101
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Zhang Y, Lu XY, Casella G, Tian J, Ye ZQ, Yang T, Han JJ, Jia LY, Rostami A, Li X. Generation of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells From Mouse Bone Marrow Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:247. [PMID: 31231194 PMCID: PMC6561316 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are a subtype of glial cells responsible for myelin regeneration. Oligodendrocytes (OLGs) originate from OPCs and are the myelinating cells in the central nervous system (CNS). OLGs play an important role in the context of lesions in which myelin loss occurs. Even though many protocols for isolating OPCs have been published, their cellular yield remains a limit for clinical application. The protocol proposed here is novel and has practical value; in fact, OPCs can be generated from a source of autologous cells without gene manipulation. Our method represents a rapid, and high-efficiency differentiation protocol for generating mouse OLGs from bone marrow-derived cells using growth-factor defined media. With this protocol, it is possible to obtain mature OLGs in 7–8 weeks. Within 2–3 weeks from bone marrow (BM) isolation, after neurospheres formed, the cells differentiate into Nestin+ Sox2+ neural stem cells (NSCs), around 30 days. OPCs specific markers start to be expressed around day 38, followed by RIP+O4+ around day 42. CNPase+ mature OLGs are finally obtained around 7–8 weeks. Further, bone marrow-derived OPCs exhibited therapeutic effect in shiverer (Shi) mice, promoting myelin regeneration and reducing the tremor. Here, we propose a method by which OLGs can be generated starting from BM cells and have similar abilities to subventricular zone (SVZ)-derived cells. This protocol significantly decreases the timing and costs of the OLGs differentiation within 2 months of culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin-Yu Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Giacomo Casella
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jing Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ze-Qing Ye
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan-Juan Han
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ling-Yu Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xing Li
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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102
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APC-Cdh1 Inhibits the Proliferation and Activation of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells after Mechanical Stretch Injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9524561. [PMID: 31139661 PMCID: PMC6500630 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9524561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of spinal cord injury (SCI) continues to increase; however, the involved mechanisms remain unclear. Anaphase promoting complex (APC) and its regulatory subunit Cdh1 play important roles in the growth, development, and repair of the central nervous system (CNS). Cdh1 is involved in the pathophysiological processes of neuronal apoptosis and astrocyte-reactive proliferation after ischemic brain injury, whereas the role played by APC-Cdh1 in the proliferation and activation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) after SCI remains unresolved. Using primary cultures of spinal oligodendrocyte precursor cells, we successfully established an in vitro mechanical stretch injury model to simulate SCI. Cell viability and proliferation were determined by MTT assay and flow cytometric analysis of the cell cycle. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis determined the mRNA and protein expression levels of Cdh1 and its downstream substrates Skp2 and Id2. Mechanical stretch injury decreased the proliferative activity of OPCs and enhanced cellular Cdh1 expression. Dampened expression of Cdh1 in primary OPCs significantly promoted proliferation and activation of OPCs after SCI. In addition, the expression of the downstream substrates of Cdh1, Skp2, and Id2 was decreased following mechanical injury, whereas adenovirus-mediated Cdh1 RNA interference increased postinjury expression of Skp2 and Id2. These findings suggest that APC-Cdh1 might be involved in regulating the proliferation and activation of OPCs after mechanical SCI. Moreover, degraded ubiquitination of the downstream substrates Skp2 and Id2 might play an important role, at least in part, in the beneficial effects of OPCs activity following SCI.
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103
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Baldassarro VA, Krężel W, Fernández M, Schuhbaur B, Giardino L, Calzà L. The role of nuclear receptors in the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells derived from fetal and adult neural stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2019; 37:101443. [PMID: 31022610 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) differentiation from multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) into mature oligodendrocytes is driven by thyroid hormone and mediated by thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). We show that several nuclear receptors display strong changes in expression levels between fetal and adult NSCs, with an overexpression of TRβ and a lower expression of RXRγ in adult. Such changes may determine the reduced capacity of adult OPCs to differentiate as supported by reduced yield of maturation and compromised mRNA expression of key genes. RXRγ may be the determinant of these differences, on the evidence of reduced number of mature oligodendrocytes and increased number of proliferating OPCs in RXRγ-/- cultures. Such data also points to RXRγ as an important regulator of the cell cycle exit, as proved by the dysregulation of T3-induced cell cycle exit-related genes. Our data highlight the biological differences between fetal and adult OPCs and demonstrate the essential role of RXRγ in the T3-mediated OPCs maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Antonio Baldassarro
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Italy; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Inserm, U1258 Illkirch, France; CNRS, UMR, 7104 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
| | - Wojciech Krężel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Inserm, U1258 Illkirch, France; CNRS, UMR, 7104 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Brigitte Schuhbaur
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Inserm, U1258 Illkirch, France; CNRS, UMR, 7104 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Luciana Giardino
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Italy; IRET Foundation, Ozzano Emilia, Italy; Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Calzà
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Italy; IRET Foundation, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
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104
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Single-Cell Transcriptomics Uncovers Glial Progenitor Diversity and Cell Fate Determinants during Development and Gliomagenesis. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 24:707-723.e8. [PMID: 30982771 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The identity and degree of heterogeneity of glial progenitors and their contributions to brain tumor malignancy remain elusive. By applying lineage-targeted single-cell transcriptomics, we uncover an unanticipated diversity of glial progenitor pools with unique molecular identities in developing brain. Our analysis identifies distinct transitional intermediate states and their divergent developmental trajectories in astroglial and oligodendroglial lineages. Moreover, intersectional analysis uncovers analogous intermediate progenitors during brain tumorigenesis, wherein oligodendrocyte-progenitor intermediates are abundant, hyper-proliferative, and progressively reprogrammed toward a stem-like state susceptible to further malignant transformation. Similar actively cycling intermediate progenitors are prominent components in human gliomas with distinct driver mutations. We further unveil lineage-driving networks underlying glial fate specification and identify Zfp36l1 as necessary for oligodendrocyte-astrocyte lineage transition and glioma growth. Together, our results resolve the dynamic repertoire of common and divergent glial progenitors during development and tumorigenesis and highlight Zfp36l1 as a molecular nexus for balancing glial cell-fate decision and controlling gliomagenesis.
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105
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Suckau O, Gross I, Schrötter S, Yang F, Luo J, Wree A, Chun J, Baska D, Baumgart J, Kano K, Aoki J, Bräuer AU. LPA 1 , LPA 2 , LPA 4 , and LPA 6 receptor expression during mouse brain development. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:375-395. [PMID: 30847983 PMCID: PMC6593976 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background LPA is a small bioactive phospholipid that acts as an extracellular signaling molecule and is involved in cellular processes, including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. LPA acts by binding and activating at least six known G protein–coupled receptors: LPA1–6. In recent years, LPA has been suggested to play an important role both in normal neuronal development and under pathological conditions in the nervous system. Results We show the expression pattern of LPA receptors during mouse brain development by using qRT‐PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunocytochemistry. Only LPA1, LPA2,LPA4, and LPA6 mRNA transcripts were detected throughout development stages from embryonic day 16 until postnatal day 30 of hippocampus, neocortex, cerebellum, and bulbus olfactorius in our experiments, while expression of LPA3 and LPA5 genes was below detection level. In addition to our qRT‐PCR results, we also analyzed the cellular protein expression of endogenous LPA receptors, with focus on LPA1 and LPA2 within postnatal brain slices and primary neuron differentiation with and without cytoskeleton stabilization and destabilization. Conclusions The expression of LPA receptors changes depends on the developmental stage in mouse brain and in cultured hippocampal primary neurons. Interestingly, we found that commercially available antibodies for LPA receptors are largely unspecific. LPA1, ‐2, ‐4, and ‐6 genes are dynamically expressed during postnatal brain development. LPA1, ‐2, ‐4, and ‐6 genes are differently expressed in the hippocampus, neocortex, cerebellum, and bulbus olfactorius. LPA1 and ‐2 gene expression alters during neuronal differentiation. LPA1, ‐2, ‐3, ‐4, and ‐6 genes are expressed in glia cells, but differed in gene expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Suckau
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabel Gross
- Institute of Anatomy, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Schrötter
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fan Yang
- Albrecht Kossel Institute for Neuroregeneration, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jiankai Luo
- Albrecht Kossel Institute for Neuroregeneration, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Wree
- Institute of Anatomy, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jerold Chun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - David Baska
- Translational Animal Research Center, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Baumgart
- Translational Animal Research Center, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anja U Bräuer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Research Group Anatomy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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106
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Thomi G, Surbek D, Haesler V, Joerger-Messerli M, Schoeberlein A. Exosomes derived from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells reduce microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in perinatal brain injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:105. [PMID: 30898154 PMCID: PMC6429800 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1207-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Preterm newborns are at high risk of developing neurodevelopmental deficits caused by neuroinflammation leading to perinatal brain injury. Human Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ-MSC) derived from the umbilical cord have been suggested to reduce neuroinflammation, in part through the release of extracellular vesicle-like exosomes. Here, we studied whether exosomes derived from hWJ-MSC have anti-inflammatory effects on microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in perinatal brain injury. Methods Using ultracentrifugation, we isolated exosomes from hWJ-MSC culture supernatants. In an in vitro model of neuroinflammation, we stimulated immortalized BV-2 microglia and primary mixed glial cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence or absence of exosomes. In vivo, we introduced brain damage in 3-day-old rat pups and treated them intranasally with hWJ-MSC-derived exosomes. Results hWJ-MSC-derived exosomes dampened the LPS-induced expression of inflammation-related genes by BV-2 microglia and primary mixed glial cells. The secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by LPS-stimulated primary mixed glial was inhibited by exosomes as well. Exosomes interfered within the Toll-like receptor 4 signaling of BV-2 microglia, as they prevented the degradation of the NFκB inhibitor IκBα and the phosphorylation of molecules of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family in response to LPS stimulation. Finally, intranasally administered exosomes reached the brain and reduced microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in rats with perinatal brain injury. Conclusions Our data suggest that the administration of hWJ-MSC-derived exosomes represents a promising therapy to prevent and treat perinatal brain injury. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-019-1207-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gierin Thomi
- Department of Obstetrics and Feto-maternal Medicine, University Women's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Surbek
- Department of Obstetrics and Feto-maternal Medicine, University Women's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Haesler
- Department of Obstetrics and Feto-maternal Medicine, University Women's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Joerger-Messerli
- Department of Obstetrics and Feto-maternal Medicine, University Women's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Andreina Schoeberlein
- Department of Obstetrics and Feto-maternal Medicine, University Women's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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107
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Chen F, Weng Z, Xia Q, Cao C, Leak RK, Han L, Xiao J, Graham SH, Cao G. Intracerebroventricular Delivery of Recombinant NAMPT Deters Inflammation and Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 10:719-728. [PMID: 30820847 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00692-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study indicated that nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is released from cells and might be an important extracellular neuroprotective factor in brain ischemia. Here, we tested whether NAMPT protects against ischemic brain injury when administered directly into the intracerebroventricular (ICV) compartment of the cranium. Recombinant NAMPT protein (2 μg) was delivered ICV in mice subjected to 45-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and the effects on infarct volume, sensorimotor function, microglia/macrophage polarization, neutrophil infiltration, and BBB integrity were analyzed. The results indicate that ICV administration of NAMPT significantly reduced infarct volume, retained its beneficial properties even when ICV administration was delayed by 6 h after MCAO, and improved neurological outcomes. NAMPT treatment inhibited pro-inflammatory microglia/macrophages, promoted microglia/macrophage polarization toward the anti-inflammatory phenotype, and reduced the infiltration of neutrophils into the perilesional area after brain ischemia. In vitro studies indicated that multiple pro-inflammatory microglial markers/cytokines were downregulated while multiple anti-inflammatory microglial markers/cytokines were induced in primary microglial cultures treated with NAMPT protein. NAMPT treatment also fortified the blood-brain barrier (BBB), as shown by reduced extravascular leakage of the small-molecule tracer Alexa Fluor 555 Cadaverine and larger-sized endogenous IgGs into brain parenchyma. Thus, NAMPT may protect against ischemic brain injury partly through a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism, which in turn maintains BBB integrity and reduces the infiltration of peripheral inflammatory cells. Taken together, these results provide validation of recombinant NAMPT delivery into the extracellular space as a potential neuroprotective strategy for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Chen
- Department of Neurology, BST S520, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 206 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA
| | - Zhongfang Weng
- Department of Neurology, BST S520, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 206 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA
| | - Qinghai Xia
- Department of Neurology, BST S520, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 206 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Catherine Cao
- North Allegheny Senior High School, Pittsburgh, PA, 15237, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lihong Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejian, China
| | - Steven H Graham
- Department of Neurology, BST S520, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 206 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA
| | - Guodong Cao
- Department of Neurology, BST S520, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 206 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA. .,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA.
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108
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Suo N, Guo YE, He B, Gu H, Xie X. Inhibition of MAPK/ERK pathway promotes oligodendrocytes generation and recovery of demyelinating diseases. Glia 2019; 67:1320-1332. [PMID: 30815939 PMCID: PMC6593996 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are the myelinating glia of the central nervous system. Injury to OLs causes myelin loss. In demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, the remyelination is hindered principally due to a failure of the oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) to differentiate into mature OLs. To identify inducers of OPC to OL differentiation, a high‐throughput screening based on myelin basic protein expression using neural progenitor cells‐derived OPCs has been performed and, PD0325901—an MEK (MAPK kinase) inhibitor—is found to significantly enhance OPC to OL differentiation in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Other MEK inhibitors also display similar effect, indicating blockade of MAPK–ERK signaling is sufficient to induce OPC differentiation into OLs. PD0325901 facilitates the formation of myelin sheaths in OPC–neuron co‐culture in vitro. And in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model and cuprizone‐induced demyelination model, PD0325901 displays significant therapeutic effect by promoting myelin regeneration. Our results suggest that targeting the MAPK–ERK pathway might be an intriguing way to develop new therapies for demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Suo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-E Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School, Beijing, China
| | - Bingqing He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.,Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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109
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Role of PDGF-A-Activated ERK Signaling Mediated FAK-Paxillin Interaction in Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Migration. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 67:564-573. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-1260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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110
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Smith DR, Margul DJ, Dumont CM, Carlson MA, Munsell MK, Johnson M, Cummings BJ, Anderson AJ, Shea LD. Combinatorial lentiviral gene delivery of pro-oligodendrogenic factors for improving myelination of regenerating axons after spinal cord injury. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:155-167. [PMID: 30229864 PMCID: PMC6289889 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in paralysis below the injury and strategies are being developed that support axonal regrowth, yet recovery lags, in part, because many axons are not remyelinated. Herein, we investigated strategies to increase myelination of regenerating axons by overexpression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA and noggin either alone or in combination in a mouse SCI model. Noggin and PDGF-AA have been identified as factors that enhance recruitment and differentiation of endogenous progenitors to promote myelination. Lentivirus encoding for these factors was delivered from a multichannel bridge, which we have previously shown creates a permissive environment and supports robust axonal growth through channels. The combination of noggin+PDGF enhanced total myelination of regenerating axons relative to either factor alone, and importantly, enhanced functional recovery relative to the control condition. The increase in myelination was consistent with an increase in oligodendrocyte-derived myelin, which was also associated with a greater density of cells of an oligodendroglial lineage relative to each factor individually and control conditions. These results suggest enhanced myelination of regenerating axons by noggin+PDGF that act on oligodendrocyte-lineage cells post-SCI, which ultimately led to improved functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique R. Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel J. Margul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Courtney M. Dumont
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mitchell A. Carlson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mary K. Munsell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mitchell Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brian J. Cummings
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (iMIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Aileen J. Anderson
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (iMIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lonnie D. Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Yao M, Sun H, Yuan Q, Li N, Li H, Tang Y, Leung GK, Wu W. Targeting proteoglycan receptor PTPσ restores sensory function after spinal cord dorsal root injury by activation of Erks/CREB signaling pathway. Neuropharmacology 2019; 144:208-218. [PMID: 30393073 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dorsal root injury commonly results in irreversible loss of sensory functions because of the limited intrinsic regenerative capacity of adult sensory axons and the growth-inhibitory environment at the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) between the dorsal root and the spinal cord. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are the dominant suppressors of axonal regeneration, acting via neuronal receptors including protein tyrosine phosphatase-σ (PTPσ). ISP (Intracellular Sigma Peptide) is a small peptide mimetic of the PTPσ wedge region that has been developed to target PTPσ and relieve CSPG inhibition. Extracellular regulated kinases (Erks) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) are signaling molecules downstream of CSPGs and PTPσ; they are expressed in neurons and essential for axon growth. In this study, we observed that ISP administration could promote sensory function restoration in adult rats after dorsal spinal root crush injury. Our results show that systemic ISP administration would not only significantly increase sensory axon regeneration and functional recovery, but also activate Erk and CREB signaling pathway. Furthermore, ISP has also been verified to increase dorsal root ganglion axonal remyelination in vitro. These results suggest that modulation of PTPσ by ISP represents a promising therapeutic strategy for sensory neuronal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China; Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China; The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Qiuju Yuan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Heng Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yinjuan Tang
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, 423000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Gilberto Kk Leung
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Wutian Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Re-Stem Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Suzhou, 215300, China.
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112
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Hayashi C, Suzuki N. Heterogeneity of Oligodendrocytes and Their Precursor Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1190:53-62. [PMID: 31760638 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9636-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
While oligodendrocytes have been thought to be homogenous, a number of reports have indicated evidences of the heterogeneity of oligodendrocytes and their precursor cells, OPCs. Almost a century ago, Del Río Hortega found three and four types of oligodendrocytes with regions where they exist and their morphologies, respectively. Interfascicular oligodendrocytes are one of the three regional dependent types and are the most typical oligodendendroglial cells that myelinate axonal fibers in the white matter tracts. In the other two, perineuronal oligodendrocyes function as reserve cells for remyelination and regulate neuronal excitability, whereas perivascular oligodendrocytes may play a role in metabolic support of axons. Among the four morphological categories, type I and II oligodendrocytes form many myelin sheaths on small-diameter axons and specific signal is required for the myelination of small-diameter axons. Type III and IV oligodendrocytes myelinate a few number of axons/or one axon, whose diameters are large. A recent comprehensive gene expression analysis with single-cell RNA sequencing identifies six different populations in mature oligodendrocytes and only one population in OPCs. However, OPCs are not uniformed developmentally and regionally. Further, the capacity of OPC differentiation depends on the environments and conditions of the tissues. Taken together, oligodendrocytes and OPCs are diverse as the other cell types in the CNS. The orchestration of these cells with their specialized functions is critical for proper functioning of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Hayashi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, TMDU, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuharu Suzuki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, TMDU, Tokyo, Japan.
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113
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Jin M, Li Q, Gu Y, Wan B, Huang J, Xu X, Huang R, Zhang Y. Leonurine suppresses neuroinflammation through promoting oligodendrocyte maturation. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:1470-1485. [PMID: 30556290 PMCID: PMC6349161 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal inflammation and remyelination failure are major hallmarks of multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this study, we found that leonurine, a bioactive alkaloid, alleviated EAE disease severity along with reduced central nervous system inflammation and myelin damage. During the pathogenesis of EAE, leonurine dramatically suppressed the recruitment of encephalitogenic T cells into the central nervous system, whereas did not impair periphery immune responses and microglia activation. Mechanistically, leonurine protected mice against demyelination along with enhanced remyelination through promoting the maturation of oligodendrocytes in both EAE and cuprizone-induced demyelination mouse models. Moreover, we identified that the expression of demethylase jumonji domain-containing protein D3 was significantly enhanced upon treatment of leonurine, which suppressed the trimethylation of histone H3 lysine-27 and enhanced oligodendrocyte maturation accordingly. Collectively, our study identified the therapeutic effect of leonurine on EAE model, which potentially represents a promising therapeutic strategy for multiple sclerosis, even other demyelination disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jin
- Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Gu
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiefang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanbai Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanyun Zhang
- Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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114
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Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain Complex Dysfunction in MeCP2 Knock-Down Astrocytes: Protective Effects of Quercetin Hydrate. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 67:16-27. [PMID: 30519865 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play the central role in CNS metabolism to support neuronal functions. Mehyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is the global transcription factor with differential expression in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. MeCP2 mutation and downstream detrimental effects have been reported in astrocytes also in MeCP2-associated neurodevelopmental disorder-Rett syndrome. Several studies have shown mitochondrial impairment linked to ROS production and reduced ATP synthesis in Rett patients and models, but consequences of MeCP2 deficiency on mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes in astrocytes and effect of known antioxidant quercetin aglycone has not yet been reported. The present study aimed to investigate effect of quercetin on mitochondrial functioning in MeCP2-deficient astrocytes. Our data show onefold upregulated Uqcrc1 and Ndufv2 gene expression, subtle change in protein expression, and significantly reduced mitochondrial respiratory chain complex-II and complex-III enzyme activities in MeCP2 knock-down astrocytes. Intracellular calcium robustly increased and mitochondrial membrane potential decreased, while no change in ROS was observed in MeCP2 knock-down astrocytes. Quercetin increased MeCP2 and normalized Uqcrc1 and Ndufv2 gene expression but did not modulate MeCP2 and Ndufv2 proteins expression. Interestingly, quercetin upregulated significantly the mitochondrial respiratory complex-II, complex-III, and complex-IV activities in dose-dependent manner. It also restored intracellular calcium level and mitochondrial membrane potential. In vitro observations suggest the beneficial effect of quercetin in mitochondrial functioning in MeCP2-deficient condition. There are no reports focusing on role of quercetin in mitochondrial function in MeCP2-deficient astrocytes, and these observations serve as preliminary data to evaluate quercetin's effects in vivo.
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115
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A novel m 6A reader Prrc2a controls oligodendroglial specification and myelination. Cell Res 2018; 29:23-41. [PMID: 30514900 PMCID: PMC6318280 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-018-0113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
While N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most abundant internal modification in eukaryotic mRNA, is linked to cell differentiation and tissue development, the biological significance of m6A modification in mammalian glial development remains unknown. Here, we identify a novel m6A reader, Prrc2a (Proline rich coiled-coil 2 A), which controls oligodendrocyte specification and myelination. Nestin-Cre-mediated knockout of Prrc2a induces significant hypomyelination, decreased lifespan, as well as locomotive and cognitive defects in a mouse model. Further analyses reveal that Prrc2a is involved in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) proliferation and oligodendrocyte fate determination. Accordingly, oligodendroglial-lineage specific deletion of Prrc2a causes a similar phenotype of Nestin-Cre-mediated deletion. Combining transcriptome-wide RNA-seq, m6A-RIP-seq and Prrc2a RIP-seq analysis, we find that Olig2 is a critical downstream target gene of Prrc2a in oligodendrocyte development. Furthermore, Prrc2a stabilizes Olig2 mRNA through binding to a consensus GGACU motif in the Olig2 CDS (coding sequence) in an m6A-dependent manner. Interestingly, we also find that the m6A demethylase, Fto, erases the m6A modification of Olig2 mRNA and promotes its degradation. Together, our results indicate that Prrc2a plays an important role in oligodendrocyte specification through functioning as a novel m6A reader. These findings suggest a new avenue for the development of therapeutic strategies for hypomyelination-related neurological diseases.
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116
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Zhang T, Chen P, Li W, Sha S, Wang Y, Yuan Z, Shen B, Chen L. Cognitive deficits in mice lacking Nsun5, a cytosine-5 RNA methyltransferase, with impairment of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Glia 2018; 67:688-702. [PMID: 30485550 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) is a microdeletion disorder with cognitive phenotype. NSUN5 gene, which encodes a cytosine-5 RNA methyltransferase, is located in WBS deletion locus. To investigate the influence of NSUN5 deletion on cognitive behaviors, we produced single-gene Nsun5 knockout (Nsun5-KO) mice. Here, we report that adult Nsun5-KO mice showed spatial cognitive deficits. Size of the brain and hippocampal structures and the number of CA1 or CA3 pyramidal cells in Nsun5-KO mice did not differ from WT mice. Basal properties of Schaffer collateral-CA1 synaptic transmission in Nsun5-KO mice were unchanged, but NMDA receptor (NMDAr)-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) was not induced. The NMDA-evoked current in CA1 pyramidal cells was reduced in Nsun5-KO mice without the changes in expression and phosphorylation of NMDAr subunits NR2A and NR2B. Although the protein level of AMPA receptor subunit GluR2 was attenuated in Nsun5-KO mice, the AMPA-evoked current was not altered. Hippocampal immuno-staining showed the selective expression of Nsun5 in NG2 or PDGFRα labeled oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), but not in pyramidal cells or astrocytes. Analysis of RT-PCR determined the Nsun5 expression in purified populations of OPCs rather than neurons or astrocytes. The Nsun5 deficiency led to decreases in the number and neurite outgrowth of OPCs in the hippocampal CA1 and DG, with the decline in NG2 expression and OPCs proliferation. These findings indicate that the Nsun5 deletion suppresses NMDAr activity in neuronal cells probably through the disrupted development and function of OPCs, leading to deficits in NMDAr-dependent LTP and spatial cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peipei Chen
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sha Sha
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zihao Yuan
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Shen
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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117
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Magni G, Marinelli A, Riccio D, Lecca D, Tonelli C, Abbracchio MP, Petroni K, Ceruti S. Purple Corn Extract as Anti-allodynic Treatment for Trigeminal Pain: Role of Microglia. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:378. [PMID: 30455630 PMCID: PMC6230559 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products have attracted interest in the search for new and effective analgesics and coadjuvant approaches to several types of pain. It is in fact well known that many of their active ingredients, such as anthocyanins (ACNs) and polyphenols, can exert potent anti-inflammatory actions. Nevertheless, their potential beneficial effects in orofacial painful syndromes have not been assessed yet. Here, we have evaluated the preventive effect of an ACN-enriched purple corn extract against the development of orofacial allodynia, in comparison with isogenic yellow corn extract containing only polyphenols. Orofacial allodynia developed following induction of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammation in male rats, due to the injection of Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA), and was evaluated by von Frey filaments. Animals drank purple or yellow corn extracts or water starting from 11 days before induction of inflammation and up to the end of the experiment 3 days later. To highlight possible additive and/or synergic actions, some animals also received the anti-inflammatory drug acetyl salicylic acid (ASA). In parallel with the evaluation of allodynia, we have focused our attention on the activation of microglia cells in the central nervous system (CNS), as it is well-known that they significantly contribute to neuronal sensitization and pain. Our data demonstrate that purple corn extract is as effective as ASA in preventing the development of orofacial allodynia, and only partial additive effect is observed when the two agents are co-administered. Yellow corn exerted no effect. Multiple mechanisms are possibly involved in the action of purple corn, including reduction of trigeminal macrophage infiltration and the shift of microglia cell polarization to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. In fact, in rats receiving yellow corn or water microglia cells show thick, short cell processes typical of activated cells. Conversely, thinner and longer microglia cell processes are observed in the brainstem of animals drinking purple corn extract; shape changes are accompanied by a reduction in the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules and increased production of anti-inflammatory mediators. Administration of purple corn extracts therefore represents a possible low-cost and easy way to reduce trigeminal-associated pain in various pathological conditions also thanks to the modulation of microglia reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Magni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Riccio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Lecca
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Tonelli
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Katia Petroni
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Ceruti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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118
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Interactive Repression of MYRF Self-Cleavage and Activity in Oligodendrocyte Differentiation by TMEM98 Protein. J Neurosci 2018; 38:9829-9839. [PMID: 30249802 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0154-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin sheath formed by oligodendrocytes (OLs) is essential for the rapid propagation of action potentials in the vertebrate CNS. Myelin regulatory factor (MYRF) is one of the critical factors that control OL differentiation and myelin maintenance. Previous studies showed that MYRF is a membrane-bound transcription factor associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). After self-cleavage, the N-fragment of MYRF is released from the ER and translocated into the nucleus where it functions as a transcription factor to activate myelin gene expression. At present, it remains unknown whether MYRF self-cleavage and functional activation can be regulated during OL differentiation. Here, we report that TMEM98, an ER-associated transmembrane protein, is capable of binding to the C-terminal of MYRF and inhibiting its self-cleavage and N-fragment nuclear translocation. In the developing CNS, TMEM98 is selectively expressed in early maturing OLs in mouse pups of either sex. Forced expression of TMEM98 in embryonic chicken spinal cord of either sex suppresses endogenous OL differentiation and MYRF-induced ectopic expression of myelin genes. These results suggest that TMEM98, through inhibiting the self-cleavage of MYRF, functions as a negative feedback regulator of MYRF in oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT MYRF protein is initially synthesized as an ER-associated membrane protein that undergoes autoproteolytic cleavage to release the N-fragment, which is then transported into the nucleus and activates the transcription of myelin genes. To date, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the self-cleavage and function of MYRF in regulating oligodendrocyte differentiation have remained unknown. In this study, we present the molecular and functional evidence that TMEM98 membrane protein physically interacts with MYRF in the ER and subsequently blocks its self-cleavage, N-terminal nuclear translocation, and functional activation of myelin gene expression. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the regulation of MYRF self-proteolytic activity and function by an interacting protein, providing new insights into the molecular regulation of OL differentiation and myelinogenesis.
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119
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Canedo-Antelo M, Serrano MP, Manterola A, Ruiz A, Llavero F, Mato S, Zugaza JL, Pérez-Cerdá F, Matute C, Sánchez-Gómez MV. Inhibition of Casein Kinase 2 Protects Oligodendrocytes From Excitotoxicity by Attenuating JNK/p53 Signaling Cascade. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:333. [PMID: 30271323 PMCID: PMC6146035 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are highly vulnerable to glutamate excitotoxicity, a central mechanism involved in tissue damage in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Sustained activation of AMPA receptors in rat oligodendrocytes induces cytosolic calcium overload, mitochondrial depolarization, increase of reactive oxygen species, and activation of intracelular pathways resulting in apoptotic cell death. Although many signals driven by excitotoxicity have been identified, some of the key players are still under investigation. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a serine/threonine kinase, constitutively expressed in all eukaryotic tissues, involved in cell proliferation, malignant transformation and apoptosis. In this study, we identify CK2 as a critical regulator of oligodendrocytic death pathways and elucidate its role as a signal inductor following excitotoxic insults. We provide evidence that CK2 activity is up-regulated in AMPA-treated oligodendrocytes and CK2 inhibition significantly diminished AMPA receptor-induced oligodendroglial death. In addition, we analyzed mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling after excitotoxic insult. We observed that AMPA receptor activation induced a rapid increase in c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 phosphorylation that was reduced after CK2 inhibition. Moreover, blocking their phosphorylation, we enhanced oligodendrocyte survival after excitotoxic insult. Finally, we observed that the tumor suppressor p53 is activated during AMPA receptor-induced cell death and, interestingly, down-regulated by JNK or CK2 inhibition. Together, these data indicate that the increase in CK2 activity induced by excitotoxic insults regulates MAPKs, triggers p53 activation and mediates subsequent oligodendroglial loss. Therefore, targeting CK2 may be a useful strategy to prevent oligodendrocyte death in MS and other diseases involving central nervous system (CNS) white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Canedo-Antelo
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Mari Paz Serrano
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Andrea Manterola
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Asier Ruiz
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Francisco Llavero
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Genética, Antropología Física y Fisiología Animal, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Susana Mato
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - José Luis Zugaza
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Genética, Antropología Física y Fisiología Animal, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Fernando Pérez-Cerdá
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - María Victoria Sánchez-Gómez
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
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120
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17β-estradiol modulates NGF and BDNF expression through ERβ mediated ERK signaling in cortical astrocytes. Biologia (Bratisl) 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-018-0099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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121
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Role of astrocytic MeCP2 in regulation of CNS myelination by affecting oligodendrocyte and neuronal physiology and axo–glial interactions. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:3015-3027. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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122
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Dual Requirement of CHD8 for Chromatin Landscape Establishment and Histone Methyltransferase Recruitment to Promote CNS Myelination and Repair. Dev Cell 2018; 45:753-768.e8. [PMID: 29920279 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Disruptive mutations in chromatin remodeler CHD8 cause autism spectrum disorders, exhibiting widespread white matter abnormalities; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We show that cell-type specific Chd8 deletion in oligodendrocyte progenitors, but not in neurons, results in myelination defects, revealing a cell-intrinsic dependence on CHD8 for oligodendrocyte lineage development, myelination and post-injury remyelination. CHD8 activates expression of BRG1-associated SWI/SNF complexes that in turn activate CHD7, thus initiating a successive chromatin remodeling cascade that orchestrates oligodendrocyte lineage progression. Genomic occupancy analyses reveal that CHD8 establishes an accessible chromatin landscape, and recruits MLL/KMT2 histone methyltransferase complexes distinctively around proximal promoters to promote oligodendrocyte differentiation. Inhibition of histone demethylase activity partially rescues myelination defects of CHD8-deficient mutants. Our data indicate that CHD8 exhibits a dual function through inducing a cascade of chromatin reprogramming and recruiting H3K4 histone methyltransferases to establish oligodendrocyte identity, suggesting potential strategies of therapeutic intervention for CHD8-associated white matter defects.
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123
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Chan JP, Wong BH, Chin CF, Galam DLA, Foo JC, Wong LC, Ghosh S, Wenk MR, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Silver DL. The lysolipid transporter Mfsd2a regulates lipogenesis in the developing brain. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006443. [PMID: 30074985 PMCID: PMC6093704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain development requires a massive increase in brain lipogenesis and accretion of the essential omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Brain acquisition of DHA is primarily mediated by the transporter Major Facilitator Superfamily Domain containing 2a (Mfsd2a) expressed in the endothelium of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and other abundant cell types within the brain. Mfsd2a transports DHA and other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) esterified to lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC-DHA). However, the function of Mfsd2a and DHA in brain development is incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate, using vascular endothelial-specific and inducible vascular endothelial-specific deletion of Mfsd2a in mice, that Mfsd2a is uniquely required postnatally at the BBB for normal brain growth and DHA accretion, with DHA deficiency preceding the onset of microcephaly. In Mfsd2a-deficient mouse models, a lipidomic signature was identified that is indicative of increased de novo lipogenesis of PUFAs. Gene expression profiling analysis of these DHA-deficient brains indicated that sterol regulatory-element binding protein (Srebp)-1 and Srebp-2 pathways were highly elevated. Mechanistically, LPC-DHA treatment of primary neural stem cells down-regulated Srebp processing and activation in a Mfsd2a-dependent fashion, resulting in profound effects on phospholipid membrane saturation. In addition, Srebp regulated the expression of Mfsd2a. These data identify LPC-DHA transported by Mfsd2a as a physiological regulator of membrane phospholipid saturation acting in a feedback loop on Srebp activity during brain development. The brain is the most lipid-rich organ in the body. Brain development involves a tremendous increase in the synthesis and accretion of fatty acids. De novo synthesis of fatty acids is mediated by Srebp transcription factors, whereas acquisition of essential fatty acids via uptake of plasma-derived lysophosphatidylcholine containing the essential omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (LPC-DHA) is mediated by the transporter Mfsd2a in the cells that line the blood vessels in the brain. The function of Mfsd2a and DHA in brain development is incompletely understood. Our study determined that Mfsd2a is required at the blood-brain barrier for brain development and accretion of DHA after birth in mice. Moreover, we determined that a major function of DHA in the brain is to negatively regulate Srebp activation, resulting in profound effects on membrane phospholipid composition. These findings reveal that LPC-DHA transported by Mfsd2a plays a physiological role in both brain growth and in maintaining plasma membrane phospholipid composition during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Pei Chan
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bernice H. Wong
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheen Fei Chin
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dwight L. A. Galam
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Juat Chin Foo
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Loo Chin Wong
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Markus R. Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - David L. Silver
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Calabretta S, Vogel G, Yu Z, Choquet K, Darbelli L, Nicholson TB, Kleinman CL, Richard S. Loss of PRMT5 Promotes PDGFRα Degradation during Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Myelination. Dev Cell 2018; 46:426-440.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ong W, Lin J, Bechler ME, Wang K, Wang M, ffrench-Constant C, Chew SY. Microfiber drug/gene delivery platform for study of myelination. Acta Biomater 2018; 75:152-160. [PMID: 29885526 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Our ability to rescue functional deficits after demyelinating diseases or spinal cord injuries is limited by our lack of understanding of the complex remyelination process, which is crucial to functional recovery. In this study, we developed an electrospun suspended poly(ε-caprolactone) microfiber platform to enable the screening of therapeutics for remyelination. As a proof of concept, this platform employed scaffold-mediated non-viral delivery of a microRNA (miR) cocktail to promote oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) differentiation and myelination. We observed enhanced OPCs differentiation when the cells were transfected with miR-219 and miR-338 on the microfiber substrates. Moreover, miRs promoted the formation of MBP+ tubular extensions around the suspended fibers, which was indicative of myelination, instead of flat myelin membranes on 2D substrates. In addition, OPCs that were transfected with the cocktail of miRs formed significantly longer and larger amounts of MBP+ extensions. Taken together, these results demonstrate the efficacy of this functional screening platform for understanding myelination. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The lack of understanding of the complex myelination process has hindered the discovery of effective therapeutic treatments for demyelinating diseases. Hence, in vitro models that enable systematic understanding, visualization and quantification of myelination are valuable. Unfortunately, achieving reproducible in vitro myelination by oligodendrocytes (OLs) remains highly challenging. Here, we engineered a suspended microfiber platform that enables sustained non-viral drug/gene delivery to study OL differentiation and myelination. Sustained drug delivery permits the investigation of OL development, which spans several weeks. We show that promyelinogenic microRNAs promoted OL differentiation and myelination on this platform. Our engineered microfiber substrate could serve as a drug/gene screening platform and facilitate future translation into direct implantable devices for in vivo remyelination purposes.
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Shi Q, Saifetiarova J, Taylor AM, Bhat MA. mTORC1 Activation by Loss of Tsc1 in Myelinating Glia Causes Downregulation of Quaking and Neurofascin 155 Leading to Paranodal Domain Disorganization. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:201. [PMID: 30050412 PMCID: PMC6052123 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in human tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) genes TSC1 and TSC2 are the leading causes of developmental brain abnormalities and large tumors in other tissues. Murine Tsc1/2 have been shown to negatively regulate the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway in most tissues, and this pathway has been shown to be essential for proper oligodendrocytes/Schwann cell differentiation and myelination. Here, we report that ablation of Tsc1 gene specifically in oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells activates mTORC1 signaling resulting in severe motor disabilities, weight loss, and early postnatal death. The mutant mice of either sex showed reduced myelination, disrupted paranodal domains in myelinated axons, and disorganized unmyelinated Remak bundles. mRNA and protein expression analyses revealed strong reduction in the RNA-binding protein Quaking (Qk) and the 155 kDa glial Neurofascin (NfascNF155). Re-introduction of exogenous Qk gene in Tsc1 mutant oligodendrocytes restored NfascNF155 protein levels indicating that Qk is required for the stabilization of NfascNF155 mRNA. Interestingly, injection of Rapamycin, a pharmacological mTORC1 inhibitor, to pregnant mothers increased the lifespan of the mutant offspring, restored myelination as well as the levels of Qk and NfascNF155, and consequently the organization of the paranodal domains. Together our studies show a critical role of mTORC1 signaling in the differentiation of myelinating glial cells and proper organization of axonal domains and provide insights into TSC-associated myelinated axon abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manzoor A. Bhat
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Chatterjee J, Nairy RK, Langhnoja J, Tripathi A, Patil RK, Pillai PP, Mustak MS. ER stress and genomic instability induced by gamma radiation in mice primary cultured glial cells. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:855-868. [PMID: 29429012 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation induces various pathophysiological conditions by altering central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, leading to neurodegenerative diseases. However, the potential effect of ionizing radiation response on cellular physiology in glial cells is unclear. In the present study, micronucleus test, comet assay, and RT-PCR were performed to investigate the potential effect of gamma radiation in cultured oligodendrocytes and astrocytes with respect to genomic instability, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress, and inflammation. Further, we studied the effect of alteration in ER stress specific gene expression in cortex post whole body radiation in mice. Results showed that exposure of gamma radiation of 2Gy in-vitro cultured astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and 7Gy in-vivo induced ER stress and Inflammation along with profuse DNA damage and Chromosomal abnormality. Additionally, we observed downregulation of myelin basic protein levels in cultured oligodendrocytes exposed to radiation. The present data suggests that ER stress and pro inflammatory cytokines serve as the major players in inducing glial cell dysfunction post gamma irradiation along with induction of genomic instability. Taken together, these results indicate that ER stress, DNA damage, and inflammatory pathways may be critical events leading to glial cell dysfunction and subsequent cell death following exposure to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jit Chatterjee
- Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Mangalore, Karnataka State, 574199, India
| | - Rajesha K Nairy
- Department of Physics, P.A College of Engineering, Mangalore, 574153, India
| | - Jaldeep Langhnoja
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Zoology, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, India
| | - Ashutosh Tripathi
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Zoology, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, India
| | - Rajashekhar K Patil
- Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Mangalore, Karnataka State, 574199, India
| | - Prakash P Pillai
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Zoology, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, India
| | - Mohammed S Mustak
- Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Mangalore, Karnataka State, 574199, India.
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Fellner L, Buchinger E, Brueck D, Irschick R, Wenning GK, Stefanova N. Limited effects of dysfunctional macroautophagy on the accumulation of extracellularly derived α-synuclein in oligodendroglia: implications for MSA pathogenesis. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:32. [PMID: 29783943 PMCID: PMC5963177 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The progressive neurodegenerative disorder multiple system atrophy (MSA) is characterized by α-synuclein-positive (oligodendro-) glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs). A connection between the abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein in GCIs and disease initiation and progression has been postulated. Mechanisms involved in the formation of GCIs are unclear. Abnormal uptake of α-synuclein from extracellular space, oligodendroglial overexpression of α-synuclein, and/or dysfunctional protein degradation including macroautophagy have all been discussed. In the current study, we investigated whether dysfunctional macroautophagy aggravates accumulation of extracellular α-synuclein in the oligodendroglia. Results We show that oligodendroglia uptake monomeric and fibrillar extracellular α-synuclein. Blocking macroautophagy through bafilomycin A1 treatment or genetic knockdown of LC3B does not consistently change the level of incorporated α-synuclein in oligodendroglia exposed to extracellular soluble/monomeric or fibrillar α-synuclein, however leads to higher oxidative stress in combination with fibrillar α-synuclein treatment. Finally, we detected no evidence for GCI-like formation resulting from dysfunctional macroautophagy in oligodendroglia using confocal microscopy. Conclusion In summary, isolated dysfunctional macroautophagy is not sufficient to enhance abnormal accumulation of uptaken α-synuclein in vitro, but may lead to increased production of reactive oxygen species in the presence of fibrillar α-synuclein. Multiple complementary pathways are likely to contribute to GCI formation in MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fellner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66, G2, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Edith Buchinger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66, G2, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dominik Brueck
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66, G2, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Regina Irschick
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gregor K Wenning
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66, G2, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66, G2, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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Azevedo MM, Domingues HS, Cordelières FP, Sampaio P, Seixas AI, Relvas JB. Jmy regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation via modulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Glia 2018; 66:1826-1844. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria M. Azevedo
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; Porto Portugal
| | - Helena S. Domingues
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; Porto Portugal
| | - Fabrice P. Cordelières
- Bordeaux Imaging Centre, UMS 3420 CNRS, CNRS-INSERM, University of Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | - Paula Sampaio
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; Porto Portugal
| | - Ana I. Seixas
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; Porto Portugal
| | - João B. Relvas
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; Porto Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regeneration and Precision Medicine, Porto campus; Porto Portugal
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130
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Lv J, Shao Y, Gao Y. Activation of A 1 and A 2a adenosine receptors promotes neural progenitor cell proliferation. Brain Res 2018; 1686:65-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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131
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Georgieva M, Leeson-Payne A, Dumitrascuta M, Rajnicek A, Malcangio M, Huang W. A refined rat primary neonatal microglial culture method that reduces time, cost and animal use. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 304:92-102. [PMID: 29705403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary microglial cultures have been used extensively to facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies for a variety of CNS disorders including neurodegeneration and neuropathic pain. However, existing techniques for culturing these cells are slow and costly. NEW METHOD Here, we report a refined protocol based on our previously published methods described by Clark et al., which reduces in the time, reagents and the number of animals used for each culture whilst yielding high number and excellent quality microglial cells. RESULTS Our refined protocol offers an isolation of >96% microglia from a mixed glial culture after only four days of incubation. It results in a high yield of microglia, in excess of one million cells per cortex with predominantly resting morphology and a low level of cell activation. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Compared to conventional procedures our refined protocol requires only one third of the time to prepare high quality microglial cultures, cuts the cost more than four-fold, and significantly reduces the number of animals used per culture. CONCLUSION Our consistent, reliable, and time/cost effective microglial culture protocol is crucial for efficient in vitro screening of potential therapeutics. By dramatically reducing the culture time from 2 weeks to just 4 days and increasing the laboratory research output it has implications for the Reduction, Refinement and Replacement policies endorsed by many government funding agencies and animal research regulatory bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieta Georgieva
- The University of Aberdeen, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB25, 2ZD, United Kingdom.
| | - Alasdair Leeson-Payne
- The University of Aberdeen, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB25, 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Dumitrascuta
- The University of Aberdeen, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB25, 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Rajnicek
- The University of Aberdeen, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB25, 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Marzia Malcangio
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, WW 2.22, Wolfson Wing, Hodgkin Building, Guy's, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wenlong Huang
- The University of Aberdeen, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB25, 2ZD, United Kingdom
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Yuan F, Chang S, Luo L, Li Y, Wang L, Song Y, Qu M, Zhang Z, Yang GY, Wang Y. cxcl12 gene engineered endothelial progenitor cells further improve the functions of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Exp Cell Res 2018; 367:222-231. [PMID: 29614310 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are needed for white matter repair after various brain injury. Means that promote OPC functions could benefit white matter recovery after injury. Chemokine CXCL12 and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) both have been shown to promote remyelination. We hypothesize that the beneficial effects of EPCs and CXCL12 can be harnessed by genetically modifying EPCs with cxcl12 to synergistically improve the functions of OPCs. In this work, CXCL12-EPC was generated using virus-mediated gene transfer. OPCs were cultured with CXCL12-EPC conditioned media (CM) to analyze its impact on the proliferation, migration, differentiation and survival properties of OPCs. We blocked or knocked-down the receptors of CXCL12, namely CXCR4 and CXCR7, respectively to investigate their functions in regulating OPCs properties. Results revealed that CXCL12-EPC CM further promoted OPCs behavioral properties and upregulated the expression of PDGFR-α, bFGF, CXCR4 and CXCR7 in OPCs, albeit following different time course. Blocking CXCR4 diminished the beneficial effects of CXCL12 on OPCs proliferation and migration, while knocking down CXCR7 inhibited OPCs differentiation. Our results supported that cxcl12 gene modification of EPCs further promoted EPCs' ability in augmenting the remyelination properties of OPCs, suggesting that CXCL12-EPC hold great potential in white matter repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuan
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Shuang Chang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Longlong Luo
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yaning Li
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yaying Song
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Meijie Qu
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Yongting Wang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
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Yuan XL, Zhao YP, Huang J, Liu JC, Mao WQ, Yin J, Peng BW, Liu WH, Han S, He XH. A Kv1.3 channel-specific blocker alleviates neurological impairment through inhibiting T-cell activation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:967-977. [PMID: 29577640 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological autoimmune disorder characterized by mistaken attacks of inflammatory cells against the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in demyelination and axonal damage. Kv1.3 channel blockers can inhibit T-cell activation and have been designed for MS therapy. However, little is known about the effects of Kv1.3 blockers on protecting myelin sheaths/axons in MS. This study aimed at investigating the neuroprotection efficacy of a selective Kv1.3 channel blocker ImKTx88 (ImK) in MS animal model. METHODS Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rat model was established. The neuroprotective effect of ImK was assessed by immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, the antiinflammatory effect of ImK by suppressing T-cell activation was assessed by flow cytometry and ELISA in vitro. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that ImK administration ameliorated EAE clinical severity. Moreover, ImK increased oligodendrocytes survival, preserved axons, and myelin integrity and reduced the infiltration of activated T cells into the CNS. This protective effect of the peptide may be related to its suppression of autoantigen-specific T-cell activation via calcium influx inhibition. CONCLUSION ImK prevents neurological damage by suppressing T-cell activation, suggesting the applicability of this peptide in MS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lu Yuan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Peng Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun-Chen Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Qian Mao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bi-Wen Peng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wan-Hong Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Han
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Hua He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Guo DZ, Xiao L, Liu YJ, Shen C, Lou HF, Lv Y, Pan SY. Cathepsin D deficiency delays central nervous system myelination by inhibiting proteolipid protein trafficking from late endosome/lysosome to plasma membrane. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:e457. [PMID: 29546879 PMCID: PMC5898895 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role of cathepsin D (CathD) in central nervous system (CNS) myelination and its possible mechanism. By using CathD knockout mice in conjunction with immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry and western blot assays, the myelination of the CNS and the development of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in vivo and in vitro were observed. Endocytosis assays, real-time-lapse experiments and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy were used to demonstrate the location and movement of proteolipid protein in oligodendrocyte lineage cells. In addition, the relevant molecular mechanism was explored by immunoprecipitation. The increase in Fluoromyelin Green staining and proteolipid protein expression was not significant in the corpus callosum of CathD-/- mice at the age of P11, P14 and P24. Proteolipid protein expression was weak at each time point and was mostly accumulated around the nucleus. The number of oligodendrocyte lineage cells (olig2+) and mature oligodendrocytes (CC1+) significantly decreased between P14 and P24. In the oligodendrocyte precursor cell culture of CathD-/- mice, the morphology of myelin basic protein-positive mature oligodendrocytes was simple while oligodendrocyte precursor cells showed delayed differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes. Moreover, more proteolipid protein gathered in late endosomes/lysosomes (LEs/Ls) and fewer reached the plasma membrane. Immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy analysis showed that CathD, proteolipid protein and VAMP7 could bind with each other, whereas VAMP7 and proteolipid protein colocalized with CathD in late endosome/lysosome. The findings of this paper suggest that CathD may have an important role in the myelination of CNS, presumably by altering the trafficking of proteolipid protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Zhi Guo
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Navy General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
- Cerebrovascular Disease Center of ChangHai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Jun Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Shen
- Company's Office of Service Center, China Petroleum and Natural Gas Group Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Fang Lou
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Lv
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Navy General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Yi Pan
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Navy General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
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135
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Landel V, Stephan D, Cui X, Eyles D, Feron F. Differential expression of vitamin D-associated enzymes and receptors in brain cell subtypes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 177:129-134. [PMID: 28893622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the active form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D3, can be considered as a neurosteroid. However, the cerebral expression of vitamin D-associated enzymes and receptors remains controversial. With the idea of carrying out a comparative study in mind, we compared the transcript expression of Cyp27a1, Cyp27b1, Cyp24a1, Vdr and Pdia3 in purified cultures of astrocytes, endothelial cells, microglia, neurons and oligodendrocytes. We observed that endothelial cells and neurons can possibly transform the inactive cholecalciferol into 25(OH)D3. It can then be metabolised into 1,25(OH)2D3, by neurons or microglia, before being transferred to astrocytes where it can bind to VDR and initiate gene transcription or be inactivated when in excess. Alternatively, 1,25(OH)2D3 can induce autocrine or paracrine rapid non-genomic actions via PDIA3 whose transcript is abundantly expressed in all cerebral cell types. Noticeably, brain endothelial cells appear as a singular subtype as they are potentially able to transform cholecalciferol into 25(OH)D3 and exhibit a variable expression of Pdia3, according to 1,25(OH)2D3 level. Altogether, our data indicate that, within the brain, vitamin D may trigger major auto-/paracrine non genomic actions, in addition to its well documented activities as a steroid hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaoying Cui
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Darryl Eyles
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Brisbane, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Brisbane, Australia
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136
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González-Fernández E, Jeong HK, Fukaya M, Kim H, Khawaja RR, Srivastava IN, Waisman A, Son YJ, Kang SH. PTEN negatively regulates the cell lineage progression from NG2 + glial progenitor to oligodendrocyte via mTOR-independent signaling. eLife 2018; 7:32021. [PMID: 29461205 PMCID: PMC5839742 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs), the myelin-forming CNS glia, are highly vulnerable to cellular stresses, and a severe myelin loss underlies numerous CNS disorders. Expedited OL regeneration may prevent further axonal damage and facilitate functional CNS repair. Although adult OL progenitors (OPCs) are the primary players for OL regeneration, targetable OPC-specific intracellular signaling mechanisms for facilitated OL regeneration remain elusive. Here, we report that OPC-targeted PTEN inactivation in the mouse, in contrast to OL-specific manipulations, markedly promotes OL differentiation and regeneration in the mature CNS. Unexpectedly, an additional deletion of mTOR did not reverse the enhanced OL development from PTEN-deficient OPCs. Instead, ablation of GSK3β, another downstream signaling molecule that is negatively regulated by PTEN-Akt, enhanced OL development. Our results suggest that PTEN persistently suppresses OL development in an mTOR-independent manner, and at least in part, via controlling GSK3β activity. OPC-targeted PTEN-GSK3β inactivation may benefit facilitated OL regeneration and myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz González-Fernández
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Unites States
| | - Hey-Kyeong Jeong
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Unites States
| | - Masahiro Fukaya
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Hyukmin Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Unites States
| | - Rabia R Khawaja
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Unites States
| | - Isha N Srivastava
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Unites States
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Young-Jin Son
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Unites States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Shin H Kang
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Unites States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States
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137
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Liu X, Wen S, Yan F, Liu K, Liu L, Wang L, Zhao S, Ji X. Salidroside provides neuroprotection by modulating microglial polarization after cerebral ischemia. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:39. [PMID: 29426336 PMCID: PMC5807735 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following stroke, microglia can be driven to the "classically activated" pro-inflammatory (M1) phenotype and the "alternatively activated" anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype. Salidroside (SLDS) is known to inhibit inflammation and to possess protective effects in neurological diseases, but to date, the exact mechanisms involved in these processes after stroke have yet to be elucidated. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of SLDS on neuroprotection and microglial polarization after stroke. METHODS Male adult C57/BL6 mice were subjected to focal transient cerebral ischemia followed by intravenous SLDS injection. The optimal dose was determined by evaluation of cerebral infarct volume and neurological functions. RT-PCR and immunostaining were performed to assess microglial polarization. A transwell system and a direct-contact coculture system were used to elucidate the effects of SLDS-induced microglial polarization on oligodendrocyte differentiation and neuronal survival. RESULTS SLDS significantly reduced cerebral infarction and improved neurological function after cerebral ischemia. SLDS treatment reduced the expression of M1 microglia/macrophage markers and increased the expression of M2 microglia/macrophage markers after stroke and induced primary microglia from M1 phenotype to M2 phenotype. Furthermore, SLDS treatment enhanced microglial phagocytosis and suppressed microglial-derived inflammatory cytokine release. Cocultures of oligodendrocytes and SLDS-treated M1 microglia resulted in increased oligodendrocyte differentiation. Moreover, SLDS protected neurons against oxygen glucose deprivation by promoting microglial M2 polarization. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that SLDS protects against cerebral ischemia by modulating microglial polarization. An understanding of the mechanisms involved in SLDS-mediated microglial polarization may lead to new therapeutic opportunities after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Liu
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohong Wen
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China.,Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuan Liu
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China.,Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China.,Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangfeng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100073, People's Republic of China
| | - Xunming Ji
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China. .,Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China.
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138
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Guo YE, Suo N, Cui X, Yuan Q, Xie X. Vitamin C promotes oligodendrocytes generation and remyelination. Glia 2018; 66:1302-1316. [PMID: 29423921 PMCID: PMC6001564 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte‐formed myelin sheaths play important roles in the neuronal functions in the central nervous system. In demyelinating diseases, such as Multiple Sclerosis, the myelin sheaths are damaged and the remyelinating process is somehow hindered. Restoration of the myelin sheaths requires the differentiation of the oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) into mature oligodendrocytes (OLs). To discover small molecule compounds that might promote the OPC to OL differentiation, a high‐throughput screening system is established and L‐ascorbyl‐2‐phosphate (As‐2P), a stable form of Vitamin C (Vc), is found to greatly enhance the OPC to OL differentiation. As‐2P promotes gradual expression of OL lineage markers, including O4, CNPase and MBP, in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. It also facilitates the formation of myelin sheaths in OPC‐neuron co‐culture. As‐2P also promotes the repair of the myelin sheaths in vivo and provides significant therapeutic effect in a cuprizone‐mediated demyelination animal model. Interestingly, As‐2P's function in promoting OPC differentiation is not related to its antioxidant activity. And an intracellular rather than an extracellular mechanism might be involved. Considering the safe use of Vc as a dietary supplement for many years, it might also be used as an alternative medicine for CNS demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-E Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Na Suo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xue Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qianting Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
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139
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Necrostatin-1 Improves Long-term Functional Recovery Through Protecting Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells After Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice. Neuroscience 2018; 371:229-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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140
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Impaired oligodendrogenesis and myelination by elevated S100B levels during neurodevelopment. Neuropharmacology 2018; 129:69-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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141
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Yang F, Feng X, Rolfs A, Luo J. Lovastatin promotes myelin formation in NPC1 mutant oligodendrocytes. J Neurol Sci 2018; 386:56-63. [PMID: 29406968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC) disease is a rare neurovisceral disorder caused by mutations of either NPC1 or NPC2 gene and characterized by defective intracellular transport of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids, leading to neuron loss and myelin aberration in the central nervous system. In this study, by comparing protein expression in the cortical white matter tracts from mice at different postnatal days, we identified that in the NPC1 mutant (NPC1-/-) mice, the onset of myelination is delayed and the amount of the major myelin protein MBP and PLP, and oligodendrocyte regulatory factor Olig1 and Olig2, but not NG2 and Sox10, decreased significantly, suggesting a disruption of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Furthermore, in in vitro oligodendrocyte cultivation, NPC1-/- oligodendrocytes showed less response to the stimulation of neuron-conditioned medium (CdM), indicating a defect of oligodendrocyte per se. Interestingly, lovastatin restores the number of mature myelin-forming oligodendrocytes by increasing Olig1 and Olig2 expressions. Our data suggest a potential strategy for improving myelination using lovastatin in NPC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, School of Medicine University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Strasse 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Xiao Feng
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, School of Medicine University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Strasse 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Arndt Rolfs
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, School of Medicine University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Strasse 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jiankai Luo
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, School of Medicine University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Strasse 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany; Centre for Transdisciplinary Neuroscience Rostock, School of Medicine University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Strasse 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany.
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142
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Cerqueira SR, Lee YS, Bunge MB. A Culture Model to Study Neuron-Schwann Cell-Astrocyte Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1739:269-279. [PMID: 29546713 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7649-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In vitro models using Schwann cell and astrocyte co-cultures have been used to understand the mechanisms underlying the formation of boundaries between these cells in vivo. Schwann cell/astrocyte co-cultures also mimic the in vivo scenario of a transplant in a spinal cord injury site, thereby allowing testing of therapeutic approaches. In this chapter, we describe a triple cell culture system with Schwann cells, astrocytes, and neurons that replicates axon growth from a Schwann cell graft into an astrocyte-rich region. In vitro studies using this model can accelerate the discovery of more effective therapeutic combinations to be used along with Schwann cell transplantation after spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana R Cerqueira
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Lois Pope LIFE Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yee-Shuan Lee
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Lois Pope LIFE Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mary Bartlett Bunge
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Lois Pope LIFE Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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143
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Abstract
Modeling myelination in vitro allows mechanistic study of developmental myelination and short-term myelin maintenance, but analyses possible to carry out using currently available models are usually limited because of high cell density and the lack of separation between neurons and myelinating cells. Furthermore, regeneration studies of myelinated systems after lesion require compartmentalization of neuronal cell bodies, axons, and myelinating cells. Here we describe a compartmentalized method using microfluidics that allows live-cell imaging at the single-cell level to follow short- and long-term dynamic interactions of neurons and myelinating cells and large-scale analyses, e.g., RNA sequencing on pure or highly enriched neurons or myelinating cells, separately.
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144
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Sánchez-Gómez MV, Serrano MP, Alberdi E, Pérez-Cerdá F, Matute C. Isolation, Expansion, and Maturation of Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cells Obtained from Rat Neonatal Brain and Optic Nerve. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1791:95-113. [PMID: 30006704 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7862-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelin-forming cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and their loss or dysfunction is a hallmark of CNS demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), hypoxic-ischemic demyelination, or spinal cord injury. In the rodent CNS, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) arise in multiple ventral and dorsal locations of the forebrain during late embryogenesis and early postnatal periods. OPCs migrate out from these germinal zones and disperse throughout the CNS, to populate the developing white and gray matter. There, OPCs can begin to mature through a series of intermediate states characterized by the expression of stage-specific proteins until completely differentiated into postmitotic myelinating oligodendrocytes. Elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms that control oligodendrocyte maturation requires isolating OPCs and premyelinating oligodendrocytes by rapid and reliable methods that provide high yield, pure and viable culture, being a powerful tool to characterize their differentiation and potential capacity for myelin repair after injury. This chapter describes in detail two simple and efficient protocols for the preparation of highly enriched rat OPC populations and immature oligodendrocytes derived from mixed glial cultures and optic nerves, respectively. Functional oligodendrocytes obtained with these protocols can be cocultured with primary neurons to study myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria Sánchez-Gómez
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, CIBERNED, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.
| | - Mari Paz Serrano
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, CIBERNED, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Elena Alberdi
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, CIBERNED, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Fernando Pérez-Cerdá
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, CIBERNED, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, CIBERNED, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
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145
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Chen Y, Zhen W, Guo T, Zhao Y, Liu A, Rubio JP, Krull D, Richardson JC, Lu H, Wang R. Histamine Receptor 3 negatively regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189380. [PMID: 29253893 PMCID: PMC5734789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agents promoting oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation have the potential to restore halted and/or delayed remyelination in patients with multiple sclerosis. However, few therapeutic targets have been identified. The objective of this study was to identify novel targets for promotion of remyelination and characterize their activity in vitro and in vivo. METHODS A high-content screening assay with differentiation of primary rat oligodendrocyte precursor cells was used to screen GSK-proprietary annotated libraries for remyelination-promoting compounds. Compounds were further validated in vitro and in vivo models; clinical relevance of target was confirmed in human post-mortem brain sections from patients with MS. RESULTS Of ~1000 compounds screened, 36 promoted oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation in a concentration-dependent manner; seven were histamine receptor-3 (H3R) antagonists. Inverse agonists of H3R but not neutral antagonists promoted oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation. H3R was expressed throughout OPC differentiation; H3R expression was transiently upregulated on Days 3-5 and subsequently downregulated. H3R gene knockdown in OPCs increased the expression of differentiation markers and the number of mature oligodendrocytes. Overexpression of full-length H3R reduced differentiation marker expression and the number of mature cells. H3R inverse agonist GSK247246 reduced intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) and downstream cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. Histone deacetylase (HDAC-1) and Hes-5 were identified as key downstream targets of H3R during OPC differentiation. In the mouse cuprizone/rapamycin model of demyelination, systemic administration of brain-penetrable GSK247246 enhanced remyelination and subsequently protected axons. Finally, we detected high H3R expression in oligodendroglial cells from demyelination lesions in human samples of patients with MS, and validated a genetic association between an exonic single nucleotide polymorphism in HRH3 and susceptibility to multiple sclerosis. CONCLUSIONS From phenotypic screening to human genetics, we provide evidence for H3R as a novel therapeutic target to promote remyelination in patients with multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Chen
- Neuro-immunology Discovery Performance Unit, GSK, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhen
- RD Platform Technology & Science, GSK, Shanghai, China
| | - Tony Guo
- RD Platform Technology & Science, GSK, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonggang Zhao
- Genetics, Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences, GSK, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Ailian Liu
- RD Platform Technology & Science, GSK, Shanghai, China
| | - Justin P. Rubio
- Genetics, Projects Clinical Platforms & Sciences, GSK, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - David Krull
- Pathology, RD Platform Technology & Science, GSK, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Jill C. Richardson
- Neuroinflammation DPU, Neurosciences TAU, GSK, Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Hongtao Lu
- Neuro-immunology Discovery Performance Unit, GSK, Shanghai, China
| | - Ryan Wang
- Neuro-immunology Discovery Performance Unit, GSK, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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146
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Micropatterned Geometry Shape Oligodendrocyte and Microglia Plasticity. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 29222779 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7571-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Cellular adhesion is essential in maintaining multicellular structure by connecting cells to each other in vivo and to a biomimetic substrate in vitro. In this context, one of the first steps toward the comprehension, for instance, of oligodendrocyte and microglia adhesion and migrating behavior consists in discriminating the different morphological features that can be acquired when cells are cultured on diverse surface topographies that mimic an in vivo three-dimensional environment. With this in mind, in this chapter, we describe how to exploit the silicon isotropic topography consisting of line-grating geometries and micropillar structures fabricated on polydimethylsiloxane by soft lithography. By reproducing a specialized niche for the cells, micropatterned biomimetic substrates can help to understand the role of structural determinants in priming morphogenesis of oligodendrocytes and microglia and can be exploited for translational research on functional tissue engineering and implantable device design.
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147
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Collar occupancy: A new quantitative imaging tool for morphometric analysis of oligodendrocytes. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 294:122-135. [PMID: 29174019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oligodendrocytes (OL) are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. OL differentiation from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) is accompanied by characteristic stereotypical morphological changes. Quantitative imaging of those morphological alterations during OPC differentiation is commonly used for characterization of new molecules in cell differentiation and myelination and screening of new pro-myelinating drugs. Current available imaging analysis methods imply a non-automated morphology assessment, which is time-consuming and prone to user subjective evaluation. NEW METHOD Here, we describe an automated high-throughput quantitative image analysis method entitled collar occupancy that allows morphometric ranking of different stages of in vitro OL differentiation in a high-content analysis format. Collar occupancy is based on the determination of the percentage of area occupied by OPC/OL cytoplasmic protrusions within a defined region that contains the protrusion network, the collar. RESULTS We observed that more differentiated cells have higher collar occupancy and, therefore, this parameter correlates with the degree of OL differentiation. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS In comparison with the method of manual categorization, we found the collar occupancy to be more robust and unbiased. Moreover, when coupled with myelin basic protein (MBP) staining to quantify the percentage of myelinating cells, we were able to evaluate the role of new molecules in OL differentiation and myelination, such as Dusp19 and Kank2. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, we have successfully developed an automated and quantitative method to morphologically characterize OL differentiation in vitro that can be used in multiple studies of OL biology.
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148
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Differentiation of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells from Sox10-Venus Mice to Oligodendrocytes and Astrocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14133. [PMID: 29074959 PMCID: PMC5658394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are well known as myelin-forming cells in the central nervous system (CNS). However, detailed mechanisms of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination are poorly understood, particularly due to the difficulty of the purification of murine oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). We have recently established a transgenic mouse line that expresses a fluorescent protein Venus under the promoter of Sox10, whose expression is restricted to OPCs and oligodendrocytes in the CNS. Here, we have characterized Venus-positive cells from the Sox10-Venus mouse brain for analyzing oligodendrocyte differentiation. We first purified Venus-positive cells from the postnatal day 0-2 brain by flow cytometry. Most of the Venus-positive cells expressed NG2, an OPC marker. After induction of differentiation, an increased population of galactocerebroside-positive oligodendrocytes and decrease of OPCs were observed in the Venus-positive culture. Furthermore, a time-lapse analysis showed that Venus-positive oligodendrocytes dynamically changed their morphology with highly branched cell processes during differentiation. In addition, we found that Venus-positive OPCs were able to differentiate to type II astrocytes. In vivo, OPCs and oligodendrocytes express Venus, and some of astrocytes were positive for Venus in the ventral cortex. Taken together, the Sox10-Venus mouse system is useful for analyzing differentiation and multipotency of murine OPCs.
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Chd7 Collaborates with Sox2 to Regulate Activation of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10290-10309. [PMID: 28931573 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1109-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) act as a reservoir of new oligodendrocytes (OLs) in homeostatic and pathological conditions. OPCs are activated in response to injury to generate myelinating OLs, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we show that chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7 (Chd7) regulates OPC activation after spinal cord injury (SCI). Chd7 is expressed in OPCs in the adult spinal cord and its expression is upregulated with a concomitant increase in Sox2 expression after SCI. OPC-specific ablation of Chd7 in injured mice leads to reduced OPC proliferation, the loss of OPC identity, and impaired OPC differentiation. Ablation of Chd7 or Sox2 in cultured OPCs shows similar phenotypes to those observed in Chd7 knock-out mice. Chd7 and Sox2 form a complex in OPCs and bind to the promoters or enhancers of the regulator of cell cycle (Rgcc) and protein kinase Cθ (PKCθ) genes, thereby inducing their expression. The expression of Rgcc and PKCθ is reduced in the OPCs of the injured Chd7 knock-out mice. In cultured OPCs, overexpression and knock-down of Rgcc or PKCθ promote and suppress OPC proliferation, respectively. Furthermore, overexpression of both Rgcc and PKCθ rescues the Chd7 deletion phenotypes. Chd7 is thus a key regulator of OPC activation, in which it cooperates with Sox2 and acts via direct induction of Rgcc and PKCθ expression.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to oligodendrocyte (OL) loss and demyelination, along with neuronal death, resulting in impairment of motor or sensory functions. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) activated in response to injury are potential sources of OL replacement and are thought to contribute to remyelination and functional recovery after SCI. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying OPC activation, especially its epigenetic regulation, remain largely unclear. We demonstrate here that the chromatin remodeler chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7 (Chd7) regulates the proliferation and identity of OPCs after SCI. We have further identified regulator of cell cycle (Rgcc) and protein kinase Cθ (PKCθ) as novel targets of Chd7 for OPC activation.
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Kroehne V, Tsata V, Marrone L, Froeb C, Reinhardt S, Gompf A, Dahl A, Sterneckert J, Reimer MM. Primary Spinal OPC Culture System from Adult Zebrafish to Study Oligodendrocyte Differentiation In Vitro. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:284. [PMID: 28959189 PMCID: PMC5603699 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are a promising target to improve functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) by remyelinating denuded, and therefore vulnerable, axons. Demyelination is the result of a primary insult and secondary injury, leading to conduction blocks and long-term degeneration of the axons, which subsequently can lead to the loss of their neurons. In response to SCI, dormant OPCs can be activated and subsequently start to proliferate and differentiate into mature myelinating oligodendrocytes (OLs). Therefore, researchers strive to control OPC responses, and utilize small molecule screening approaches in order to identify mechanisms of OPC activation, proliferation, migration and differentiation. In zebrafish, OPCs remyelinate axons of the optic tract after lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)-induced demyelination back to full thickness myelin sheaths. In contrast to zebrafish, mammalian OPCs are highly vulnerable to excitotoxic stress, a cause of secondary injury, and remyelination remains insufficient. Generally, injury induced remyelination leads to shorter internodes and thinner myelin sheaths in mammals. In this study, we show that myelin sheaths are lost early after a complete spinal transection injury, but are re-established within 14 days after lesion. We introduce a novel, easy-to-use, inexpensive and highly reproducible OPC culture system based on dormant spinal OPCs from adult zebrafish that enables in vitro analysis. Zebrafish OPCs are robust, can easily be purified with high viability and taken into cell culture. This method enables to examine why zebrafish OPCs remyelinate better than their mammalian counterparts, identify cell intrinsic responses, which could lead to pro-proliferating or pro-differentiating strategies, and to test small molecule approaches. In this methodology paper, we show efficient isolation of OPCs from adult zebrafish spinal cord and describe culture conditions that enable analysis up to 10 days in vitro. Finally, we demonstrate that zebrafish OPCs differentiate into Myelin Basic Protein (MBP)-expressing OLs when co-cultured with human motor neurons differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This shows that the basic mechanisms of oligodendrocyte differentiation are conserved across species and that understanding the regulation of zebrafish OPCs can contribute to the development of new treatments to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Kroehne
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Cluster of Excellence, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Vasiliki Tsata
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Cluster of Excellence, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Lara Marrone
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Cluster of Excellence, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Froeb
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Cluster of Excellence, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Reinhardt
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Cluster of Excellence, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany.,Deep Sequencing Group, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Biotechnologisches Zentrum (BIOTEC), Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Anne Gompf
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Cluster of Excellence, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Cluster of Excellence, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany.,Deep Sequencing Group, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Biotechnologisches Zentrum (BIOTEC), Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Jared Sterneckert
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Cluster of Excellence, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Michell M Reimer
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Cluster of Excellence, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
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