101
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Insulin-like growth factor-1 activates different catalytic subunits p110 of PI3K in a cell-type-dependent manner to induce lipogenesis-dependent epithelial–mesenchymal transition through the regulation of ADAM10 and ADAM17. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 439:199-211. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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102
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Shimozawa M, Anzai S, Satow R, Fukami K. Phospholipase C δ1 negatively regulates autophagy in colorectal cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 488:578-583. [PMID: 28528980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) is frequently mutated in CRC, and KRAS mutations promote cell motility, growth, and survival. We previously revealed that the expression of phospholipase C (PLC) δ1, one of the most basal PLCs, is down-regulated in colon adenocarcinoma, and that the KRAS signaling pathway suppresses PLCδ1 expression. Although recent studies revealed that KRAS mutations activate autophagy in cancer cells, a relation between PLCδ1 and autophagy remains unclear. Here, we found that PLCδ1 overexpression suppresses the formation of autophagosomes, which are key structures of autophagy, whereas endogenous PLCδ1 knockdown increases autophagosome formation in CRC cells. We also showed that PLCδ1 overexpression promotes cell death under nutrient deprivation. Furthermore, PLCδ1 overexpression suppresses the autophagy induced by the anti-cancer drug oxaliplatin and promotes cell death under oxaliplatin treatment. These data suggest that PLCδ1 negatively regulates autophagy, and PLCδ1 suppression contributes to the tolerance of CRC cells harboring KRAS mutations to nutrient deprivation and anti-cancer drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Shimozawa
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Sakiho Anzai
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Reiko Satow
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Fukami
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
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103
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Jiang L, Gu H, Lin Y, Xu W, Zhu R, Kong J, Luo L, Long H, Liu B, Chen B, Zhao Y, Cen X. Remodeling of brain lipidome in methamphetamine-sensitized mice. Toxicol Lett 2017; 279:67-76. [PMID: 28689763 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are predominant components of the brain and key regulators for neural structure and function. The effect of methamphetamine (METH) on behavior, cognition as well as memory has been intensively investigated; however, the impact of METH on brain lipid profiles is largely unknown. Here, we used a global lipidomic approach to investigate brain lipidome of METH-sensitized mice. We found that repeated METH significantly modified the lipidome in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatum. Interestingly, nucleus accumbens showed no obvious alteration in lipidomic profiling. Phospholipid and sphingolipid metabolisms were profoundly modified in the hippocampus of METH-sensitized mice, exhibiting increased phosphatidic acid and ether phosphatidylcholine but decreased lysophosphatidylethanolamine, lactosylceramide and triglycerides. The fatty acyl length of phospholipids and diacylglycerol longer than 40 carbon were clearly decreased in the hippocampus, and that 36 carbon was decreased in the PFC. These results indicate METH can profoundly affect the metabolism of phospholipids, sphingolipids and glycerolipids in the brain. Our findings reveal a link between remodeled brain lipidome and neurobehavior induced by METH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhong Jiang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hui Gu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yiyun Lin
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Xu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ruiming Zhu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jueying Kong
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Luo
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hailei Long
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bing Liu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo Chen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China.
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104
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Belviso S, Iuliano R, Amato R, Perrotti N, Menniti M. The human asparaginase enzyme (ASPG) inhibits growth in leukemic cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178174. [PMID: 28542249 PMCID: PMC5443537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human protein ASPG is an enzyme with a putative antitumor activity. We generated in bacteria and then purified a recombinant GST-ASPG protein that we used to characterize the biochemical and cytotoxic properties of the human ASPG. We demonstrated that ASPG possesses asparaginase and PAF acetylhydrolase activities that depend on a critical threonine residue at position 19. Consistently, ASPG but not its T19A mutant showed cytotoxic activity in K562, NALM-6 and MOLT-4 leukemic cell lines but not in normal cells. Regarding the mechanism of action of ASPG, it was able to induce a significant apoptotic death in K562 cells. Taken together our data suggest that ASPG, combining different enzymatic activities, should be considered a promising anti-cancer agent for inhibiting the growth of leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Belviso
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Iuliano
- Department of Human Health, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- * E-mail: (RI); (MM)
| | - Rosario Amato
- Department of Human Health, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola Perrotti
- Department of Human Health, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Miranda Menniti
- Department of Human Health, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- * E-mail: (RI); (MM)
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105
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78495111110.3390/cancers9050052" />
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is commonly upregulated in cancers such as in non-small-cell lung cancer, metastatic colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer, and breast cancer. Various mechanisms mediate the upregulation of EGFR activity, including common mutations and truncations to its extracellular domain, such as in the EGFRvIII truncations, as well as to its kinase domain, such as the L858R and T790M mutations, or the exon 19 truncation. These EGFR aberrations over-activate downstream pro-oncogenic signaling pathways, including the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK MAPK and AKT-PI3K-mTOR pathways. These pathways then activate many biological outputs that are beneficial to cancer cell proliferation, including their chronic initiation and progression through the cell cycle. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that regulate EGFR signal transduction, including the EGFR structure and its mutations, ligand binding and EGFR dimerization, as well as the signaling pathways that lead to G1 cell cycle progression. We focus on the induction of CYCLIN D expression, CDK4/6 activation, and the repression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins (CDKi) by EGFR signaling pathways. We also discuss the successes and challenges of EGFR-targeted therapies, and the potential for their use in combination with CDK4/6 inhibitors.
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106
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Wee P, Wang Z. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Cell Proliferation Signaling Pathways. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9050052. [PMID: 28513565 PMCID: PMC5447962 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9050052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 980] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is commonly upregulated in cancers such as in non-small-cell lung cancer, metastatic colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer, and breast cancer. Various mechanisms mediate the upregulation of EGFR activity, including common mutations and truncations to its extracellular domain, such as in the EGFRvIII truncations, as well as to its kinase domain, such as the L858R and T790M mutations, or the exon 19 truncation. These EGFR aberrations over-activate downstream pro-oncogenic signaling pathways, including the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK MAPK and AKT-PI3K-mTOR pathways. These pathways then activate many biological outputs that are beneficial to cancer cell proliferation, including their chronic initiation and progression through the cell cycle. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that regulate EGFR signal transduction, including the EGFR structure and its mutations, ligand binding and EGFR dimerization, as well as the signaling pathways that lead to G1 cell cycle progression. We focus on the induction of CYCLIN D expression, CDK4/6 activation, and the repression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins (CDKi) by EGFR signaling pathways. We also discuss the successes and challenges of EGFR-targeted therapies, and the potential for their use in combination with CDK4/6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wee
- Department of Medical Genetics and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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107
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Hamann BL, Blind RD. Nuclear phosphoinositide regulation of chromatin. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:107-123. [PMID: 28256711 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid signaling has clear connections to a wide array of cellular processes, particularly in gene expression and in controlling the chromatin biology of cells. However, most of the work elucidating how phospholipid signaling pathways contribute to cellular physiology have studied cytoplasmic membranes, while relatively little attention has been paid to the role of phospholipid signaling in the nucleus. Recent work from several labs has shown that nuclear phospholipid signaling can have important roles that are specific to this cellular compartment. This review focuses on the nuclear phospholipid functions and the activities of phospholipid signaling enzymes that regulate metazoan chromatin and gene expression. In particular, we highlight the roles that nuclear phosphoinositides play in several nuclear-driven physiological processes, such as differentiation, proliferation, and gene expression. Taken together, the recent discovery of several specifically nuclear phospholipid functions could have dramatic impact on our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that enable tight control of cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bree L Hamann
- Division of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Raymond D Blind
- Division of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.,Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Division of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Vanderbilt Diabetes Research and Training Center and the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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108
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Wagner MJ, Ravi V, Menter DG, Sood AK. Endothelial cell malignancies: new insights from the laboratory and clinic. NPJ Precis Oncol 2017; 1:11. [PMID: 29872699 PMCID: PMC5859470 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-017-0013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell malignancies are rare in the Western world and range from intermediate grade hemangioendothelioma to Kaposi sarcoma to aggressive high-grade angiosarcoma that metastasize early and have a high rate of mortality. These malignancies are associated with dysregulation of normal endothelial cell signaling pathways, including the vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin, and Notch pathways. Discoveries over the past two decades related to mechanisms of angiogenesis have led to the development of many drugs that intuitively would be promising therapeutic candidates for these endothelial-derived tumors. However, clinical efficacy of such drugs has been limited. New insights into the mechanisms that lead to dysregulated angiogenesis such as mutation or amplification in known angiogenesis related genes, viral infection, and chromosomal translocations have improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of endothelial malignancies and how they evade anti-angiogenesis drugs. In this review, we describe the major molecular alterations in endothelial cell malignancies and consider emerging opportunities for improving therapeutic efficacy against these rare but deadly tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wagner
- 1Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Vinod Ravi
- 2Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - David G Menter
- 3Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- 4Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030 USA.,5Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030 USA.,6Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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109
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Gilles LM, Khaled A, Laffaire JB, Chaignon S, Gendrot G, Laplaige J, Bergès H, Beydon G, Bayle V, Barret P, Comadran J, Martinant JP, Rogowsky PM, Widiez T. Loss of pollen-specific phospholipase NOT LIKE DAD triggers gynogenesis in maize. EMBO J 2017; 36:707-717. [PMID: 28228439 PMCID: PMC5350562 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201796603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynogenesis is an asexual mode of reproduction common to animals and plants, in which stimuli from the sperm cell trigger the development of the unfertilized egg cell into a haploid embryo. Fine mapping restricted a major maize QTL (quantitative trait locus) responsible for the aptitude of inducer lines to trigger gynogenesis to a zone containing a single gene NOT LIKE DAD (NLD) coding for a patatin-like phospholipase A. In all surveyed inducer lines, NLD carries a 4-bp insertion leading to a predicted truncated protein. This frameshift mutation is responsible for haploid induction because complementation with wild-type NLD abolishes the haploid induction capacity. Activity of the NLD promoter is restricted to mature pollen and pollen tube. The translational NLD::citrine fusion protein likely localizes to the sperm cell plasma membrane. In Arabidopsis roots, the truncated protein is no longer localized to the plasma membrane, contrary to the wild-type NLD protein. In conclusion, an intact pollen-specific phospholipase is required for successful sexual reproduction and its targeted disruption may allow establishing powerful haploid breeding tools in numerous crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurine M Gilles
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon ENS de Lyon UCB Lyon 1 CNRS, INRA, Lyon, France
- Limagrain Europe SAS, Research Centre, Chappes, France
| | - Abdelsabour Khaled
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon ENS de Lyon UCB Lyon 1 CNRS, INRA, Lyon, France
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | | | - Sandrine Chaignon
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon ENS de Lyon UCB Lyon 1 CNRS, INRA, Lyon, France
| | - Ghislaine Gendrot
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon ENS de Lyon UCB Lyon 1 CNRS, INRA, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Laplaige
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon ENS de Lyon UCB Lyon 1 CNRS, INRA, Lyon, France
| | - Hélène Bergès
- INRA, US1258 Centre National des Ressources Génomiques Végétales, Auzeville, France
| | - Genséric Beydon
- INRA, US1258 Centre National des Ressources Génomiques Végétales, Auzeville, France
| | - Vincent Bayle
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon ENS de Lyon UCB Lyon 1 CNRS, INRA, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Barret
- INRA, UMR1095 Génétique, Diversité, Ecophysiologie des Céréales, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | - Peter M Rogowsky
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon ENS de Lyon UCB Lyon 1 CNRS, INRA, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Widiez
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon ENS de Lyon UCB Lyon 1 CNRS, INRA, Lyon, France
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110
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The Distribution of Phosphatidylcholine Species in Superficial-Type Pharyngeal Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5387913. [PMID: 28373982 PMCID: PMC5360943 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5387913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. Superficial-type pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (STPSCC) is defined as carcinoma in situ or microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma without invasion to the muscular layer. An exploration of the biological characteristics of STPSCC could uncover the invasion mechanism of this carcinoma. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) in combination with fatty acids is considered to play an important role in cell motility. Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is especially suitable for phospholipid analysis because this technique can distinguish even fatty acid compositions. Study Design. IMS analysis of frozen human specimens. Methods. IMS analysis was conducted to elucidate the distribution of PC species in STPSCC tissues. STPSCC tissue sections from five patients were analyzed, and we identified the signals that showed significant increases in the subepithelial invasive region relative to the superficial region. Results. Three kinds of PC species containing arachidonic acid, that is, PC (16:0/20:4), PC (18:1/20:4), and PC (18:0/20:4), were increased in the subepithelial invasive region. Conclusion. These results may be associated with the invasion mechanism of hypopharyngeal carcinoma.
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111
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Tyutyunnykova A, Telegeev G, Dubrovska A. The controversial role of phospholipase C epsilon (PLCε) in cancer development and progression. J Cancer 2017; 8:716-729. [PMID: 28382133 PMCID: PMC5381159 DOI: 10.7150/jca.17779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The phospholipase C (PLC) enzymes are important regulators of membrane phospholipid metabolism. PLC proteins can be activated by the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) or G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) in response to the different extracellular stimuli including hormones and growth factors. Activated PLC enzymes hydrolyze phosphoinositides to increase the intracellular level of Ca2+ and produce diacylglycerol, which are important mediators of the intracellular signaling transduction. PLC family includes 13 isozymes belonging to 6 subfamilies according to their domain structures and functions. Although importance of PLC enzymes for key cellular functions is well established, the PLC proteins belonging to the ε, ζ and η subfamilies were identified and characterized only during the last decade. As a largest known PLC protein, PLCε is involved in a variety of signaling pathways and controls different cellular properties. Nevertheless, its role in carcinogenesis remains elusive. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the experimental and clinical data about the role of PLCε in the development and progression of the different types of human and experimental tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tyutyunnykova
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gennady Telegeev
- The Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Anna Dubrovska
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany.; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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112
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Li L, Liang S, Wasylishen AR, Zhang Y, Yang X, Zhou B, Shan L, Han X, Mu T, Wang G, Xiong S. PLA2G16 promotes osteosarcoma metastasis and drug resistance via the MAPK pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 7:18021-35. [PMID: 26933804 PMCID: PMC4951268 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of metastatic osteosarcoma is dismal and a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying disease progression is essential to improve treatment options and patient outcomes. We previously demonstrated Pla2g16 overexpression in mouse osteosarcoma contributes to metastasis phenotypes and increased expression of PLA2G16 is associated with metastasis and poor prognosis in human tumors. To further examine the mechanisms through which PLA2G16 contributes to human osteosarcoma metastasis and explore the potential of PLA2G16 as a therapeutic target in osteosarcoma, we generated a panel of human osteosarcoma cell lines expressing different levels of PLA2G16. The functional analyses of these cell lines demonstrated high levels of PLA2G16 expression increased osteosarcoma cell migration, invasion, clonogenic survival, and anchorage-independent colony formation. Importantly, this activity was dependent on the phospholipase activity of PLA2G16. Additionally, PLA2G16 overexpression decreased the sensitivity of cells to a panel of chemotherapeutic agents. Analysis of downstream pathways revealed the pro-metastasis functions of PLA2G16 were mediated through the MAPK pathway, as knockdown of PLA2G16 decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation and pharmacological inhibition of MEK significantly repressed PLA2G16 mediated cell migration and clonogenic survival. Furthermore, PLA2G16 overexpression promoted xenograft tumor growth in vivo, and these tumors exhibit increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Lastly, the expression of PLA2G16 is strongly correlated with the increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation in human osteosarcoma samples, and the combined lesions are associated with reduced overall and metastasis-free survival. Collectively, these results demonstrate increased PLA2G16 expression activates the MAPK pathway to enhance osteosarcoma metastasis and may be a novel therapeutic target for these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China
| | - Shoulei Liang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Amanda R Wasylishen
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yanqin Zhang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China
| | - Xueli Yang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China
| | - Bingzheng Zhou
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China
| | - Luling Shan
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiuxin Han
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianyang Mu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China
| | - Guowen Wang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Shunbin Xiong
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, Dalian, China.,Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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113
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Arlia-Ciommo A, Svistkova V, Mohtashami S, Titorenko VI. A novel approach to the discovery of anti-tumor pharmaceuticals: searching for activators of liponecrosis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:5204-25. [PMID: 26636650 PMCID: PMC4868681 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A recently conducted chemical genetic screen for pharmaceuticals that can extend longevity of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has identified lithocholic acid as a potent anti-aging molecule. It was found that this hydrophobic bile acid is also a selective anti-tumor chemical compound; it kills different types of cultured cancer cells if used at concentrations that do not compromise the viability of non-cancerous cells. These studies have revealed that yeast can be successfully used as a model organism for high-throughput screens aimed at the discovery of selectively acting anti-tumor small molecules. Two metabolic traits of rapidly proliferating fermenting yeast, namely aerobic glycolysis and lipogenesis, are known to be similar to those of cancer cells. The mechanisms underlying these key metabolic features of cancer cells and fermenting yeast have been established; such mechanisms are discussed in this review. We also suggest how a yeast-based chemical genetic screen can be used for the high-throughput development of selective anti-tumor pharmaceuticals that kill only cancer cells. This screen consists of searching for chemical compounds capable of increasing the abundance of membrane lipids enriched in unsaturated fatty acids that would therefore be toxic only to rapidly proliferating cells, such as cancer cells and fermenting yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sadaf Mohtashami
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Cai S, Sun PH, Resaul J, Shi L, Jiang A, Satherley LK, Davies EL, Ruge F, Douglas-Jones A, Jiang WG, Ye L. Expression of phospholipase C isozymes in human breast cancer and their clinical significance. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:1707-1715. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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115
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Akekawatchai C, Roytrakul S, Kittisenachai S, Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya P, Jitrapakdee S. Protein Profiles Associated with Anoikis Resistance of Metastatic MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 17:581-90. [PMID: 26925647 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.2.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to anoikis, a cell-detachment induced apoptosis, is one of the malignant phenotypes which support tumor metastasis. Molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment of this phenotype require further investigation. This study aimed at exploring protein expression profiles associated with anoikis resistance of a metastatic breast cancer cell. Cell survival of suspension cultures of non-metastatic MCF-7 and metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells were compared with their adherent cultures. Trypan blue exclusion assays demonstrated a significantly higher percentage of viable cells in MDA-MB-231 than MCF-7 cell cultures, consistent with analysis of annexin V-7-AAD stained cells indicating that MDA-MB-231 possess anti-apoptotic ability 1.7 fold higher than MCF-7 cells. GeLC-MS/MS analysis of protein lysates of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells grown under both culture conditions identified 925 proteins which are differentially expressed, 54 of which were expressed only in suspended and adherent MDA-MB-231 but not in MCF-7 cells. These proteins have been implicated in various cellular processes, including DNA replication and repair, transcription, translation, protein modification, cytoskeleton, transport and cell signaling. Analysis based on the STITCH database predicted the interaction of phospholipases, PLC and PLD, and 14-3-3 beta/alpha, YWHAB, with the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic signaling network, suggesting putative roles in controlling anti-anoikis ability. MDA-MB-231 cells grown in the presence of inhibitors of phospholipase C, U73122, and phospholipase D, FIPI, demonstrated reduced ability to survive in suspension culture, indicating functional roles of PLC and PLD in the process of anti-anoikis. Our study identified intracellular mediators potentially associated with establishment of anoikis resistance of metastatic cells. These proteins require further clarification as prognostic and therapeutic targets for advanced breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chareeporn Akekawatchai
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand E-mail : ,
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116
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Analysis of the expression of human bitter taste receptors in extraoral tissues. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 426:137-147. [PMID: 28012014 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2902-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The 25 bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) in humans perform a chemosensory function. However, very little is known about the level of expression of these receptors in different tissues. In this study, using nCounter gene expression we analyzed the expression patterns of human TAS2R transcripts in cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial (CuFi-1), normal bronchial epithelial (NuLi-1), airway smooth muscle (ASM), pulmonary artery smooth muscle (PASM), mammary epithelial, and breast cancer cells. Our results suggest a specific pattern of TAS2R expression with TAS2R3, 4, 5, 10, 13, 19, and 50 transcripts expressed at moderate levels and TAS2R14 and TAS2R20 (or TASR49) at high levels in the various tissues analyzed. This pattern of expression is mostly independent of tissue origin and the pathological state, except in cancer cells. To elucidate the expression at the protein level, we pursued flow cytometry analysis of select T2Rs from CuFi-1 and NuLi-1 cells. The expression levels observed at the gene level by nCounter analysis correlate with the protein levels for the T2Rs analyzed. Next, to assess the functionality of the expressed T2Rs in these cells, we pursued functional assays measuring intracellular calcium mobilization after stimulation with the bitter compound quinine. Using PLC inhibitor, U-73122, we show that the calcium mobilized in these cells predominantly takes place through the Quinine-T2R-Gαβγ-PLC pathway. This report will accelerate studies aimed at analyzing the pathophysiological function of T2Rs in different extraoral tissues.
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Henkels KM, Muppani NR, Gomez-Cambronero J. PLD-Specific Small-Molecule Inhibitors Decrease Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Neutrophils Infiltration in Breast Tumors and Lung and Liver Metastases. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166553. [PMID: 27851813 PMCID: PMC5112812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D-2 (PLD2) has a key role in breast cancer formation and metastasis formation with PLD small inhibitors reducing primary tumor growth. This study aimed to evaluate the importance of targeting PLD on the tumor microenvironment. We provide evidence about the beneficial effect of PLD inhibitors [FIPI (dual PLD1/PLD2) or VU0155072-2 (PLD2 inhibitor)] on avoiding infiltration of tumor-helping macrophages and neutrophils. Tumor growth and metastasis within the primary tumors had low (<20% over controls) PLD enzyme activity. Unexpectedly, we found that the inhibitors also affected PLD2 gene expression and protein albeit at a lesser extent. The later could indicate that targeting both the actual PLD enzyme and its activity could be beneficial for potential cancer treatments in vivo. F4/80 and Ly6G staining of macrophages and neutrophils, respectively, and Arg1 staining data were consistent with M2 and N2 polarization. NOS2 staining increased in xenotransplants upon treatment with PLD2 inhibitors suggesting the novel observation that an increased recruitment of M1 macrophages occurred in primary tumors. PLD inhibitor-treated primary tumors had large, fragile, necrotic areas that were Arg1+ for M2 macrophages. The xenotransplants also caused the formation of large F4/80+ and Ly6G+ (>100 μm) clusters in lungs. However, PLD inhibitors, particularly FIPI, were able to diminish leukocyte presence. Ex vivo chemotaxis and PLD activity of peripheral blood neutrophils (PMN) and peritoneal macrophages was also determined. Whereas PMN had impaired functionality, macrophages did not. This significantly increased ("emboldened") macrophage function was due to PLD inhibition. Since tumor-associated leukocytes in primary tumors and metastases were targeted via PLD inhibition, we posit that these inhibitors have a key role in cancer regression, while still affording an appropriate inflammatory response at least from off-site innate immunity macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Henkels
- Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States of America
| | - Naveen Reddy Muppani
- Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States of America
| | - Julian Gomez-Cambronero
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States of America
- Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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118
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Tigistu-Sahle F, Lampinen M, Kilpinen L, Holopainen M, Lehenkari P, Laitinen S, Käkelä R. Metabolism and phospholipid assembly of polyunsaturated fatty acids in human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:92-110. [PMID: 27856675 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m070680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) and low n-3 PUFA levels impair the capacity of cultured human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs) to modulate immune functions. The capacity of the hBMSCs to modify PUFA structures was found to be limited. Therefore, different PUFA supplements given to the cells resulted in very different glycerophospholipid (GPL) species profiles and substrate availability for phospholipases, which have preferences for polar head group and acyl chains when liberating PUFA precursors for production of lipid mediators. When supplemented with 20:4n-6, the cells increased prostaglandin E2 secretion. However, they elongated 20:4n-6 to the less active precursor, 22:4n-6, and also incorporated it into triacylglycerols, which may have limited the proinflammatory signaling. The n-3 PUFA precursor, 18:3n-3, had little potency to reduce the GPL 20:4n-6 content, while the eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) acid supplements efficiently displaced the 20:4n-6 acyls, and created diverse GPL species substrate pools allowing attenuation of inflammatory signaling. The results emphasize the importance of choosing appropriate PUFA supplements for in vitro hBMSC expansion and suggests that for optimal function they require an exogenous fatty acid source providing 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 sufficiently, but 20:4n-6 moderately, which calls for specifically designed optimal PUFA supplements for the cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milla Lampinen
- Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lotta Kilpinen
- Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Advanced Therapies and Product Development, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Holopainen
- Advanced Therapies and Product Development, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Lehenkari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Division of Surgery, University of Oulu and Clinical Research Centre, Department of Surgery and Intensive Care, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Finland and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Division of Surgery, University of Oulu and Clinical Research Centre, Department of Surgery and Intensive Care, Oulu, Finland
| | - Saara Laitinen
- Advanced Therapies and Product Development, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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119
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Abstract
Lipid metabolism, in particular the synthesis of fatty acids (FAs), is an essential cellular process that converts nutrients into metabolic intermediates for membrane biosynthesis, energy storage and the generation of signalling molecules. This Review explores how different aspects of FA synthesis promote tumorigenesis and tumour progression. FA synthesis has received substantial attention as a potential target for cancer therapy, but strategies to target this process have not yet translated into clinical practice. Furthermore, efforts to target this pathway must consider the influence of the tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Röhrig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Almut Schulze
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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120
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Abstract
Phospholipids are important signaling molecules that regulate cell proliferation, death, migration, and metabolism. Many phospholipid signaling cascades are altered in breast cancer. To understand the functions of phospholipid signaling molecules, genetically encoded phospholipid biosensors have been developed to monitor their spatiotemporal dynamics. Compared to other phospholipids, much less is known about the subcellular production and cellular functions of phosphatidic acid (PA), partially due to the lack of a specific and sensitive PA biosensor in the past. This chapter describes the use of a newly developed PA biosensor, PASS, in two applications: regular fluorescent microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy-Förster/fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FLIM-FRET). These protocols can be also used with other phospholipid biosensors.
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121
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DiStefano PV, Smrcka AV, Glading AJ. Phospholipase Cε Modulates Rap1 Activity and the Endothelial Barrier. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162338. [PMID: 27612188 PMCID: PMC5017709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C, PLCε, is a unique signaling protein with known roles in regulating cardiac myocyte growth, astrocyte inflammatory signaling, and tumor formation. PLCε is also expressed in endothelial cells, however its role in endothelial regulation is not fully established. We show that endothelial cells of multiple origins, including human pulmonary artery (HPAEC), human umbilical vein (HUVEC), and immortalized brain microvascular (hCMEC/D3) endothelial cells, express PLCε. Knockdown of PLCε in arterial endothelial monolayers decreased the effectiveness of the endothelial barrier. Concomitantly, RhoA activity and stress fiber formation were increased. PLCε-deficient arterial endothelial cells also exhibited decreased Rap1-GTP levels, which could be restored by activation of the Rap1 GEF, Epac, to rescue the increase in monolayer leak. Reintroduction of PLCε rescued monolayer leak with both the CDC25 GEF domain and the lipase domain of PLCε required to fully activate Rap1 and to rescue endothelial barrier function. Finally, we demonstrate that the barrier promoting effects PLCε are dependent on Rap1 signaling through the Rap1 effector, KRIT1, which we have previously shown is vital for maintaining endothelial barrier stability. Thus we have described a novel role for PLCε PIP2 hydrolytic and Rap GEF activities in arterial endothelial cells, where PLCε-dependent activation of Rap1/KRIT1 signaling promotes endothelial barrier stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V. DiStefano
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642, United States of America
| | - Alan V. Smrcka
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642, United States of America
| | - Angela J. Glading
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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122
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Madsen JJ, Fristrup P, Peters GH. Theoretical Assessment of Fluorinated Phospholipids in the Design of Liposomal Drug-Delivery Systems. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:9661-71. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b07206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper J. Madsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Fristrup
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Günther H. Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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123
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Li M, Luo Z, Zhao Y. Hybrid Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers for Controlled Chemotherapy of Cancer. CHEM REC 2016; 16:1833-51. [PMID: 27258402 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rapid developments in materials science and biological mechanisms have greatly boosted the research discoveries of new drug delivery systems. In the past few decades, hundreds of nanoparticle-based drug carriers have been reported almost on a daily basis, in which new materials, structures, and mechanisms are proposed and evaluated. Standing out among the drug carriers, the hybrid nanoparticle systems offer a great opportunity for the optimization and improvement of conventional chemotherapy. By combining several features of functional components, these hybrid nanoparticles have shown excellent promises of improved biosafety, biocompatibility, multifunctionality, biodegradability, and so forth. In this Personal Account, we highlight the recent research advances of some representative hybrid nanoparticles as drug delivery systems and discuss their design strategies and responsive mechanisms for controlled drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghuan Li
- College of Life Science, Chongqing University, Shapingba District Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Luo
- College of Life Science, Chongqing University, Shapingba District Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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124
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A Small Molecule Inhibitor of PDK1/PLCγ1 Interaction Blocks Breast and Melanoma Cancer Cell Invasion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26142. [PMID: 27199173 PMCID: PMC4873738 DOI: 10.1038/srep26142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong evidence suggests that phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1) is a suitable target to counteract tumourigenesis and metastasis dissemination. We recently identified a novel signalling pathway required for PLCγ1 activation which involves formation of a protein complex with 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1). In an effort to define novel strategies to inhibit PLCγ1-dependent signals we tested here whether a newly identified and highly specific PDK1 inhibitor, 2-O-benzyl-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (2-O-Bn-InsP5), could affect PDK1/PLCγ1 interaction and impair PLCγ1-dependent cellular functions in cancer cells. Here, we demonstrate that 2-O-Bn-InsP5 interacts specifically with the pleckstrin homology domain of PDK1 and impairs formation of a PDK1/PLCγ1 complex. 2-O-Bn-InsP5 is able to inhibit the epidermal growth factor-induced PLCγ1 phosphorylation and activity, ultimately resulting in impaired cancer cell migration and invasion. Importantly, we report that 2-O-Bn-InsP5 inhibits cancer cell dissemination in zebrafish xenotransplants. This work demonstrates that the PDK1/PLCγ1 complex is a potential therapeutic target to prevent metastasis and it identifies 2-O-Bn-InsP5 as a leading compound for development of anti-metastatic drugs.
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125
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Ghim J, Chelakkot C, Bae YS, Suh PG, Ryu SH. Accumulating insights into the role of phospholipase D2 in human diseases. Adv Biol Regul 2016; 61:42-46. [PMID: 26695710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D2 (PLD2) is a lipid-signaling enzyme that produces the signaling molecule phosphatidic acid (PA) by catalyzing the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC). The molecular characteristics of PLD2, the mechanisms of regulation of its activity, its functions in the signaling pathway involving PA and binding partners, and its role in cellular physiology have been extensively studied over the past decades. Although several potential roles of PLD2 have been proposed based on the results of molecular and cell-based studies, the pathophysiological functions of PLD2 in vivo have not yet been fully investigated at the organismal level. Here, we address accumulated evidences that provide insight into the role of PLD2 in human disease. We summarize recent studies using animal models that provide direct evidence of the function of PLD2 in several pathological conditions such as vascular disease, immunological disease, and neurological disease. In light of the use of recently developed PLD2-specific inhibitors showing potential in alleviating pathological conditions, improving our understanding of the role of PLD2 in human disease would be necessary to target the regulation of PLD2 activity as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewang Ghim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaithanya Chelakkot
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoe-Sik Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Ryu
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
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126
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Sestito S, Daniele S, Nesi G, Zappelli E, Di Maio D, Marinelli L, Digiacomo M, Lapucci A, Martini C, Novellino E, Rapposelli S. Locking PDK1 in DFG-out conformation through 2-oxo-indole containing molecules: Another tools to fight glioblastoma. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 118:47-63. [PMID: 27123901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) is one of the main components of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Also named the "master kinase" of the AGC family, PDK1 plays a critical role in tumorigenesis, by enhancing cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis, as well as in cell invasion and metastasis formation. Although there have been done huge efforts in discovering specific compounds targeting PDK1, nowadays no PDK1 inhibitor has yet entered the clinic. With the aim to pick out novel and potent PDK1 inhibitors, herein we report the design and synthesis of a new class of molecules obtained by merging the 2-oxo-indole nucleus with the 2-oxo-pyridonyl fragment, two moieties with high affinity for the PDK1 hinge region and its DFG-out binding site, respectively. To this purpose, a small series of compounds were synthesised and a tandem application of docking and Molecular Dynamic (MD) was employed to get insight into their mode of binding. The OXID-pyridonyl hybrid 8, possessing the lower IC50 (IC50 = 112 nM), was also tested against recombinant kinases involved in the PI3K/PDK1/Akt pathway and was subjected to vitro studies to evaluate the cytotoxicity and the inhibition of tumour cell migration. All together the results let us to consider 8, as a lead compound of a new generation of PDK1 inhibitors and encourage us to further studies in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Sestito
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Daniele
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Nesi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Zappelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Danilo Di Maio
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Maria Digiacomo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Annalina Lapucci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Simona Rapposelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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127
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Kim CS, Mitchell IP, Desotell AW, Kreeger PK, Masters KS. Immobilized epidermal growth factor stimulates persistent, directed keratinocyte migration via activation of PLCγ1. FASEB J 2016; 30:2580-90. [PMID: 27025961 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a critical element in dermal repair, but EGF-containing wound dressings have not been successful clinically. However, these dressings have delivered only soluble EGF, and the native environment provides both soluble and matrix-bound EGF. To address our hypothesis that tethered EGF can stimulate cell behaviors not achievable with soluble EGF, we examined single-cell movement and signaling in human immortalized HaCaT keratinocytes treated with soluble or immobilized EGF. Although both EGF treatments increased collective sheet displacement and individual cell speed, only cells treated with immobilized EGF exhibited directed migration, as well as 2-fold greater persistence compared with soluble EGF. Immunofluorescence showed altered EGF receptor (EGFR) trafficking, where EGFR remained membrane-localized in the immobilized EGF condition. Cells treated with soluble EGF demonstrated higher phosphorylated ERK1/2, and cells on immobilized EGF exhibited higher pPLCγ1, which was localized at the leading edge. Treatment with U0126 inhibited migration in both conditions, demonstrating that ERK1/2 activity was necessary but not responsible for the observed differences. In contrast, PLCγ1 inhibition with U73122 significantly decreased persistence on immobilized EGF. Combined, these results suggest that immobilized EGF increases collective keratinocyte displacement via an increase in single-cell migration persistence resulting from altered EGFR trafficking and PLCγ1 activation.-Kim, C. S., Mitchell, I. P., Desotell, A. W., Kreeger, P. K., Masters, K. S. Immobilized epidermal growth factor stimulates persistent, directed keratinocyte migration via activation of PLCγ1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe S Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Isaiah P Mitchell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anthony W Desotell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Pamela K Kreeger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kristyn S Masters
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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128
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Integration of lipidomics and transcriptomics unravels aberrant lipid metabolism and defines cholesteryl oleate as potential biomarker of prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20984. [PMID: 26865432 PMCID: PMC4750101 DOI: 10.1038/srep20984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In-depth delineation of lipid metabolism in prostate cancer (PCa) is significant to open new insights into prostate tumorigenesis and progression, and provide potential biomarkers with greater accuracy for improved diagnosis. Here, we performed lipidomics and transcriptomics in paired prostate cancer tumor (PCT) and adjacent nontumor (ANT) tissues, followed by external validation of biomarker candidates. We identified major dysregulated pathways involving lipogenesis, lipid uptake and phospholipids remodeling, correlated with widespread lipid accumulation and lipid compositional reprogramming in PCa. Specifically, cholesteryl esters (CEs) were most prominently accumulated in PCa, and significantly associated with cancer progression and metastasis. We showed that overexpressed scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) may contribute to CEs accumulation. In discovery set, CEs robustly differentiated PCa from nontumor (area under curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristics (ROC), 0.90–0.94). In validation set, CEs potently distinguished PCa and non-malignance (AUC, 0.84–0.91), and discriminated PCa and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (AUC, 0.90–0.96), superior to serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (AUC = 0.83). Cholesteryl oleate showed highest AUCs in distinguishing PCa from non-malignance or BPH (AUC = 0.91 and 0.96). Collectively, our results unravel the major lipid metabolic aberrations in PCa and imply the potential role of CEs, particularly, cholesteryl oleate, as molecular biomarker for PCa detection.
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129
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Membrane and inhibitor interactions of intracellular phospholipases A2. Adv Biol Regul 2015; 61:17-24. [PMID: 26774606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Studying phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) is a challenging task since they act on membrane-like aggregated substrates and not on monomeric phospholipids. Multidisciplinary approaches that include hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (DXMS) and computational techniques have been employed with great success in order to address important questions about the mode of interactions of PLA2 enzymes with membranes, phospholipid substrates and inhibitors. Understanding the interactions of PLA2s is crucial since these enzymes are the upstream regulators of the eicosanoid pathway liberating free arachidonic acid (AA) and other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The liberation of AA by PLA2 enzymes sets off a cascade of molecular events that involves downstream regulators such as cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) metabolites leading to inflammation. Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) work by inhibiting COX, while Zileuton inhibits LOX and both rely on PLA2 enzymes to provide them with AA. That means PLA2 enzymes can potentially also be targeted to diminish inflammation at an earlier point in the process. In this review we describe extensive efforts reported in the past to define the interactions of PLA2 enzymes with membranes, substrate phospholipids and inhibitors using DXMS, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.
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Chakraborty PK, Xiong X, Mustafi SB, Saha S, Dhanasekaran D, Mandal NA, McMeekin S, Bhattacharya R, Mukherjee P. Role of cystathionine beta synthase in lipid metabolism in ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 6:37367-84. [PMID: 26452259 PMCID: PMC4741935 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated lipid metabolism is implicated in poor survival in ovarian cancer (OC) and other cancers; however, current lipogenesis-targeting strategies lack cancer cell specificity. Here, we identify a novel role of cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS), a sulphur amino acid metabolizing enzyme highly expressed in several ovarian cancer cell lines, in driving deregulated lipid metabolism in OC. We examined the role of CBS in regulation of triglycerides, cholesterol and lipogenic enzymes via the lipogenic transcription factors SREBP1 and SREBP2. CBS silencing attenuated the expression of number of key enzymes involved in lipid synthesis (FASN and ACC1). Additionally CBS abrogates lipid uptake in OC cells. Gene silencing of CBS or SREBPs abrogated cellular migration and invasion in OC, while ectopic expression of SREBPs can rescue phenotypic effects of CBS silencing by restoring cell migration and invasion. Mechanistically, CBS represses SREBP1 and SREBP2 at the transcription levels by modulating the transcription factor Sp1. We further established the roles of both CBS and SREBPs in regulating ovarian tumor growth in vivo. In orthotopic tumor models, CBS or SREBP silencing resulted in reduced tumor cells proliferation, blood vessels formation and lipid content. Hence, cancer-selective disruption of the lipid metabolism pathway is possible by targeting CBS and, at least for OC, promises a profound benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabir K. Chakraborty
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Xunhao Xiong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Soumyajit Banerjee Mustafi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Sounik Saha
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Danny Dhanasekaran
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nawajes A. Mandal
- Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Scott McMeekin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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131
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Influence of Serum and Hypoxia on Incorporation of [14C]-d-Glucose or [14C]-l-Glutamine into Lipids and Lactate in Murine Glioblastoma Cells. Lipids 2015; 50:1167-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
This chapter is focused on the role of the plasma form of platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), heretofore referred to as PAF-AH, in tumorigenic responses. Biochemical and other properties of this enzyme were discussed in detail in chapter "Plasma PAF-AH (PLA2G7): Biochemical Properties, Association with LDLs and HDLs, and Regulation of Expression" by Stafforini and in other chapters. Although phospholipases tend not to be drivers of tumorigenesis themselves, these enzymes and the lipid mediators whose levels they regulate interact with a variety of oncogenes and tumor suppressors [1]. Like other phospholipases, the functions of PAF-AH in cancer likely are related to its ability to regulate the levels of lipid mediators that participate in cellular processes related to initial tumorigenic events (e.g., proliferation, growth, inflammation) and/or spreading of the disease (e.g., matrix metalloproteinase secretion, actin cytoskeleton reorganization, migration, and angiogenesis) [1]. The importance of substrates and products of PAF-AH on key cellular functions has been evaluated in cell-based analyses which revealed that these metabolites can have pro- and antitumorigenic functions. Studies in genetically engineered mice lacking PAF-AH expression and genetic manipulation of PAF-AH levels in cancer cells demonstrated diverse functions of the protein in models of melanoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, and others. The following sections highlight lessons learned from studies in cell lines and in mouse models regarding the diversity of functions of PAF-AH in cancer, and the potential of PAFAH transcripts, protein, and/or activity levels to become cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Stafforini
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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133
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Chiorazzo MG, Bloch NB, Popov AV, Delikatny EJ. Synthesis and Evaluation of Cytosolic Phospholipase A(2) Activatable Fluorophores for Cancer Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:2360-70. [PMID: 26426140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Activatable fluorophores selective to cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to image triple negative breast cancer cells. The activatable constructs were synthesized by esterification of a small molecule fluorophore with a fatty acid resulting in ablated fluorescence. Selectivity for cPLA2 was generated through the choice of fluorophore and fatty acid. Esterification with arachidonic acid was sufficient to impart specificity to cPLA2 when compared to esterification with palmitic acid. In vitro analysis of probes incorporated into phosphatidylcholine liposomes demonstrated that a nonselective phospholipase (sPLA2 group IB) was able to hydrolyze both arachidonate and palmitate coupled fluorophores resulting in the generation of fluorescence. Of the four fluorophores tested, DDAO (7-hydroxy-9H-(1,3-dichloro-9,9-dimethylacridin-2-one)) was observed to perform optimally in vitro and was analyzed further in 4175-Luc+ cells, a metastatic triple negative human breast cancer cell line expressing high levels of cPLA2. In contrast to the in vitro analysis, DDAO arachidonate was shown to activate selectively in 4175-Luc+ cells compared to the control DDAO palmitate as measured by fluorescence microscopy and quantitated with fluorescence spectroscopy. The addition of two agents known to activate cPLA2 enhanced DDAO arachidonate fluorescence without inducing any change to DDAO palmitate. Inhibition of cPLA2 resulted in reduced fluorescence of DDAO arachidonate but not DDAO palmitate. Together, we report the synthesis of a cPLA2 selective activatable fluorophore capable of detecting cPLA2 in triple negative breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Chiorazzo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Noah B Bloch
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Anatoliy V Popov
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Edward J Delikatny
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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134
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Priolo C, Ricoult SJH, Khabibullin D, Filippakis H, Yu J, Manning BD, Clish C, Henske EP. Tuberous sclerosis complex 2 loss increases lysophosphatidylcholine synthesis in lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 53:33-41. [PMID: 25780943 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0379rc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a destructive lung disease affecting women. LAM is caused by mutations in the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) genes. The TSC protein complex inhibits the mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which is a master regulator of cellular metabolism. Using mass spectrometry-based lipid profiling, we analyzed plasma from patients with LAM and discovered elevated levels of four lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) species (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C20:4) compared with those in healthy control women. To investigate whether these lipids are generated in a TSC2-dependent manner, we profiled in vitro preclinical models of TSC/LAM and found significant LPC accumulation in TSC2-deficient cells relative to TSC2-expressing control cells. These lysoglycerophospholipid changes occurred alongside changes in other phospholipid and neutral lipid species. Treatment with rapamycin or torin1 or down-regulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP), a lipogenic transcription factor, did not suppress LPC in TSC2-deficient cells. Inhibition of distinct isoforms of phospholipase A2 decreased the proliferation of TSC2-deficient cells. Collectively, these results demonstrate that TSC2-deficient cells have enhanced choline phospholipid metabolism and reveal a novel function of the TSC proteins in choline lysoglycerophospholipid metabolism, with implications for disease pathogenesis and targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Priolo
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stéphane J H Ricoult
- 2 Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Damir Khabibullin
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Harilaos Filippakis
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jane Yu
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brendan D Manning
- 2 Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Clary Clish
- 3 Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth P Henske
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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135
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Abstract
Metabolic processes are altered in cancer cells, which obtain advantages from this metabolic reprogramming in terms of energy production and synthesis of biomolecules that sustain their uncontrolled proliferation. Due to the conceptual progresses in the last decade, metabolic reprogramming was recently included as one of the new hallmarks of cancer. The advent of high-throughput technologies to amass an abundance of omic data, together with the development of new computational methods that allow the integration and analysis of omic data by using genome-scale reconstructions of human metabolism, have increased and accelerated the discovery and development of anticancer drugs and tumor-specific metabolic biomarkers. Here we review and discuss the latest advances in the context of metabolic reprogramming and the future in cancer research.
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136
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Targeting Protein Kinase C Downstream of Growth Factor and Adhesion Signalling. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1271-91. [PMID: 26184315 PMCID: PMC4586769 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7030836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling outputs of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases, G-protein coupled receptors and integrins converge to mediate key cell process such as cell adhesion, cell migration, cell invasion and cell proliferation. Once activated by their ligands, these cell surface proteins recruit and direct a diverse range of proteins to disseminate the appropriate response downstream of the specific environmental cues. One of the key groups of proteins required to regulate these activities is the family of serine/threonine intracellular kinases called Protein Kinase Cs. The activity and subcellular location of PKCs are mediated by a series of tightly regulated events and is dependent on several posttranslational modifications and the availability of second messengers. Protein Kinase Cs exhibit both pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects making them an interesting target for anti-cancer treatment.
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137
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Kobayashi Y, Kashima H, Wu RC, Jung JG, Kuan JC, Gu J, Xuan J, Sokoll L, Visvanathan K, Shih IM, Wang TL. Mevalonate Pathway Antagonist Suppresses Formation of Serous Tubal Intraepithelial Carcinoma and Ovarian Carcinoma in Mouse Models. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:4652-62. [PMID: 26109099 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Statins are among the most frequently prescribed drugs because of their efficacy and low toxicity in treating hypercholesterolemia. Recently, statins have been reported to inhibit the proliferative activity of cancer cells, especially those with TP53 mutations. Because TP53 mutations occur in almost all ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC), we determined whether statins suppressed tumor growth in animal models of ovarian cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Two ovarian cancer mouse models were used. The first one was a genetically engineered model, mogp-TAg, in which the promoter of oviduct glycoprotein-1 was used to drive the expression of SV40 T-antigen in gynecologic tissues. These mice spontaneously developed serous tubal intraepithelial carcinomas (STICs), which are known as ovarian cancer precursor lesions. The second model was a xenograft tumor model in which human ovarian cancer cells were inoculated into immunocompromised mice. Mice in both models were treated with lovastatin, and effects on tumor growth were monitored. The molecular mechanisms underlying the antitumor effects of lovastatin were also investigated. RESULTS Lovastatin significantly reduced the development of STICs in mogp-TAg mice and inhibited ovarian tumor growth in the mouse xenograft model. Knockdown of prenylation enzymes in the mevalonate pathway recapitulated the lovastatin-induced antiproliferative phenotype. Transcriptome analysis indicated that lovastatin affected the expression of genes associated with DNA replication, Rho/PLC signaling, glycolysis, and cholesterol biosynthesis pathways, suggesting that statins have pleiotropic effects on tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS The above results suggest that repurposing statin drugs for ovarian cancer may provide a promising strategy to prevent and manage this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Kashima
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ren-Chin Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Gyoung Jung
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jen-Chun Kuan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jinghua Gu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Jianhua Xuan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Lori Sokoll
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kala Visvanathan
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ie-Ming Shih
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Gynecology/Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tian-Li Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Gynecology/Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
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138
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Caburet S, Anttonen M, Todeschini AL, Unkila-Kallio L, Mestivier D, Butzow R, Veitia RA. Combined comparative genomic hybridization and transcriptomic analyses of ovarian granulosa cell tumors point to novel candidate driver genes. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:251. [PMID: 25884336 PMCID: PMC4407711 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) are the most frequent sex cord-stromal tumors. Several studies have shown that a somatic mutation leading to a C134W substitution in the transcription factor FOXL2 appears in more than 95% of adult-type GCTs. Its pervasive presence suggests that FOXL2 is the main cancer driver gene. However, other mutations and genomic changes might also contribute to tumor formation and/or progression. Methods We have performed a combined comparative genomic hybridization and transcriptomic analyses of 10 adult-type GCTs to obtain a picture of the genomic landscape of this cancer type and to identify new candidate co-driver genes. Results Our results, along with a review of previous molecular studies, show the existence of highly recurrent chromosomal imbalances (especially, trisomy 14 and monosomy 22) and preferential co-occurrences (i.e. trisomy 14/monosomy 22 and trisomy 7/monosomy 16q). In-depth analyses showed the presence of recurrently broken, amplified/duplicated or deleted genes. Many of these genes, such as AKT1, RUNX1 and LIMA1, are known to be involved in cancer and related processes. Further genomic explorations suggest that they are functionally related. Conclusions Our combined analysis identifies potential candidate genes, whose alterations might contribute to adult-type GCT formation/progression together with the recurrent FOXL2 somatic mutation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1283-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Caburet
- Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France. .,Université Paris Diderot/Paris, Paris, France. .,Université Paris-Diderot & Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS-UMR 7592, Bâtiment Buffon, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, Cedex 13, France.
| | - Mikko Anttonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. .,Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anne-Laure Todeschini
- Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France. .,Université Paris Diderot/Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Leila Unkila-Kallio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Denis Mestivier
- Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France. .,Université Paris Diderot/Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Ralf Butzow
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of pathology, University of Helsinki, and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Reiner A Veitia
- Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France. .,Université Paris Diderot/Paris, Paris, France. .,Université Paris-Diderot & Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS-UMR 7592, Bâtiment Buffon, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, Cedex 13, France.
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139
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Murray M, Hraiki A, Bebawy M, Pazderka C, Rawling T. Anti-tumor activities of lipids and lipid analogues and their development as potential anticancer drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 150:109-28. [PMID: 25603423 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipids have the potential for development as anticancer agents. Endogenous membrane lipids, such as ceramides and certain saturated fatty acids, have been found to modulate the viability of tumor cells. In addition, many tumors over-express cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase or cytochrome P450 enzymes that mediate the biotransformation of ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to potent eicosanoid regulators of tumor cell proliferation and cell death. In contrast, several analogous products from the biotransformation of ω-3 PUFAs impair particular tumorigenic pathways. For example, the ω-3 17,18-epoxide of eicosapentaenoic acid activates anti-proliferative and proapoptotic signaling cascades in tumor cells and the lipoxygenase-derived resolvins are effective inhibitors of inflammatory pathways that may drive tumor expansion. However, the development of potential anti-cancer drugs based on these molecules is complex, with in vivo stability a major issue. Nevertheless, recent successes with the antitumor alkyl phospholipids, which are synthetic analogues of naturally-occurring membrane phospholipid esters, have provided the impetus for development of further molecules. The alkyl phospholipids have been tested against a range of cancers and show considerable activity against skin cancers and certain leukemias. Very recently, it has been shown that combination strategies, in which alkyl phospholipids are used in conjunction with established anticancer agents, are promising new therapeutic approaches. In future, the evaluation of new lipid-based molecules in single-agent and combination treatments may also be assessed. This could provide a range of important treatment options in the management of advanced and metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Murray
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Development Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Adam Hraiki
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Development Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mary Bebawy
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Curtis Pazderka
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Tristan Rawling
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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He HL, Lee YE, Shiue YL, Lee SW, Lin LC, Chen TJ, Wu TF, Li CF. PLA2G2A overexpression is associated with poor therapeutic response and inferior outcome in rectal cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Histopathology 2015; 66:991-1002. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lin He
- Department of Pathology; E-DA Hospital; I-Shou University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Science; National Sun Yat-sen University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Ying-En Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology; Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Yow-Ling Shiue
- Institute of Biomedical Science; National Sun Yat-sen University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Sung-Wei Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Chi-Mei Medical Center; Liouying Tainan Taiwan
| | - Li-Ching Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Chi-Mei Medical Center; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ju Chen
- Department of Pathology; Chi Mei Medical Center; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Ting-Feng Wu
- Department of Biotechnology; Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Chien-Feng Li
- Department of Pathology; Chi Mei Medical Center; Tainan Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology; Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology; Tainan Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine; College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research; National Health Research Institutes; Tainan Taiwan
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141
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Cheng JY, Wang SH, Lin J, Tsai YC, Yu J, Wu JC, Hung JT, Lin JJ, Wu YY, Yeh KT, Yu AL. Globo-H Ceramide Shed from Cancer Cells Triggers Translin-Associated Factor X-Dependent Angiogenesis. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6856-66. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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142
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Kunze K, Spieker T, Gamerdinger U, Nau K, Berger J, Dreyer T, Sindermann JR, Hoffmeier A, Gattenlöhner S, Bräuninger A. A recurrent activating PLCG1 mutation in cardiac angiosarcomas increases apoptosis resistance and invasiveness of endothelial cells. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6173-83. [PMID: 25252913 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Primary cardiac angiosarcomas are rare tumors with unfavorable prognosis. Pathogenic driver mutations are largely unknown. We therefore analyzed a collection of cases for genomic aberrations using SNP arrays and targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS) of oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. Recurrent gains of chromosome 1q and a small region of chromosome 4 encompassing KDR and KIT were identified by SNP array analysis. Repeatedly mutated genes identified by tNGS were KDR with different nonsynonymous mutations, MLL2 with different nonsense mutations, and PLCG1 with a recurrent nonsynonymous mutation (R707Q) in the highly conserved autoinhibitory SH2 domain in three of 10 cases. PLCγ1 is usually activated by Y783 phosphorylation and activates protein kinase C and Ca(2+)-dependent second messengers, with effects on cellular proliferation, migration, and invasiveness. Ectopic expression of the PLCγ1-R707Q mutant in endothelial cells revealed reduced PLCγ1-Y783 phosphorylation with concomitant increased c-RAF/MEK/ERK1/2 phosphorylation, increased IP3 amounts, and increased Ca(2+)-dependent calcineurin activation compared with ectopic expressed PLCγ1-wild-type. Furthermore, cofilin, whose activation is associated with actin skeleton reorganization, showed decreased phosphorylation, and thus activation after expression of PLCγ1-R707Q compared with PLCγ1-wild-type. At the cellular level, expression of PLCγ1-R707Q in endothelial cells had no influence on proliferation rate, but increased apoptosis resistance and migration and invasiveness in in vitro assays. Together, these findings indicate that the PLCγ1-R707Q mutation causes constitutive activation of PLCγ1 and may represent an alternative way of activation of KDR/PLCγ1 signaling besides KDR activation in angiosarcomas, with implications for VEGF/KDR targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Kunze
- Department of Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tilmann Spieker
- Institute for Pathology, St. Francis Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrike Gamerdinger
- Department of Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Nau
- Department of Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Dreyer
- Department of Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jürgen R Sindermann
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Hoffmeier
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Bräuninger
- Department of Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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Jhaveri A, Deshpande P, Torchilin V. Stimuli-sensitive nanopreparations for combination cancer therapy. J Control Release 2014; 190:352-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Pla2g16 phospholipase mediates gain-of-function activities of mutant p53. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11145-50. [PMID: 25024203 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1404139111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
p53(R172H/+) mice inherit a p53 mutation found in Li-Fraumeni syndrome and develop metastatic tumors at much higher frequency than p53(+/-) mice. To explore the mutant p53 metastatic phenotype, we used expression arrays to compare primary osteosarcomas from p53(R172H/+) mice with metastasis to osteosarcomas from p53(+/-) mice lacking metastasis. For this study, 213 genes were differentially expressed with a P value <0.05. Of particular interest, Pla2g16, which encodes a phospholipase that catalyzes phosphatidic acid into lysophosphatidic acid and free fatty acid (both implicated in metastasis), was increased in p53(R172H/+) osteosarcomas. Functional analyses showed that Pla2g16 knockdown decreased migration and invasion in mutant p53-expressing cells, and vice versa: overexpression of Pla2g16 increased the invasion of p53-null cells. Furthermore, Pla2g16 levels were increased upon expression of mutant p53 in both mouse and human osteosarcoma cell lines, indicating that Pla2g16 is a downstream target of the mutant p53 protein. ChIP analysis revealed that several mutant p53 proteins bind the Pla2g16 promoter at E26 transformation-specific (ETS) binding motifs and knockdown of ETS2 suppressed mutant p53 induction of Pla2g16. Thus, our study identifies a phospholipase as a transcriptional target of mutant p53 that is required for metastasis.
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Ghim J, Moon JS, Lee CS, Lee J, Song P, Lee A, Jang JH, Kim D, Yoon JH, Koh YJ, Chelakkot C, Kang BJ, Kim JM, Kim KL, Yang YR, Kim Y, Kim SH, Hwang D, Suh PG, Koh GY, Kong YY, Ryu SH. Endothelial deletion of phospholipase D2 reduces hypoxic response and pathological angiogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1697-703. [PMID: 24947526 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aberrant regulation of the proliferation, survival, and migration of endothelial cells (ECs) is closely related to the abnormal angiogenesis that occurs in hypoxia-induced pathological situations, such as cancer and vascular retinopathy. Hypoxic conditions and the subsequent upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and target genes are important for the angiogenic functions of ECs. Phospholipase D2 (PLD2) is a crucial signaling mediator that stimulates the production of the second messenger phosphatidic acid. PLD2 is involved in various cellular functions; however, its specific roles in ECs under hypoxia and in vivo angiogenesis remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the potential roles of PLD2 in ECs under hypoxia and in hypoxia-induced pathological angiogenesis in vivo. APPROACH AND RESULTS Pld2 knockout ECs exhibited decreased hypoxia-induced cellular responses in survival, migration, and thus vessel sprouting. Analysis of hypoxia-induced gene expression revealed that PLD2 deficiency disrupted the upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α target genes, including VEGF, PFKFB3, HMOX-1, and NTRK2. Consistent with this, PLD2 contributed to hypoxia-induced hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression at the translational level. The roles of PLD2 in hypoxia-induced in vivo pathological angiogenesis were assessed using oxygen-induced retinopathy and tumor implantation models in endothelial-specific Pld2 knockout mice. Pld2 endothelial-specific knockout retinae showed decreased neovascular tuft formation, despite a larger avascular region. Tumor growth and tumor blood vessel formation were also reduced in Pld2 endothelial-specific knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate a novel role for endothelial PLD2 in the survival and migration of ECs under hypoxia via the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and in pathological retinal angiogenesis and tumor angiogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewang Ghim
- From the Department of Life Sciences (J.G., J.-S.M., C.S.L., P.S., A.L., D.K., J.H.Y., B.J.K, J.-M.K., K.L.K., Y.R.Y., Y.K., S.-H.K., P.-G.S., Y.-Y.K., S.H.R.), School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (J.-H.J., D.H., S.H.R.), Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (C.C., S.H.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering (D.H.), Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea; and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea (J.L., Y.J.K, G.Y.K.)
| | - Jin-Sook Moon
- From the Department of Life Sciences (J.G., J.-S.M., C.S.L., P.S., A.L., D.K., J.H.Y., B.J.K, J.-M.K., K.L.K., Y.R.Y., Y.K., S.-H.K., P.-G.S., Y.-Y.K., S.H.R.), School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (J.-H.J., D.H., S.H.R.), Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (C.C., S.H.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering (D.H.), Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea; and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea (J.L., Y.J.K, G.Y.K.)
| | - Chang Sup Lee
- From the Department of Life Sciences (J.G., J.-S.M., C.S.L., P.S., A.L., D.K., J.H.Y., B.J.K, J.-M.K., K.L.K., Y.R.Y., Y.K., S.-H.K., P.-G.S., Y.-Y.K., S.H.R.), School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (J.-H.J., D.H., S.H.R.), Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (C.C., S.H.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering (D.H.), Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea; and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea (J.L., Y.J.K, G.Y.K.)
| | - Junyeop Lee
- From the Department of Life Sciences (J.G., J.-S.M., C.S.L., P.S., A.L., D.K., J.H.Y., B.J.K, J.-M.K., K.L.K., Y.R.Y., Y.K., S.-H.K., P.-G.S., Y.-Y.K., S.H.R.), School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (J.-H.J., D.H., S.H.R.), Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (C.C., S.H.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering (D.H.), Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea; and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea (J.L., Y.J.K, G.Y.K.)
| | - Parkyong Song
- From the Department of Life Sciences (J.G., J.-S.M., C.S.L., P.S., A.L., D.K., J.H.Y., B.J.K, J.-M.K., K.L.K., Y.R.Y., Y.K., S.-H.K., P.-G.S., Y.-Y.K., S.H.R.), School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (J.-H.J., D.H., S.H.R.), Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (C.C., S.H.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering (D.H.), Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea; and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea (J.L., Y.J.K, G.Y.K.)
| | - Areum Lee
- From the Department of Life Sciences (J.G., J.-S.M., C.S.L., P.S., A.L., D.K., J.H.Y., B.J.K, J.-M.K., K.L.K., Y.R.Y., Y.K., S.-H.K., P.-G.S., Y.-Y.K., S.H.R.), School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (J.-H.J., D.H., S.H.R.), Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (C.C., S.H.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering (D.H.), Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea; and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea (J.L., Y.J.K, G.Y.K.)
| | - Jin-Hyeok Jang
- From the Department of Life Sciences (J.G., J.-S.M., C.S.L., P.S., A.L., D.K., J.H.Y., B.J.K, J.-M.K., K.L.K., Y.R.Y., Y.K., S.-H.K., P.-G.S., Y.-Y.K., S.H.R.), School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (J.-H.J., D.H., S.H.R.), Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (C.C., S.H.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering (D.H.), Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea; and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea (J.L., Y.J.K, G.Y.K.)
| | - Dayea Kim
- From the Department of Life Sciences (J.G., J.-S.M., C.S.L., P.S., A.L., D.K., J.H.Y., B.J.K, J.-M.K., K.L.K., Y.R.Y., Y.K., S.-H.K., P.-G.S., Y.-Y.K., S.H.R.), School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (J.-H.J., D.H., S.H.R.), Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (C.C., S.H.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering (D.H.), Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea; and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea (J.L., Y.J.K, G.Y.K.)
| | - Jong Hyuk Yoon
- From the Department of Life Sciences (J.G., J.-S.M., C.S.L., P.S., A.L., D.K., J.H.Y., B.J.K, J.-M.K., K.L.K., Y.R.Y., Y.K., S.-H.K., P.-G.S., Y.-Y.K., S.H.R.), School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (J.-H.J., D.H., S.H.R.), Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (C.C., S.H.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering (D.H.), Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea; and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea (J.L., Y.J.K, G.Y.K.)
| | - Young Jun Koh
- From the Department of Life Sciences (J.G., J.-S.M., C.S.L., P.S., A.L., D.K., J.H.Y., B.J.K, J.-M.K., K.L.K., Y.R.Y., Y.K., S.-H.K., P.-G.S., Y.-Y.K., S.H.R.), School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (J.-H.J., D.H., S.H.R.), Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (C.C., S.H.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering (D.H.), Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea; and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea (J.L., Y.J.K, G.Y.K.)
| | - Chaithanya Chelakkot
- From the Department of Life Sciences (J.G., J.-S.M., C.S.L., P.S., A.L., D.K., J.H.Y., B.J.K, J.-M.K., K.L.K., Y.R.Y., Y.K., S.-H.K., P.-G.S., Y.-Y.K., S.H.R.), School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (J.-H.J., D.H., S.H.R.), Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (C.C., S.H.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering (D.H.), Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea; and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea (J.L., Y.J.K, G.Y.K.)
| | - Byung Jun Kang
- From the Department of Life Sciences (J.G., J.-S.M., C.S.L., P.S., A.L., D.K., J.H.Y., B.J.K, J.-M.K., K.L.K., Y.R.Y., Y.K., S.-H.K., P.-G.S., Y.-Y.K., S.H.R.), School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (J.-H.J., D.H., S.H.R.), Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (C.C., S.H.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering (D.H.), Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea; and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea (J.L., Y.J.K, G.Y.K.)
| | - Jung-Min Kim
- From the Department of Life Sciences (J.G., J.-S.M., C.S.L., P.S., A.L., D.K., J.H.Y., B.J.K, J.-M.K., K.L.K., Y.R.Y., Y.K., S.-H.K., P.-G.S., Y.-Y.K., S.H.R.), School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (J.-H.J., D.H., S.H.R.), Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (C.C., S.H.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering (D.H.), Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea; and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea (J.L., Y.J.K, G.Y.K.)
| | - Kyung Lock Kim
- From the Department of Life Sciences (J.G., J.-S.M., C.S.L., P.S., A.L., D.K., J.H.Y., B.J.K, J.-M.K., K.L.K., Y.R.Y., Y.K., S.-H.K., P.-G.S., Y.-Y.K., S.H.R.), School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (J.-H.J., D.H., S.H.R.), Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (C.C., S.H.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering (D.H.), Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea; and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea (J.L., Y.J.K, G.Y.K.)
| | - Yong Ryoul Yang
- From the Department of Life Sciences (J.G., J.-S.M., C.S.L., P.S., A.L., D.K., J.H.Y., B.J.K, J.-M.K., K.L.K., Y.R.Y., Y.K., S.-H.K., P.-G.S., Y.-Y.K., S.H.R.), School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (J.-H.J., D.H., S.H.R.), Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (C.C., S.H.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering (D.H.), Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea; and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea (J.L., Y.J.K, G.Y.K.)
| | - Youngmi Kim
- From the Department of Life Sciences (J.G., J.-S.M., C.S.L., P.S., A.L., D.K., J.H.Y., B.J.K, J.-M.K., K.L.K., Y.R.Y., Y.K., S.-H.K., P.-G.S., Y.-Y.K., S.H.R.), School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (J.-H.J., D.H., S.H.R.), Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (C.C., S.H.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering (D.H.), Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea; and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea (J.L., Y.J.K, G.Y.K.)
| | - Sun-Hee Kim
- From the Department of Life Sciences (J.G., J.-S.M., C.S.L., P.S., A.L., D.K., J.H.Y., B.J.K, J.-M.K., K.L.K., Y.R.Y., Y.K., S.-H.K., P.-G.S., Y.-Y.K., S.H.R.), School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (J.-H.J., D.H., S.H.R.), Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (C.C., S.H.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering (D.H.), Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea; and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea (J.L., Y.J.K, G.Y.K.)
| | - Daehee Hwang
- From the Department of Life Sciences (J.G., J.-S.M., C.S.L., P.S., A.L., D.K., J.H.Y., B.J.K, J.-M.K., K.L.K., Y.R.Y., Y.K., S.-H.K., P.-G.S., Y.-Y.K., S.H.R.), School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (J.-H.J., D.H., S.H.R.), Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (C.C., S.H.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering (D.H.), Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea; and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea (J.L., Y.J.K, G.Y.K.)
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- From the Department of Life Sciences (J.G., J.-S.M., C.S.L., P.S., A.L., D.K., J.H.Y., B.J.K, J.-M.K., K.L.K., Y.R.Y., Y.K., S.-H.K., P.-G.S., Y.-Y.K., S.H.R.), School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (J.-H.J., D.H., S.H.R.), Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (C.C., S.H.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering (D.H.), Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea; and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea (J.L., Y.J.K, G.Y.K.)
| | - Gou Young Koh
- From the Department of Life Sciences (J.G., J.-S.M., C.S.L., P.S., A.L., D.K., J.H.Y., B.J.K, J.-M.K., K.L.K., Y.R.Y., Y.K., S.-H.K., P.-G.S., Y.-Y.K., S.H.R.), School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (J.-H.J., D.H., S.H.R.), Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (C.C., S.H.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering (D.H.), Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea; and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea (J.L., Y.J.K, G.Y.K.)
| | - Young-Yun Kong
- From the Department of Life Sciences (J.G., J.-S.M., C.S.L., P.S., A.L., D.K., J.H.Y., B.J.K, J.-M.K., K.L.K., Y.R.Y., Y.K., S.-H.K., P.-G.S., Y.-Y.K., S.H.R.), School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (J.-H.J., D.H., S.H.R.), Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (C.C., S.H.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering (D.H.), Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea; and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea (J.L., Y.J.K, G.Y.K.)
| | - Sung Ho Ryu
- From the Department of Life Sciences (J.G., J.-S.M., C.S.L., P.S., A.L., D.K., J.H.Y., B.J.K, J.-M.K., K.L.K., Y.R.Y., Y.K., S.-H.K., P.-G.S., Y.-Y.K., S.H.R.), School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (J.-H.J., D.H., S.H.R.), Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology (C.C., S.H.R.), and Department of Chemical Engineering (D.H.), Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea; and Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea (J.L., Y.J.K, G.Y.K.).
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146
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Baenke F, Peck B, Miess H, Schulze A. Hooked on fat: the role of lipid synthesis in cancer metabolism and tumour development. Dis Model Mech 2014; 6:1353-63. [PMID: 24203995 PMCID: PMC3820259 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.011338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased rate of lipid synthesis in cancerous tissues has long been recognised as an important aspect of the rewired metabolism of transformed cells. However, the contribution of lipids to cellular transformation, tumour development and tumour progression, as well as their potential role in facilitating the spread of cancerous cells to secondary sites, are not yet fully understood. In this article, we review the recent findings that support the importance of lipid synthesis and metabolism in tumorigenesis. Specifically, we explore the role of aberrant lipid biosynthesis in cancer cell migration and invasion, and in the induction of tumour angiogenesis. These processes are crucial for the dissemination of tumour cells and formation of metastases, which constitute the main cause of cancer mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Baenke
- Gene Expression Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
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147
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Kotova PD, Sysoeva VY, Rogachevskaja OA, Bystrova MF, Kolesnikova AS, Tyurin-Kuzmin PA, Fadeeva JI, Tkachuk VA, Kolesnikov SS. Functional expression of adrenoreceptors in mesenchymal stromal cells derived from the human adipose tissue. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1899-908. [PMID: 24841820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cultured mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from different sources represent a heterogeneous population of proliferating non-differentiated cells that contains multipotent stem cells capable of originating a variety of mesenchymal cell lineages. Despite tremendous progress in MSC biology spurred by their therapeutic potential, current knowledge on receptor and signaling systems of MSCs is mediocre. Here we isolated MSCs from the human adipose tissue and assayed their responsivity to GPCR agonists with Ca(2+) imaging. As a whole, a MSC population exhibited functional heterogeneity. Although a variety of first messengers was capable of stimulating Ca(2+) signaling in MSCs, only a relatively small group of cells was specifically responsive to the particular GPCR agonist, including noradrenaline. RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry revealed expression of α1B-, α2A-, and β2-adrenoreceptors in MSCs. Their sensitivity to subtype-specific adrenergic agonists/antagonists and certain inhibitors of Ca(2+) signaling indicated that largely the α2A-isoform coupled to PLC endowed MSCs with sensitivity to noradrenaline. The all-or-nothing dose-dependence was characteristic of responsivity of robust adrenergic MSCs. Noradrenaline never elicited small or intermediate responses but initiated large and quite similar Ca(2+) transients at all concentrations above the threshold. The inhibitory analysis and Ca(2+) uncaging implicated Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release (CICR) in shaping Ca(2+) signals elicited by noradrenaline. Evidence favored IP3 receptors as predominantly responsible for CICR. Based on the overall findings, we inferred that adrenergic transduction in MSCs includes two fundamentally different stages: noradrenaline initially triggers a local and relatively small Ca(2+) signal, which next stimulates CICR, thereby being converted into a global Ca(2+) signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina D Kotova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Veronika Yu Sysoeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - Olga A Rogachevskaja
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Marina F Bystrova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Alisa S Kolesnikova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Pyotr A Tyurin-Kuzmin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - Julia I Fadeeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - Vsevolod A Tkachuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - Stanislav S Kolesnikov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
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148
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Jones S, Rappoport JZ. Interdependent epidermal growth factor receptor signalling and trafficking. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 51:23-8. [PMID: 24681003 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) signalling regulates diverse cellular functions, promoting cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, cell growth and survival. EGFR signalling is critical during embryogenesis, in particular in epithelial development, and disruption of the EGFR gene results in epithelial immaturity and perinatal death. EGFR signalling also functions during wound healing responses through accelerating wound re-epithelialisation, inducing cell migration, proliferation and angiogenesis. Upregulation of EGFR signalling is often observed in carcinomas and has been shown to promote uncontrolled cell proliferation and metastasis. Therefore aberrant EGFR signalling is a common target for anticancer therapies. Various reports indicate that EGFR signalling primarily occurs at the plasma membrane and EGFR degradation following endocytosis greatly attenuates signalling. Other studies argue that EGFR internalisation is essential for complete activation of downstream signalling cascades and that endosomes can serve as signalling platforms. The aim of this review is to discuss current understanding of intersection between EGFR signalling and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Jones
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Z Rappoport
- Nikon Imaging Center at Northwestern University, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
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149
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Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a heterogeneous group of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoproliferative processes, mainly composed of mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome, the aggressive forms of which lack an effective treatment. The molecular pathogenesis of CTCL is largely unknown, although neoplastic cells show increased signaling from T-cell receptors (TCRs). DNAs from 11 patients with CTCL, both normal and tumoral, were target-enriched and sequenced by massive parallel sequencing for a selection of 524 TCR-signaling-related genes. Identified variants were validated by capillary sequencing. Multiple mutations were found that affected several signaling pathways, such as TCRs, nuclear factor κB, or Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, but PLCG1 was found to be mutated in 3 samples, 2 of which featured a redundant mutation (c.1034T>C, S345F) in exon 11 that affects the PLCx protein catalytic domain. This mutation was further analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction genotyping in a new cohort of 42 patients with CTCL, where it was found in 19% of samples. Immunohistochemical analysis for nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) showed that PLCG1-mutated cases exhibited strong NFAT nuclear immunostaining. Functional studies demonstrated that PLCG1 mutants elicited increased downstream signaling toward NFAT activation, and inhibition of this pathway resulted in reduced CTCL cell proliferation and cell viability. Thus, increased proliferative and survival mechanisms in CTCL may partially depend on the acquisition of somatic mutations in PLCG1 and other genes that are essential for normal T-cell differentiation.
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150
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Zhang F, Wang Z, Lu M, Yonekubo Y, Liang X, Zhang Y, Wu P, Zhou Y, Grinstein S, Hancock JF, Du G. Temporal production of the signaling lipid phosphatidic acid by phospholipase D2 determines the output of extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in cancer cells. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:84-95. [PMID: 24164897 PMCID: PMC3911278 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00987-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade is an important signaling module in cells. One regulator of the Ras-ERK cascade is phosphatidic acid (PA) generated by phospholipase D (PLD) and diacylglycerol kinase (DGK). Using a newly developed PA biosensor, PASS (phosphatidic acid biosensor with superior sensitivity), we found that PA was generated sequentially by PLD and DGK in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated HCC1806 breast cancer cells. Inhibition of PLD2, one of the two PLD members, was sufficient to eliminate most of the PA production, whereas inhibition of DGK decreased PA production only at the later stages of EGF stimulation, suggesting that PLD2 precedes DGK activation. The temporal production of PA by PLD2 is important for the nuclear activation of ERK. While inhibition of both PLD and DGK had no effect on the overall ERK activity, inhibition of PLD2 but not PLD1 or DGK blocked the nuclear ERK activity in several cancer cell lines. The decrease of active ERK in the nucleus inhibited the activation of Elk1, c-fos, and Fra1, the ERK nuclear targets, leading to decreased proliferation of HCC1806 cells. Together, these findings reveal that PA production by PLD2 determines the output of ERK in cancer cell growth factor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ziqing Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Maryia Lu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yoshiya Yonekubo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueqiang Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - John F. Hancock
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Guangwei Du
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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