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Sosnowska A, Chlebowska-Tuz J, Matryba P, Pilch Z, Greig A, Wolny A, Grzywa TM, Rydzynska Z, Sokolowska O, Rygiel TP, Grzybowski M, Stanczak P, Blaszczyk R, Nowis D, Golab J. Inhibition of arginase modulates T-cell response in the tumor microenvironment of lung carcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1956143. [PMID: 34367736 PMCID: PMC8312619 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1956143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has demonstrated significant activity in a broad range of cancer types, but still the majority of patients receiving it do not maintain durable therapeutic responses. Amino acid metabolism has been proposed to be involved in the regulation of immune response. Here, we investigated in detail the role of arginase 1 (Arg1) in the modulation of antitumor immune response against poorly immunogenic Lewis lung carcinoma. We observed that tumor progression is associated with an incremental increase in the number of Arg1+ myeloid cells that accumulate in the tumor microenvironment and cause systemic depletion of ʟ-arginine. In advanced tumors, the systemic concentrations of ʟ-arginine are decreased to levels that impair the proliferation of antigen-specific T-cells. Systemic or myeloid-specific Arg1 deletion improves antigen-induced proliferation of adoptively transferred T-cells and leads to inhibition of tumor growth. Arginase inhibitor was demonstrated to modestly inhibit tumor growth when used alone, and to potentiate antitumor effects of anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies and STING agonist. The effectiveness of the combination immunotherapy was insufficient to induce complete antitumor responses, but was significantly better than treatment with the checkpoint inhibitor alone. Together, these results indicate that arginase inhibition alone is of modest therapeutic benefit in poorly immunogenic tumors; however, in combination with other treatment strategies it may significantly improve survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sosnowska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Chlebowska-Tuz
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Matryba
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,The Doctoral School of the Medical University of Warsaw, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Pilch
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alan Greig
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Artur Wolny
- Laboratory of Imaging Tissue Structure and Function, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz M Grzywa
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,The Doctoral School of the Medical University of Warsaw, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Rydzynska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Sokolowska
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz P Rygiel
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Dominika Nowis
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Centre of Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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102
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Three-Dimensional Culture Models to Study Innate Anti-Tumor Immune Response: Advantages and Disadvantages. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143417. [PMID: 34298630 PMCID: PMC8303518 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several approaches have shown that the immune response against tumors strongly affects patients' clinical outcome. Thus, the study of anti-tumor immunity is critical to understand and potentiate the mechanisms underlying the elimination of tumor cells. Natural killer (NK) cells are members of innate immunity and represent powerful anti-tumor effectors, able to eliminate tumor cells without a previous sensitization. Thus, the study of their involvement in anti-tumor responses is critical for clinical translation. This analysis has been performed in vitro, co-incubating NK with tumor cells and quantifying the cytotoxic activity of NK cells. In vivo confirmation has been applied to overcome the limits of in vitro testing, however, the innate immunity of mice and humans is different, leading to discrepancies. Different activating receptors on NK cells and counter-ligands on tumor cells are involved in the antitumor response, and innate immunity is strictly dependent on the specific microenvironment where it takes place. Thus, three-dimensional (3D) culture systems, where NK and tumor cells can interact in a tissue-like architecture, have been created. For example, tumor cell spheroids and primary organoids derived from several tumor types, have been used so far to analyze innate immune response, replacing animal models. Herein, we briefly introduce NK cells and analyze and discuss in detail the properties of 3D tumor culture systems and their use for the study of tumor cell interactions with NK cells.
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103
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Porcine pancreatic ductal epithelial cells transformed with KRAS G12D and SV40T are tumorigenic. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13436. [PMID: 34183736 PMCID: PMC8238942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92852-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe our initial studies in the development of an orthotopic, genetically defined, large animal model of pancreatic cancer. Primary pancreatic epithelial cells were isolated from pancreatic duct of domestic pigs. A transformed cell line was generated from these primary cells with oncogenic KRAS and SV40T. The transformed cell lines outperformed the primary and SV40T immortalized cells in terms of proliferation, population doubling time, soft agar growth, transwell migration and invasion. The transformed cell line grew tumors when injected subcutaneously in nude mice, forming glandular structures and staining for epithelial markers. Future work will include implantation studies of these tumorigenic porcine pancreatic cell lines into the pancreas of allogeneic and autologous pigs. The resultant large animal model of pancreatic cancer could be utilized for preclinical research on diagnostic, interventional, and therapeutic technologies.
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104
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An Overview on Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Models: Towards a Functional Genomics Approach. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122893. [PMID: 34207773 PMCID: PMC8226720 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lymphoma research is a paradigm of integrating basic and applied research within the fields of molecular marker-based diagnosis and therapy. In recent years, major advances in next-generation sequencing have substantially improved the understanding of the genomics underlying diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most frequent type of B-cell lymphoma. This review addresses the various approaches that have helped unveil the biology and intricate alterations in this pathology, from cell lines to more sophisticated last-generation experimental models, such as organoids. We also provide an overview of the most recent findings in the field, their potential relevance for designing targeted therapies and the corresponding applicability to personalized medicine. Abstract Lymphoma research is a paradigm of the integration of basic and clinical research within the fields of diagnosis and therapy. Clinical, phenotypic, and genetic data are currently used to predict which patients could benefit from standard treatment. However, alternative therapies for patients at higher risk from refractoriness or relapse are usually empirically proposed, based on trial and error, without considering the genetic complexity of aggressive B-cell lymphomas. This is primarily due to the intricate mosaic of genetic and epigenetic alterations in lymphomas, which are an obstacle to the prediction of which drug will work for any given patient. Matching a patient’s genes to drug sensitivity by directly testing live tissues comprises the “precision medicine” concept. However, in the case of lymphomas, this concept should be expanded beyond genomics, eventually providing better treatment options for patients in need of alternative therapeutic approaches. We provide an overview of the most recent findings in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas genomics, from the classic functional models used to study tumor biology and the response to experimental treatments using cell lines and mouse models, to the most recent approaches with spheroid/organoid models. We also discuss their potential relevance and applicability to daily clinical practice.
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105
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Cadilha BL, Benmebarek MR, Dorman K, Oner A, Lorenzini T, Obeck H, Vänttinen M, Di Pilato M, Pruessmann JN, Stoiber S, Huynh D, Märkl F, Seifert M, Manske K, Suarez-Gosalvez J, Zeng Y, Lesch S, Karches CH, Heise C, Gottschlich A, Thomas M, Marr C, Zhang J, Pandey D, Feuchtinger T, Subklewe M, Mempel TR, Endres S, Kobold S. Combined tumor-directed recruitment and protection from immune suppression enable CAR T cell efficacy in solid tumors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabi5781. [PMID: 34108220 PMCID: PMC8189699 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi5781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
CAR T cell therapy remains ineffective in solid tumors, due largely to poor infiltration and T cell suppression at the tumor site. T regulatory (Treg) cells suppress the immune response via inhibitory factors such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Treg cells expressing the C-C chemokine receptor 8 (CCR8) have been associated with poor prognosis in solid tumors. We postulated that CCR8 could be exploited to redirect effector T cells to the tumor site while a dominant-negative TGF-β receptor 2 (DNR) can simultaneously shield them from TGF-β. We identified that CCL1 from activated T cells potentiates a feedback loop for CCR8+ T cell recruitment to the tumor site. This sustained and improved infiltration of engineered T cells synergized with TGF-β shielding for improved therapeutic efficacy. Our results demonstrate that addition of CCR8 and DNR into CAR T cells can render them effective in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L Cadilha
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Mohamed-Reda Benmebarek
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Klara Dorman
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Arman Oner
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Theo Lorenzini
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hannah Obeck
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mira Vänttinen
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mauro Di Pilato
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jasper N Pruessmann
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology, and Venerology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stefan Stoiber
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Duc Huynh
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Märkl
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Seifert
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Manske
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Javier Suarez-Gosalvez
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Yi Zeng
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lesch
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Clara H Karches
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Constanze Heise
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Gottschlich
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Thomas
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Carsten Marr
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dharmendra Pandey
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Feuchtinger
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Dr. von Hauner University Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Subklewe
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thorsten R Mempel
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefan Endres
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Germany
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
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106
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Zhou Z, Zhu J, Jiang M, Sang L, Hao K, He H. The Combination of Cell Cultured Technology and In Silico Model to Inform the Drug Development. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050704. [PMID: 34065907 PMCID: PMC8151315 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-derived in vitro models can provide high-throughput efficacy and toxicity data without a species gap in drug development. Challenges are still encountered regarding the full utilisation of massive data in clinical settings. The lack of translated methods hinders the reliable prediction of clinical outcomes. Therefore, in this study, in silico models were proposed to tackle these obstacles from in vitro to in vivo translation, and the current major cell culture methods were introduced, such as human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), 3D cells, organoids, and microphysiological systems (MPS). Furthermore, the role and applications of several in silico models were summarised, including the physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK), pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model (PK/PD), quantitative systems pharmacology model (QSP), and virtual clinical trials. These credible translation cases will provide templates for subsequent in vitro to in vivo translation. We believe that synergising high-quality in vitro data with existing models can better guide drug development and clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengying Zhou
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (Z.Z.); (M.J.)
| | - Jinwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (J.Z.); (L.S.)
| | - Muhan Jiang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (Z.Z.); (M.J.)
| | - Lan Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (J.Z.); (L.S.)
| | - Kun Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (J.Z.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence: (K.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Hua He
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (Z.Z.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: (K.H.); (H.H.)
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107
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Vatner R, James CD, Sathiaseelan V, Bondra KM, Kalapurakal JA, Houghton PJ. Radiation therapy and molecular-targeted agents in preclinical testing for immunotherapy, brain tumors, and sarcomas: Opportunities and challenges. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68 Suppl 2:e28439. [PMID: 32827353 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite radiation therapy (RT) being an integral part of the treatment of most pediatric cancers and the recent discovery of novel molecular-targeted agents (MTAs) in this era of precision medicine with the potential to improve the therapeutic ratio of modern chemoradiotherapy regimens, there are only a few preclinical trials being conducted to discover novel radiosensitizers and radioprotectors. This has resulted in a paucity of translational clinical trials combining RT and novel MTAs. This report describes the opportunities and challenges of investigating RT together with MTAs in preclinical testing for immunotherapy, brain tumors, and sarcomas in pediatric oncology. We discuss the need for improving the collaboration between radiation oncologists, biologists, and physicists to improve the reliability, reproducibility, and translational potential of RT-based preclinical research. Current translational clinical trials using RT and MTAs for immunotherapy, brain tumors, and sarcomas are described. The technologic advances in experimental RT, availability of novel experimental tumor models, advances in immunology and tumor biology, and the discovery of novel MTAs together hold considerable promise for good quality preclinical and clinical multimodality research to improve the current rates of survival and toxicity in children afflicted with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Vatner
- Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati and Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | | | - Kathryn M Bondra
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Peter J Houghton
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas
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108
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Horowitz NB, Mohammad I, Moreno-Nieves UY, Koliesnik I, Tran Q, Sunwoo JB. Humanized Mouse Models for the Advancement of Innate Lymphoid Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:648580. [PMID: 33968039 PMCID: PMC8100438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.648580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a branch of the immune system that consists of diverse circulating and tissue-resident cells, which carry out functions including homeostasis and antitumor immunity. The development and behavior of human natural killer (NK) cells and other ILCs in the context of cancer is still incompletely understood. Since NK cells and Group 1 and 2 ILCs are known to be important for mediating antitumor immune responses, a clearer understanding of these processes is critical for improving cancer treatments and understanding tumor immunology as a whole. Unfortunately, there are some major differences in ILC differentiation and effector function pathways between humans and mice. To this end, mice bearing patient-derived xenografts or human cell line-derived tumors alongside human genes or human immune cells represent an excellent tool for studying these pathways in vivo. Recent advancements in humanized mice enable unparalleled insights into complex tumor-ILC interactions. In this review, we discuss ILC behavior in the context of cancer, the humanized mouse models that are most commonly employed in cancer research and their optimization for studying ILCs, current approaches to manipulating human ILCs for antitumor activity, and the relative utility of various mouse models for the development and assessment of these ILC-related immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina B Horowitz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine and School of Engineering, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Imran Mohammad
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Uriel Y Moreno-Nieves
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ievgen Koliesnik
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Quan Tran
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - John B Sunwoo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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109
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Avolio M, Trusolino L. Rational Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Reverse Tale of Men, Mice, and Culture Dishes. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:1644-1660. [PMID: 33820776 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stratification of colorectal cancer into subgroups with different response to therapy was initially guided by descriptive associations between specific biomarkers and treatment outcome. Recently, preclinical models based on propagatable patient-derived tumor samples have yielded an improved understanding of disease biology, which has facilitated the functional validation of correlative information and the discovery of novel response determinants, therapeutic targets, and mechanisms of tumor adaptation and drug resistance. We review the contribution of patient-derived models to advancing colorectal cancer characterization, discuss their influence on clinical decision-making, and highlight emerging challenges in the interpretation and clinical transferability of results obtainable with such approaches. SIGNIFICANCE: Association studies in patients with colorectal cancer have led to the identification of response biomarkers, some of which have been implemented as companion diagnostics for therapeutic decisions. By enabling biological investigation in a clinically relevant experimental context, patient-derived colorectal cancer models have proved useful to examine the causal role of such biomarkers in dictating drug sensitivity and are providing fresh knowledge on new actionable targets, dynamics of tumor evolution and adaptation, and mechanisms of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Avolio
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Livio Trusolino
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Torino, Italy. .,Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
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110
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Carlson PM, Mohan M, Rodriguez M, Subbotin V, Sun CX, Patel RB, Birstler J, Hank JA, Rakhmilevich AL, Morris ZS, Erbe AK, Sondel PM. Depth of tumor implantation affects response to in situ vaccination in a syngeneic murine melanoma model. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e002107. [PMID: 33858849 PMCID: PMC8055108 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An important component of research using animal models is ensuring rigor and reproducibility. This study was prompted after two experimenters performing virtually identical studies obtained different results when syngeneic B78 murine melanoma cells were implanted into the skin overlying the flank and treated with an in situ vaccine (ISV) immunotherapy. Although both experimenters thought they were using identical technique, we determined that one was implanting the tumors intradermally (ID) and the other was implanting them subcutaneously (SC). Though the baseline in vivo immunogenicity of tumors can depend on depth of their implantation, the response to immunotherapy as a function of tumor depth, particularly in immunologically 'cold' tumors, has not been well studied. The goal of this study was to evaluate the difference in growth kinetics and response to immunotherapy between identically sized melanoma tumors following ID versus SC implantation. We injected C57BL/6 mice with syngeneic B78 melanoma cells either ID or SC in the flank. When tumors reached 190-230 mm3, they were grouped into a 'wave' and treated with our previously published ISV regimen (12 Gy local external beam radiation and intratumoral hu14.18-IL2 immunocytokine). Physical examination demonstrated that ID-implanted tumors were mobile on palpation, while SC-implanted tumors became fixed to the underlying fascia. Histologic examination identified a critical fascial layer, the panniculus carnosus, which separated ID and SC tumors. SC tumors reached the target tumor volume significantly faster compared with ID tumors. Most ID tumors exhibited either partial or complete response to this immunotherapy, whereas most SC tumors did not. Further, the 'mobile' or 'fixed' phenotype of tumors predicted response to therapy, regardless of intended implantation depth. These findings were then extended to additional immunotherapy regimens in four separate tumor models. These data indicate that the physical 'fixed' versus 'mobile' characterization of the tumors may be one simple method of ensuring homogeneity among implanted tumors prior to initiation of treatment. Overall, this short report demonstrates that small differences in depth of tumor implantation can translate to differences in response to immunotherapy, and proposes a simple physical examination technique to ensure consistent tumor depth when conducting implantable tumor immunotherapy experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Carlson
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Manasi Mohan
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Matthew Rodriguez
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Vladimir Subbotin
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Claire X Sun
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ravi B Patel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jen Birstler
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jacquelyn A Hank
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Zachary S Morris
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amy K Erbe
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Paul M Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Lopes N, Correia VG, Palma AS, Brito C. Cracking the Breast Cancer Glyco-Code through Glycan-Lectin Interactions: Targeting Immunosuppressive Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1972. [PMID: 33671245 PMCID: PMC7922062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune microenvironment of breast cancer (BC) is composed by high macrophage infiltrates, correlated with the most aggressive subtypes. Tumour-associated macrophages (TAM) within the BC microenvironment are key regulators of immune suppression and BC progression. Nevertheless, several key questions regarding TAM polarisation by BC are still not fully understood. Recently, the modulation of the immune microenvironment has been described via the recognition of abnormal glycosylation patterns at BC cell surface. These patterns rise as a resource to identify potential targets on TAM in the BC context, leading to the development of novel immunotherapies. Herein, we will summarize recent studies describing advances in identifying altered glycan structures in BC cells. We will focus on BC-specific glycosylation patterns known to modulate the phenotype and function of macrophages recruited to the tumour site, such as structures with sialylated or N-acetylgalactosamine epitopes. Moreover, the lectins present at the surface of macrophages reported to bind to such antigens, inducing tumour-prone TAM phenotypes, will also be highlighted. Finally, we will discuss and give our view on the potential and current challenges of targeting these glycan-lectin interactions to reshape the immunosuppressive landscape of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Lopes
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal;
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Viviana G. Correia
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Química, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT-NOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Angelina S. Palma
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Química, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT-NOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Catarina Brito
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal;
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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112
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Petroni G, Buqué A, Yamazaki T, Bloy N, Liberto MD, Chen-Kiang S, Formenti SC, Galluzzi L. Radiotherapy Delivered before CDK4/6 Inhibitors Mediates Superior Therapeutic Effects in ER + Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:1855-1863. [PMID: 33495311 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-3871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent preclinical data suggest that cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibition may be harnessed to sensitize estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer to radiotherapy. However, these findings were obtained in human ER+ breast cancer cell lines exposed to subclinical doses of CDK4/6 inhibitors with limited attention to treatment schedule. We investigated the activity of radiotherapy combined with the prototypic CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib placing emphasis on therapeutic schedule. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We combined radiotherapy and palbociclib in various doses and therapeutic schedules in human and mouse models of ER+ and ER-negative (ER-) breast cancer, including an immunocompetent mouse model that recapitulates key features of human luminal B breast cancer in women. We assessed proliferation, cell death, cell-cycle control, and clonogenic survival in vitro, as well as tumor growth, overall survival, and metastatic dissemination in vivo. RESULTS Radiotherapy and palbociclib employed as standalone agents had partial cytostatic effects in vitro, correlating with suboptimal tumor control in vivo. However, while palbociclib delivered before focal radiotherapy provided minimal benefits as compared with either treatment alone, delivering focal radiotherapy before palbociclib mediated superior therapeutic effects, even in the absence of p53. Such superiority manifested in vitro with enhanced cytostasis and loss of clonogenic potential, as well as in vivo with improved local and systemic tumor control. CONCLUSIONS Our preclinical findings demonstrate that radiotherapy delivered before CDK4/6 inhibitors mediates superior antineoplastic effects compared with alternative treatment schedules, calling into question the design of clinical trials administering CDK4/6 inhibitors before radiotherapy in women with ER+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Petroni
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Aitziber Buqué
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Norma Bloy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | | | - Selina Chen-Kiang
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,Graduate Program of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York. .,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, New York
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113
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Balasubramanian B, Venkatraman S, Myint KZ, Janvilisri T, Wongprasert K, Kumkate S, Bates DO, Tohtong R. Co-Clinical Trials: An Innovative Drug Development Platform for Cholangiocarcinoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14010051. [PMID: 33440754 PMCID: PMC7826774 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a group of malignancies that originate from the biliary tract, is associated with a high mortality rate and a concerning increase in worldwide incidence. In Thailand, where the incidence of CCA is the highest, the socioeconomic burden is severe. Yet, treatment options are limited, with surgical resection being the only form of treatment with curative intent. The current standard-of-care remains adjuvant and palliative chemotherapy which is ineffective in most patients. The overall survival rate is dismal, even after surgical resection and the tumor heterogeneity further complicates treatment. Together, this makes CCA a significant burden in Southeast Asia. For effective management of CCA, treatment must be tailored to each patient, individually, for which an assortment of targeted therapies must be available. Despite the increasing numbers of clinical studies in CCA, targeted therapy drugs rarely get approved for clinical use. In this review, we discuss the shortcomings of the conventional clinical trial process and propose the implementation of a novel concept, co-clinical trials to expedite drug development for CCA patients. In co-clinical trials, the preclinical studies and clinical trials are conducted simultaneously, thus enabling real-time data integration to accurately stratify and customize treatment for patients, individually. Hence, co-clinical trials are expected to improve the outcomes of clinical trials and consequently, encourage the approval of targeted therapy drugs. The increased availability of targeted therapy drugs for treatment is expected to facilitate the application of precision medicine in CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brinda Balasubramanian
- Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (B.B.); (S.V.); (K.Z.M.)
| | - Simran Venkatraman
- Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (B.B.); (S.V.); (K.Z.M.)
| | - Kyaw Zwar Myint
- Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (B.B.); (S.V.); (K.Z.M.)
| | - Tavan Janvilisri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Kanokpan Wongprasert
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Supeecha Kumkate
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - David O. Bates
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Rutaiwan Tohtong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2-201-5606
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Abreu TR, Biscaia M, Gonçalves N, Fonseca NA, Moreira JN. In Vitro and In Vivo Tumor Models for the Evaluation of Anticancer Nanoparticles. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1295:271-299. [PMID: 33543464 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-58174-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple studies about tumor biology have revealed the determinant role of the tumor microenvironment in cancer progression, resulting from the dynamic interactions between tumor cells and surrounding stromal cells within the extracellular matrix. This malignant microenvironment highly impacts the efficacy of anticancer nanoparticles by displaying drug resistance mechanisms, as well as intrinsic physical and biochemical barriers, which hamper their intratumoral accumulation and biological activity.Currently, two-dimensional cell cultures are used as the initial screening method in vitro for testing cytotoxic nanocarriers. However, this fails to mimic the tumor heterogeneity, as well as the three-dimensional tumor architecture and pathophysiological barriers, leading to an inaccurate pharmacological evaluation.Biomimetic 3D in vitro tumor models, on the other hand, are emerging as promising tools for more accurately assessing nanoparticle activity, owing to their ability to recapitulate certain features of the tumor microenvironment and thus provide mechanistic insights into nanocarrier intratumoral penetration and diffusion rates.Notwithstanding, in vivo validation of nanomedicines remains irreplaceable at the preclinical stage, and a vast variety of more advanced in vivo tumor models is currently available. Such complex animal models (e.g., genetically engineered mice and patient-derived xenografts) are capable of better predicting nanocarrier clinical efficiency, as they closely resemble the heterogeneity of the human tumor microenvironment.Herein, the development of physiologically more relevant in vitro and in vivo tumor models for the preclinical evaluation of anticancer nanoparticles will be discussed, as well as the current limitations and future challenges in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R Abreu
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal.,UC - University of Coimbra, CIBB, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariana Biscaia
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nélio Gonçalves
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno A Fonseca
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal.,TREAT U, SA, Parque Industrial de Taveiro, Lote 44, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Nuno Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal. .,UC - University of Coimbra, CIBB, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal.
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115
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Magiera-Mularz K, Kocik J, Musielak B, Plewka J, Sala D, Machula M, Grudnik P, Hajduk M, Czepiel M, Siedlar M, Holak TA, Skalniak L. Human and mouse PD-L1: similar molecular structure, but different druggability profiles. iScience 2020; 24:101960. [PMID: 33437940 PMCID: PMC7788105 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the development of PD-L1-blocking therapeutics, it is essential to transfer initial in vitro findings into proper in vivo animal models. Classical immunocompetent mice are attractive due to high accessibility and low experimental costs. However, it is unknown whether inter-species differences in PD-L1 sequence and structure would allow for human-mouse cross applications. Here, we disclose the first structure of the mouse (m) PD-L1 and analyze its similarity to the human (h) PD-L1. We show that mPD-L1 interacts with hPD-1 and provides a negative signal toward activated Jurkat T cells. We also show major differences in druggability between the hPD-L1 and mPD-L1 using therapeutic antibodies, a macrocyclic peptide, and small molecules. Our study indicates that while the amino acid sequence is well conserved between the hPD-L1 and mPD-L1 and overall structures are almost identical, crucial differences determine the interaction with anti-PD-L1 agents, that cannot be easily predicted in silico. Mouse (m) PD-L1 interacts with human (h) PD-1 and inhibits human Jurkat T cells Small molecule and macrocyclic peptide inhibitors of hPD-L1 do not bind to mPD-L1 Atezolizumab but not durvalumab binds and blocks mouse PD-L1
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Magiera-Mularz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Justyna Kocik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bogdan Musielak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Plewka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Dominik Sala
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Machula
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Grudnik
- Malopolska Center of Biotechnology Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Hajduk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Czepiel
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tad A Holak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Skalniak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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Vilariño M, García-Sanmartín J, Ochoa-Callejero L, López-Rodríguez A, Blanco-Urgoiti J, Martínez A. Macrocybin, a Natural Mushroom Triglyceride, Reduces Tumor Growth In Vitro and In Vivo through Caveolin-Mediated Interference with the Actin Cytoskeleton. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25246010. [PMID: 33353176 PMCID: PMC7766322 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25246010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms have been used for millennia as cancer remedies. Our goal was to screen several mushroom species from the rainforests of Costa Rica, looking for new antitumor molecules. Mushroom extracts were screened using two human cell lines: A549 (lung adenocarcinoma) and NL20 (immortalized normal lung epithelium). Extracts able to kill tumor cells while preserving non-tumor cells were considered “anticancer”. The mushroom with better properties was Macrocybe titans. Positive extracts were fractionated further and tested for biological activity on the cell lines. The chemical structure of the active compound was partially elucidated through nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, and other ancillary techniques. Chemical analysis showed that the active molecule was a triglyceride containing oleic acid, palmitic acid, and a more complex fatty acid with two double bonds. The synthesis of all possible triglycerides and biological testing identified the natural compound, which was named Macrocybin. A xenograft study showed that Macrocybin significantly reduces A549 tumor growth. In addition, Macrocybin treatment resulted in the upregulation of Caveolin-1 expression and the disassembly of the actin cytoskeleton in tumor cells (but not in normal cells). In conclusion, we have shown that Macrocybin constitutes a new biologically active compound that may be taken into consideration for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Vilariño
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain; (M.V.); (J.G.-S.); (L.O.-C.)
| | - Josune García-Sanmartín
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain; (M.V.); (J.G.-S.); (L.O.-C.)
| | - Laura Ochoa-Callejero
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain; (M.V.); (J.G.-S.); (L.O.-C.)
| | - Alberto López-Rodríguez
- CsFlowchem, Campus Universidad San Pablo CEU, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain; (A.L.-R.); (J.B.-U.)
| | - Jaime Blanco-Urgoiti
- CsFlowchem, Campus Universidad San Pablo CEU, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain; (A.L.-R.); (J.B.-U.)
| | - Alfredo Martínez
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain; (M.V.); (J.G.-S.); (L.O.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-941278775
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117
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Boyero L, Sánchez-Gastaldo A, Alonso M, Noguera-Uclés JF, Molina-Pinelo S, Bernabé-Caro R. Primary and Acquired Resistance to Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer: Unveiling the Mechanisms Underlying of Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3729. [PMID: 33322522 PMCID: PMC7763130 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
After several decades without maintained responses or long-term survival of patients with lung cancer, novel therapies have emerged as a hopeful milestone in this research field. The appearance of immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors, has improved both the overall survival and quality of life of patients, many of whom are diagnosed late when classical treatments are ineffective. Despite these unprecedented results, a high percentage of patients do not respond initially to treatment or relapse after a period of response. This is due to resistance mechanisms, which require understanding in order to prevent them and develop strategies to overcome them and increase the number of patients who can benefit from immunotherapy. This review highlights the current knowledge of the mechanisms and their involvement in resistance to immunotherapy in lung cancer, such as aberrations in tumor neoantigen burden, effector T-cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment (TME), epigenetic modulation, the transcriptional signature, signaling pathways, T-cell exhaustion, and the microbiome. Further research dissecting intratumor and host heterogeneity is necessary to provide answers regarding the immunotherapy response and develop more effective treatments for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Boyero
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS) (HUVR, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla), 41013 Seville, Spain; (L.B.); (J.F.N.-U.)
| | - Amparo Sánchez-Gastaldo
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Seville, Spain; (A.S.-G.); (M.A.)
| | - Miriam Alonso
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Seville, Spain; (A.S.-G.); (M.A.)
| | - José Francisco Noguera-Uclés
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS) (HUVR, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla), 41013 Seville, Spain; (L.B.); (J.F.N.-U.)
| | - Sonia Molina-Pinelo
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS) (HUVR, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla), 41013 Seville, Spain; (L.B.); (J.F.N.-U.)
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Seville, Spain; (A.S.-G.); (M.A.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Reyes Bernabé-Caro
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS) (HUVR, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla), 41013 Seville, Spain; (L.B.); (J.F.N.-U.)
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Seville, Spain; (A.S.-G.); (M.A.)
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118
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Ding X, Zhao T, Lee CC, Yan C, Du H. Lysosomal Acid Lipase Deficiency Controls T- and B-Regulatory Cell Homeostasis in the Lymph Nodes of Mice with Human Cancer Xenotransplants. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 191:353-367. [PMID: 33159889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Utilization of proper preclinical models accelerates development of immunotherapeutics and the study of the interplay between human malignant cells and immune cells. Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) is a critical lipid hydrolase that generates free fatty acids and cholesterol. Ablation of LAL suppresses immune rejection and allows growth of human lung cancer cells in lal-/- mice. In the lal-/- lymph nodes, the percentages of both T- and B-regulatory cells (Tregs and Bregs, respectively) are increased, with elevated expression of programmed death-ligand 1 and IL-10, and decreased expression of interferon-γ. Levels of enzymes in the glucose and glutamine metabolic pathways are elevated in Tregs and Bregs of the lal-/- lymph nodes. Pharmacologic inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase, which controls the transition from glycolysis to the citric acid cycle, effectively reduces Treg and Breg elevation in the lal-/- lymph nodes. Blocking the mammalian target of rapamycin or reactivating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, an LAL downstream effector, reduces lal-/- Treg and Breg elevation and PD-L1 expression in lal-/- Tregs and Bregs, and improves human cancer cell rejection. Treatment with PD-L1 antibody also reduces Treg and Breg elevation in the lal-/- lymph nodes and improves human cancer cell rejection. These observations conclude that LAL-regulated lipid metabolism is essential to maintain antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Ding
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ting Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Chih-Chun Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Cong Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
| | - Hong Du
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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Fagerland SMT, Berg S, Hill DK, Snipstad S, Sulheim E, Hyldbakk A, Kim J, Davies CDL. Ultrasound-Mediated Delivery of Chemotherapy into the Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate Model. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2020; 46:3032-3045. [PMID: 32800470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound (US) in combination with microbubbles (MB) has had promising results in improving delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. However, most studies are done in immunodeficient mice with xenografted tumors. We used two phenotypes of the spontaneous transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model to evaluate if US + MB could enhance the therapeutic efficacy of cabazitaxel (Cab). Cab was either injected intravenously as free drug or encapsulated into nanoparticles. In both cases, Cab transiently reduced tumor and prostate volume in the TRAMP model. No additional therapeutic efficacy was observed combining Cab with US + MB, except for one tumor. Additionally, histology grading and immunostaining of Ki67 did not reveal differences between treatment groups. Mass spectrometry revealed that nanoparticle encapsulation of Cab increased the circulation time and enhanced the accumulation in liver and spleen compared with free Cab. The therapeutic results in this spontaneous, clinically relevant tumor model differ from the improved therapeutic response observed in xenografts combining US + MB and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stein-Martin T Fagerland
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sigrid Berg
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Health Research, SINTEF Digital, Trondheim, Norway; Cancer Clinic, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Deborah K Hill
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sofie Snipstad
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Cancer Clinic, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Einar Sulheim
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Cancer Clinic, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Astrid Hyldbakk
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jana Kim
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Buqué A, Perez-Lanzón M, Petroni G, Humeau J, Bloy N, Yamazaki T, Sato A, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. MPA/DMBA-driven mammary carcinomas. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 163:1-19. [PMID: 33785159 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA, D) administered per os to wild-type female mice bearing slow-release medroxyprogesterone (MPA, M) pellets s.c. drives the formation of mammary carcinomas that recapitulate numerous immunobiological features of human luminal B breast cancer. In particular, M/D-driven mammary carcinomas established in immunocompetent C57BL/6 female mice (1) express hormone receptors, (2) emerge by evading natural immunosurveillance and hence display a scarce immune infiltrate largely polarized toward immunosuppression, (3) exhibit exquisite sensitivity to CDK4/CDK6 inhibitors, and (4) are largely resistant to immunotherapy with immune checkpoint blockers targeting PD-1. Thus, M/D-driven mammary carcinomas evolving in immunocompetent female mice stand out as a privileged preclinical platform for the study of luminal B breast cancer. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the establishment of M/D-driven mammary carcinomas in wild-type C57BL/6 female mice. This protocol can be easily adapted to generate M/D-driven mammary carcinomas in female mice with most genetic backgrounds (including genetically-engineered mice).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitziber Buqué
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria Perez-Lanzón
- Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Institut Universitaire de France, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Sud, Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Giulia Petroni
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Juliette Humeau
- Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Institut Universitaire de France, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Sud, Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Norma Bloy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ai Sato
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Institut Universitaire de France, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
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121
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Tian H, Lyu Y, Yang YG, Hu Z. Humanized Rodent Models for Cancer Research. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1696. [PMID: 33042811 PMCID: PMC7518015 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most popular laboratory animal models, rodents have been playing crucial roles in mechanistic investigations of oncogenesis as well as anticancer drug or regimen discoveries. However, rodent tumors show different or no responses to therapies against human cancers, and thus, in recent years, increased attention has been given to mouse models with xenografted or spontaneous human cancer cells. By combining with the human immune system (HIS) mice, these models have become more sophisticated and robust, enabling in vivo exploration of human cancer immunology and immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the pros and cons of these humanized mouse models, with a focus on their potential as an in vivo platform for human cancer research. We also discuss the strategies for further improving these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
| | - Yanan Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China.,International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
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122
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Onaciu A, Munteanu R, Munteanu VC, Gulei D, Raduly L, Feder RI, Pirlog R, Atanasov AG, Korban SS, Irimie A, Berindan-Neagoe I. Spontaneous and Induced Animal Models for Cancer Research. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E660. [PMID: 32878340 PMCID: PMC7555044 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10090660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the complexity of the current framework in oncology, the relevance of animal models in biomedical research is critical in light of the capacity to produce valuable data with clinical translation. The laboratory mouse is the most common animal model used in cancer research due to its high adaptation to different environments, genetic variability, and physiological similarities with humans. Beginning with spontaneous mutations arising in mice colonies that allow for pursuing studies of specific pathological conditions, this area of in vivo research has significantly evolved, now capable of generating humanized mice models encompassing the human immune system in biological correlation with human tumor xenografts. Moreover, the era of genetic engineering, especially of the hijacking CRISPR/Cas9 technique, offers powerful tools in designing and developing various mouse strains. Within this article, we will cover the principal mouse models used in oncology research, beginning with behavioral science of animals vs. humans, and continuing on with genetically engineered mice, microsurgical-induced cancer models, and avatar mouse models for personalized cancer therapy. Moreover, the area of spontaneous large animal models for cancer research will be briefly presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Onaciu
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine - Medfuture, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.O.); (R.M.); (R.-I.F.)
| | - Raluca Munteanu
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine - Medfuture, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.O.); (R.M.); (R.-I.F.)
| | - Vlad Cristian Munteanu
- Department of Urology, The Oncology Institute “Prof Dr. Ion Chiricuta”, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Gulei
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine - Medfuture, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.O.); (R.M.); (R.-I.F.)
| | - Lajos Raduly
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.R.); (R.P.)
| | - Richard-Ionut Feder
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine - Medfuture, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.O.); (R.M.); (R.-I.F.)
| | - Radu Pirlog
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.R.); (R.P.)
- Department of Morphological Sciences, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchev str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Schuyler S. Korban
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Alexandru Irimie
- 11th Department of Surgical Oncology and Gynaecological Oncology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Surgery, The Oncology Institute Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta, 34–36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.R.); (R.P.)
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta”, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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123
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Bidirectional interaction between intestinal microbiome and cancer: opportunities for therapeutic interventions. Biomark Res 2020; 8:31. [PMID: 32817793 PMCID: PMC7424681 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-020-00211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota composition influences the balance between human health and disease. Increasing evidence suggests the involvement of microbial factors in regulating cancer development, progression, and therapeutic response. Distinct microbial species have been implicated in modulating gut environment and architecture that affects cancer therapy outcomes. While some microbial species offer enhanced cancer therapy response, others diminish cancer treatment efficacy. In addition, use of antibiotics, often to minimize infection risks in cancer, causes intestinal dysbiosis and proves detrimental. In this review we discuss the role of gut microbiota in cancer development and therapy. We also provide insights into future strategies to manipulate the microbiome and gut epithelial barrier to augment therapeutic responses while minimizing toxicity or infection risks.
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124
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Immunostimulation with chemotherapy in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2020; 17:725-741. [PMID: 32760014 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-020-0413-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 709] [Impact Index Per Article: 177.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapeutics have been developed into clinically useful agents based on their ability to preferentially kill malignant cells, generally owing to their elevated proliferation rate. Nonetheless, the clinical activity of various chemotherapies is now known to involve the stimulation of anticancer immunity either by initiating the release of immunostimulatory molecules from dying cancer cells or by mediating off-target effects on immune cell populations. Understanding the precise immunological mechanisms that underlie the efficacy of chemotherapy has the potential not only to enable the identification of superior biomarkers of response but also to accelerate the development of synergistic combination regimens that enhance the clinical effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) relative to their effectiveness as monotherapies. Indeed, accumulating evidence supports the clinical value of combining appropriately dosed chemotherapies with ICIs. In this Review, we discuss preclinical and clinical data on the immunostimulatory effects of conventional chemotherapeutics in the context of ICI-based immunotherapy.
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125
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Trimaglio G, Tilkin-Mariamé AF, Feliu V, Lauzéral-Vizcaino F, Tosolini M, Valle C, Ayyoub M, Neyrolles O, Vergnolle N, Rombouts Y, Devaud C. Colon-specific immune microenvironment regulates cancer progression versus rejection. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1790125. [PMID: 32923152 PMCID: PMC7458593 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1790125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies have achieved clinical benefit in many types of cancer but remain limited to a subset of patients in colorectal cancer (CRC). Resistance to immunotherapy can be attributed in part to tissue-specific factors constraining antitumor immunity. Thus, a better understanding of how the colon microenvironment shapes the immune response to CRC is needed to identify mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapies and guide the development of novel therapeutics. In an orthotopic mouse model of MC38-CRC, tumor progression was monitored by bioluminescence imaging and the immune signatures were assessed at a transcriptional level using NanoString and at a cellular level by flow cytometry. Despite initial tumor growth in all mice, only 25% to 35% of mice developed a progressive lethal CRC while the remaining animals spontaneously rejected their solid tumor. No tumor rejection was observed in the absence of adaptive immunity, nor when MC38 cells were injected in non-orthotopic locations, subcutaneously or into the liver. We observed that progressive CRC tumors exhibited a protumor immune response, characterized by a regulatory T-lymphocyte pattern, discernible shortly post-tumor implantation, as well as suppressive myeloid cells. In contrast, tumor-rejecting mice presented an early inflammatory response and an antitumor microenvironment enriched in CD8+ T cells. Taken together, our data demonstrate the role of the colon microenvironment in regulating the balance between anti or protumor immune responses. While emphasizing the relevance of the CRC orthotopic model, they set the basis for exploring the impact of the identified signatures in colon cancer response to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Trimaglio
- Institut De Pharmacologie Et De Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université De Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Virginie Feliu
- Centre De Recherches En Cancérologie De Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM U1037, Toulouse, France.,Immune Monitoring Core Facility, Institut Universitaire Du Cancer (IUCT)- Oncopôle, Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Lauzéral-Vizcaino
- Immune Monitoring Core Facility, Institut Universitaire Du Cancer (IUCT)- Oncopôle, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Tosolini
- Centre De Recherches En Cancérologie De Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM U1037, Toulouse, France
| | - Carine Valle
- Centre De Recherches En Cancérologie De Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM U1037, Toulouse, France
| | - Maha Ayyoub
- Centre De Recherches En Cancérologie De Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM U1037, Toulouse, France.,Immune Monitoring Core Facility, Institut Universitaire Du Cancer (IUCT)- Oncopôle, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- Institut De Pharmacologie Et De Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université De Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- INSERM (U1220), INRA, ENVT, UPS, Institut De Recherche En Santé Digestive (IRSD), Toulouse, France
| | - Yoann Rombouts
- Institut De Pharmacologie Et De Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université De Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christel Devaud
- INSERM (U1220), INRA, ENVT, UPS, Institut De Recherche En Santé Digestive (IRSD), Toulouse, France
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126
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Noble JN, Mishra A. Development and Significance of Mouse Models in Lymphoma Research. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2020; 14:119-126. [PMID: 30848424 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-019-00504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Animal models have played an indispensable role in interpreting cancer gene functions, pathogenesis of disease, and in the development of innovative therapeutic approaches targeting aberrant biological pathways in human cancers. RECENT FINDINGS These models have guided the therapeutic targeting of cancer-causing mutations and paved the way for assessing anti-cancer drug responses and the preclinical development of immunotherapies. The mammalian models of cancer utilize genetically edited or transplanted mice that develop fairly accurate disease histopathology. The mouse model also allows us to study the effect of tumor microenvironment in the development of lymphoma. The emergence of patient-derived xenografts provides a better opportunity for recapitulating primary lymphoma characteristics and researching personalized drug therapy. In conclusion, the refinement and advancement of available mouse models in lymphoma significantly minimize the therapeutic translational failures in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan N Noble
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Anjali Mishra
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, Philadephia, PA, 19107, USA.
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127
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Homicsko K. Organoid technology and applications in cancer immunotherapy and precision medicine. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 65:242-247. [PMID: 32603978 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tumors are complex ecosystems of multiple cell types in addition to cancer cells. The response to therapies can be shaped by not only cancer cell vulnerabilities but also by the cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME). For cellular immune therapies, cancer cells are the direct target, but for most of the immune checkpoint blockades (ICB), the direct therapeutic targets are the immune cells. Current immune therapy approaches, especially immune checkpoint blockades, only work for select patient populations. A pre-treatment, ex vivo assay could help in selecting between immune therapy options. However, for immune therapy applications, ex vivo assays would require the co-culturing of both cancer cells and cells of the TME. New results show that it is now feasible to co-culture both cell types with organoid technologies. However, many challenges remain to both optimize organoid cultures as well as to validate ex vivo assays as predictors of therapeutic benefits from immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztian Homicsko
- Department of Oncology, CHUV, 46 Rue Bugnon, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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128
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Radiation-induced bystander and abscopal effects: important lessons from preclinical models. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:339-348. [PMID: 32581341 PMCID: PMC7403362 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0942-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a pivotal component in the curative treatment of patients with localised cancer and isolated metastasis, as well as being used as a palliative strategy for patients with disseminated disease. The clinical efficacy of radiotherapy has traditionally been attributed to the local effects of ionising radiation, which induces cell death by directly and indirectly inducing DNA damage, but substantial work has uncovered an unexpected and dual relationship between tumour irradiation and the host immune system. In clinical practice, it is, therefore, tempting to tailor immunotherapies with radiotherapy in order to synergise innate and adaptive immunity against cancer cells, as well as to bypass immune tolerance and exhaustion, with the aim of facilitating tumour regression. However, our understanding of how radiation impacts on immune system activation is still in its early stages, and concerns and challenges regarding therapeutic applications still need to be overcome. With the increasing use of immunotherapy and its common combination with ionising radiation, this review briefly delineates current knowledge about the non-targeted effects of radiotherapy, and aims to provide insights, at the preclinical level, into the mechanisms that are involved with the potential to yield clinically relevant combinatorial approaches of radiotherapy and immunotherapy.
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129
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Inamura K. Gut microbiota contributes towards immunomodulation against cancer: New frontiers in precision cancer therapeutics. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 70:11-23. [PMID: 32580023 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota influences human health and the development of diverse diseases, including cancer. Microbes can influence tumor initiation and development in either a positive or negative manner. In addition, the composition of the gut microbiota affects the efficacy and toxicity of cancer therapeutics as well as therapeutic resistance. The striking impact of microbiota on oncogenesis and cancer therapy provides compelling evidence to support the notion that manipulating microbial networks represents a promising strategy for treating and preventing cancer. Specific microbes or the microbial ecosystem can be modified via a multiplicity of processes, and therapeutic methods and approaches have been evolving. Microbial manipulation can be applied as an adjunct to traditional cancer therapies such as chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Furthermore, this approach displays great promise as a stand-alone therapy following the failure of standard therapy. Moreover, such strategies may also benefit patients by avoiding the emergence of toxic side effects that result in treatment discontinuation. A better understanding of the host-microbial ecosystem in patients with cancer, together with the development of methodologies for manipulating the microbiome, will help expand the frontiers of precision cancer therapeutics, thereby improving patient care. This review discusses the roles of the microbiota in oncogenesis and cancer therapy, with a focus on efforts to harness the microbiota to fight cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Inamura
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan.
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130
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Rational Cancer Treatment Combinations: An Urgent Clinical Need. Mol Cell 2020; 78:1002-1018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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131
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Bresnahan E, Lindblad KE, Ruiz de Galarreta M, Lujambio A. Mouse Models of Oncoimmunology in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:5276-5286. [PMID: 32327473 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-2923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide and incidence is on the rise. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer, with a complex etiology and limited treatment options. The standard-of-care treatment for patients with advanced HCC is sorafenib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that offers limited survival benefit. In the past years, therapeutic options for the treatment of advanced HCC have increased substantially, including additional multikinase inhibitors as well as immune checkpoint inhibitors. Nivolumab and pembrolizumab were approved in 2017 and 2018, respectively, as second-line treatment in advanced HCC. These drugs, both targeting the programmed death-1 pathway, demonstrate unprecedented results, with objective response rates of approximately 20%. However, the majority of patients do not respond, necessitating the identification of biomarkers of response and resistance to immunotherapy. With the recent success of immunotherapies in oncology, mouse models that better recapitulate the human disease and antitumor immune response are needed. This review lists ongoing clinical trials testing immunotherapy in HCC, briefly discusses the unique immunosuppressive environment of the liver, and then delves into the most applicable current murine model systems to study oncoimmunology within the context of HCC, including syngeneic, genetically engineered, and humanized models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Bresnahan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Katherine E Lindblad
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Marina Ruiz de Galarreta
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Amaia Lujambio
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York. .,Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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132
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Liu WN, Fong SY, Tan WWS, Tan SY, Liu M, Cheng JY, Lim S, Suteja L, Huang EK, Chan JKY, Iyer NG, Yeong JPS, Lim DWT, Chen Q. Establishment and Characterization of Humanized Mouse NPC-PDX Model for Testing Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12041025. [PMID: 32331230 PMCID: PMC7225949 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) monotherapy shows early promise for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in patients. Nevertheless, limited representative NPC models hamper preclinical studies to evaluate the efficacy of novel ICB and combination regimens. In the present study, we engrafted NPC biopsies in non-obese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain-null (NSG) mice and established humanized mouse NPC-patient-derived xenograft (NPC-PDX) model successfully. Epstein–Barr virus was detected in the NPC in both NSG and humanized mice as revealed by Epstein–Barr virus-encoded small RNA (EBER) in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. In the NPC-bearing humanized mice, the percentage of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ cytotoxic T cells was lowered, and the T cells expressed higher levels of various inhibitory receptors, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) than those in blood. The mice were then treated with nivolumab and ipilimumab, and the anti-tumor efficacy of combination immunotherapy was examined. In line with paired clinical data, the NPC-PDX did not respond to the treatment in terms of tumor burden, whilst an immunomodulatory response was elicited in the humanized mice. From our results, human proinflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were significantly upregulated in plasma. After treatment, there was a decrease in CD4/CD8 ratio in the NPC-PDX, which also simulated the modulation of intratumoral CD4/CD8 profile from the corresponding donor. In addition, tumor-infiltrating T cells were re-activated and secreted more IFN-γ towards ex vivo stimulation, suggesting that other factors, including soluble mediators and metabolic milieu in tumor microenvironment may counteract the effect of ICB treatment and contribute to the tumor progression in the mice. Taken together, we have established and characterized a novel humanized mouse NPC-PDX model, which plausibly serves as a robust platform to test for the efficacy of immunotherapy and may predict clinical outcomes in NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Nam Liu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (W.N.L.); (S.Y.F.); (W.W.S.T.); (S.Y.T.); (M.L.); (J.Y.C.); (S.L.); (J.P.S.Y.)
| | - Shin Yie Fong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (W.N.L.); (S.Y.F.); (W.W.S.T.); (S.Y.T.); (M.L.); (J.Y.C.); (S.L.); (J.P.S.Y.)
| | - Wilson Wei Sheng Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (W.N.L.); (S.Y.F.); (W.W.S.T.); (S.Y.T.); (M.L.); (J.Y.C.); (S.L.); (J.P.S.Y.)
| | - Sue Yee Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (W.N.L.); (S.Y.F.); (W.W.S.T.); (S.Y.T.); (M.L.); (J.Y.C.); (S.L.); (J.P.S.Y.)
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (W.N.L.); (S.Y.F.); (W.W.S.T.); (S.Y.T.); (M.L.); (J.Y.C.); (S.L.); (J.P.S.Y.)
| | - Jia Ying Cheng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (W.N.L.); (S.Y.F.); (W.W.S.T.); (S.Y.T.); (M.L.); (J.Y.C.); (S.L.); (J.P.S.Y.)
| | - Sherlly Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (W.N.L.); (S.Y.F.); (W.W.S.T.); (S.Y.T.); (M.L.); (J.Y.C.); (S.L.); (J.P.S.Y.)
| | - Lisda Suteja
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169610, Singapore; (L.S.); (N.G.I.)
| | - Edwin Kunxiang Huang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore; (E.K.H.); (J.K.Y.C.)
| | - Jerry Kok Yen Chan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore; (E.K.H.); (J.K.Y.C.)
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | | | - Joe Poh Sheng Yeong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (W.N.L.); (S.Y.F.); (W.W.S.T.); (S.Y.T.); (M.L.); (J.Y.C.); (S.L.); (J.P.S.Y.)
| | - Darren Wan-Teck Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (W.N.L.); (S.Y.F.); (W.W.S.T.); (S.Y.T.); (M.L.); (J.Y.C.); (S.L.); (J.P.S.Y.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169610, Singapore; (L.S.); (N.G.I.)
- Correspondence: (D.W.-T.L.); (Q.C.); Tel.: +65-6586-9873 (Q.C.)
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (W.N.L.); (S.Y.F.); (W.W.S.T.); (S.Y.T.); (M.L.); (J.Y.C.); (S.L.); (J.P.S.Y.)
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
- Correspondence: (D.W.-T.L.); (Q.C.); Tel.: +65-6586-9873 (Q.C.)
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Ding S, Li S, Zhang S, Li Y. Genetic Alterations and Checkpoint Expression: Mechanisms and Models for Drug Discovery. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1248:227-250. [PMID: 32185713 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3266-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we will sketch a story that begins with the breakdown of chromosome homeostasis and genomic stability. Genomic alterations may render tumor cells eternal life at the expense of immunogenicity. Although antitumor immunity can be primed through neoantigens or inflammatory signals, tumor cells have evolved countermeasures to evade immune surveillance and strike back by modulating immune checkpoint related pathways. At present, monoclonal antibody drugs targeting checkpoints like PD-1 and CTLA-4 have significantly prolonged the survival of a variety of cancer patients, and thus have marked a great achievement in the history of antitumor therapy. Nevertheless, this is not the end of the story. As the relationship between genomic alteration and checkpoint expression is being delineated though the advances of preclinical animal models and emerging technologies, novel checkpoint targets are on the way to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Ding
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210061, China
| | - Siqi Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210061, China
| | - Shujie Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210061, China
| | - Yan Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210061, China.
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134
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Morton JJ, Alzofon N, Jimeno A. The humanized mouse: Emerging translational potential. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:830-838. [PMID: 32275343 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The humanized mouse (HM) has emerged as a valuable animal model in cancer research. Engrafted with components of a human immune system and subsequently implanted with tumor tissue from cell lines or in the form of patient-derived xenografts, the HM provides a unique platform in which the tumor microenvironment (TME) can be evaluated in vivo. This model may also be beneficial in the assessment of potential cancer treatments including immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, to maximize its utility, researchers need to understand the critical factors necessary to ensure that the tumor immune interactions in the HM are representative of those within cancer patients. In most current HM models, the human T cells residing in the HM are educated in a murine thymus, allogeneic to implanted tumor tissue, and/or alloreactive to mouse tissues, making their interaction and reactivity with tumor cells suspect. There are several strategies underway to harmonize the immune-tumor environment in the HM. Once the essential components of the HM-tumor TME interface have been identified and understood, the HM model will permit not only the discovery of effective immunotherapy treatments, but it can be used to predict patient responses to great clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jason Morton
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Nathaniel Alzofon
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Antonio Jimeno
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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135
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Jenkins RW, Fisher DE. Treatment of Advanced Melanoma in 2020 and Beyond. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:23-31. [PMID: 32268150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.03.943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The melanoma field has seen an unprecedented set of clinical advances over the past decade. Therapeutic efficacy for advanced or metastatic melanoma went from being one of the most poorly responsive to one of the more responsive. Perhaps most strikingly, the advances that transformed management of the disease are based upon modern mechanism-based therapeutic strategies. The targeted approaches that primarily suppress the BRAF oncoprotein pathway have a high predictability of efficacy although less optimal depth or durability of response. Immunotherapy is primarily based on blockade of one or two immune checkpoints and has a lower predictability of response but higher fractions of durable remissions. This article reviews the clinical progress in management of advanced melanoma and also discusses the impact of the same therapies on earlier stage disease, where the agents have shown significant promise in treating resectable but high-risk clinical scenarios. Collectively, the progress in melanoma therapeutics has transformed the standard of care for patients, informed new approaches that are increasingly utilized for treatment of other malignancies, and suggest novel strategies to further boost efficacy for the many patients not yet receiving optimal benefit from these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell W Jenkins
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David E Fisher
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology and MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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136
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Establishment of a Human Gastric Cancer Xenograft Model in Immunocompetent Mice Using the Microcarrier-6. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1893434. [PMID: 32337226 PMCID: PMC7165317 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1893434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is among the most common malignant tumors of the digestive tract. Establishing a robust and reliable animal model is the foundation for studying the pathogenesis of cancer. The present study established a mouse model of gastric carcinoma by inoculating immunocompetent mice with MKN45 cells using microcarrier. Sixty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups: a 2D group, an empty carrier group, and a 3D group, according to the coculture system of MKN45 and the microcarrier. The mouse models were established by hypodermic injection. Time to develop tumor, rate of tumor formation, and pathological features were observed in each group. In the 3D group, the tumorigenesis time was short, while the rate of tumor formation was high (75%). There was no detectable tumor formation in either the 2D or the empty carrier group. Both H&E and immunohistochemical staining of the tumor xenograft showed characteristic evidence of human gastric neoplasms. The present study successfully established a human gastric carcinoma model in immunocompetent mice, which provides a novel and valuable animal model for the cancer research and development of anticancer drugs.
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137
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Richards JR, Yoo JH, Shin D, Odelberg SJ. Mouse models of uveal melanoma: Strengths, weaknesses, and future directions. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 33:264-278. [PMID: 31880399 PMCID: PMC7065156 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma is the most common primary malignancy of the eye, and a number of discoveries in the last decade have led to a more thorough molecular characterization of this cancer. However, the prognosis remains dismal for patients with metastases, and there is an urgent need to identify treatments that are effective for this stage of disease. Animal models are important tools for preclinical studies of uveal melanoma. A variety of models exist, and they have specific advantages, disadvantages, and applications. In this review article, these differences are explored in detail, and ideas for new models that might overcome current challenges are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson R. Richards
- Department of Oncological SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Program in Molecular MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Jae Hyuk Yoo
- Program in Molecular MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Donghan Shin
- Program in Molecular MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Shannon J. Odelberg
- Program in Molecular MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Department of Neurobiology and AnatomyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
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138
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Galluzzi L, Vitale I, Warren S, Adjemian S, Agostinis P, Martinez AB, Chan TA, Coukos G, Demaria S, Deutsch E, Draganov D, Edelson RL, Formenti SC, Fucikova J, Gabriele L, Gaipl US, Gameiro SR, Garg AD, Golden E, Han J, Harrington KJ, Hemminki A, Hodge JW, Hossain DMS, Illidge T, Karin M, Kaufman HL, Kepp O, Kroemer G, Lasarte JJ, Loi S, Lotze MT, Manic G, Merghoub T, Melcher AA, Mossman KL, Prosper F, Rekdal Ø, Rescigno M, Riganti C, Sistigu A, Smyth MJ, Spisek R, Stagg J, Strauss BE, Tang D, Tatsuno K, van Gool SW, Vandenabeele P, Yamazaki T, Zamarin D, Zitvogel L, Cesano A, Marincola FM. Consensus guidelines for the definition, detection and interpretation of immunogenic cell death. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e000337. [PMID: 32209603 PMCID: PMC7064135 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells succumbing to stress via regulated cell death (RCD) can initiate an adaptive immune response associated with immunological memory, provided they display sufficient antigenicity and adjuvanticity. Moreover, multiple intracellular and microenvironmental features determine the propensity of RCD to drive adaptive immunity. Here, we provide an updated operational definition of immunogenic cell death (ICD), discuss the key factors that dictate the ability of dying cells to drive an adaptive immune response, summarize experimental assays that are currently available for the assessment of ICD in vitro and in vivo, and formulate guidelines for their interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ilio Vitale
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCSS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Sarah Warren
- NanoString Technologies, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sandy Adjemian
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (DBMB), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuevn, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aitziber Buqué Martinez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Timothy A Chan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
- Immunogenomics and Precision Oncology Platform, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Eric Deutsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- INSERM "Molecular Radiotherapy and therapeutic innovation", U1030 Molecular Radiotherapy, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- SIRIC SOCRATES, DHU Torino, Faculté de Medecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Richard L Edelson
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Gabriele
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Udo S Gaipl
- Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sofia R Gameiro
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute/Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Encouse Golden
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Jian Han
- iRepertoire, Inc, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Kevin J Harrington
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden Hospital/Institute of Cancer Research National Institute for Health Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute/Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Tim Illidge
- University of Manchester, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California at San Diego (UCSD) School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Howard L Kaufman
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Replimune, Inc, Woburn, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Juan Jose Lasarte
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sherene Loi
- Division of Research and Clinical Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gwenola Manic
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCSS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, MSKCC, New York City, New York, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, MSKCC, New York City, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Felipe Prosper
- Hematology and Cell Therapy, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Øystein Rekdal
- Lytix Biopharma, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
- Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonella Sistigu
- UOSD Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Radek Spisek
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Quebec City, Canada
- Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec City, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Bryan E Strauss
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia/LIM24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kazuki Tatsuno
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Peter Vandenabeele
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (DBMB), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Methusalem program, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Dmitriy Zamarin
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris Sud/Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM U1015, Villejuif, France
- Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
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139
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Hegde PS, Chen DS. Top 10 Challenges in Cancer Immunotherapy. Immunity 2020; 52:17-35. [PMID: 31940268 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1095] [Impact Index Per Article: 273.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is a validated and critically important approach for treating patients with cancer. Given the vast research and clinical investigation efforts dedicated to advancing both endogenous and synthetic immunotherapy approaches, there is a need to focus on crucial questions and define roadblocks to the basic understanding and clinical progress. Here, we define ten key challenges facing cancer immunotherapy, which range from lack of confidence in translating pre-clinical findings to identifying optimal combinations of immune-based therapies for any given patient. Addressing these challenges will require the combined efforts of basic researchers and clinicians, and the focusing of resources to accelerate understanding of the complex interactions between cancer and the immune system and the development of improved treatment options for patients with cancer.
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140
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Single-cell genomic approaches for developing the next generation of immunotherapies. Nat Med 2020; 26:171-177. [PMID: 32015555 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0736-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in single-cell genomics urges its application in drug development, particularly of cancer immunotherapies. Current immunotherapy pipelines are focused on functional outcome and simple cellular and molecular readouts. A thorough mechanistic understanding of the cells and pathways targeted by immunotherapy agents is lacking, which limits the success rate of clinical trials. A large leap forward can be made if the immunotherapy target cells and pathways are characterized at high resolution before and after treatment, in clinical cohorts and model systems. This will enable rapid development of effective immunotherapies and data-driven design of synergistic drug combinations. In this Perspective, we discuss how emerging single-cell genomic technologies can serve as an engine for target identification and drug development.
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141
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Kötzner L, Huck B, Garg S, Urbahns K. Small molecules-Giant leaps for immuno-oncology. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2020; 59:1-62. [PMID: 32362326 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immuno-oncology therapies are revolutionizing the oncology landscape with checkpoint blockade becoming the treatment backbone for many indications. While inspiring, much work remains to increase the number of cancer patients that can benefit from these treatments. Thus, a new era of immuno-oncology research has begun which is focused on identifying novel combination regimes that lead to improved response rates. This review highlights the significance of small molecules in this approach and illustrates the huge progress that has been made to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kötzner
- Healthcare R&D, Discovery and Development Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Bayard Huck
- Healthcare R&D, Discovery and Development Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sakshi Garg
- Healthcare R&D, Discovery and Development Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Klaus Urbahns
- Healthcare R&D, Discovery and Development Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
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142
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Inamura K. Roles of microbiota in response to cancer immunotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 65:164-175. [PMID: 31911189 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy, which shows great promise for treating patients with metastatic malignancies, has dramatically changed the therapeutic landscape of cancer, particularly subsequent to the discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, the responses to immunotherapy are heterogeneous and often transient. More problematic is that a high proportion of patients with cancer are resistant to such therapy. Much effort has been expended to identify reliable biomarkers that accurately predict clinical responses to immunotherapy. Unfortunately, such tools are lacking, and our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying its efficacy and safety is insufficient. The microbiota is increasingly recognized for its influence on human health and disease. Microbes create a pro- or an anti-inflammatory environment through complex interactions with host cells and cytokines. Emerging evidence indicates that microbes alter the efficacy and toxicity of immunotherapy by modulating the host's local and systemic immune responses. It is therefore critically important to exploit the microbiota to develop biomarkers as well as to identify therapeutic targets that can be applied to cancer immunotherapy. This review provides insights into the challenges that must be addressed to achieve these goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Inamura
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan.
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143
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Powley IR, Patel M, Miles G, Pringle H, Howells L, Thomas A, Kettleborough C, Bryans J, Hammonds T, MacFarlane M, Pritchard C. Patient-derived explants (PDEs) as a powerful preclinical platform for anti-cancer drug and biomarker discovery. Br J Cancer 2020; 122:735-744. [PMID: 31894140 PMCID: PMC7078311 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0672-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical models that can accurately predict outcomes in the clinic are much sought after in the field of cancer drug discovery and development. Existing models such as organoids and patient-derived xenografts have many advantages, but they suffer from the drawback of not contextually preserving human tumour architecture. This is a particular problem for the preclinical testing of immunotherapies, as these agents require an intact tumour human-specific microenvironment for them to be effective. In this review, we explore the potential of patient-derived explants (PDEs) for fulfilling this need. PDEs involve the ex vivo culture of fragments of freshly resected human tumours that retain the histological features of original tumours. PDE methodology for anti-cancer drug testing has been in existence for many years, but the platform has not been widely adopted in translational research facilities, despite strong evidence for its clinical predictivity. By modifying PDE endpoint analysis to include the spatial profiling of key biomarkers by using multispectral imaging, we argue that PDEs offer many advantages, including the ability to correlate drug responses with tumour pathology, tumour heterogeneity and changes in the tumour microenvironment. As such, PDEs are a powerful model of choice for cancer drug and biomarker discovery programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Powley
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK.
| | - Meeta Patel
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Gareth Miles
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Howard Pringle
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Lynne Howells
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Anne Thomas
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | | | - Justin Bryans
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Tim Hammonds
- Cancer Research UK, Therapeutics Discovery Laboratories, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London, NW1 0NH, UK
| | - Marion MacFarlane
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
| | - Catrin Pritchard
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK.
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144
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Maletzki C, Bock S, Fruh P, Macius K, Witt A, Prall F, Linnebacher M. NSG mice as hosts for oncological precision medicine. J Transl Med 2020; 100:27-37. [PMID: 31409886 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models have been rediscovered as meaningful research tool. By using severely immunodeficient mice, high-engraftment rates can be theoretically achieved, permitting clinical stratification strategies. Apart from engraftment efficacy, tolerability towards certain cytostatic drugs varies among individual mouse strains thus impeding large-scale screenings. Here, we aimed at optimizing an in vivo treatment schedule using the widely applied cytostatic drug 5-fluoruracil (5-FU) for exemplary response prediction in colorectal cancer (CRC) PDX models. Four different individual CRC PDX models were engrafted into NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl (NSG) mice. Mice with established PDX were allocated to different treatment groups, receiving 5-FU, the oral prodrug Capecitabine, or 5-FU/leucovorin (LV) at different doses. Body weight, tumor size, and general behavior were assessed during therapy. Ex vivo analyses were done from blood samples, liver, as well as tumor resection specimen. Engraftment efficacy was high as expected in NSG mice, yielding stable PDX growth for therapy stratification. However, overall tolerability towards 5-FU was unexpectedly low, whereas the prodrug Capecitabine as well as the combination of 5-FU/LV at low doses were well tolerated. Accompanying plasma level determination of DYPD, the rate-limiting enzyme for 5-FU-mediated toxicity, revealed reduced activity in NSG mice compared with other common laboratory mouse strains, offering a likely explanation for the drug incompatibility. Also, the De Ritis quotient was highly elevated in treated mice, reflecting overall organ injury even at low doses. Summarizing these findings, NSG mice are ideal hosts for in vivo engraftment studies. However, the complex immunodeficiency reduces tolerance to certain drugs, thus making those mice especially sensitive. Consequently, such dose finding and tolerance tests constitute a necessity for similar cancer precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Maletzki
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III-Hematology/Oncology/Palliative Care Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bock
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy; Department of General Surgery, Rostock, Germany
| | - Philipp Fruh
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy; Department of General Surgery, Rostock, Germany
| | - Karolis Macius
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy; Department of General Surgery, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anika Witt
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy; Department of General Surgery, Rostock, Germany
| | - Friedrich Prall
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy; Department of General Surgery, Rostock, Germany.
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145
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Yu CI, Marches F, Wu TC, Martinek J, Palucka K. Techniques for the generation of humanized mouse models for immuno-oncology. Methods Enzymol 2020; 636:351-368. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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146
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Genetically Engineered Mouse Models for Liver Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010014. [PMID: 31861541 PMCID: PMC7016809 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death globally, accounting for approximately 800,000 deaths annually. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer, comprising approximately 80% of cases. Murine models of HCC, such as chemically-induced models, xenograft models, and genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models, are valuable tools to reproduce human HCC biopathology and biochemistry. These models can be used to identify potential biomarkers, evaluate potential novel therapeutic drugs in pre-clinical trials, and develop molecular target therapies. Considering molecular target therapies, a novel approach has been developed to create genetically engineered murine models for HCC, employing hydrodynamics-based transfection (HT). The HT method, coupled with the Sleeping Beauty transposon system or the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing tool, has been used to rapidly and cost-effectively produce a variety of HCC models containing diverse oncogenes or inactivated tumor suppressor genes. The versatility of these models is expected to broaden our knowledge of the genetic mechanisms underlying human hepatocarcinogenesis, allowing the study of premalignant and malignant liver lesions and the evaluation of new therapeutic strategies. Here, we review recent advances in GEM models of HCC with an emphasis on new technologies.
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147
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Taylor MA, Hughes AM, Walton J, Coenen-Stass AML, Magiera L, Mooney L, Bell S, Staniszewska AD, Sandin LC, Barry ST, Watkins A, Carnevalli LS, Hardaker EL. Longitudinal immune characterization of syngeneic tumor models to enable model selection for immune oncology drug discovery. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:328. [PMID: 31779705 PMCID: PMC6883640 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0794-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The ability to modulate immune-inhibitory pathways using checkpoint blockade antibodies such as αPD-1, αPD-L1, and αCTLA-4 represents a significant breakthrough in cancer therapy in recent years. This has driven interest in identifying small-molecule-immunotherapy combinations to increase the proportion of responses. Murine syngeneic models, which have a functional immune system, represent an essential tool for pre-clinical evaluation of new immunotherapies. However, immune response varies widely between models and the translational relevance of each model is not fully understood, making selection of an appropriate pre-clinical model for drug target validation challenging. Methods Using flow cytometry, O-link protein analysis, RT-PCR, and RNAseq we have characterized kinetic changes in immune-cell populations over the course of tumor development in commonly used syngeneic models. Results This longitudinal profiling of syngeneic models enables pharmacodynamic time point selection within each model, dependent on the immune population of interest. Additionally, we have characterized the changes in immune populations in each of these models after treatment with the combination of α-PD-L1 and α-CTLA-4 antibodies, enabling benchmarking to known immune modulating treatments within each model. Conclusions Taken together, this dataset will provide a framework for characterization and enable the selection of the optimal models for immunotherapy combinations and generate potential biomarkers for clinical evaluation in identifying responders and non-responders to immunotherapy combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Taylor
- Oncology R&D, Research and Early Development, Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK.
| | - Adina M Hughes
- Oncology R&D, Research and Early Development, Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Josephine Walton
- Oncology R&D, Research and Early Development, Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Anna M L Coenen-Stass
- Oncology R&D, Research and Early Development, Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Lukasz Magiera
- Oncology R&D, Research and Early Development, Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Lorraine Mooney
- Oncology R&D, Research and Early Development, Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK.,Present Address: Alderley Park Limited, Preclinical Services, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Sigourney Bell
- Oncology R&D, Research and Early Development, Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Anna D Staniszewska
- Oncology R&D, Research and Early Development, Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Linda C Sandin
- Oncology R&D, Research and Early Development, Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Simon T Barry
- Oncology R&D, Research and Early Development, Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Amanda Watkins
- Oncology R&D, Research and Early Development, Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Larissa S Carnevalli
- Oncology R&D, Research and Early Development, Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Elizabeth L Hardaker
- Oncology R&D, Research and Early Development, Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
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148
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Bioprofiling TS/A Murine Mammary Cancer for a Functional Precision Experimental Model. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121889. [PMID: 31783695 PMCID: PMC6966465 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The TS/A cell line was established in 1983 from a spontaneous mammary tumor arisen in an inbred BALB/c female mouse. Its features (heterogeneity, low immunogenicity and metastatic ability) rendered the TS/A cell line suitable as a preclinical model for studies on tumor-host interactions and for gene therapy approaches. The integrated biological profile of TS/A resulting from the review of the literature could be a path towards the description of a precision experimental model of mammary cancer.
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149
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Mouse Models for Immunotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111800. [PMID: 31731753 PMCID: PMC6896030 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the dominant causes of cancer-related mortality, and the survival rate of liver cancer is among the lowest for all cancers. Immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has yielded some encouraging results, but the percentage of patients responding to single-agent therapies remains low. Therefore, potential directions for improved immunotherapies include identifying new immune targets and checkpoints and customizing treatment procedures for individual patients. The development of combination therapies for HCC is also crucial and urgent and, thus, further studies are required. Mice have been utilized in immunotherapy research due to several advantages, for example, being low in cost, having high success rates for inducing tumor growth, and so on. Moreover, immune-competent mice are used in immunotherapy research to clarify the role that the immune system plays in cancer growth. In this review paper, the advantages and disadvantages of mouse models for immunotherapy, the equipment that are used for monitoring HCC, and the cell strains used for inducing HCC are reviewed.
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150
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Overgaard NH, Fan TM, Schachtschneider KM, Principe DR, Schook LB, Jungersen G. Of Mice, Dogs, Pigs, and Men: Choosing the Appropriate Model for Immuno-Oncology Research. ILAR J 2019; 59:247-262. [PMID: 30476148 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays dual roles in response to cancer. The host immune system protects against tumor formation via immunosurveillance; however, recognition of the tumor by immune cells also induces sculpting mechanisms leading to a Darwinian selection of tumor cell variants with reduced immunogenicity. Cancer immunoediting is the concept used to describe the complex interplay between tumor cells and the immune system. This concept, commonly referred to as the three E's, is encompassed by 3 distinct phases of elimination, equilibrium, and escape. Despite impressive results in the clinic, cancer immunotherapy still has room for improvement as many patients remain unresponsive to therapy. Moreover, many of the preclinical results obtained in the widely used mouse models of cancer are lost in translation to human patients. To improve the success rate of immuno-oncology research and preclinical testing of immune-based anticancer therapies, using alternative animal models more closely related to humans is a promising approach. Here, we describe 2 of the major alternative model systems: canine (spontaneous) and porcine (experimental) cancer models. Although dogs display a high rate of spontaneous tumor formation, an increased number of genetically modified porcine models exist. We suggest that the optimal immuno-oncology model may depend on the stage of cancer immunoediting in question. In particular, the spontaneous canine tumor models provide a unique platform for evaluating therapies aimed at the escape phase of cancer, while genetically engineered swine allow for elucidation of tumor-immune cell interactions especially during the phases of elimination and equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana H Overgaard
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Timothy M Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
| | | | - Daniel R Principe
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lawrence B Schook
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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