101
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Wiggins KJ, Scharer CD. Roadmap to a plasma cell: Epigenetic and transcriptional cues that guide B cell differentiation. Immunol Rev 2020; 300:54-64. [PMID: 33278036 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) or plasma cells secrete antibodies and form a cornerstone of humoral immunity. B cells that receive activation signals in the presence or absence of T cells initiate a differentiation program that requires epigenetic and transcriptional reprogramming in order to ultimately form ASC. Reprogramming is accomplished through the interplay of transcription factors that initiate gene expression programs and epigenetic mechanisms that maintain these programs and cell fates. An important consideration is that all of these factors are operating in the context of cell division. Recent technical advances now allow mechanistic studies to move beyond genetic studies to identify the promoters and enhancer repertoires that are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms and transcription factors in rare cell types and differentiation stages in vivo. This review will detail efforts to integrate transcriptional and epigenetic changes during B cell differentiation with cell division in vivo. What has emerged is a multiphased differentiation model that requires distinct transcription factors and epigenetic programs at each step. The identification of markers that define each phase will help facilitate the manipulation of B cell differentiation for vaccine development or to treat diseases where antibodies are a component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keenan J Wiggins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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102
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Ochiai K, Yamaoka M, Swaminathan A, Shima H, Hiura H, Matsumoto M, Kurotaki D, Nakabayashi J, Funayama R, Nakayama K, Arima T, Ikawa T, Tamura T, Sciammas R, Bouvet P, Kundu TK, Igarashi K. Chromatin Protein PC4 Orchestrates B Cell Differentiation by Collaborating with IKAROS and IRF4. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108517. [PMID: 33357426 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromatin protein positive coactivator 4 (PC4) has multiple functions, including chromatin compaction. However, its role in immune cells is largely unknown. We show that PC4 orchestrates chromatin structure and gene expression in mature B cells. B-cell-specific PC4-deficient mice show impaired production of antibody upon antigen stimulation. The PC4 complex purified from B cells contains the transcription factors (TFs) IKAROS and IRF4. IKAROS protein is reduced in PC4-deficient mature B cells, resulting in de-repression of their target genes in part by diminished interactions with gene-silencing components. Upon activation, the amount of IRF4 protein is not increased in PC4-deficient B cells, resulting in reduction of plasma cells. Importantly, IRF4 reciprocally induces PC4 expression via a super-enhancer. PC4 knockdown in human B cell lymphoma and myeloma cells reduces IKAROS protein as an anticancer drug, lenalidomide. Our findings establish PC4 as a chromatin regulator of B cells and a possible therapeutic target adjoining IKAROS in B cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Ochiai
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Mari Yamaoka
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Amrutha Swaminathan
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Hiroki Shima
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hiura
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Matsumoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurotaki
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuura 3-9, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Jun Nakabayashi
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Ryo Funayama
- Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Division of Cell Proliferation, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Division of Cell Proliferation, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takahiro Arima
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomokatsu Ikawa
- Division of Immunobiology, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2669, Noda 278-0022, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tamura
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuura 3-9, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Roger Sciammas
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Philippe Bouvet
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Cancer Cell Plasticity Department, UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Tapas K Kundu
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India.
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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103
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Moroney JB, Chupp DP, Xu Z, Zan H, Casali P. Epigenetics of the antibody and autoantibody response. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 67:75-86. [PMID: 33176228 PMCID: PMC7744442 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
B cell differentiation driven by microbial antigens leads to production of anti-microbial antibodies, such as those neutralizing viruses, bacteria or bacterial toxin, that are class-switched (IgG and IgA) and somatically hypermutated (maturation of the antibody response) as well as secreted in large volume by plasma cells. Similar features characterize pathogenic antibodies to self-antigens in autoimmunity, reflecting the critical role of class switch DNA recombination (CSR), somatic hypermutation (SHM) and plasma cell differentiation in the generation of antibodies to not only foreign antigens but also self-antigens (autoantibodies). Central to CSR/SHM and plasma cell differentiation are AID, a potent DNA cytidine deaminase encoded by Aicda, and Blimp-1, a transcription factor encoded by Prdm1. B cell-intrinsic expression of Aicda and Prdm1 is regulated by epigenetic elements and processes, including DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications and non-coding RNAs, particularly miRNAs. Here, we will discuss: B cell-intrinsic epigenetic processes that regulate antibody and autoantibody responses; how epigenetic dysregulation alters CSR/SHM and plasma cell differentiation, thereby leading to autoantibody responses, as in systemic lupus; and, how these can be modulated by nutrients, metabolites, and hormones through changes in B cell-intrinsic epigenetic mechanisms, which can provide therapeutic targets in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Moroney
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Daniel P Chupp
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Zhenming Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Hong Zan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Paolo Casali
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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104
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Khoenkhoen S, Ádori M, Pedersen GK, Karlsson Hedestam GB. Flow Cytometry-Based Protocols for the Analysis of Human Plasma Cell Differentiation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:571321. [PMID: 33133085 PMCID: PMC7550473 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity is established after differentiation of antigen-specific B cells into plasma cells (PCs) that produce antibodies of relevant specificities. Defects in the development, activation, or differentiation of B cells severely compromises the immune response. Primary immunodeficiencies are often characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia and the inability to mount effective antigen-specific antibody responses, resulting in increased susceptibility to infections. After IgA deficiency, which is most often asymptomatic, common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most prevalent symptomatic primary immunodeficiency, but in most cases the underlying genetic causes are unknown or their roles in disease pathogenesis are poorly understood. In this study, we developed a protocol for in vitro stimulation of primary human B cells for subsequent analyses of PC differentiation and antibody production. With this approach, we were able to detect a population of CD38+ IRF4+ Blimp-1+ cells committed to PC fate and IgG production, including when starting from cryopreserved samples. The application of functional assays to characterize PC differentiation and possible defects therein in B cells from patients suffering from primary antibody deficiencies with late B cell defects could increase our understanding of the disease pathophysiology and underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharesta Khoenkhoen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Ádori
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriel K Pedersen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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105
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Xu Y, Huang X, Li F, Liu T, Yang T, Chen F, Zhu J, Pan M, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Fu L, Xiao C, Geng D. IL-21 enhances STAT3/Blimp-1 signaling pathway in B cells and contributes to plasma cell differentiation in newly diagnosed patients with myasthenia gravis. Immunol Res 2020; 69:59-70. [PMID: 33145710 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-020-09164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Blimp-1 is necessary for the B cell differentiation toward immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells. However, the immunopathological mechanisms of Blimp-1 that regulates B cell differentiation remain unclear in MG. The purpose of this study was to perform a quantitative and functional analysis of Blimp-1 in MG. A total of 34 patients with MG (18 ocular MG (OMG) and 16 generalized MG (GMG) and 20 healthy controls (HC) were recruited in this study. CD19+ B cells were isolated by positive selection using CD19 beads. The expression of Blimp-1 and p-STAT3 protein in isolated B cells was assessed by Western blot. Plasma cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Serum IL-21 levels were detected by ELISA. Our data demonstrated that Blimp-1 in peripheral blood B cell of MG patients was significantly increased compared with HC. The increased expression of Blimp-1 was positively associated with clinical severity score (QMGs), plasma cell frequency, and serum IL-21 levels. Furthermore, glucocorticoid (GC) treatment reduced the expression of Blimp-1 and p-STAT3 in B cells, and this change was accompanied with relieved clinical severity, reduced plasma cell frequency, and decreased serum IL-21 levels. In vitro assay demonstrated that IL-21 stimulation upregulated STAT3 phosphorylation, increased Blimp-1 expression in B cells, and promoted plasma cell differentiation, and these processes could be inhibited by dexamethasone or STAT3 inhibitor stattic. This work indicates for the first time that aberrant expression of Blimp-1 exists on B cells and contributes to the plasma cell differentiation in MG patients. Modulation of IL-21/STAT3/Blimp-1 signaling pathway in B cells may be one of the mechanisms of glucocorticoid in the treatment of MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99 Huaihai West Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurology, Nanjing Jiangbei People's Hospital, No. 552 Geguan Road, Jiangbei New District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99 Huaihai West Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengzhan Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99 Huaihai West Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99 Huaihai West Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99 Huaihai West Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99 Huaihai West Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 32 Coal Construction Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99 Huaihai West Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 32 Coal Construction Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Pan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99 Huaihai West Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurology, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 264 Guangzhou Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99 Huaihai West Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuzhong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Linlin Fu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Lab of Infection and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chenghua Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99 Huaihai West Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Deqin Geng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99 Huaihai West Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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106
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Davidzohn N, Biram A, Stoler-Barak L, Grenov A, Dassa B, Shulman Z. Syk degradation restrains plasma cell formation and promotes zonal transitions in germinal centers. J Exp Med 2020; 217:133542. [PMID: 31873727 PMCID: PMC7062533 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In germinal centers, B cells interact with antigen in the light zone and clonally expand in the dark zone. Davidzohn et al. show that BCR-induced Syk degradation in the light zone attenuates signal transduction, impedes plasma cell formation, and promotes B cell transition to the dark zone. Germinal centers (GCs) are sites at which B cells proliferate and mutate their antibody-encoding genes in the dark zone (DZ), followed by affinity-based selection in the light zone (LZ). B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signals induce Syk activation followed by rapid phosphatase-mediated desensitization; however, how degradation events regulate BCR functions in GCs is unclear. Here, we found that Syk degradation restrains plasma cell (PC) formation in GCs and promotes B cell LZ to DZ transition. Using a mouse model defective in Cbl-mediated Syk degradation, we demonstrate that this machinery attenuates BCR signaling intensity by mitigating the Kras/Erk and PI3K/Foxo1 pathways, and restricting the expression of PC transcription factors in GC B cells. Inhibition of Syk degradation perturbed gene expression, specifically in the LZ, and enhanced the generation of PCs without affecting B cell proliferation. These findings reveal how long-lasting attenuation of signal transduction by degradation events regulates cell fate within specialized microanatomical sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Davidzohn
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Biram
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liat Stoler-Barak
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amalie Grenov
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Bareket Dassa
- Department of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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107
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Low MSY, Brodie EJ, Fedele PL, Liao Y, Grigoriadis G, Strasser A, Kallies A, Willis SN, Tellier J, Shi W, Gabriel S, O'Donnell K, Pitt C, Nutt SL, Tarlinton D. IRF4 Activity Is Required in Established Plasma Cells to Regulate Gene Transcription and Mitochondrial Homeostasis. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2634-2645.e5. [PMID: 31775034 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is critical for the development, maintenance, and function of plasma cells. The mechanism by which IRF4 exerts its action in mature plasma cells has been elusive due to the death of all such cells upon IRF4 loss. While we identify apoptosis as a critical pathway for the death of plasma cells caused by IRF4 loss, we also determine that IRF4 did not regulate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway directly. By using an inducible IRF4 deletion system in the presence of the overexpression of anti-apoptotic BCL2, we identify genes whose expression is coordinated by IRF4 and that in turn specify plasma cell identity and mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sze Yuan Low
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia; Monash Haematology, Monash Health, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton 3168, VIC, Australia; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne 3004, VIC, Australia; School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton 3168, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Erica J Brodie
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne 3004, VIC, Australia
| | - Pasquale L Fedele
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia; Monash Haematology, Monash Health, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton 3168, VIC, Australia; School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton 3168, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Yang Liao
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia; School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - George Grigoriadis
- Monash Haematology, Monash Health, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton 3168, VIC, Australia; School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton 3168, VIC, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Axel Kallies
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon N Willis
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Julie Tellier
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Wei Shi
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia; School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah Gabriel
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Kristy O'Donnell
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne 3004, VIC, Australia
| | - Catherine Pitt
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne 3004, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - David Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne 3004, VIC, Australia.
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108
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Si J, Shi X, Sun S, Zou B, Li Y, An D, Lin X, Gao Y, Long F, Pang B, Liu X, Liu T, Chi W, Chen L, Dimitrov DS, Sun Y, Du X, Yin W, Gao G, Min J, Wei L, Liao X. Hematopoietic Progenitor Kinase1 (HPK1) Mediates T Cell Dysfunction and Is a Druggable Target for T Cell-Based Immunotherapies. Cancer Cell 2020; 38:551-566.e11. [PMID: 32860752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ameliorating T cell exhaustion and enhancing effector function are promising strategies for the improvement of immunotherapies. Here, we show that the HPK1-NFκB-Blimp1 axis mediates T cell dysfunction. High expression of MAP4K1 (which encodes HPK1) correlates with increased T cell exhaustion and with worse patient survival in several cancer types. In MAP4K1KO mice, tumors grow slower than in wild-type mice and infiltrating T cells are less exhausted and more active and proliferative. We further show that genetic depletion, pharmacological inhibition, or proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC)-mediated degradation of HPK1 improves the efficacy of CAR-T cell-based immunotherapies in diverse preclinical mouse models of hematological and solid tumors. These strategies are more effective than genetically depleting PD-1 in CAR-T cells. Thus, we demonstrate that HPK1 is a mediator of T cell dysfunction and an attractive druggable target to improve immune therapy responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Si
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China; Joint Graduate Program of Peking-Tsinghua-NIBS, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Xiangjun Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Shuhao Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaopeng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Dongjie An
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Xingyu Lin
- Zhuhai Yufan Biotechnologies Co., Ltd, Zhuhai, 519000 Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China; Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100026 Beijing, China
| | - Fei Long
- Xi'an Yufan Biotechnologies Co., Ltd, Xi'an, 710032 Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Pang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100053 Beijing, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangdong, 510010 Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenna Chi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Ligong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
| | - Yan Sun
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of CAAS, Lanzhou, 730050 Gansu, China
| | - Xinru Du
- Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capita Medical University, 100020 Beijing, China
| | - Wen Yin
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032 Shaanxi, China
| | - Guangxun Gao
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032 Shaanxi, China
| | - Junxia Min
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang, China
| | - Lai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xuebin Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.
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109
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Cocco M, Care MA, Saadi A, Al-Maskari M, Doody G, Tooze R. A dichotomy of gene regulatory associations during the activated B-cell to plasmablast transition. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:e202000654. [PMID: 32843533 PMCID: PMC7471511 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The activated B-cell (ABC) to plasmablast transition encompasses the cusp of antibody-secreting cell (ASC) differentiation. We explore this transition with integrated analysis in human cells, focusing on changes that follow removal from CD40-mediated signals. Within hours of input signal loss, cell growth programs shift toward enhanced proliferation, accompanied by ER-stress response, and up-regulation of ASC features. Clustering of genomic occupancy for IRF4, BLIMP1, XBP1, and CTCF with histone marks identifies a dichotomy: XBP1 and IRF4 link to induced but not repressed gene modules in plasmablasts, whereas BLIMP1 links to modules of ABC genes that are repressed, but not to activated genes. Between ABC and plasmablast states, IRF4 shifts away from AP1/IRF composite elements while maintaining occupancy at IRF and ETS/IRF elements. This parallels the loss of BATF expression, which is identified as a potential BLIMP1 target. In plasmablasts, IRF4 acquires an association with CTCF, a feature maintained in plasma cell myeloma lines. Thus, shifting occupancy links IRF4 to both ABC and ASC gene expression, whereas BLIMP1 occupancy links to repression of the activation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cocco
- Division of Immunology and Haematology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Matthew A Care
- Division of Immunology and Haematology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Amel Saadi
- Division of Immunology and Haematology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Muna Al-Maskari
- Division of Immunology and Haematology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Gina Doody
- Division of Immunology and Haematology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Reuben Tooze
- Division of Immunology and Haematology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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110
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Shen E, Rabe H, Luo L, Wang L, Wang Q, Yin J, Yang X, Liu W, Sido JM, Nakagawa H, Ao L, Kim HJ, Cantor H, Leavenworth JW. Control of Germinal Center Localization and Lineage Stability of Follicular Regulatory T Cells by the Blimp1 Transcription Factor. Cell Rep 2020; 29:1848-1861.e6. [PMID: 31722202 PMCID: PMC6897316 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells are a specialized suppressive subset that controls the germinal center (GC) response and maintains humoral self-tolerance. The mechanisms that maintain TFR lineage identity and suppressive activity remain largely unknown. Here, we show that expression of Blimp1 by FoxP3+ TFR cells is essential for TFR lineage stability, entry into the GC, and expression of regulatory activity. Deletion of Blimp1 in TFR cells reduced FoxP3 and CTLA-4 expression and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and spontaneous production of autoantibodies, including elevated IgE. Maintenance of TFR stability reflected Blimp1-dependent repression of the IL-23R-STAT3 axis and activation of the CD25-STAT5 pathway, while silenced IL-23R-STAT3 or increased STAT5 activation rescued the Blimp1-deficient TFR phenotype. Blimp1-dependent control of CXCR5/CCR7 expression also regulated TFR homing into the GC. These findings uncover a Blimp1-dependent TFR checkpoint that enforces suppressive activity and acts as a gatekeeper of GC entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erxia Shen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Guangzhou Hoffmann Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Hardis Rabe
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lin Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xueying Yang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wenquan Liu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jessica M Sido
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hidetoshi Nakagawa
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lin Ao
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hye-Jung Kim
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Harvey Cantor
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jianmei W Leavenworth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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111
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Combination Treatment with GSK126 and Pomalidomide Induces B-Cell Differentiation in EZH2 Gain-of-Function Mutant Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092541. [PMID: 32906688 PMCID: PMC7565736 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary To overcome the potential threat of drug resistance or limit of potency, the combination treatment of drugs is a promising strategy. Around 22% of patients with GCB-DLBCL carry EZH2 gain-of-function mutations and several PRC2 inhibitors are under clinical trials. Herein, we demonstrate that combination of GSK126 with pomalidomide synergistically inhibit tumor growth through inducing B-cell maturation and apoptosis in EZH2 gain-of-function mutant DLBCL. Our study provides the molecular basis of the combination strategy of PRC2 inhibitors and IMiDs in DLBCLs harboring EZH2 hyperactive mutation. Abstract Enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit (EZH2), the catalytic subunit of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), regulates genes involved in cell lineage and differentiation through methylating lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3). Recurrent gain-of-function mutations of EZH2 have been identified in various cancer types, in particular, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), through large-scale genome-wide association studies and EZH2 depletion or pharmacological inhibition has been shown to exert an antiproliferative effect on cancer cells, both in vitro and in vivo. In the current study, a combination of pomalidomide and GSK126 synergistically inhibited the growth of EZH2 gain-of-function mutant Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells. Furthermore, this synergistic effect appeared to be dependent on cereblon (CRBN), a cellular receptor of pomalidomide, but not degradation of IKAROS family zinc finger 1 (IKZF1) or IKAROS family zinc finger 3 (IKZF3). RNA sequencing analyses revealed that co-treatment with GSK126 and pomalidomide induced specific gene sets involved in B-cell differentiation and apoptosis. Synergistic growth inhibition and B-cell differentiation were further validated in xenograft mouse models. Our collective results provide a molecular basis for the mechanisms underlying the combined therapeutic effects of PRC2 inhibitors and pomalidomide on EZH2-mutated DLBCL.
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112
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Scharer CD, Patterson DG, Mi T, Price MJ, Hicks SL, Boss JM. Antibody-secreting cell destiny emerges during the initial stages of B-cell activation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3989. [PMID: 32778653 PMCID: PMC7417592 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17798-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon stimulation, B cells assume heterogeneous cell fates, with only a fraction differentiating into antibody-secreting cells (ASC). Here we investigate B cell fate programming and heterogeneity during ASC differentiation using T cell-independent models. We find that maximal ASC induction requires at least eight cell divisions in vivo, with BLIMP-1 being required for differentiation at division eight. Single cell RNA-sequencing of activated B cells and construction of differentiation trajectories reveal an early cell fate bifurcation. The ASC-destined branch requires induction of IRF4, MYC-target genes, and oxidative phosphorylation, with the loss of CD62L expression serving as a potential early marker of ASC fate commitment. Meanwhile, the non-ASC branch expresses an inflammatory signature, and maintains B cell fate programming. Finally, ASC can be further subseted based on their differential responses to ER-stress, indicating multiple development branch points. Our data thus define the cell division kinetics of B cell differentiation in vivo, and identify the molecular trajectories of B cell fate and ASC formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Dillon G Patterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tian Mi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Madeline J Price
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sakeenah L Hicks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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113
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Hill L, Ebert A, Jaritz M, Wutz G, Nagasaka K, Tagoh H, Kostanova-Poliakova D, Schindler K, Sun Q, Bönelt P, Fischer M, Peters JM, Busslinger M. Wapl repression by Pax5 promotes V gene recombination by Igh loop extrusion. Nature 2020; 584:142-147. [PMID: 32612238 PMCID: PMC7116900 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2454-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear processes, such as V(D)J recombination, are orchestrated by the three-dimensional organization of chromosomes at multiple levels, including compartments1 and topologically associated domains (TADs)2,3 consisting of chromatin loops4. TADs are formed by chromatin-loop extrusion5-7, which depends on the loop-extrusion function of the ring-shaped cohesin complex8-12. Conversely, the cohesin-release factor Wapl13,14 restricts loop extension10,15. The generation of a diverse antibody repertoire, providing humoral immunity to pathogens, requires the participation of all V genes in V(D)J recombination16, which depends on contraction of the 2.8-Mb-long immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) locus by Pax517,18. However, how Pax5 controls Igh contraction in pro-B cells remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that locus contraction is caused by loop extrusion across the entire Igh locus. Notably, the expression of Wapl is repressed by Pax5 specifically in pro-B and pre-B cells, facilitating extended loop extrusion by increasing the residence time of cohesin on chromatin. Pax5 mediates the transcriptional repression of Wapl through a single Pax5-binding site by recruiting the polycomb repressive complex 2 to induce bivalent chromatin at the Wapl promoter. Reduced Wapl expression causes global alterations in the chromosome architecture, indicating that the potential to recombine all V genes entails structural changes of the entire genome in pro-B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Hill
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Ebert
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Gordana Wutz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Kota Nagasaka
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Hiromi Tagoh
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Karina Schindler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Qiong Sun
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Bönelt
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan-Michael Peters
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
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114
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Agarwal D, Allman D, Naji A. Novel therapeutic opportunities afforded by plasma cell biology in transplantation. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:1984-1991. [PMID: 32034987 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite new immunotherapies aimed at B and T cells, plasma cells and their lifelong antibody secretion constitute a major immune barrier to long-term graft survival. In this mini-review, we survey the recent advances that have been made in the biology and immunometabolism of long-lived plasma cells, and outline aspects of plasma cell function that can be exploited for clinical benefit in recipients of solid organ transplants. A handful of ongoing studies are already targeting plasma cells to achieve desensitization and reduce the alloantibody burden in individuals posttransplant. In reviewing the recent strides made in our understanding of the molecular basis of plasma cell survival, we will place our discussions in the context of existing preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divyansh Agarwal
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David Allman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ali Naji
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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115
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Tomofuji Y, Takaba H, Suzuki HI, Benlaribi R, Martinez CDP, Abe Y, Morishita Y, Okamura T, Taguchi A, Kodama T, Takayanagi H. Chd4 choreographs self-antigen expression for central immune tolerance. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:892-901. [PMID: 32601470 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autoreactive T cells are eliminated in the thymus to prevent autoimmunity by promiscuous expression of tissue-restricted self-antigens in medullary thymic epithelial cells. This expression is dependent on the transcription factor Fezf2, as well as the transcriptional regulator Aire, but the entire picture of the transcriptional program has been obscure. Here, we found that the chromatin remodeler Chd4, also called Mi-2β, plays a key role in the self-antigen expression in medullary thymic epithelial cells. To maximize the diversity of self-antigen expression, Fezf2 and Aire utilized completely distinct transcriptional mechanisms, both of which were under the control of Chd4. Chd4 organized the promoter regions of Fezf2-dependent genes, while contributing to the Aire-mediated induction of self-antigens via super-enhancers. Mice deficient in Chd4 specifically in thymic epithelial cells exhibited autoimmune phenotypes, including T cell infiltration. Thus, Chd4 plays a critical role in integrating Fezf2- and Aire-mediated gene induction to establish central immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Tomofuji
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takaba
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi I Suzuki
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Rayene Benlaribi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Cristian David Peña Martinez
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Abe
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Morishita
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamura
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Section of Animal Models, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akashi Taguchi
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kodama
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takayanagi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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116
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Nutt SL, Keenan C, Chopin M, Allan RS. EZH2 function in immune cell development. Biol Chem 2020; 401:933-943. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) consists of three core components EZH2, SUZ12 and EED. EZH2 catalyzes the methylation of lysine 27 of histone H3, a modification associated with gene silencing. Through gene duplication higher vertebrate genomes also encode a second partially redundant methyltransferase, EZH1. Within the mammalian immune system most research has concentrated on EZH2 which is expressed predominantly in proliferating cells. EZH2 and other PRC2 components are required for hematopoietic stem cell function and lymphocyte development, at least in part by repressing cell cycle inhibitors. At later stages of immune cell differentiation, EZH2 plays essential roles in humoral and cell-mediated adaptive immunity, as well as the maintenance of immune homeostasis. EZH2 is often overactive in cancers, through both gain-of-function mutations and over-expression, an observation that has led to the development and clinical testing of specific EZH2 inhibitors. Such inhibitors may also be of use in inflammatory and autoimmune settings, as EZH2 inhibition dampens the immune response. Here, we will review the current state of understanding of the roles for EZH2, and PRC2 more generally, in the development and function of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L. Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christine Keenan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Michaël Chopin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rhys S. Allan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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117
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Lee K, Jang SH, Tian H, Kim SJ. NonO Is a Novel Co-factor of PRDM1 and Regulates Inflammatory Response in Monocyte Derived-Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1436. [PMID: 32765503 PMCID: PMC7378894 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper expression of the transcription factor, Positive regulatory domain 1 (PRDM1), is required for maintaining homeostasis of human monocyte derived-dendritic cells (MO-DCs). The molecular mechanisms and gene targets of PRDM1 in B and T lymphocytes have been identified. However, the function of PRDM1 in dendritic cells (DCs) remains unclear. We investigate co-regulators of PRDM1 in MO-DCs identified by mass spectrometry (MS) and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). Notably, non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein (NonO) was found to be a PRDM1 binding protein in the nucleus of MO-DCs. NonO is recruited to the PRDM1 binding site in the promoter region of IL-6. Knockdown of NonO expression by siRNA lessened suppression of IL-6 promoter activity by PRMD1 following LPS stimulation. While NonO binding to PRDM1 was observed in human myeloma cell lines, an effect of NonO on IL-6 expression was not observed. Thus, loss of NonO interrupted the inhibitory effect of PRDM1 on IL-6 expression in MO-DCs, but not plasma cells. Moreover, MO-DCs with low expression of PRDM1 or NonO induce an increased number of IL-21-producing TFH-like cells in vitro. These data suggest that low level of PRDM1 and NonO lead to enhanced activation of MO-DCs and the regulation of MO-DC function by PRDM1 is mediated through cell lineage-specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungwoo Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Su Hwa Jang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong Tian
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Sun Jung Kim
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
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118
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Bibby JA, Purvis HA, Hayday T, Chandra A, Okkenhaug K, Rosenzweig S, Aksentijevich I, Wood M, Lachmann HJ, Kemper C, Cope AP, Perucha E. Cholesterol metabolism drives regulatory B cell IL-10 through provision of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3412. [PMID: 32641742 PMCID: PMC7343868 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells restrict immune and inflammatory responses across a number of contexts. This capacity is mediated primarily through the production of IL-10. Here we demonstrate that the induction of a regulatory program in human B cells is dependent on a metabolic priming event driven by cholesterol metabolism. Synthesis of the metabolic intermediate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) is required to specifically drive IL-10 production, and to attenuate Th1 responses. Furthermore, GGPP-dependent protein modifications control signaling through PI3Kδ-AKT-GSK3, which in turn promote BLIMP1-dependent IL-10 production. Inherited gene mutations in cholesterol metabolism result in a severe autoinflammatory syndrome termed mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD). Consistent with our findings, B cells from MKD patients induce poor IL-10 responses and are functionally impaired. Moreover, metabolic supplementation with GGPP is able to reverse this defect. Collectively, our data define cholesterol metabolism as an integral metabolic pathway for the optimal functioning of human IL-10 producing regulatory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Bibby
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK. .,Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Harriet A Purvis
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Thomas Hayday
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Anita Chandra
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Sofia Rosenzweig
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ivona Aksentijevich
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michael Wood
- National Amyloidosis Centre, Division of Medicine, University College London and Royal Free Hospital London NHS Foundation Trust, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Helen J Lachmann
- National Amyloidosis Centre, Division of Medicine, University College London and Royal Free Hospital London NHS Foundation Trust, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.,Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andrew P Cope
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK. .,Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Esperanza Perucha
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK. .,Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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Toboso-Navasa A, Gunawan A, Morlino G, Nakagawa R, Taddei A, Damry D, Patel Y, Chakravarty P, Janz M, Kassiotis G, Brink R, Eilers M, Calado DP. Restriction of memory B cell differentiation at the germinal center B cell positive selection stage. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20191933. [PMID: 32407433 PMCID: PMC7336312 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) are key for protection from reinfection. However, it is mechanistically unclear how germinal center (GC) B cells differentiate into MBCs. MYC is transiently induced in cells fated for GC expansion and plasma cell (PC) formation, so-called positively selected GC B cells. We found that these cells coexpressed MYC and MIZ1 (MYC-interacting zinc-finger protein 1 [ZBTB17]). MYC and MIZ1 are transcriptional activators; however, they form a transcriptional repressor complex that represses MIZ1 target genes. Mice lacking MYC-MIZ1 complexes displayed impaired cell cycle entry of positively selected GC B cells and reduced GC B cell expansion and PC formation. Notably, absence of MYC-MIZ1 complexes in positively selected GC B cells led to a gene expression profile alike that of MBCs and increased MBC differentiation. Thus, at the GC positive selection stage, MYC-MIZ1 complexes are required for effective GC expansion and PC formation and to restrict MBC differentiation. We propose that MYC and MIZ1 form a module that regulates GC B cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arief Gunawan
- Immunity and Cancer, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Giulia Morlino
- Immunity and Cancer, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Andrea Taddei
- Immunity and Cancer, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Djamil Damry
- Immunity and Cancer, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Yash Patel
- Retroviral Immunology, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Martin Janz
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Robert Brink
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martin Eilers
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dinis Pedro Calado
- Immunity and Cancer, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
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120
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Li C, Lam E, Perez-Shibayama C, Ward LA, Zhang J, Lee D, Nguyen A, Ahmed M, Brownlie E, Korneev KV, Rojas O, Sun T, Navarre W, He HH, Liao S, Martin A, Ludewig B, Gommerman JL. Early-life programming of mesenteric lymph node stromal cell identity by the lymphotoxin pathway regulates adult mucosal immunity. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/42/eaax1027. [PMID: 31862865 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aax1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Redundant mechanisms support immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses to intestinal antigens. These include multiple priming sites [mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), Peyer's patches, and isolated lymphoid follicles] and various cytokines that promote class switch to IgA, even in the absence of T cells. Despite these backup mechanisms, vaccination against enteric pathogens such as rotavirus has limited success in some populations. Genetic and environmental signals experienced during early life are known to influence mucosal immunity, yet the mechanisms for how these exposures operate remain unclear. Here, we used rotavirus infection to follow antigen-specific IgA responses through time and in different gut compartments. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we tested the role of the lymphotoxin (LT) pathway-known to support IgA responses-at different developmental stages. We found that LT-β receptor (LTβR) signaling in early life programs intestinal IgA responses in adulthood by affecting antibody class switch recombination to IgA and subsequent generation of IgA antibody-secreting cells within an intact MLN. In addition, early-life LTβR signaling dictates the phenotype and function of MLN stromal cells to support IgA responses in the adult. Collectively, our studies uncover new mechanistic insights into how early-life LTβR signaling affects mucosal immune responses during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conglei Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evelyn Lam
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Lesley A Ward
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dennis Lee
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Albert Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Musaddeque Ahmed
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma Brownlie
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kirill V Korneev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences and Department of Immunology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Rojas
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tian Sun
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William Navarre
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Housheng Hansen He
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shan Liao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alberto Martin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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121
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Venturutti L, Teater M, Zhai A, Chadburn A, Babiker L, Kim D, Béguelin W, Lee TC, Kim Y, Chin CR, Yewdell WT, Raught B, Phillip JM, Jiang Y, Staudt LM, Green MR, Chaudhuri J, Elemento O, Farinha P, Weng AP, Nissen MD, Steidl C, Morin RD, Scott DW, Privé GG, Melnick AM. TBL1XR1 Mutations Drive Extranodal Lymphoma by Inducing a Pro-tumorigenic Memory Fate. Cell 2020; 182:297-316.e27. [PMID: 32619424 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The most aggressive B cell lymphomas frequently manifest extranodal distribution and carry somatic mutations in the poorly characterized gene TBL1XR1. Here, we show that TBL1XR1 mutations skew the humoral immune response toward generating abnormal immature memory B cells (MB), while impairing plasma cell differentiation. At the molecular level, TBL1XR1 mutants co-opt SMRT/HDAC3 repressor complexes toward binding the MB cell transcription factor (TF) BACH2 at the expense of the germinal center (GC) TF BCL6, leading to pre-memory transcriptional reprogramming and cell-fate bias. Upon antigen recall, TBL1XR1 mutant MB cells fail to differentiate into plasma cells and instead preferentially reenter new GC reactions, providing evidence for a cyclic reentry lymphomagenesis mechanism. Ultimately, TBL1XR1 alterations lead to a striking extranodal immunoblastic lymphoma phenotype that mimics the human disease. Both human and murine lymphomas feature expanded MB-like cell populations, consistent with a MB-cell origin and delineating an unforeseen pathway for malignant transformation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Venturutti
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Matt Teater
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Andrew Zhai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Amy Chadburn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Leena Babiker
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Daleum Kim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Wendy Béguelin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Tak C Lee
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Youngjun Kim
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christopher R Chin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; Tri-Institutional Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - William T Yewdell
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jude M Phillip
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Yanwen Jiang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Louis M Staudt
- Center for Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael R Green
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jayanta Chaudhuri
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Pedro Farinha
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Andrew P Weng
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada; Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Michael D Nissen
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Christian Steidl
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Ryan D Morin
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - David W Scott
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Gilbert G Privé
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ari M Melnick
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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122
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Ricker E, Chinenov Y, Pannellini T, Flores-Castro D, Ye C, Gupta S, Manni M, Liao JK, Pernis AB. Serine-threonine kinase ROCK2 regulates germinal center B cell positioning and cholesterol biosynthesis. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:3654-3670. [PMID: 32229726 PMCID: PMC7324193 DOI: 10.1172/jci132414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) responses require B cells to respond to a dynamic set of intercellular and microenvironmental signals that instruct B cell positioning, differentiation, and metabolic reprogramming. RHO-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 2 (ROCK2), a serine-threonine kinase that can be therapeutically targeted by ROCK inhibitors or statins, is a key downstream effector of RHOA GTPases. Although RHOA-mediated pathways are emerging as critical regulators of GC responses, the role of ROCK2 in B cells is unknown. Here, we found that ROCK2 was activated in response to key T cell signals like CD40 and IL-21 and that it regulated GC formation and maintenance. RNA-Seq analyses revealed that ROCK2 controlled a unique transcriptional program in GC B cells that promoted optimal GC polarization and cholesterol biosynthesis. ROCK2 regulated this program by restraining AKT activation and subsequently enhancing FOXO1 activity. ATAC-Seq (assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing) and biochemical analyses revealed that the effects of ROCK2 on cholesterol biosynthesis were instead mediated via a novel mechanism. ROCK2 directly phosphorylated interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8), a crucial mediator of GC responses, and promoted its interaction with sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 2 (SREBP2) at key regulatory regions controlling the expression of cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes, resulting in optimal recruitment of SREBP2 at these sites. These findings thus uncover ROCK2 as a multifaceted and therapeutically targetable regulator of GC responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edd Ricker
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS), New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Tania Pannellini
- Research Division and
- Precision Medicine Laboratory, HSS, New York, New York, USA
| | - Danny Flores-Castro
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS), New York, New York, USA
| | - Chao Ye
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS), New York, New York, USA
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS), New York, New York, USA
| | - Michela Manni
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS), New York, New York, USA
| | - James K. Liao
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alessandra B. Pernis
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS), New York, New York, USA
- David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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123
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van der Burg KRL, Lewis JJ, Martin A, Nijhout HF, Danko CG, Reed RD. Contrasting Roles of Transcription Factors Spineless and EcR in the Highly Dynamic Chromatin Landscape of Butterfly Wing Metamorphosis. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1027-1038.e3. [PMID: 31018121 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Development requires highly coordinated changes in chromatin accessibility in order for proper gene regulation to occur. Here, we identify factors associated with major, discrete changes in chromatin accessibility during butterfly wing metamorphosis. By combining mRNA sequencing (mRNA-seq), assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq), and machine learning analysis of motifs, we show that distinct sets of transcription factors are predictive of chromatin opening at different developmental stages. Our data suggest an important role for nuclear hormone receptors early in metamorphosis, whereas PAS-domain transcription factors are strongly associated with later chromatin opening. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) validation of select candidate factors showed spineless binding to be a major predictor of opening chromatin. Surprisingly, binding of ecdysone receptor (EcR), a candidate accessibility factor in Drosophila, was not predictive of opening but instead marked persistent sites. This work characterizes the chromatin dynamics of insect wing metamorphosis, identifies candidate chromatin remodeling factors in insects, and presents a genome assembly of the model butterfly Junonia coenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin R L van der Burg
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - James J Lewis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Arnaud Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | | | - Charles G Danko
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Robert D Reed
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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124
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Anderson KJ, Ósvaldsdóttir ÁB, Atzinger B, Traustadóttir GÁ, Jensen KN, Lárusdóttir AE, Bergthórsson JT, Hardardóttir I, Magnúsdóttir E. The BLIMP1-EZH2 nexus in a non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Oncogene 2020; 39:5138-5151. [PMID: 32533097 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM) is a non-Hodgkin lymphoma, resulting in antibody-secreting lymphoplasmacytic cells in the bone marrow and pathologies resulting from high levels of monoclonal immunoglobulin M (IgM) in the blood. Despite the key role for BLIMP1 in plasma cell maturation and antibody secretion, its potential effect on WM cell biology has not yet been explored. Here we provide evidence of a crucial role for BLIMP1 in the survival of cells from WM cell line models and further demonstrate that BLIMP1 is necessary for the expression of the histone methyltransferase EZH2 in both WM and multiple myeloma cell lines. The effect of BLIMP1 on EZH2 levels is post-translational, at least partially through the regulation of proteasomal targeting of EZH2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis and transcriptome profiling suggest that the two factors co-operate in regulating genes involved in cancer cell immune evasion. Co-cultures of natural killer cells and cells from a WM cell line further suggest that both factors participate in immune evasion by promoting escape from natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Together, the interplay of BLIMP1 and EZH2 plays a vital role in promoting the survival of WM cell lines, suggesting a role for the two factors in Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Jade Anderson
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland.,The University of Iceland Biomedical Center, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Árný Björg Ósvaldsdóttir
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland.,The University of Iceland Biomedical Center, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Birgit Atzinger
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland.,The University of Iceland Biomedical Center, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Gunnhildur Ásta Traustadóttir
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland.,The University of Iceland Biomedical Center, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Kirstine Nolling Jensen
- The University of Iceland Biomedical Center, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Department of Immunology, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Aðalheiður Elín Lárusdóttir
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland.,The University of Iceland Biomedical Center, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Jón Thór Bergthórsson
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland.,The University of Iceland Biomedical Center, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Department of Laboratory Haematology, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Ingibjörg Hardardóttir
- The University of Iceland Biomedical Center, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Department of Immunology, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Erna Magnúsdóttir
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland. .,Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland. .,The University of Iceland Biomedical Center, Vatnsmýrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland.
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125
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The transcriptional repressor Blimp1/PRDM1 regulates the maternal decidual response in mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2782. [PMID: 32493987 PMCID: PMC7270082 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16603-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional repressor Blimp1 controls cell fate decisions in the developing embryo and adult tissues. Here we describe Blimp1 expression and functional requirements within maternal uterine tissues during pregnancy. Expression is robustly up-regulated at early post-implantation stages in the primary decidual zone (PDZ) surrounding the embryo. Conditional inactivation results in defective formation of the PDZ barrier and abnormal trophectoderm invasion. RNA-Seq analysis demonstrates down-regulated expression of genes involved in cell adhesion and markers of decidualisation. In contrast, genes controlling immune responses including IFNγ are up-regulated. ChIP-Seq experiments identify candidate targets unique to the decidua as well as those shared across diverse cell types including a highly conserved peak at the Csf-1 gene promoter. Interestingly Blimp1 inactivation results in up-regulated Csf1 expression and macrophage recruitment into maternal decidual tissues. These results identify Blimp1 as a critical regulator of tissue remodelling and maternal tolerance during early stages of pregnancy.
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126
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Cook SL, Franke MC, Sievert EP, Sciammas R. A Synchronous IRF4-Dependent Gene Regulatory Network in B and Helper T Cells Orchestrating the Antibody Response. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:614-628. [PMID: 32467029 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Control of diverse pathogens requires an adaptive antibody response, dependent on cellular division of labor to allocate antigen-dependent B- and CD4+ T-cell fates that collaborate to control the quantity and quality of antibody. This is orchestrated by the dynamic action of key transcriptional regulators mediating gene expression programs in response to pathogen-specific environmental inputs. We describe a conserved, likely ancient, gene regulatory network that intriguingly operates contemporaneously in B and CD4+ T cells to control their cell fate dynamics and thus, the character of the antibody response. The remarkable output of this network derives from graded expression, designated by antigen receptor signal strength, of a pivotal transcription factor that regulates alternate cell fate choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Cook
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Marissa C Franke
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Evelyn P Sievert
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Roger Sciammas
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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127
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Fong HT, Hagen T, Inoue T. LDB1 and the SWI/SNF complex participate in both transcriptional activation and repression by Caenorhabditis elegans BLIMP1/PRDM1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1863:194577. [PMID: 32417234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors of the BLIMP1/PRDM1 family are important regulators of development. BLIMP1/PRDM1 can both activate and repress gene expression, however, the mechanism of activation is not well understood. Therefore, we looked for factors involved in gene activation by C. elegans BLMP-1, the ortholog of BLIMP1/PRDM1. BLMP-1 activates the expression of bed-3, a gene involved in vulval development. By screening nuclear proteins that function in vulval development, we identified two proteins (LDB-1 and HAM-3) required for BLMP-1 dependent bed-3 expression. LDB-1 is the sole C. elegans member of the LIM Binding Protein (LDB) family, whereas HAM-3 is an accessory subunit of the SWI/SNF complex (ortholog of human SMARCD3/BAF60C). A core SWI/SNF subunit SWSN-1 (ortholog of human SMARCC1/BAF155) is also involved. We found that LDB-1 and HAM-3 bind to BLMP-1, suggesting that BLMP-1 recruits LDB-1 and the SWI/SNF complex to activate bed-3 expression. Interestingly, LDB-1 and HAM-3 are involved in both transcriptional activation and repression. In particular, BLMP-1, LDB-1 and HAM-3 co-regulate a set of hypodermal genes including bed-3 (activated), col-124 (activated) and lin-29 (repressed). On the other hand, LDB-1 and HAM-3 are not required for activation or repression of some genes regulated by BLMP-1 (e.g. T09D3.8, nas-10). We also found that human LDB1, SMARCD3/BAF60C and SMARCC1/BAF155 all physically interact with human BLIMP1/PRDM1 in vitro and are closely associated with BLIMP1/PRDM1 in vivo. Taken together, these results identify LDB1 and SWI/SNF as likely conserved cofactors of BLIMP1/PRDM1, which participate in activation and repression of a subset of BLIMP1/PRDM1-regulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hei Tung Fong
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Thilo Hagen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
| | - Takao Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
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Hidalgo Y, Núñez S, Fuenzalida MJ, Flores-Santibáñez F, Sáez PJ, Dorner J, Lennon-Dumenil AM, Martínez V, Zorn E, Rosemblatt M, Sauma D, Bono MR. Thymic B Cells Promote Germinal Center-Like Structures and the Expansion of Follicular Helper T Cells in Lupus-Prone Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:696. [PMID: 32411134 PMCID: PMC7199236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the activation of autoreactive T and B cells, autoantibody production, and immune complex deposition in various organs. Previous evidence showed abnormal accumulation of B cells in the thymus of lupus-prone mice, but the role of this population in the progression of the disease remains mostly undefined. Here we analyzed the spatial distribution, function, and properties of this thymic B cell population in the BWF1 murine model of SLE. We found that in diseased animals, thymic B cells proliferate, and cluster in structures that resemble ectopic germinal centers. Moreover, we detected antibody-secreting cells in the thymus of diseased-BWF1 mice that produce anti-dsDNA IgG autoantibodies. We also found that thymic B cells from diseased-BWF1 mice induced the differentiation of thymocytes to follicular helper T cells (TFH). These data suggest that the accumulation of B cells in the thymus of BWF1 mice results in the formation of germinal center-like structures and the expansion of a TFH population, which may, in turn, activate and differentiate B cells into autoreactive plasma cells. Therefore, the thymus emerges as an important niche that supports the maintenance of the pathogenic humoral response in the development of murine SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yessia Hidalgo
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Cells for Cells-Consorcio Regenero, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Maria Jose Fuenzalida
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Fundacion Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Pablo J Sáez
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Dorner
- FAVET-INBIOGEN, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Victor Martínez
- FAVET-INBIOGEN, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emmanuel Zorn
- Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mario Rosemblatt
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Fundacion Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Sauma
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Rosa Bono
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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129
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Early antiretroviral therapy-treated perinatally HIV-infected seronegative children demonstrate distinct long-term persistence of HIV-specific T-cell and B-cell memory. AIDS 2020; 34:669-680. [PMID: 32167989 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate long-term persistence of HIV-specific lymphocyte immunity in perinatally HIV-infected children treated within the first year of life. DESIGN Twenty perinatally HIV-infected children who received ART therapy within the first year of life (early treated) and with stable viral control (>5 years) were grouped according to their serological response to HIV. METHODS Western blot analysis and ELISA defined 14 HIV-seropositive and six seronegative patients. Frequencies of gp140-specific T-cell and B-cell, and T-cell cytokine production were quantified by flow cytometry in both seronegatives and seropositives. Transcriptional signatures in purified gp140-specific B-cell subsets, in response to in-vitro stimulation with HIV peptides was evaluated by multiplex RT-PCR. RESULTS Gp140-specific T cells and B cells persist at similar levels in both groups. A higher production of IL-21 in gp140-specific T cells was found in seropositives vs. seronegatives (P = 0.003). Gene expression in switched IgM-IgD- gp140-specific memory B cells after stimulation with HIV peptides in vitro demonstrated a differential expression of genes involved in signal transduction and activation after BCR/TLR triggering and B-cell activation. Genes relating to antibody production (PRDM1) and T-B cognate stimulation (CXCR4, IL21R) were differentially induced after in-vitro stimulation in seronegatives vs. seropositives suggesting a truncated process of B-cell maturation. CONCLUSION HIV-specific memory B and T cells persist in early treated regardless their serological status. Seronegatives and seropositives are distinguished by gp140-specific T-cell function and by distinct transcriptional signatures of gp140-specific B cells after in-vitro stimulation, presumably because of a different antigen exposure. Such qualitative insights may inform future immunotherapeutic interventions.
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130
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Centa M, Jin H, Hofste L, Hellberg S, Busch A, Baumgartner R, Verzaal NJ, Lind Enoksson S, Perisic Matic L, Boddul SV, Atzler D, Li DY, Sun C, Hansson GK, Ketelhuth DFJ, Hedin U, Wermeling F, Lutgens E, Binder CJ, Maegdesfessel L, Malin SG. Germinal Center-Derived Antibodies Promote Atherosclerosis Plaque Size and Stability. Circulation 2020; 139:2466-2482. [PMID: 30894016 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.038534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis progression is modulated by interactions with the adaptive immune system. Humoral immunity can help protect against atherosclerosis formation; however, the existence, origin, and function of putative atherogenic antibodies are controversial. How such atherosclerosis-promoting antibodies could affect the specific composition and stability of plaques, as well as the vasculature generally, remains unknown. METHODS We addressed the overall contribution of antibodies to atherosclerosis plaque formation, composition, and stability in vivo (1) with mice that displayed a general loss of antibodies, (2) with mice that had selectively ablated germinal center-derived IgG production, or (3) through interruption of T-B-cell interactions and further studied the effects of antibody deficiency on the aorta by transcriptomics. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that atherosclerosis-prone mice with attenuated plasma cell function manifest reduced plaque burden, indicating that antibodies promote atherosclerotic lesion size. However, the composition of the plaque was altered in antibody-deficient mice, with an increase in lipid content and decreases in smooth muscle cells and macrophages, resulting in an experimentally validated vulnerable plaque phenotype. Furthermore, IgG antibodies enhanced smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro in an Fc receptor-dependent manner, and antibody-deficient mice had decreased neointimal hyperplasia formation in vivo. These IgG antibodies were shown to be derived from germinal centers, and mice genetically deficient for germinal center formation had strongly reduced atherosclerosis plaque formation. mRNA sequencing of aortas revealed that antibodies are required for the sufficient expression of multiple signal-induced and growth-promoting transcription factors and that aortas undergo large-scale metabolic reprograming in their absence. Using an elastase model, we demonstrated that absence of IgG results in an increased severity of aneurysm formation. CONCLUSIONS We propose that germinal center-derived IgG antibodies promote the size and stability of atherosclerosis plaques, through promoting arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation and maintaining the molecular identity of the aorta. These results could have implications for therapies that target B cells or B-T-cell interactions because the loss of humoral immunity leads to a smaller but less stable plaque phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Centa
- Departments of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (M.C., H.J., L.H., S.H., A.B., R.B., N.J.V., S.L.E., S.V.B, D.Y.L., C.S., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., F.W., L.M., S.G.M.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hong Jin
- Departments of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (M.C., H.J., L.H., S.H., A.B., R.B., N.J.V., S.L.E., S.V.B, D.Y.L., C.S., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., F.W., L.M., S.G.M.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa Hofste
- Departments of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (M.C., H.J., L.H., S.H., A.B., R.B., N.J.V., S.L.E., S.V.B, D.Y.L., C.S., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., F.W., L.M., S.G.M.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanna Hellberg
- Departments of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (M.C., H.J., L.H., S.H., A.B., R.B., N.J.V., S.L.E., S.V.B, D.Y.L., C.S., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., F.W., L.M., S.G.M.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Albert Busch
- Departments of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (M.C., H.J., L.H., S.H., A.B., R.B., N.J.V., S.L.E., S.V.B, D.Y.L., C.S., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., F.W., L.M., S.G.M.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roland Baumgartner
- Departments of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (M.C., H.J., L.H., S.H., A.B., R.B., N.J.V., S.L.E., S.V.B, D.Y.L., C.S., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., F.W., L.M., S.G.M.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nienke J Verzaal
- Departments of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (M.C., H.J., L.H., S.H., A.B., R.B., N.J.V., S.L.E., S.V.B, D.Y.L., C.S., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., F.W., L.M., S.G.M.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Lind Enoksson
- Departments of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (M.C., H.J., L.H., S.H., A.B., R.B., N.J.V., S.L.E., S.V.B, D.Y.L., C.S., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., F.W., L.M., S.G.M.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ljubica Perisic Matic
- Molecular Medicine and Surgery (L.P.M., U.H.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine (L.P.M., U.H.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanjay V Boddul
- Departments of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (M.C., H.J., L.H., S.H., A.B., R.B., N.J.V., S.L.E., S.V.B, D.Y.L., C.S., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., F.W., L.M., S.G.M.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dorothee Atzler
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universtät Munich (D.A.).,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University (D.A., E.L.)
| | - Daniel Y Li
- Departments of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (M.C., H.J., L.H., S.H., A.B., R.B., N.J.V., S.L.E., S.V.B, D.Y.L., C.S., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., F.W., L.M., S.G.M.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Changyan Sun
- Departments of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (M.C., H.J., L.H., S.H., A.B., R.B., N.J.V., S.L.E., S.V.B, D.Y.L., C.S., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., F.W., L.M., S.G.M.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran K Hansson
- Departments of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (M.C., H.J., L.H., S.H., A.B., R.B., N.J.V., S.L.E., S.V.B, D.Y.L., C.S., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., F.W., L.M., S.G.M.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Departments of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (M.C., H.J., L.H., S.H., A.B., R.B., N.J.V., S.L.E., S.V.B, D.Y.L., C.S., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., F.W., L.M., S.G.M.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Molecular Medicine and Surgery (L.P.M., U.H.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine (L.P.M., U.H.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Wermeling
- Departments of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (M.C., H.J., L.H., S.H., A.B., R.B., N.J.V., S.L.E., S.V.B, D.Y.L., C.S., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., F.W., L.M., S.G.M.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University (D.A., E.L.).,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.L.)
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna (C.J.B.).,Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria (C.J.B.)
| | - Lars Maegdesfessel
- Departments of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (M.C., H.J., L.H., S.H., A.B., R.B., N.J.V., S.L.E., S.V.B, D.Y.L., C.S., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., F.W., L.M., S.G.M.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Technical University Munich, Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery and DZHK Partner Site, Germany (L.M.)
| | - Stephen G Malin
- Departments of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (M.C., H.J., L.H., S.H., A.B., R.B., N.J.V., S.L.E., S.V.B, D.Y.L., C.S., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., F.W., L.M., S.G.M.), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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131
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Abstract
Antibody-secreting plasma cells are the central pillars of humoral immunity. They are generated in a fundamental cellular restructuring process from naive B cells upon contact with antigen. This outstanding process is guided and controlled by a complex transcriptional network accompanied by a fascinating morphological metamorphosis, governed by the combined action of Blimp-1, Xbp-1 and IRF-4. The survival of plasma cells requires the intimate interaction with a specific microenvironment, consisting of stromal cells and cells of hematopoietic origin. Cell-cell contacts, cytokines and availability of metabolites such as glucose and amino acids modulate the survival abilities of plasma cells in their niches. Moreover, plasma cells have been shown to regulate immune responses by releasing cytokines. Furthermore, plasma cells are central players in autoimmune diseases and malignant transformation of plasma cells can result in the generation of multiple myeloma. Hence, the development of sophisticated strategies to deplete autoreactive plasma cells and myeloma cells represents a challenge for current and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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132
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Singh B, Singh OP, Singh N, Singh SS, Sundar S. Abnormal B-Cell Subset and Blimp-1-Mediated Humoral Responses Associated With Visceral Leishmaniasis Pathogenesis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:816-821. [PMID: 30793688 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cells have a spectrum of functions ranging from antibody production to antigen presentation and have additional vital roles in immune mechanisms. There is rudimentary knowledge about the role of B-cells in intracellular infections with contradictory findings. We explored the role of B-cell dysfunctions in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) pathogenesis in terms of the phenotypic and functional properties of B-cells during the course of disease. This study was performed on blood and splenic aspirates (SA) of VL cases pre- and post-treatment. Whole blood was used for flow cytometric studies for determining the profiles of B-cells at different time-points of treatment. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used for magnetic purification of B-cells, for transcriptional studies by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Serum/plasma was used for direct agglutination test for determining parasite-specific antibodies and SA were used for scoring the presence of parasite by microscopic examination. Flow cytometric studies depicted decreased B-cell percentages during the entire course of disease and attainment of exhaustive phenotype with tissue-like memory cell markers, indicative of B-cell dysfunctions in VL. In addition, B-cells had compromised abilities of antigen processing and presentation and altered levels of B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1). Blimp-1 expression goes hand in hand with B-cell maturation antigen and transmembrane activator and calcium modulator (TACI) and cyclophilin ligand interactor, suggestive of its role in promoting plasma cell survival and antibody production. Elevated level of VL-specific antibody titre was directly correlated with exhausted phenotype and also with disease severity during VL. This study indicated for impaired B-cell functions during chronic infection which may lead to pathological consequences in human VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Singh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Om Prakash Singh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Neetu Singh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Siddharth Sankar Singh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
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133
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Regulation of Plasma Cell Differentiation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1254:63-74. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3532-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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134
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D'Souza L, Bhattacharya D. Plasma cells: You are what you eat. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:161-177. [PMID: 30874356 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasma cells are terminally differentiated B lymphocytes that constitutively secrete antibodies. These antibodies can provide protection against pathogens, and their quantity and quality are the best clinical correlates of vaccine efficacy. As such, plasma cell lifespan is the primary determinant of the duration of humoral immunity. Yet dysregulation of plasma cell function can cause autoimmunity or multiple myeloma. The longevity of plasma cells is primarily dictated by nutrient uptake and non-transcriptionally regulated metabolic pathways. We have previously shown a positive effect of glucose uptake and catabolism on plasma cell longevity and function. In this review, we discuss these findings with an emphasis on nutrient uptake and its effects on respiratory capacity, lifespan, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and antibody secretion in plasma cells. We further discuss how some of these pathways may be dysregulated in multiple myeloma, potentially providing new therapeutic targets. Finally, we speculate on the connection between plasma cell intrinsic metabolism and systemic changes in nutrient availability and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas D'Souza
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
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135
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Azagra A, Marina-Zárate E, Ramiro AR, Javierre BM, Parra M. From Loops to Looks: Transcription Factors and Chromatin Organization Shaping Terminal B Cell Differentiation. Trends Immunol 2019; 41:46-60. [PMID: 31822368 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
B lymphopoiesis is tightly regulated at the level of gene transcription. In recent years, investigators have shed light on the transcription factor networks and the epigenetic machinery involved at all differentiation steps of mammalian B cell development. During terminal differentiation, B cells undergo dramatic changes in gene transcriptional programs to generate germinal center B cells, plasma cells and memory B cells. Recent evidence indicates that mature B cell formation involves an essential contribution from 3D chromatin conformations through its interplay with transcription factors and epigenetic machinery. Here, we provide an up-to-date overview of the coordination between transcription factors, epigenetic changes, and chromatin architecture during terminal B cell differentiation, focusing on recent discoveries and technical advances for studying 3D chromatin structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Azagra
- Lymphocyte Development and Disease Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ester Marina-Zárate
- B Cell Biology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena R Ramiro
- B Cell Biology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Biola M Javierre
- 3D Chromatin Organization Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.
| | - Maribel Parra
- Lymphocyte Development and Disease Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.
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136
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Pioli PD. Plasma Cells, the Next Generation: Beyond Antibody Secretion. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2768. [PMID: 31824518 PMCID: PMC6883717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells (PCs) represent the terminal differentiation step of mature B lymphocytes. These cells are most recognizable for their extended lifespan as well as their ability to secrete large amounts of antibodies (Abs) thus positioning this cell type as a key component of humoral immunity. However, it is now appreciated that PCs can have far reaching effects on pathologic as well as non-pathologic processes independent of Ab secretion. This is highlighted by recent studies showing that PCs function as key regulators of processes such as hematopoiesis as well as neuro-inflammation. In part, PCs accomplish this by integrating extrinsic signals from their environment which dictate their downstream functionality. Here we summarize the current understanding of PC biology focusing on their ever-growing functional repertoire independent of Ab production. Furthermore, we discuss potential applications of PC immunotherapy and its implementation for translational benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Pioli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
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137
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Stengel KR, Bhaskara S, Wang J, Liu Q, Ellis JD, Sampathi S, Hiebert SW. Histone deacetylase 3 controls a transcriptional network required for B cell maturation. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:10612-10627. [PMID: 31586401 PMCID: PMC6847391 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 3 (Hdac3) is a target of the FDA approved HDAC inhibitors, which are used for the treatment of lymphoid malignancies. Here, we used Cd19-Cre to conditionally delete Hdac3 to define its role in germinal center B cells, which represent the cell of origin for many B cell malignancies. Cd19-Cre-Hdac3-/- mice showed impaired germinal center formation along with a defect in plasmablast production. Analysis of Hdac3-/- germinal centers revealed a reduction in dark zone centroblasts and accumulation of light zone centrocytes. RNA-seq revealed a significant correlation between genes up-regulated upon Hdac3 loss and those up-regulated in Foxo1-deleted germinal center B cells, even though Foxo1 typically activates transcription. Therefore, to determine whether gene expression changes observed in Hdac3-/- germinal centers were a result of direct effects of Hdac3 deacetylase activity, we used an HDAC3 selective inhibitor and examined nascent transcription in germinal center-derived cell lines. Transcriptional changes upon HDAC3 inhibition were enriched for light zone gene signatures as observed in germinal centers. Further comparison of PRO-seq data with ChIP-seq/exo data for BCL6, SMRT, FOXO1 and H3K27ac identified direct targets of HDAC3 function including CD86, CD83 and CXCR5 that are likely responsible for driving the light zone phenotype observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy R Stengel
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Srividya Bhaskara
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Oncological Sciences, Univ. of Utah School of Medicine and the Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37027, USA
| | - Jacob D Ellis
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Shilpa Sampathi
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Scott W Hiebert
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37027, USA
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138
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Okuzaki Y, Kaneoka H, Suzuki T, Hagihara Y, Nakayama Y, Murakami S, Murase Y, Kuroiwa A, Iijima S, Nishijima KI. PRDM14 and BLIMP1 control the development of chicken primordial germ cells. Dev Biol 2019; 455:32-41. [PMID: 31271752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of primordial germ cells (PGCs) is a fundamental step in development. PR domain-containing protein 14 (PRDM14) and B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (BLIMP1) play pivotal roles in mouse PGC specification. In the present study, we assessed the roles of chicken orthologs of PRDM14 and BLIMP1 in PGC development. PRDM14 and BLIMP1 were expressed in blastodermal cells and PGCs. The in vivo knockdown of PRDM14 or BLIMP1 by introducing a replication-competent retroviral vector expressing shRNAs to the blastodermal stage of embryos reduced the number of SSEA-1 or chicken vasa homologue-positive PGCs on day 5.5-6.5. Since the inhibition of Activin receptor-like kinase 4/5/7 in cultured PGCs reduced the expression of PRDM14, BLIMP1, and NANOG, and that of MEK inhibited PRDM14 expression, the expression of these genes seems to be controlled by Activin A and FGF2 signaling. Overall, PRDM14, BLIMP1, and NANOG seem to be involved in the self-renewal of PGCs in cultured PGCs and embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Okuzaki
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hidenori Kaneoka
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yota Hagihara
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakayama
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Seitaro Murakami
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murase
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuroiwa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shinji Iijima
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nishijima
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan.
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139
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Sanz I, Wei C, Jenks SA, Cashman KS, Tipton C, Woodruff MC, Hom J, Lee FEH. Challenges and Opportunities for Consistent Classification of Human B Cell and Plasma Cell Populations. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2458. [PMID: 31681331 PMCID: PMC6813733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasingly recognized role of different types of B cells and plasma cells in protective and pathogenic immune responses combined with technological advances have generated a plethora of information regarding the heterogeneity of this human immune compartment. Unfortunately, the lack of a consistent classification of human B cells also creates significant imprecision on the adjudication of different phenotypes to well-defined populations. Additional confusion in the field stems from: the use of non-discriminatory, overlapping markers to define some populations, the extrapolation of mouse concepts to humans, and the assignation of functional significance to populations often defined by insufficient surface markers. In this review, we shall discuss the current understanding of human B cell heterogeneity and define major parental populations and associated subsets while discussing their functional significance. We shall also identify current challenges and opportunities. It stands to reason that a unified approach will not only permit comparison of separate studies but also improve our ability to define deviations from normative values and to create a clean framework for the identification, functional significance, and disease association with new populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Sanz
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chungwen Wei
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Scott A Jenks
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kevin S Cashman
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christopher Tipton
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Matthew C Woodruff
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer Hom
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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140
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Nguyen DC, Joyner CJ, Sanz I, Lee FEH. Factors Affecting Early Antibody Secreting Cell Maturation Into Long-Lived Plasma Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2138. [PMID: 31572364 PMCID: PMC6749102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody secreting cells (ASCs) are terminally differentiated cells of the humoral immune response and must adapt morphologically, transcriptionally, and metabolically to maintain high-rates of antibody (Ab) secretion. ASCs differentiate from activated B cells in lymph nodes and transiently circulate in the blood. Most of the circulating ASCs undergo apoptosis, but a small fraction of early ASCs migrate to the bone marrow (BM) and eventually mature into long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs). LLPC survival is controlled both intrinsically and extrinsically. Their differentiation and maintenance programs are governed by many intrinsic mechanisms involving anti-apoptosis, autophagy, and metabolism. The extrinsic factors involved in LLPC generation include BM stromal cells, cytokines, and chemokines, such as APRIL, IL-6, and CXCL12. In humans, the BM CD19−CD38hiCD138+ ASC subset is the main repository of LLPCs, and our recent development of an in vitro BM mimic provides essential tools to study environmental cues that support LLPC survival and the critical molecular mechanisms of maturation from early minted blood ASCs to LLPCs. In this review, we summarize the evidence of LLPC generation and maintenance and provide novel paradigms of LLPC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan C Nguyen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chester J Joyner
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Iñaki Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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141
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Tsai DY, Hung KH, Chang CW, Lin KI. Regulatory mechanisms of B cell responses and the implication in B cell-related diseases. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:64. [PMID: 31472685 PMCID: PMC6717636 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Terminally differentiated B cell, the plasma cell, is the sole cell type capable of producing antibodies in our body. Over the past 30 years, the identification of many key molecules controlling B cell activation and differentiation has elucidated the molecular pathways for generating antibody-producing plasma cells. Several types of regulation modulating the functions of the important key molecules in B cell activation and differentiation add other layers of complexity in shaping B cell responses following antigen exposure in the absence or presence of T cell help. Further understanding of the mechanisms contributing to the proper activation and differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells may enable us to develop new strategies for managing antibody humoral responses during health and disease. Herein, we reviewed the effect of different types of regulation, including transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional regulation and epigenetic regulation, on B cell activation, and on mounting memory B cell and antibody responses. We also discussed the link between the dysregulation of the abovementioned regulatory mechanisms and B cell-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yan Tsai
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang Dist, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsuan Hung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang Dist, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang Dist, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-I Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang Dist, Taipei, 115, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
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142
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Chinnapaiyan S, Dutta RK, Nair M, Chand HS, Rahman I, Unwalla HJ. TGF-β1 increases viral burden and promotes HIV-1 latency in primary differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12552. [PMID: 31467373 PMCID: PMC6715689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has increased the life expectancy of HIV patients. However, the incidence of non-AIDS associated lung comorbidities, such as COPD and asthma, and that of opportunistic lung infections have become more common among this population. HIV proteins secreted by the anatomical HIV reservoirs can have both autocrine and paracrine effects contributing to the HIV-associated comorbidities. HIV has been recovered from cell-free bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, alveolar macrophages, and intrapulmonary lymphocytes. We have recently shown that ex-vivo cultured primary bronchial epithelial cells and the bronchial brushings from human subjects express canonical HIV receptors CD4, CCR5 and CXCR4 and can be infected with HIV. Together these studies suggest that the lung tissue can serve as an important reservoir for HIV. In this report, we show that TGF-β1 promotes HIV latency by upregulating a transcriptional repressor BLIMP-1. Furthermore, we identify miR-9-5p as an important intermediate in TGF-β-mediated BLIMP-1 upregulation and consequent HIV latency. The transcriptionally suppressed HIV can be reactivated by common latency reactivating agents. Together our data suggest that in patients with chronic airway diseases, TGF-β can elevate the HIV viral reservoir load that could further exacerbate the HIV associated lung comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chinnapaiyan
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - R K Dutta
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - M Nair
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - H S Chand
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - I Rahman
- University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - H J Unwalla
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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143
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Cole C, Byrne A, Beaudin AE, Forsberg EC, Vollmers C. Tn5Prime, a Tn5 based 5' capture method for single cell RNA-seq. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:e62. [PMID: 29548006 PMCID: PMC6007450 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) is a powerful technique to investigate and quantify entire transcriptomes. Recent advances in the field have made it possible to explore the transcriptomes of single cells. However, most widely used RNA-seq protocols fail to provide crucial information regarding transcription start sites. Here we present a protocol, Tn5Prime, that takes advantage of the Tn5 transposase-based Smart-seq2 protocol to create RNA-seq libraries that capture the 5' end of transcripts. The Tn5Prime method dramatically streamlines the 5' capture process and is both cost effective and reliable. By applying Tn5Prime to bulk RNA and single cell samples, we were able to define transcription start sites as well as quantify transcriptomes at high accuracy and reproducibility. Additionally, similar to 3' end-based high-throughput methods like Drop-seq and 10× Genomics Chromium, the 5' capture Tn5Prime method allows the introduction of cellular identifiers during reverse transcription, simplifying the analysis of large numbers of single cells. In contrast to 3' end-based methods, Tn5Prime also enables the assembly of the variable 5' ends of the antibody sequences present in single B-cell data. Therefore, Tn5Prime presents a robust tool for both basic and applied research into the adaptive immune system and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Cole
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, CA, 95064 USA
| | - Ashley Byrne
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA, 95064 USA
| | - Anna E Beaudin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, CA, 95340 USA
| | - E Camilla Forsberg
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, CA, 95064 USA.,Institute for the Biology of Stem Cells, University of California Santa Cruz, CA, 95064 USA
| | - Christopher Vollmers
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, CA, 95064 USA
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144
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Willis SN, Nutt SL. New players in the gene regulatory network controlling late B cell differentiation. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 58:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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145
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PRDM1 levels are associated with clinical diseases in chronic HBV infection and survival of patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 73:156-162. [PMID: 31100710 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PR domain zinc finger protein 1 (PRDM1)/B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (BLIMP1) is a transcriptional repressor involved in B and T cell responses which are implicated in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study investigated the association of PRDM1 with clinical diseases of chronic HBV infection and prognosis of HBV -related HCC patients. Serum PRDM1 levels were determined in 403 patients with chronic HBV infection (171 chronic hepatitis, 119 cirrhosis and 113 HCC), 70 HBV infection resolvers and 96 healthy control individuals. The PRDM1 levels were analyzed with regard to clinical diseases and overall survival of HCC patients. Serum PRDM1 concentrations in patients with chronic HBV infection were significantly elevated compared with infection resolvers and healthy controls. HBV-related HCC patients had the most significantly elevated PRDM1 levels. PRDM1 levels could considerably differentiate HCC from chronic hepatitis [area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) 0.889, p < 0.001] or cirrhosis (AUC 0.910, p < 0.001). HCC patients with high PRDM1 levels had a poor prognosis (>300 pg/mL vs. ≤300 pg/mL, p = 0.001). High PRDM1 levels were independently associated with increased mortality in HCC patients (hazard ratio 2.997, 95% confidence interval 1.103-4.722, p = 0.003). Overall, this study demonstrated that PRDM1 levels are associated with the clinical diseases of chronic HBV infection. Highly elevated PRDM1 levels are discriminative of HCC from other clinical diseases and indicative of a poor prognosis of HCC patients. The potential association of PRDM1 levels with disease progression and treatment response warrants further investigation.
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146
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Chronic CD30 signaling in B cells results in lymphomagenesis by driving the expansion of plasmablasts and B1 cells. Blood 2019; 133:2597-2609. [PMID: 30962205 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2018880138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CD30 is expressed on a variety of B-cell lymphomas, such as Hodgkin lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma subgroup. In normal tissues, CD30 is expressed on some activated B and T lymphocytes. However, the physiological function of CD30 signaling and its contribution to the generation of CD30+ lymphomas are still poorly understood. To gain a better understanding of CD30 signaling in B cells, we studied the expression of CD30 in different murine B-cell populations. We show that B1 cells expressed higher levels of CD30 than B2 cells and that CD30 was upregulated in IRF4+ plasmablasts (PBs). Furthermore, we generated and analyzed mice expressing a constitutively active CD30 receptor in B lymphocytes. These mice displayed an increase in B1 cells in the peritoneal cavity (PerC) and secondary lymphoid organs as well as increased numbers of plasma cells (PCs). TI-2 immunization resulted in a further expansion of B1 cells and PCs. We provide evidence that the expanded B1 population in the spleen included a fraction of PBs. CD30 signals seemed to enhance PC differentiation by increasing activation of NF-κB and promoting higher levels of phosphorylated STAT3 and STAT6 and nuclear IRF4. In addition, chronic CD30 signaling led to B-cell lymphomagenesis in aged mice. These lymphomas were localized in the spleen and PerC and had a B1-like/plasmablastic phenotype. We conclude that our mouse model mirrors chronic B-cell activation with increased numbers of CD30+ lymphocytes and provides experimental proof that chronic CD30 signaling increases the risk of B-cell lymphomagenesis.
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147
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Khodadadi L, Cheng Q, Radbruch A, Hiepe F. The Maintenance of Memory Plasma Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:721. [PMID: 31024553 PMCID: PMC6464033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well accepted that plasma cells can become long-lived (memory) plasma cells and secrete antibodies for months, years or a lifetime. However, the mechanisms involved in this process of humoral memory, which is crucial for both protective immunity and autoimmunity, still are not fully understood. This article will address a number of open questions. For example: Is longevity of plasma cells due to their intrinsic competence, extrinsic factors, or a combination of both? Which internal signals are involved in this process? What factors provide external support? What survival factors play a part in inflammation and autoreactive disease? Internal and external factors that contribute to the maintenance of memory long-lived plasma cells will be discussed. The aim is to provide useful additional information about the maintenance of protective and autoreactive memory plasma cells that will help researchers design effective vaccines for the induction of life-long protection against infectious diseases and to efficiently target pathogenic memory plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Khodadadi
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin-A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qingyu Cheng
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin-A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin-A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Hiepe
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin-A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Berlin, Germany
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148
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de Mel S, Hue SSS, Jeyasekharan AD, Chng WJ, Ng SB. Molecular pathogenic pathways in extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:33. [PMID: 30935402 PMCID: PMC6444858 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0716-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTL) is an aggressive malignancy with a dismal prognosis. Although L-asparaginase-based chemotherapy has resulted in improved response rates, relapse occurs in up to 50% of patients with disseminated disease. There is hence an urgent need for effective targeted therapy, especially for patients with relapsed or refractory disease. Novel insights gleaned from high-throughput molecular and genomic profiling studies in recent years have contributed significantly to the understanding of the molecular biology of ENKTL, which exemplifies many of the hallmarks of cancer. Deregulated pro-proliferative signaling pathways, such as the Janus-associated kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), Aurora kinase, MYC, and NF-κB, have been identified as potential therapeutic targets. The discovery of the non-canonical function of EZH2 as a pro-proliferative transcriptional co-activator has shed further light on the pathogenesis of ENKTL. Loss of key tumor suppressor genes located on chromosome 6q21 also plays an important role. The best-studied examples include PR domain zinc finger protein 1(PRDM1), protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa (PTPRK), and FOXO3. Promoter hypermethylation has been shown to result in the downregulation of other tumor suppressor genes in ENKTL, which may be potentially targeted through hypomethylating agents. Deregulation of apoptosis through p53 mutations and upregulation of the anti-apoptotic protein, survivin, may provide a further growth advantage to this tumor. A deranged DNA damage response as a result of the aberration of ataxia telangiectasia-related (ATR) kinases can lead to significant genomic instability and may contribute to chemoresistance of ENKTL. Recently, immune evasion has emerged as a critical pathway for survival in ENKTL and may be a consequence of HLA dysregulation or STAT3-driven upregulation of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Immunotherapy via inhibition of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 checkpoint signaling holds great promise as a novel therapeutic option. In this review, we present an overview of the key molecular and pathogenic pathways in ENKTL, organized using the framework of the "hallmarks of cancer" as described by Hanahan and Weinberg, with a focus on those with the greatest translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay de Mel
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Susan Swee-Shan Hue
- Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anand D Jeyasekharan
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee-Joo Chng
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119228, Singapore. .,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Siok-Bian Ng
- Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore. .,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074, Singapore.
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149
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Ise W, Kurosaki T. Plasma cell differentiation during the germinal center reaction. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:64-74. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ise
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte DifferentiationWPI Immunology Frontier Research CenterOsaka University Osaka Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte DifferentiationWPI Immunology Frontier Research CenterOsaka University Osaka Japan
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte DifferentiationRIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS) Yokohama Japan
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150
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Zinc finger-IRF composite elements bound by Ikaros/IRF4 complexes function as gene repression in plasma cell. Blood Adv 2019; 2:883-894. [PMID: 29669755 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017010413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor (TF) interferon regulatory factor-4 (IRF4) promotes both germinal center (GC) reactions and plasma cell (PC) differentiation by binding to alternative DNA motifs including AP-1-IRF composite elements, Ets-IRF composite elements (EICEs), and interferon sequence response elements (ISREs). Although all of these motifs mediate transcriptional activation by IRF4, it is still unknown how some of the IRF4 target genes are downregulated upon PC differentiation. Here, we revealed a molecular mechanism of IRF4-mediated gene downregulation during PC differentiation. By combining IRF4 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequence and gene expression analysis, we identified zinc finger-IRF composite elements (ZICEs) in IRF4 binding regions aligned with genes whose expression was downregulated in PCs. The zinc finger TFs Ikaros and Aiolos were identified as IRF4 binding partners in PCs, and Ikaros but not Aiolos was essential for IRF4 binding to the ZICE sequence and for PC differentiation. The Ebf1 gene, which positively controls B-cell activation and GC reactions, was identified as one of the Ikaros/IRF4 target genes. Importantly, while the ZICE embeds the ISRE motif, IRF4 bound the ZICE motif as heterodimers with Ikaros for repression of target genes, which include Ebf1 In contrast, if the zinc finger motif is juxtaposed to the EICE motif, the Ikaros/PU.1/IRF4 complex functioned to activate target gene expression. Our findings revealed a novel mode of IRF4 activity upon PC differentiation where upon forming an Ikaros/IRF4 DNA-bound complex, a subset of genes is repressed.
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