope of identifying potential pharmacologic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Shiuan Olivia Hsu
- Department of Medical Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Lin Lu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yun Fu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chuang-Wei Wang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Lu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fen Lin
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Chang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yun Yeh
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Shuen-Iu Hung
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Chung
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou, Taiwan
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tsinghua Chang Gung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Dermatology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Bing Chen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou, Taiwan
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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103
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Amini L, Greig J, Schmueck-Henneresse M, Volk HD, Bézie S, Reinke P, Guillonneau C, Wagner DL, Anegon I. Super-Treg: Toward a New Era of Adoptive Treg Therapy Enabled by Genetic Modifications. Front Immunol 2021; 11:611638. [PMID: 33717052 PMCID: PMC7945682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.611638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory Tcells (Treg) are essential components of peripheral immune homeostasis. Adoptive Treg cell therapy has shown efficacy in a variety of immune-mediated diseases in preclinical studies and is now moving from phase I/IIa to larger phase II studies aiming to demonstrate efficacy. However, hurdles such as in vivo stability and efficacy remain to be addressed. Nevertheless, preclinical models have shown that Treg function and specificity can be increased by pharmacological substances or gene modifications, and even that conventional T cells can be converted to Treg potentially providing new sources of Treg and facilitating Treg cell therapy. The exponential growth in genetic engineering techniques and their application to T cells coupled to a large body of knowledge on Treg open numerous opportunities to generate Treg with "superpowers". This review summarizes the genetic engineering techniques available and their applications for the next-generation of Super-Treg with increased function, stability, redirected specificity and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Amini
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) and Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jenny Greig
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Michael Schmueck-Henneresse
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) and Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) and Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Séverine Bézie
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Petra Reinke
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) and Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Carole Guillonneau
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Dimitrios L. Wagner
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) and Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
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104
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Zhang J, Xu Q, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Luo H, Lin X, He X, Mou Y, Zhou Z, He Z. High preoperative albumin-bilirubin score predicts poor survival in patients with newly diagnosed high-grade gliomas. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101038. [PMID: 33596518 PMCID: PMC7893483 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prognostic value of the preoperative Albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) score in high-grade glioma (HGG) patients. METHODS A retrospective study of 194 HGG patients was conducted. ROC analysis was used to determine the optimal cut-off value of ALBI score. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to identify prognostic factors associated with progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). The resulting prognostic models were externally validated by a demographic-matched cohort of 130 HGG patients. RESULTS Optimal cutoff value of ALBI score was -2.941. In training set, ALBI was correlated with age (P = 0.001), tumor location (P = 0.012) and adjuvant therapy (P = 0.016). Both PFS (8.27 vs. 18.40 months, P<0.001) and OS (13.93 vs. 27.57 months, P<0.001) were significantly worse in the ALBI-high group. Strikingly, patients in ALBI-low group had 56% decrease in the risk of tumor progression and 57% decrease in the risk of death relative to high ALBI. Multivariate analysis further identified ALBI score as an independent predictor for both PFS (HR=0.47, 95% CI 0.34, 0.66) and OS (HR=0.45, 95% CI 0.32, 0.63). The ALBI score remained independent prognostic value in the validation set for both PFS (P = 0.01) and OS (P = 0.007). Patients with low ALBI score had better PFS and OS in all subgroups by tumor grade and treatment modalities. CONCLUSIONS The preoperative ALBI score is a noninvasive and valuable prognostic marker for HGG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Qiuyan Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Yihong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Huidan Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Xingqin He
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Yonggao Mou
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Zhihuan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Zhenqiang He
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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105
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Maschmeyer P, Heinz GA, Skopnik CM, Lutter L, Mazzoni A, Heinrich F, von Stuckrad SL, Wirth LE, Tran CL, Riedel R, Lehmann K, Sakwa I, Cimaz R, Giudici F, Mall MA, Enghard P, Vastert B, Chang HD, Durek P, Annunziato F, van Wijk F, Radbruch A, Kallinich T, Mashreghi MF. Antigen-driven PD-1 + TOX + BHLHE40 + and PD-1 + TOX + EOMES + T lymphocytes regulate juvenile idiopathic arthritis in situ. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:915-929. [PMID: 33296081 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes accumulate in inflamed tissues of patients with chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs) and express pro-inflammatory cytokines upon re-stimulation in vitro. Further, a significant genetic linkage to MHC genes suggests that T lymphocytes play an important role in the pathogenesis of CIDs including juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). However, the functions of T lymphocytes in established disease remain elusive. Here we dissect the transcriptional and the clonal heterogeneity of synovial T lymphocytes in JIA patients by single-cell RNA sequencing combined with T cell receptor profiling on the same cells. We identify clonally expanded subpopulations of T lymphocytes expressing genes reflecting recent activation by antigen in situ. A PD-1+ TOX+ EOMES+ population of CD4+ T lymphocytes expressed immune regulatory genes and chemoattractant genes for myeloid cells. A PD-1+ TOX+ BHLHE40+ population of CD4+ , and a mirror population of CD8+ T lymphocytes expressed genes driving inflammation, and genes supporting B lymphocyte activation in situ. This analysis points out that multiple types of T lymphocytes have to be targeted for therapeutic regeneration of tolerance in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Maschmeyer
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gitta Anne Heinz
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher Mark Skopnik
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisanne Lutter
- Center for Translational Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Frederik Heinrich
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sae Lim von Stuckrad
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin SPZ (Center for Chronically Sick Children), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenz Elias Wirth
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cam Loan Tran
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - René Riedel
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Lehmann
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Imme Sakwa
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolando Cimaz
- Anna Meyer Children's Hospital and University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Giudici
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marcus Alexander Mall
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Enghard
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bas Vastert
- Center for Translational Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hyun-Dong Chang
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Durek
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany.,BCRT/DRFZ Single-Cell Laboratory for Advanced Cellular Therapies - Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Femke van Wijk
- Center for Translational Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilmann Kallinich
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mir-Farzin Mashreghi
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany.,BCRT/DRFZ Single-Cell Laboratory for Advanced Cellular Therapies - Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany
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106
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Barroso A, Mahler JV, Fonseca-Castro PH, Quintana FJ. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor and the gut-brain axis. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:259-268. [PMID: 33408340 PMCID: PMC8027889 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00585-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor initially identified as the receptor for dioxin. Almost half a century after its discovery, AHR is now recognized as a receptor for multiple physiological ligands, with important roles in health and disease. In this review, we discuss the role of AHR in the gut-brain axis and its potential value as a therapeutic target for immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Barroso
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - João Vitor Mahler
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Fonseca-Castro
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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107
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Han C, Zhang A, Liu Z, Moore C, Fu YX. Small molecular drugs reshape tumor microenvironment to synergize with immunotherapy. Oncogene 2021; 40:885-898. [PMID: 33288883 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), especially anti-programmed death 1 (anti-PD-1) and anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1) therapy, has become an increasingly appealing therapeutic strategy for cancer patients. However, only a small portion of patients responds to anti-PD treatment. Therefore, treatment strategies are urgently needed to reverse the ICB-resistant tumor microenvironment (TME). It has become clear that the TME has diminished innate sensing that is critical to activate adaptive immunity. In addition, tumor cells upregulate various immunosuppressive factors to diminish the immune response and resist immunotherapy. In this review, we briefly update the current small molecular drugs that could synergize with immunotherapy, especially anti-PD therapy. We will discuss the modes of action by those drugs including inducing innate sensing and limiting immunosuppressive factors in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhui Han
- The Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Anli Zhang
- The Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zhida Liu
- The Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Casey Moore
- The Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- The Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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108
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Savio LEB, Robson SC, Longhi MS. Ectonucleotidase Modulation of Lymphocyte Function in Gut and Liver. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:621760. [PMID: 33553158 PMCID: PMC7859358 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.621760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Imbalance between regulatory and effector T lymphocytes contributes to loss of immunotolerance and plays a permissive role in the initiation, perpetuation, and progression of chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmune disorders. Regulatory/effector cell balance is governed by the CD39 ectonucleotidase, the prototype member of the NTPDase family that hydrolyzes ATP and ADP into AMP, subsequently converted into adenosine by CD73. Generation of adenosine impacts T-cell function as it contributes to the mechanism of suppression of Tregs and confers regulatory properties to pathogenic Th17-cells. CD39 cell distribution, mechanism of regulation and impact on inflammatory and regulatory signaling pathways are also discussed here. Innovative therapeutic strategies to boost CD39 levels and activity by either administering soluble ADPases or interfering with CD39 inhibitory signals are reviewed. Restoration of CD39 levels and function has enormous translational and clinical implications and should be regarded as an additional form of treatment to be deployed in the chronic inflammatory setting. The key role of CD39 in immunoregulation in the context of Crohn's disease, one of the most frequent manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease, and autoimmune hepatitis, an autoimmune disorder of the liver, is reviewed and discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Simon C Robson
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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109
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Correale J. Immunosuppressive Amino-Acid Catabolizing Enzymes in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:600428. [PMID: 33552055 PMCID: PMC7855700 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.600428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease that affects the central nervous system. Although the pathogenesis of MS is not yet fully elucidated, several evidences suggest that autoimmune processes mediated by Th1, Th17, and B cells play an important role in the development of the disease. Similar to other cells, immune cells need continuous access to amino acids (AA) in order to maintain basal metabolism and maintain vitality. When immune cells are activated by inflammation or antigenic signals, their demand for AA increases rapidly. Although AA deprivation itself may weaken the immune response under certain conditions, cells also have AA sensitive pathways that can activate intense alterations in cell metabolism based on changes in AA levels. Several data indicate that cells expressing enzymes that can degrade AA can regulate the functions of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes, revealing that the AA pathways are essential for controlling the function, and survival of immune cells, as well as immune cell gene expression. Basal AA catabolism may contribute to immune homeostasis and prevent autoimmunity, while increased AA catalytic activity may enhance immune suppression. In addition, there is increasing evidence that some downstream AA metabolites are important biological mediators of autoimmune response regulation. Two of the most important AA that modulate the immune response are L-Tryptophan (Trp) and L-Arginine (Arg). Tryptophan is catabolized through 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) 1 and IDO2 enzymes, while three other enzymes catabolize Arg: inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS), and two arginase isoforms (ARG1, ARG2). Genes encoding IDO, iNOS and ARG are induced by inflammatory cues such as cytokines, a key feature that distinguishes them from enzymes that catabolize other AA. Evidence suggests that AA catabolism is decreased in MS patients and that this decrease has functional consequences, increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreasing Treg cell numbers. These effects are mediated by at least two distinct pathways involving serine/threonine kinases: the general control nonderepressible 2 kinase (GCN2K) pathway; and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Similarly, IDO1-deficient mice showed exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), increased Th1 and Th17 cells, and decreased Treg cells. On the contrary, the administration of downstream Trp metabolite 3-HAA, inhibits Th1/Th17 effector cells and promotes Treg response by up-regulating TGF-β production by dendritic cells, thereby improving EAE. Collectively, these observations stand out the significance of AA catabolism in the regulation of the immune responses in MS patients. The molecules related to these pathways deserve further exploration as potential new therapeutic targets in MS.
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Guo J, Mu D, Han Y. [Research Progress on the Mechanism and Clinical Data of Cereblon
in Reversing the Resistance of Lung Cancer to PD-1 Antibody by T cells]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2021; 24:49-55. [PMID: 33478191 PMCID: PMC7849032 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2020.102.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) is a membrance-spanning protein mostly expressed in the T cell, and combines with programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in the targeting cell. When binding to the ligand on tumor cells, PD-1 as an immunosuppressive molecule, can inhibit the immune function of T cells, thus tumor immune escape. For example, depletion of peripheral effector T cell and accelerate the transformation of effector T cells into regulator T cells. To solve this problem, PD-1 antibody is used to bind to PD-1 on T cells to inhibit the interaction between PD-1 on the T cells and PD-L1 on the tumor cells so that it can restore the function of T cells to kill tumor cell. PD-1 antibodies, such as Nivolumab and Pembrolizumb, are approved as a first-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cell cancer. However, due to the interaction of tumor cells, T cells and cytokines, some patients developed drug resistance which reduces the efficacy of immunotherapy. Hence, how to overcome resistance has become a urgent problem. Cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor of the DDB1-cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex and the only known molecular receptor of immunoregulatory drugs, has been found to reverse PD-1 antibody resistance by binding to CRBN regulatory agents (CMS), exert T cell immune function by regulating proliferation, activation and metabolism of T cell. In this paper, the mechanism of down-regulation of T cells leading to resistance of PD-1 antibody in lung cancer, the mechanism of CRBN regulating T cells, and research progress of CRBN regulator in the treatment of lung cancer were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Guo
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin Medicial University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Di Mu
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin Medicial University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Ying Han
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin Medicial University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medicial University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
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111
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Longhi MS, Feng L, Robson SC. Targeting ectonucleotidases to treat inflammation and halt cancer development in the gut. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 187:114417. [PMID: 33460629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
CD39 and CD73 control cell immunity by hydrolyzing proinflammatory ATP and ADP (CD39) into AMP, subsequently converted into anti-inflammatory adenosine (CD73). By regulating the balance between effector and regulatory cells, these ectonucleotidases promote immune homeostasis in acute and chronic inflammation; while also appearing to limit antitumor effector immunity in gut cancer. This manuscript focuses on the pivotal role of CD39 and CD73 ectonucleotidase function in shaping immune responses in the gut. We focus on those mechanisms deployed by these critical and pivotal ectoenzymes and the regulation in the setting of gastrointestinal tract infections, inflammatory bowel disease and tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. We will highlight translational and clinical implications of the latest and most innovative basic research discoveries of these important players of the purinergic signaling. Immunotherapeutic strategies that have been developed to either boost or control ectonucleotidase expression and activity in important disease settings are also reviewed and the in vivo effects discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Serena Longhi
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, 02215 Boston, USA.
| | - Lili Feng
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, 02215 Boston, USA; Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Simon C Robson
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, 02215 Boston, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, 02215 Boston, USA.
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The Landscape of AhR Regulators and Coregulators to Fine-Tune AhR Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020757. [PMID: 33451129 PMCID: PMC7828596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates numerous cellular responses. Originally investigated in toxicology because of its ability to bind environmental contaminants, AhR has attracted enormous attention in the field of immunology in the last 20 years. In addition, the discovery of endogenous and plant-derived ligands points to AhR also having a crucial role in normal cell physiology. Thus, AhR is emerging as a promiscuous receptor that can mediate either toxic or physiologic effects upon sensing multiple exogenous and endogenous molecules. Within this scenario, several factors appear to contribute to the outcome of gene transcriptional regulation by AhR, including the nature of the ligand as such and its further metabolism by AhR-induced enzymes, the local tissue microenvironment, and the presence of coregulators or specific transcription factors in the cell. Here, we review the current knowledge on the array of transcription factors and coregulators that, by interacting with AhR, tune its transcriptional activity in response to endogenous and exogenous ligands.
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Leclerc D, Staats Pires AC, Guillemin GJ, Gilot D. Detrimental activation of AhR pathway in cancer: an overview of therapeutic strategies. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 70:15-26. [PMID: 33429228 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sustained transcriptional activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) promotes tumour growth and impairs the immune defence, at least for cutaneous melanoma and glioma. AhR ligands are produced by the tumour microenvironment (TME) and by the tumour itself (intracrine). The recent identification of interleukin-4-induced-1 (IL4I1), a parallel pathway to indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1)/ tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), and its ability to generate AhR ligands, confirms that a complete inhibition of AhR ligand production might be difficult to reach. Here, we have focused on recent discoveries explaining the large varieties of AhR ligands and the functional consequences in terms of cancer cell plasticity and consecutive therapy resistance. We also examined therapeutic strategies targeting the AhR signalling pathway and their possible adverse effects. Since the end of 2019, two phase I clinical trials have investigated the ability of the AhR antagonist to 'reset' the immune system and re-sensitize the cancer cells to therapies by preventing their dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Leclerc
- Inserm U1242, Université de Rennes, France, Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Ananda Christina Staats Pires
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Gilot
- Inserm U1242, Université de Rennes, France, Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.
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Schjenken JE, Green ES, Overduin TS, Mah CY, Russell DL, Robertson SA. Endocrine Disruptor Compounds-A Cause of Impaired Immune Tolerance Driving Inflammatory Disorders of Pregnancy? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:607539. [PMID: 33912131 PMCID: PMC8072457 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.607539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are prevalent and ubiquitous in our environment and have substantial potential to compromise human and animal health. Amongst the chronic health conditions associated with EDC exposure, dysregulation of reproductive function in both females and males is prominent. Human epidemiological studies demonstrate links between EDC exposure and infertility, as well as gestational disorders including miscarriage, fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia, and preterm birth. Animal experiments show EDCs administered during gestation, or to either parent prior to conception, can interfere with gamete quality, embryo implantation, and placental and fetal development, with consequences for offspring viability and health. It has been presumed that EDCs operate principally through disrupting hormone-regulated events in reproduction and fetal development, but EDC effects on maternal immune receptivity to pregnancy are also implicated. EDCs can modulate both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, to alter inflammatory responses, and interfere with generation of regulatory T (Treg) cells that are critical for pregnancy tolerance. Effects of EDCs on immune cells are complex and likely exerted by both steroid hormone-dependent and hormone-independent pathways. Thus, to better understand how EDCs impact reproduction and pregnancy, it is imperative to consider how immune-mediated mechanisms are affected by EDCs. This review will describe evidence that several EDCs modify elements of the immune response relevant to pregnancy, and will discuss the potential for EDCs to disrupt immune tolerance required for robust placentation and optimal fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Schjenken
- Adelaide Medical School and The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Discipline of Biological Sciences, The Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights and the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Ella S. Green
- Adelaide Medical School and The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tenuis S. Overduin
- Adelaide Medical School and The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Chui Yan Mah
- Adelaide Medical School and The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Darryl L. Russell
- Adelaide Medical School and The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sarah A. Robertson
- Adelaide Medical School and The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Sarah A. Robertson,
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115
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Vuerich M, Harshe R, Frank LA, Mukherjee S, Gromova B, Csizmadia E, Nasser IAM, Ma Y, Bonder A, Patwardhan V, Robson SC, Longhi MS. Altered aryl-hydrocarbon-receptor signalling affects regulatory and effector cell immunity in autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 2021; 74:48-57. [PMID: 32663496 PMCID: PMC7749856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), the imbalance between regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T-helper type 17 (Th17) cells has been linked to low levels of CD39, an ectoenzyme that hydrolyses ATP, ultimately generating immunosuppressive adenosine. Upregulation of CD39 results from activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), which mediates toxin responses to modulate T-cell immunity. In this study, we investigated whether altered AHR signalling underlies defective CD39 expression and function in AIH Tregs and Th17 cells, therefore contributing to regulatory/effector cell imbalance. METHODS Tregs and Th17 cells, obtained from the peripheral blood of 49 patients with AIH and 21 healthy individuals (HI), were tested for response to endogenous and exogenous AHR ligands. RESULTS When compared to those of HI, AIH-derived Tregs and Th17 cells displayed impaired responses to AHR activation, reflected by impaired upregulation of CD39, delayed increase in ectoenzymatic activity, and defective Treg suppressive function. These impairments resulted, at least in part, from heightened levels of AHRR and Erα in Tregs and high HIF-1α in Th17 cells, and were reverted upon molecular blockade. Importantly, in AIH-derived Tregs, the binding affinity of AHR was higher for Erα than ARNT. CONCLUSIONS In AIH, high levels of AHRR and HIF-1α inhibit AHR signalling in Tregs and Th17 cells. AHR non-canonical binding to Erα further amplifies the lack of effective CD39 upregulation. Blockade of these inhibitory and/or non-canonical activation pathways represents a potential therapeutic approach to restore CD39 and immunohomeostasis in AIH. LAY SUMMARY In patients with autoimmune hepatitis, the imbalance between regulatory T cells and T helper type-17 cells is linked to dysfunction of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway, resulting from aberrant inhibition or non-canonical activation. These alterations impair Treg- and Th17 cell-induced upregulation of CD39, an ectoenzyme key to immunoregulation. Blockade of excessive inhibition or non-canonical activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway might represent a novel therapeutic strategy to control inflammation while restoring immune balance in autoimmune hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vuerich
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rasika Harshe
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Luiza Abrahão Frank
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Samiran Mukherjee
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Barbora Gromova
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Imad AM Nasser
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yun Ma
- Institute of Liver Studies, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Liver Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Bonder
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Vilas Patwardhan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Simon C. Robson
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Tsaktanis T, Beyer T, Nirschl L, Linnerbauer M, Grummel V, Bussas M, Tjon E, Mühlau M, Korn T, Hemmer B, Quintana FJ, Rothhammer V. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Plasma Agonist Activity Correlates With Disease Activity in Progressive MS. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2020; 8:8/2/e933. [PMID: 33361385 PMCID: PMC7768947 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationship between serum aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonistic activity levels with disease severity, its modulation over the course of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), and its regulation in progressive MS (PMS) are unknown. Here, we report the analysis of AHR agonistic activity levels in cross-sectional and longitudinal serum samples of patients with RRMS and PMS. METHODS In a cross-sectional investigation, a total of 36 control patients diagnosed with noninflammatory diseases, 84 patients with RRMS, 35 patients with secondary progressive MS (SPMS), and 41 patients with primary progressive MS (PPMS) were included in this study. AHR activity was measured in a cell-based luciferase assay and correlated with age, sex, the presence of disease-modifying therapies, Expanded Disability Status Scale scores, and disease duration. In a second longitudinal investigation, we analyzed AHR activity in 13 patients diagnosed with RRMS over a period from 4 to 10 years and correlated AHR agonistic activity with white matter atrophy and lesion load volume changes. RESULTS In RRMS, AHR ligand levels were globally decreased and associated with disease duration and neurologic disability. In SPMS and PPMS, serum AHR agonistic activity was decreased and correlated with disease severity. Finally, in longitudinal serum samples of patients with RRMS, decreased AHR agonistic activity was linked to progressive CNS atrophy and increased lesion load. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that serum AHR agonist levels negatively correlate with disability in RRMS and PMS and decrease longitudinally in correlation with MRI markers of disease progression. Thus, serum AHR agonistic activity may serve as novel biomarker for disability progression in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanos Tsaktanis
- From the Department of Neurology (T.T., T.B., L.N., M.L., V.G., M.B., M.M., T.K., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neurology (T.T., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.K., B.H.), Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (E.T., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and TUM-Neuroimaging Center (M.B., M.M.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Tobias Beyer
- From the Department of Neurology (T.T., T.B., L.N., M.L., V.G., M.B., M.M., T.K., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neurology (T.T., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.K., B.H.), Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (E.T., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and TUM-Neuroimaging Center (M.B., M.M.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Lucy Nirschl
- From the Department of Neurology (T.T., T.B., L.N., M.L., V.G., M.B., M.M., T.K., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neurology (T.T., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.K., B.H.), Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (E.T., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and TUM-Neuroimaging Center (M.B., M.M.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Mathias Linnerbauer
- From the Department of Neurology (T.T., T.B., L.N., M.L., V.G., M.B., M.M., T.K., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neurology (T.T., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.K., B.H.), Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (E.T., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and TUM-Neuroimaging Center (M.B., M.M.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Verena Grummel
- From the Department of Neurology (T.T., T.B., L.N., M.L., V.G., M.B., M.M., T.K., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neurology (T.T., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.K., B.H.), Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (E.T., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and TUM-Neuroimaging Center (M.B., M.M.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Mathias Bussas
- From the Department of Neurology (T.T., T.B., L.N., M.L., V.G., M.B., M.M., T.K., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neurology (T.T., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.K., B.H.), Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (E.T., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and TUM-Neuroimaging Center (M.B., M.M.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Emily Tjon
- From the Department of Neurology (T.T., T.B., L.N., M.L., V.G., M.B., M.M., T.K., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neurology (T.T., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.K., B.H.), Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (E.T., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and TUM-Neuroimaging Center (M.B., M.M.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Mark Mühlau
- From the Department of Neurology (T.T., T.B., L.N., M.L., V.G., M.B., M.M., T.K., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neurology (T.T., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.K., B.H.), Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (E.T., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and TUM-Neuroimaging Center (M.B., M.M.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Thomas Korn
- From the Department of Neurology (T.T., T.B., L.N., M.L., V.G., M.B., M.M., T.K., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neurology (T.T., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.K., B.H.), Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (E.T., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and TUM-Neuroimaging Center (M.B., M.M.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- From the Department of Neurology (T.T., T.B., L.N., M.L., V.G., M.B., M.M., T.K., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neurology (T.T., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.K., B.H.), Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (E.T., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and TUM-Neuroimaging Center (M.B., M.M.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- From the Department of Neurology (T.T., T.B., L.N., M.L., V.G., M.B., M.M., T.K., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neurology (T.T., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.K., B.H.), Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (E.T., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and TUM-Neuroimaging Center (M.B., M.M.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Veit Rothhammer
- From the Department of Neurology (T.T., T.B., L.N., M.L., V.G., M.B., M.M., T.K., B.H., V.R.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neurology (T.T., V.R.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.K., B.H.), Germany; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (E.T., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA; and TUM-Neuroimaging Center (M.B., M.M.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany.
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117
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Read KA, Jones DM, Freud AG, Oestreich KJ. Established and emergent roles for Ikaros transcription factors in lymphoid cell development and function. Immunol Rev 2020; 300:82-99. [PMID: 33331000 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ikaros zinc finger transcription factors are important regulators of the gene programs underlying the development of hematopoietic cell lineages. The family consists of five members: Ikaros, Helios, Aiolos, Eos, and Pegasus, which engage in both homo- and heterotypic intrafamilial interactions to exert diverse functional effects. Pioneering studies focused on the role of these factors in early lymphoid development, as their absence resulted in severe defects in lymphocyte populations. More recent work has now begun to define nuanced, stage-specific roles for Ikaros family members in the differentiation and function of mature T, B, and innate lymphoid cell populations including natural killer (NK) cells. The precise transcriptional mechanisms by which these factors function, both independently and collaboratively, is an area of active investigation. However, several key themes appear to be emerging regarding the pathways influenced by Ikaros family members, including the end-to-end regulation of cytokine signaling. Here, we review roles for Ikaros factors in lymphoid cell development, differentiation, and function, including a discussion of the current understanding of the transcriptional mechanisms they employ and considerations for the future study of this important transcription factor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin A Read
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Devin M Jones
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Aharon G Freud
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kenneth J Oestreich
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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118
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Chaudhary A, Bag S, Arora N, Radhakrishnan VS, Mishra D, Mukherjee G. Hypoxic Transformation of Immune Cell Metabolism Within the Microenvironment of Oral Cancers. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2020; 1:585710. [PMID: 35047983 PMCID: PMC8757756 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2020.585710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) includes tumors of the lips, tongue, gingivobuccal complex, and floor of the mouth. Prognosis for OSCC is highly heterogeneous, with overall 5-year survival of ~50%, but median survival of just 8-10 months for patients with locoregional recurrence or metastatic disease. A key feature of OSCC is microenvironmental oxygen depletion due to rapid growth of constituent tumor cells, which triggers hypoxia-associated signaling events and metabolic adaptations that influence subsequent tumor progression. Better understanding of leukocyte responses to tissue hypoxia and onco-metabolite expression under low-oxygen conditions will therefore be essential to develop more effective methods of diagnosing and treating patients with OSCC. This review assesses recent literature on metabolic reprogramming, redox homeostasis, and associated signaling pathways that mediate crosstalk of OSCC with immune cells in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. The likely functional consequences of this metabolic interface between oxygen-starved OSCC and infiltrating leukocytes are also discussed. The hypoxic microenvironment of OSCC modifies redox signaling and alters the metabolic profile of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Improved understanding of heterotypic interactions between host leukocytes, tumor cells, and hypoxia-induced onco-metabolites will inform the development of novel theranostic strategies for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Chaudhary
- Department of Histopathology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Swarnendu Bag
- Department of Histopathology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Neeraj Arora
- Department of Laboratory Hematology and Molecular Genetics, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Deepak Mishra
- Department of Laboratory Hematology and Molecular Genetics, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
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119
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Kenison JE, Jhaveri A, Li Z, Khadse N, Tjon E, Tezza S, Nowakowska D, Plasencia A, Stanton VP, Sherr DH, Quintana FJ. Tolerogenic nanoparticles suppress central nervous system inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32017-32028. [PMID: 33239445 PMCID: PMC7749362 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016451117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches for the induction of immune tolerance remain an unmet clinical need for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Based on its role in the control of the immune response, the ligand-activated transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a candidate target for novel immunotherapies. Here, we report the development of AhR-activating nanoliposomes (NLPs) to induce antigen-specific tolerance. NLPs loaded with the AhR agonist ITE and a T cell epitope from myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 induced tolerogenic dendritic cells and suppressed the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a preclinical model of MS, in preventive and therapeutic setups. EAE suppression was associated with the expansion of MOG35-55-specific FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) and type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1 cells), concomitant with a reduction in central nervous system-infiltrating effector T cells (Teff cells). Notably, NLPs induced bystander suppression in the EAE model established in C57BL/6 × SJL F1 mice. Moreover, NLPs ameliorated chronic progressive EAE in nonobese diabetic mice, a model which resembles some aspects of secondary progressive MS. In summary, these studies describe a platform for the therapeutic induction of antigen-specific tolerance in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Kenison
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118
| | | | - Zhaorong Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Emily Tjon
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | | | | | | | - David H Sherr
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142
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120
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Ehrlich AM, Pacheco AR, Henrick BM, Taft D, Xu G, Huda MN, Mishchuk D, Goodson ML, Slupsky C, Barile D, Lebrilla CB, Stephensen CB, Mills DA, Raybould HE. Indole-3-lactic acid associated with Bifidobacterium-dominated microbiota significantly decreases inflammation in intestinal epithelial cells. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:357. [PMID: 33225894 PMCID: PMC7681996 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) is a commensal bacterium that colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of breast-fed infants. B. infantis can efficiently utilize the abundant supply of oligosaccharides found in human milk (HMO) to help establish residence. We hypothesized that metabolites from B. infantis grown on HMO produce a beneficial effect on the host. Results In a previous study, we demonstrated that B. infantis routinely dominated the fecal microbiota of a breast fed Bangladeshi infant cohort (1). Characterization of the fecal metabolome of binned samples representing high and low B. infantis populations from this cohort revealed higher amounts of the tryptophan metabolite indole-3-lactic acid (ILA) in feces with high levels of B. infantis. Further in vitro analysis confirmed that B. infantis produced significantly greater quantities of the ILA when grown on HMO versus lactose, suggesting a growth substrate relationship to ILA production. The direct effects of ILA were assessed in a macrophage cell line and intestinal epithelial cell lines. ILA (1-10 mM) significantly attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of NF-kB in macrophages. ILA significantly attenuated TNF-α- and LPS-induced increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 in intestinal epithelial cells. ILA increased mRNA expression of the aryl hydrogen receptor (AhR)-target gene CYP1A1 and nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2)-targeted genes glutathione reductase 2 (GPX2), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and NAD(P) H dehydrogenase (NQO1). Pretreatment with either the AhR antagonist or Nrf-2 antagonist inhibited the response of ILA on downstream effectors. Conclusions These findings suggest that ILA, a predominant metabolite from B. infantis grown on HMO and elevated in infant stool high in B. infantis, and protects gut epithelial cells in culture via activation of the AhR and Nrf2 pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-020-02023-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Ehrlich
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alline R Pacheco
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, University of CA, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bethany M Henrick
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, University of CA, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Diana Taft
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, University of CA, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Gege Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M Nazmul Huda
- Enteric and Respiratory Infections Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,US Department of Agriculture, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Darya Mishchuk
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of CA, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michael L Goodson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Carolyn Slupsky
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of CA, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Barile
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, University of CA, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Charles B Stephensen
- US Department of Agriculture, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David A Mills
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, University of CA, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Helen E Raybould
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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121
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The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Asthma: Friend or Foe? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228797. [PMID: 33233810 PMCID: PMC7699852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that has emerged as an important player in asthma control. AhR is responsive to environmental molecules and endogenous or dietary metabolites and regulates innate and adaptive immune responses. Binding of this receptor by different ligands has led to seemingly opposite responses in different asthma models. In this review, we present two sides of the same coin, with the beneficial and deleterious roles of AhR evaluated using known endogenous or exogenous ligands, deficient mice or antagonists. On one hand, AhR has an anti-inflammatory role since its activation in dendritic cells blocks the generation of pro-inflammatory T cells or shifts macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. On the other hand, AhR activation by particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the environment is pro-inflammatory, inducing mucus hypersecretion, airway remodelling, dysregulation of antigen presenting cells and exacerbates asthma features. Data concerning the role of AhR in cells from asthmatic patients are also reviewed, since AhR could represent a potential target for therapeutic immunomodulation.
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122
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Endogenous antisense RNA curbs CD39 expression in Crohn's disease. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5894. [PMID: 33208731 PMCID: PMC7676266 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19692-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD39 is an ectonucleotidase that initiates conversion of extracellular nucleotides into immunosuppressive adenosine. CD39 is expressed by regulatory T (Treg)-cells, where it mediates immunosuppression, and by a subset of T-helper (Th) 17-cells, where it limits pathogenicity. CD39 is regulated via single-nucleotide-polymorphisms and upon activation of aryl-hydrocarbon-receptor and oxygen-mediated pathways. Here we report a mechanism of CD39 regulation that relies on the presence of an endogenous antisense RNA, transcribed from the 3′-end of the human CD39/ENTPD1 gene. CD39-specific antisense is increased in Treg and Th17-cells of Crohn’s disease patients over controls. It largely localizes in the cell nucleus and regulates CD39 by interacting with nucleolin and heterogeneous-nuclear-ribonucleoprotein-A1. Antisense silencing results in CD39 upregulation in vitro and amelioration of disease activity in a trinitro-benzene-sulfonic-acid model of colitis in humanized NOD/scid/gamma mice. Inhibition/blockade of antisense might represent a therapeutic strategy to restore CD39 along with immunohomeostasis in Crohn’s disease. CD39 is an ectonucleotidase associated with immunoregulatory function. Here authors show regulation of CD39 expression by an endogenous antisense RNA moiety transcribed from the 3‘ end of CD39/ENTPD1 which when itself is silenced results in amelioration of pathology in an animal model of colitis.
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123
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Cerboni S, Gehrmann U, Preite S, Mitra S. Cytokine-regulated Th17 plasticity in human health and diseases. Immunology 2020; 163:3-18. [PMID: 33064842 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon activation, naïve CD4+ T helper (Th) cells differentiate into distinct Th effector cell lineages depending on the local cytokine environment. However, these polarized Th cells can also adapt their function and phenotype depending on the changing cytokine environment, demonstrating functional plasticity. Here, Th17 cells, which play a critical role in host protection from extracellular pathogens and in autoimmune disorders, are of particular interest. While being able to shift phenotype within their lineage, Th17 cells can also acquire characteristics of Th1, Th2, T follicular helper (Tfh) or regulatory T cells. Th17 cell identity is determined by a spectrum of extracellular signals, including cytokines, which are critical orchestrators of cellular immune responses. Cytokine induces changes in epigenetic, transcriptional, translational and metabolomic parameters. How these signals are integrated to determine Th17 plasticity is not well defined, yet this is a crucial point of investigation as it represents a potential target to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The goal of this review was to discuss how cytokines regulate intracellular networks, focusing on the regulation of lineage-specific transcription factors, chromatin remodelling and metabolism, to control human Th17 cell plasticity. We discuss the importance of Th17 plasticity in autoimmunity and cancer and present current strategies and challenges in targeting pathogenic Th17 cells with cytokine-based approaches, considering human genetic variants associated with altered Th17 differentiation. Finally, we discuss how modulating Th17 plasticity rather than targeting the Th17 lineage as a whole might preserve its essential immune function while purging its adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cerboni
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf Gehrmann
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Silvia Preite
- Bioscience, In vivo, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology (R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Suman Mitra
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut pour la Recherche contre le Cancer de Lille, UMR9020 - UMR-S 1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
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124
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Methe K, Nayakawde NB, Banerjee D, Sihlbom C, Agbajogu C, Travnikova G, Olausson M. Differential Activation of Immune Cells for Genetically Different Decellularized Cardiac Tissues. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26:1180-1198. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ketaki Methe
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nikhil B. Nayakawde
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Debashish Banerjee
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Sihlbom
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Galyna Travnikova
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Olausson
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Transplantation Surgery at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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125
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Parasar B, Chang PV. Engineered Th17 Cell Differentiation Using a Photoactivatable Immune Modulator. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18103-18108. [PMID: 32975936 PMCID: PMC11100974 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells, an important subset of CD4+ T cells, help to eliminate extracellular infectious pathogens that have invaded our tissues. Despite the critical roles of Th17 cells in immunity, how the immune system regulates the production and maintenance of this cell type remains poorly understood. In particular, the plasticity of these cells or their dynamic ability to trans-differentiate into other CD4+ T cell subsets remains mostly uncharacterized. Here, we report a synthetic immunology approach using a photoactivatable immune modulator (PIM) to increase Th17 cell differentiation on demand with spatial and temporal precision to help elucidate this important and dynamic process. In this chemical strategy, we developed a latent agonist that upon photochemical activation releases a small-molecule ligand that targets the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and ultimately induces Th17 cell differentiation. We used this chemical tool to control AhR activation with spatiotemporal precision within cells and to modulate Th17 cell differentiation on demand using UV light illumination. We envision that this approach will enable an understanding of the dynamic functions and behaviors of Th17 cells in vivo during immune responses and in mouse models of inflammatory disease.
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126
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Park R, Madhavaram S, Ji JD. The Role of Aryl-Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) in Osteoclast Differentiation and Function. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102294. [PMID: 33066667 PMCID: PMC7602422 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays a crucial role in bone remodeling through altering the interplay between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. While effects of AhR signaling in osteoblasts are well understood, the role and mechanism of AhR signaling in regulating osteoclastogenesis is not widely understood. AhR, when binding with exogenous ligands (environmental pollutants such as polycylic aryl hydrocarbon (PAH), dioxins) or endogenous ligand indoxyl-sulfate (IS), has dual functions that are mediated by the nature of the binding ligand, binding time, and specific pathways of distinct ligands. In this review, AhR is discussed with a focus on (i) the role of AhR in osteoclast differentiation and function and (ii) the mechanisms of AhR signaling in inhibiting or promoting osteoclastogenesis. These findings facilitate an understanding of the role of AhR in the functional regulation of osteoclasts and in osteoclast-induced bone destructive conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Park
- MetroWest Medical Center/Tufts University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA 01702, USA; (R.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Shreya Madhavaram
- MetroWest Medical Center/Tufts University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA 01702, USA; (R.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Jong Dae Ji
- Department of Rheumatology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Correspondence:
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127
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Environmental pollutants and the immune response. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1486-1495. [PMID: 33046888 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0802-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pollution is one of the most serious challenges to health in the modern world. Pollutants alter immune responses and can provoke immunotoxicity. In this Review, we summarize the major environmental pollutants that are attracting wide-ranging concern and the molecular basis underlying their effects on the immune system. Xenobiotic receptors, including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), sense and respond to a subset of environmental pollutants by activating the expression of detoxification enzymes to protect the body. However, chronic activation of the AHR leads to immunotoxicity. KEAP1-NRF2 is another important system that protects the body against environmental pollutants. KEAP1 is a sensor protein that detects environmental pollutants, leading to activation of the transcription factor NRF2. NRF2 protects the body from immunotoxicity by inducing the expression of genes involved in detoxification, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Intervening in these sensor-response systems could protect the body from the devastating immunotoxicity that can be induced by environmental pollutants.
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128
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Pawlak M, Ho AW, Kuchroo VK. Cytokines and transcription factors in the differentiation of CD4 + T helper cell subsets and induction of tissue inflammation and autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 67:57-67. [PMID: 33039897 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD4+T helper (Th) cells are critical in homeostasis and host defense but are also central to the development of various autoimmune diseases if they become dysregulated. Specifically, pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cells contribute to autoimmune inflammation whereas Treg and Tr1 cells are important for maintaining immune tolerance and resolution of inflammation, respectively. Cytokines trigger signaling pathways in naive T cells that induce lineage-defining transcription factors that direct their differentiation into the distinct T helper cell subsets. It has become clear that the differentiation of T helper cells is not only influenced by the cytokine milieu but also by their metabolic state, cues from the microbiota and the tissue they reside in. A comprehensive understanding how these various stimuli contribute to T helper cell differentiation and phenotype could potentially provide novel ways for therapeutic intervention in autoimmunity and tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Pawlak
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Allen W Ho
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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129
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Baicalein Restores the Balance of Th17/Treg Cells via Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor to Attenuate Colitis. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:5918587. [PMID: 33082710 PMCID: PMC7556074 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5918587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the ligands of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), baicalein, isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has been proved to exert potential therapeutic effects on ulcerative colitis (UC), but its therapeutic mechanism remains obscure. Authentically, ulcerative colitis can be alleviated by regulating the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells via AhR activation. So, our study planned to prove the hypothesis that baicalein protected mice against UC by regulating the balance of Th17/Treg cells via AhR activation. Immunofluorescence and western blot results showed that baicalein could promote AhR activation and induce it to transfer to the nucleus. We further determined the effect of baicalein on naïve CD4+ T cell differentiation in vitro by magnetic cell separation and drug intervention. The results showed that baicalein could promote Treg cell differentiation by activating AhR. In vivo study, UC mice were established by free drinking of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days and then were orally administrated by baicalein (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg), TCDD (AhR agonist), and CH223191 (antagonist). The results demonstrated that baicalein improved the symptoms of UC mice, regulated the balance of Th17/Treg cells, and restored the balance of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-17, IL-6, and TNF-α; anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β; and epithelial protective cytokine IL-22 in UC mice, and these effects were related to AhR. Taken together, our research found that baicalein might be a potential drug for UC via regulating Treg cell differentiation and maintaining immune homeostasis and attempted to shed a light on the pivotal role of AhR in these effects.
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Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Tumor Progression and Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165786. [PMID: 32806665 PMCID: PMC7460823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities and human cells, through a dynamic crosstalk, maintain a mutualistic relationship that contributes to the maintenance of cellular metabolism and of the immune and neuronal systems. This dialogue normally occurs through the production and regulation of hormonal intermediates, metabolites, secondary metabolites, proteins, and toxins. When the balance between host and microbiota is compromised, the dynamics of this relationship change, creating favorable conditions for the development of diseases, including cancers. Microbiome metabolites can be important modulators of the tumor microenvironment contributing to regulate inflammation, proliferation, and cell death, in either a positive or negative way. Recent studies also highlight the involvement of microbiota metabolites in inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition, thus favoring the setup of the metastatic niche. An investigation of microbe-derived metabolites in "liquid" human samples, such as plasma, serum, and urine, provide further information to clarify the relationship between host and microbiota.
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Yue T, Sun F, Yang C, Wang F, Luo J, Yang P, Xiong F, Zhang S, Yu Q, Wang CY. The AHR Signaling Attenuates Autoimmune Responses During the Development of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1510. [PMID: 32849515 PMCID: PMC7426364 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcriptional factor widely expressed in immune cells. Its ligands range from xenobiotics and natural substances to metabolites, which renders it capable of sensing and responding to a variety of environmental cues. Although AHR signaling has long been recognized to be implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), colitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), its effect on the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains less understood. In this review, we intend to summarize its potential implication in T1D pathogenesis and to sort out the related regulatory mechanisms in different types of immune cells. Emerging evidence supports that β cell destruction caused by autoimmune responses can be rectified by AHR signaling. Upon activation by its ligands, AHR not only modulates the development and functionality of immune cells, but also suppresses the expression of inflammatory cytokines, through which AHR attenuates autoimmune responses during the course of T1D development. Since AHR-initiated biological effects vary between different types of ligands, additional studies would be necessary to characterize or de novo synthesize effective and safe ligands aimed to replenish our arsenal in fighting autoimmune responses and β mass loss in a T1D setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Yue
- Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunliang Yang
- Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Faxi Wang
- Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahui Luo
- Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Xiong
- Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qilin Yu
- Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong-Yi Wang
- Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Zou J, Jones RJ, Wang H, Kuiatse I, Shirazi F, Manasanch EE, Lee HC, Sullivan R, Fung L, Richard N, Erdman P, Torres E, Hecht D, Lam I, McElwee B, Chourasia AH, Chan KWH, Mercurio F, Stirling DI, Orlowski RZ. The novel protein homeostatic modulator BTX306 is active in myeloma and overcomes bortezomib and lenalidomide resistance. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1161-1173. [PMID: 32632752 PMCID: PMC10838157 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01943-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules targeting the cereblon-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase including thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide modulate turnover of downstream client proteins and demonstrate pre-clinical and clinical anti-myeloma activity. Different drugs that engage with cereblon hold the potential of unique phenotypic effects, and we therefore studied the novel protein homeostatic modulator (PHM™) BTX306 with a unique thiophene-fused scaffold bearing a substituted phenylurea and glutarimide. This agent much more potently reduced human-derived myeloma cell line viability, with median inhibitory concentrations in the single nanomolar range versus micromolar values for lenalidomide or pomalidomide, and more potently activated caspases 3/8/9. While lenalidomide and pomalidomide induced greater degradation of Ikaros and Aiolos in myeloma cells, BTX306 more potently reduced levels of GSPT1, eRF1, CK1α, MCL-1, and c-MYC. Suppression of cereblon or overexpression of Aiolos or Ikaros induced relative resistance to BTX306, and this agent did not impact viability of murine hematopoietic cells in an in vivo model, demonstrating its specificity for human cereblon. Interestingly, BTX306 did show some reduced activity in lenalidomide-resistant cell line models but nonetheless retained its nanomolar potency in vitro, overcame bortezomib resistance, and was equipotent against otherwise isogenic cell line models with either wild-type or knockout TP53. Finally, BTX306 demonstrated strong activity against primary CD138-positive plasma cells, showed enhanced anti-proliferative activity in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone, and was effective in an in vivo systemic model of multiple myeloma. Taken together, the data support further translational studies of BTX306 and its derivatives to the clinic for patients with relapsed and/or refractory myeloma. KEY MESSAGES: BTX306 has a unique thiophene-fused scaffold bearing phenylurea and glutarimide. BTX306 is more potent against myeloma cells than lenalidomide or pomalidomide. BTX306 overcomes myeloma cell resistance to lenalidomide or bortezomib in vitro. BTX306 is active against primary myeloma cells, and shows efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxuan Zou
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 429, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Richard J Jones
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 429, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 429, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Isere Kuiatse
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 429, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fazal Shirazi
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 429, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Elisabet E Manasanch
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 429, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hans C Lee
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 429, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David Hecht
- School of Mathematics, Science & Engineering, Southwestern College, Chula Vista, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert Z Orlowski
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 429, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Saraiva M, Vieira P, O'Garra A. Biology and therapeutic potential of interleukin-10. J Exp Med 2020; 217:jem.20190418. [PMID: 31611251 PMCID: PMC7037253 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors review the molecular mechanisms regulating IL-10 production and response and describe classic and novel functions of IL-10 in immune and non-immune cells. They further discuss the therapeutic potential of IL-10 in different diseases and the outstanding questions underlying an effective application of IL-10 in clinical settings. The cytokine IL-10 is a key anti-inflammatory mediator ensuring protection of a host from over-exuberant responses to pathogens and microbiota, while playing important roles in other settings as sterile wound healing, autoimmunity, cancer, and homeostasis. Here we discuss our current understanding of the regulation of IL-10 production and of the molecular pathways associated with IL-10 responses. In addition to IL-10’s classic inhibitory effects on myeloid cells, we also describe the nonclassic roles attributed to this pleiotropic cytokine, including how IL-10 regulates basic processes of neural and adipose cells and how it promotes CD8 T cell activation, as well as epithelial repair. We further discuss its therapeutic potential in the context of different diseases and the outstanding questions that may help develop an effective application of IL-10 in diverse clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Saraiva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Vieira
- Department of Immunology, Unité Lymphopoièse, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1223, Paris, France
| | - Anne O'Garra
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Infection, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
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Kadowaki A, Quintana FJ. The Gut-CNS Axis in Multiple Sclerosis. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:622-634. [PMID: 32650957 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the CNS driven by the inflammatory activity of peripheral immune cells recruited to the CNS and by CNS-resident glial cells. MS pathogenesis has been linked to both genetic and environmental factors. In addition, the commensal flora have been shown to modulate immune processes relevant to MS pathogenesis. We discuss the effects of the gut microbiota on T cells and glial cells, and their relevance for the control of inflammation and neurodegeneration in MS. A better understanding of the gut-CNS axis will shed new light on the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, and may help to guide the development of efficacious therapies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kadowaki
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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136
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Feng X, Liu J, Xu W, Li G, Ding J. Tackling autoimmunity with nanomedicines. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:1585-1597. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tolerogenic immunotherapy aims to blunt pathogenic inflammation without affecting systemic immunity. However, the anti-inflammatory drugs and immunosuppressive biologics that are used in the clinic usually result in nonspecific immune cell suppression and off-target toxicity. For this reason, strategies have been developed to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance through the delivery of disease-relevant antigens by nanocarriers as a benefit of their preferential internalization by antigen-presenting cells. Herein, we discuss the recent advances in the nanotechnology-based antigen-specific tolerance approaches. Some of these designs are based on nanoparticles delivering antigens and immunoregulatory agents to modulate antigen-presenting pathways, while others directly target T cells via nanoparticle-based artificial antigen-presenting cells. These antigen-specific therapies are hoped to replace systemic immune suppression and provide long-term disease remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangru Feng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
- University of Science & Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Jiaxue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Weiguo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Gao Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
- University of Science & Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, PR China
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Tryptophan Metabolism, Regulatory T Cells, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Mini Review. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:9706140. [PMID: 32617076 PMCID: PMC7306093 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9706140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract resulting from the homeostasis imbalance of intestinal microenvironment, immune dysfunction, environmental and genetic factors, and so on. This disease is associated with multiple immune cells including regulatory T cells (Tregs). Tregs are a subset of T cells regulating the function of various immune cells to induce immune tolerance and maintain intestinal immune homeostasis. Tregs are correlated with the initiation and progression of IBD; therefore, strategies that affect the differentiation and function of Tregs may be promising for the prevention of IBD-associated pathology. It is worth noting that tryptophan (Trp) metabolism is effective in inducing the differentiation of Tregs through microbiota-mediated degradation and kynurenine pathway (KP), which is important for maintaining the function of Tregs. Interestingly, patients with IBD show Trp metabolism disorder in the pathological process, including changes in the concentrations of Trp and its metabolites and alteration in the activities of related catalytic enzymes. Thus, manipulation of Treg differentiation through Trp metabolism may provide a potential target for prevention of IBD. The purpose of this review is to highlight the relationship between Trp metabolism and Treg differentiation and the role of this interaction in the pathogenesis of IBD.
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Kwiatkowski AJ, Stewart JM, Cho JJ, Avram D, Keselowsky BG. Nano and Microparticle Emerging Strategies for Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases: Multiple Sclerosis and Type 1 Diabetes. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000164. [PMID: 32519501 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases affect 10% of the world's population, and 1 in 200 people worldwide suffer from either multiple sclerosis (MS) or type 1 diabetes (T1D). While the targeted organ systems are different, MS and T1D share similarities in terms of autoreactive immune cells playing a critical role in pathogenesis. Both diseases can be managed only symptomatically without curative remission, and treatment options are limited and non-specific. Most current therapies cause some degree of systemic immune suppression, leaving the patients susceptible to opportunistic infections and other complications. Thus, there is considerable interest in the development of immunotherapies not associated with generalized immune suppression for these diseases. This review presents current and preclinical strategies for MS and T1D treatment, emphasizing those aimed to modulate the immune response, including the most recent strategies for tolerance induction. A central focus is on the emerging approaches using nano- and microparticle platforms, their evolution as immunotherapeutic carriers, including those incorporating specific antigens to induce tolerance and reduce unwanted generalized immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Kwiatkowski
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Joshua M Stewart
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jonathan J Cho
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Dorina Avram
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Benjamin G Keselowsky
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Roth-Walter F, Afify SM, Pacios LF, Blokhuis BR, Redegeld F, Regner A, Petje LM, Fiocchi A, Untersmayr E, Dvorak Z, Hufnagl K, Pali-Schöll I, Jensen-Jarolim E. Cow's milk protein β-lactoglobulin confers resilience against allergy by targeting complexed iron into immune cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 147:321-334.e4. [PMID: 32485264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) is a bovine lipocalin in milk with an innate defense function. The circumstances under which BLG is associated with tolerance of or allergy to milk are not understood. OBJECTIVE Our aims were to assess the capacity of ligand-free apoBLG versus loaded BLG (holoBLG) to protect mice against allergy by using an iron-quercetin complex as an exemplary ligand and to study the molecular mechanisms of this protection. METHODS Binding of iron-quercetin to BLG was modeled and confirmed by spectroscopy and docking calculations. Serum IgE binding to apoBLG and holoBLG in children allergic to milk and children tolerant of milk was assessed. Mice were intranasally treated with apoBLG versus holoBLG and analyzed immunologically after systemic challenge. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation was evaluated with reporter cells and Cyp1A1 expression. Treated human PBMCs and human mast cells were assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and degranulation, respectively. RESULTS Modeling predicted masking of major IgE and T-cell epitopes of BLG by ligand binding. In line with this modeling, IgE binding in children allergic to milk was reduced toward holoBLG, which also impaired degranulation of mast cells. In mice, only treatments with holoBLG prevented allergic sensitization and anaphylaxis, while sustaining regulatory T cells. BLG facilitated quercetin-dependent AhR activation and, downstream of AhR, lung Cyp1A1 expression. HoloBLG shuttled iron into monocytic cells and impaired their antigen presentation. CONCLUSION The cargo of holoBLG is decisive in preventing allergy in vivo. BLG without cargo acted as an allergen in vivo and further primed human mast cells for degranulation in an antigen-independent fashion. Our data provide a mechanistic explanation why the same proteins can act either as tolerogens or as allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Roth-Walter
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sheriene Moussa Afify
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Laboratory Medicine and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Luis F Pacios
- Biotechnology Department, ETSIAAB, Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, CBGP (UPM-INIA), Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bart R Blokhuis
- Faculty of Science, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Redegeld
- Faculty of Science, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Regner
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa-Marie Petje
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Eva Untersmayr
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zdenek Dvorak
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karin Hufnagl
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabella Pali-Schöll
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Activin-A limits Th17 pathogenicity and autoimmune neuroinflammation via CD39 and CD73 ectonucleotidases and Hif1-α-dependent pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12269-12280. [PMID: 32409602 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918196117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS), Th17 cells are critical drivers of autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) inflammation and demyelination. Th17 cells exhibit functional heterogeneity fostering both pathogenic and nonpathogenic, tissue-protective functions. Still, the factors that control Th17 pathogenicity remain incompletely defined. Here, using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an established mouse MS model, we report that therapeutic administration of activin-A ameliorates disease severity and alleviates CNS immunopathology and demyelination, associated with decreased activation of Th17 cells. In fact, activin-A signaling through activin-like kinase-4 receptor represses pathogenic transcriptional programs in Th17-polarized cells, while it enhances antiinflammatory gene modules. Whole-genome profiling and in vivo functional studies revealed that activation of the ATP-depleting CD39 and CD73 ectonucleotidases is essential for activin-A-induced suppression of the pathogenic signature and the encephalitogenic functions of Th17 cells. Mechanistically, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, along with STAT3 and c-Maf, are recruited to promoter elements on Entpd1 and Nt5e (encoding CD39 and CD73, respectively) and other antiinflammatory genes, and control their expression in Th17 cells in response to activin-A. Notably, we show that activin-A negatively regulates the metabolic sensor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, and key inflammatory proteins linked to pathogenic Th17 cell states. Of translational relevance, we demonstrate that activin-A is induced in the CNS of individuals with MS and restrains human Th17 cell responses. These findings uncover activin-A as a critical controller of Th17 cell pathogenicity that can be targeted for the suppression of autoimmune CNS inflammation.
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Espi M, Koppe L, Fouque D, Thaunat O. Chronic Kidney Disease-Associated Immune Dysfunctions: Impact of Protein-Bound Uremic Retention Solutes on Immune Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050300. [PMID: 32384617 PMCID: PMC7291164 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Regardless of the primary disease responsible for kidney failure, patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD) have in common multiple impairments of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, the pathophysiology of which has long remained enigmatic. CKD-associated immune dysfunction includes chronic low-grade activation of monocytes and neutrophils, which induces endothelial damage and increases cardiovascular risk. Although innate immune effectors are activated during CKD, their anti-bacterial capacity is impaired, leading to increased susceptibility to extracellular bacterial infections. Finally, CKD patients are also characterized by profound alterations of cellular and humoral adaptive immune responses, which account for an increased risk for malignancies and viral infections. This review summarizes the recent emerging data that link the pathophysiology of CKD-associated immune dysfunctions with the accumulation of microbiota-derived metabolites, including indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate, the two best characterized protein-bound uremic retention solutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Espi
- Service de Transplantation, Néphrologie et Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France;
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Laetitia Koppe
- Département de Néphrologie-Dialyse-Nutrition, Centre Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; (L.K.); (D.F.)
- CarMeN, INSERM U1060, INRA 1397, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
- Lyon-Sud Medical Faculty, Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Denis Fouque
- Département de Néphrologie-Dialyse-Nutrition, Centre Hôpital Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France; (L.K.); (D.F.)
- CarMeN, INSERM U1060, INRA 1397, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
- Lyon-Sud Medical Faculty, Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Thaunat
- Service de Transplantation, Néphrologie et Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France;
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
- Lyon-Est Medical Faculty, Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
- Correspondence:
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142
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Cerbán FM, Stempin CC, Volpini X, Carrera Silva EA, Gea S, Motran CC. Signaling pathways that regulate Trypanosoma cruzi infection and immune response. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165707. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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143
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Naisbitt DJ, Olsson‐Brown A, Gibson A, Meng X, Ogese MO, Tailor A, Thomson P. Immune dysregulation increases the incidence of delayed-type drug hypersensitivity reactions. Allergy 2020; 75:781-797. [PMID: 31758810 DOI: 10.1111/all.14127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Delayed-type, T cell-mediated, drug hypersensitivity reactions are a serious unwanted manifestation of drug exposure that develops in a small percentage of the human population. Drugs and drug metabolites are known to interact directly and indirectly (through irreversible protein binding and processing to the derived adducts) with HLA proteins that present the drug-peptide complex to T cells. Multiple forms of drug hypersensitivity are strongly linked to expression of a single HLA allele, and there is increasing evidence that drugs and peptides interact selectively with the protein encoded by the HLA allele. Despite this, many individuals expressing HLA risk alleles do not develop hypersensitivity when exposed to culprit drugs suggesting a nonlinear, multifactorial relationship in which HLA risk alleles are one factor. This has prompted a search for additional susceptibility factors. Herein, we argue that immune regulatory pathways are one key determinant of susceptibility. As expression and activity of these pathways are influenced by disease, environmental and patient factors, it is currently impossible to predict whether drug exposure will result in a health benefit, hypersensitivity or both. Thus, a concerted effort is required to investigate how immune dysregulation influences susceptibility towards drug hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean J. Naisbitt
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology The University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Anna Olsson‐Brown
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology The University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Andrew Gibson
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology The University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Xiaoli Meng
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology The University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Monday O. Ogese
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology The University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Arun Tailor
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology The University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Paul Thomson
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology The University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
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144
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Quercetin induces an immunoregulatory phenotype in maturing human dendritic cells. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151929. [PMID: 32115260 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is an environmental sensor and ligand-activated transcription factor that is critically involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses and the induction of tolerance by modulating immune cells. As dendritic cells (DCs) express high AhR levels, they are efficient to induce immunomodulatory effects after being exposed to AhR-activating compounds derived from the environment or diet. To gain new insights into the molecular targets following AhR-activation in human monocyte-derived (mo)DCs, we investigated whether the natural AhR ligand quercetin or the synthetic ligand 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) modulates the function of human moDCs regarding their capability to prime naïve T cells or to migrate. As only quercetin, but not TCDD, impaired T cell activation and migration of LPS-matured DCs (LPS-DCs), we analyzed the mode of action of quercetin on moDCs in more detail. Here, we found a specific down-regulation of the immunomodulatory molecule CD83 through the direct binding of the activated AhR to the CD83 promoter. Furthermore, treatment of LPS-DCs with quercetin resulted in a reduced production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12p70 and in an increased expression of the immunoregulatory molecules disabled adaptor protein (Dab) 2, immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT)-3, ILT4, ILT5 as well as ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73, thereby inducing a tolerogenic phenotype in quercetin-treated maturing DCs. Overall, these data demonstrate that quercetin represents a potent immunomodulatory agent to alter human DC phenotype and function, shifting the immune balance from inflammation to resolution.
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145
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Arroyo Hornero R, Hamad I, Côrte-Real B, Kleinewietfeld M. The Impact of Dietary Components on Regulatory T Cells and Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:253. [PMID: 32153577 PMCID: PMC7047770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in the prevalence of autoimmune diseases in developed societies has been associated with a change in lifestyle patterns. Among other factors, increased consumption of certain dietary components, such as table salt and fatty acids and excessive caloric intake has been associated with defective immunological tolerance. Dietary nutrients have shown to modulate the immune response by a direct effect on the function of immune cells or, indirectly, by acting on the microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract. FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress immune responses and are critical for maintaining peripheral tolerance and immune homeostasis, modulating chronic tissue inflammation and autoimmune disease. It is now well-recognized that Tregs show certain degree of plasticity and can gain effector functions to adapt their regulatory function to different physiological situations during an immune response. However, plasticity of Tregs might also result in conversion into effector T cells that may contribute to autoimmune pathogenesis. Yet, which environmental cues regulate Treg plasticity and function is currently poorly understood, but it is of significant importance for therapeutic purposes. Here we review the current understanding on the effect of certain dietary nutrients that characterize Western diets in Treg metabolism, stability, and function. Moreover, we will discuss the role of Tregs linking diet and autoimmunity and the potential of dietary-based interventions to modulate Treg function in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Arroyo Hornero
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), University of Hasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Ibrahim Hamad
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), University of Hasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Beatriz Côrte-Real
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), University of Hasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Markus Kleinewietfeld
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), University of Hasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
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146
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Wheeler MA, Clark IC, Tjon EC, Li Z, Zandee SEJ, Couturier CP, Watson BR, Scalisi G, Alkwai S, Rothhammer V, Rotem A, Heyman JA, Thaploo S, Sanmarco LM, Ragoussis J, Weitz DA, Petrecca K, Moffitt JR, Becher B, Antel JP, Prat A, Quintana FJ. MAFG-driven astrocytes promote CNS inflammation. Nature 2020; 578:593-599. [PMID: 32051591 PMCID: PMC8049843 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-1999-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS1. Astrocytes contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis2, but little is known about the heterogeneity of astrocytes and its regulation. Here we report the analysis of astrocytes in multiple sclerosis and its preclinical model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by single-cell RNA sequencing in combination with cell-specific Ribotag RNA profiling, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (ATAC-seq), chromatin immunoprecipitation with sequencing (ChIP-seq), genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation and in vivo CRISPR-Cas9-based genetic perturbations. We identified astrocytes in EAE and multiple sclerosis that were characterized by decreased expression of NRF2 and increased expression of MAFG, which cooperates with MAT2α to promote DNA methylation and represses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory transcriptional programs. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) signalling in astrocytes drives the expression of MAFG and MAT2α and pro-inflammatory transcriptional modules, contributing to CNS pathology in EAE and, potentially, multiple sclerosis. Our results identify candidate therapeutic targets in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Wheeler
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iain C Clark
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily C Tjon
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhaorong Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie E J Zandee
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre de recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charles P Couturier
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brianna R Watson
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giulia Scalisi
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Alkwai
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Veit Rothhammer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Assaf Rotem
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John A Heyman
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shravan Thaploo
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liliana M Sanmarco
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David A Weitz
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Petrecca
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R Moffitt
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jack P Antel
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre de recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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147
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Grunewald ME, Shaban MG, Mackin SR, Fehr AR, Perlman S. Murine Coronavirus Infection Activates the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in an Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-Independent Manner, Contributing to Cytokine Modulation and Proviral TCDD-Inducible-PARP Expression. J Virol 2020; 94:e01743-19. [PMID: 31694960 PMCID: PMC7000979 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01743-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a cytoplasmic receptor/transcription factor that modulates several cellular and immunological processes following activation by pathogen-associated stimuli, though its role during virus infection is largely unknown. Here, we show that AhR is activated in cells infected with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a coronavirus (CoV), and contributes to the upregulation of downstream effector TCDD-inducible poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (TiPARP) during infection. Knockdown of TiPARP reduced viral replication and increased interferon expression, suggesting that TiPARP functions in a proviral manner during MHV infection. We also show that MHV replication induced the expression of other genes known to be downstream of AhR in macrophages and dendritic cells and in livers of infected mice. Further, we found that chemically inhibiting or activating AhR reciprocally modulated the expression levels of cytokines induced by infection, specifically, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), consistent with a role for AhR activation in the host response to MHV infection. Furthermore, while indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) drives AhR activation in other settings, MHV infection induced equal expression of downstream genes in wild-type (WT) and IDO1-/- macrophages, suggesting an alternative pathway of AhR activation. In summary, we show that coronaviruses elicit AhR activation by an IDO1-independent pathway, contributing to upregulation of downstream effectors, including the proviral factor TiPARP, and to modulation of cytokine gene expression, and we identify a previously unappreciated role for AhR signaling in CoV pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE Coronaviruses are a family of positive-sense RNA viruses with human and agricultural significance. Characterizing the mechanisms by which coronavirus infection dictates pathogenesis or counters the host immune response would provide targets for the development of therapeutics. Here, we show that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is activated in cells infected with a prototypic coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), resulting in the expression of several effector genes. AhR is important for modulation of the host immune response to MHV and plays a role in the expression of TiPARP, which we show is required for maximal viral replication. Taken together, our findings highlight a previously unidentified role for AhR in regulating coronavirus replication and the immune response to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Grunewald
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Mohamed G Shaban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Samantha R Mackin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Anthony R Fehr
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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148
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Hippen KL, Aguilar EG, Rhee SY, Bolivar-Wagers S, Blazar BR. Distinct Regulatory and Effector T Cell Metabolic Demands during Graft-Versus-Host Disease. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:77-91. [PMID: 31791718 PMCID: PMC6934920 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylactic agents, the success and wider utilization of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is limited by GVHD. Increasing donor graft regulatory T cell (Treg):effector T cell (Teff) ratios can substantially reduce GVHD in cancer patients, but pre-HSCT conditioning regimens and GVHD create a challenging inflammatory environment for Treg stability, persistence, and function. Metabolism plays a crucial role in T cell and Treg differentiation, and development of effector function. Although glycolysis is a main driver of allogeneic T cell-driven GVHD, oxidative phosphorylation is a main driver of Treg suppressor function. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of Treg metabolism in the context of GVHD, and discusses potential therapeutic applications of Tregs in the prevention or treatment of GVHD in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli L Hippen
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Ethan G Aguilar
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Stephanie Y Rhee
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sara Bolivar-Wagers
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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149
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The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: an environmental sensor integrating immune responses in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:184-197. [PMID: 30718831 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0125-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 670] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The environment, diet, microbiota and body's metabolism shape complex biological processes in health and disease. However, our understanding of the molecular pathways involved in these processes is still limited. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that integrates environmental, dietary, microbial and metabolic cues to control complex transcriptional programmes in a ligand-specific, cell-type-specific and context-specific manner. In this Review, we summarize our current knowledge of AHR and the transcriptional programmes it controls in the immune system. Finally, we discuss the role of AHR in autoimmune and neoplastic diseases of the central nervous system, with a special focus on the gut immune system, the gut-brain axis and the therapeutic potential of targeting AHR in neurological disorders.
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150
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Trikha P, Lee DA. The role of AhR in transcriptional regulation of immune cell development and function. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1873:188335. [PMID: 31816350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.188335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcriptional factor (TF) that is a member of the Per-Arnt-Sim family of proteins. AhR regulates diverse processes, including malignant transformation, hematopoietic cell development, and fate determination of immune cell lineages. Moreover, AhR forms a crucial link between innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Malignant cells frequently evolve multiple mechanisms for suppressing tumor-specific responses, including the induction of suppressive pathways involving AhR and its metabolic byproducts in the tumor microenvironment that promote immune evasion and tumor progression. Thus, interest is high in further defining the role of AhR in carcinogenesis and immune development and regulation, particularly regarding the therapeutic interventions that unleash immune responses to cancer cells. Here, we provide an overview of the role of AhR in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune response and discuss the implications of targeting this pathway to augment the immune response in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Trikha
- Cellular Therapy & Cancer Immunotherapy Program, Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, WA-4112 Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, United States of America.
| | - Dean A Lee
- Cellular Therapy & Cancer Immunotherapy Program, Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, WA-4112 Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, United States of America
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