101
|
Abel ED, Sweeney G. Modulation of the cardiovascular system by leptin. Biochimie 2012; 94:2097-103. [PMID: 22490727 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that individuals with the metabolic syndrome have a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease and much effort has been expended to elicit the underlying mechanisms. Various studies have proposed that excessive or deficient physiological effects mediated by leptin make an important contribution, yet many paradoxical observations often preclude a clear definition of the role of leptin. This review article will briefly discuss principal and most recent evidence on direct and indirect regulation of the cardiovascular system by leptin, focusing on cardiac structural and functional as well as vascular effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Dale Abel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
102
|
Taube A, Schlich R, Sell H, Eckardt K, Eckel J. Inflammation and metabolic dysfunction: links to cardiovascular diseases. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H2148-65. [PMID: 22447947 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00907.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abdominal obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and recent studies highlight a key role of adipose tissue dysfunction, inflammation, and aberrant adipokine release in this process. An increased demand for lipid storage results in both hyperplasia and hypertrophy, finally leading to chronic inflammation, hypoxia, and a phenotypic change of the cellular components of adipose tissue, collectively leading to a substantially altered secretory output of adipose tissue. In this review we have assessed the adipo-vascular axis, and an overview of adipokines associated with cardiovascular disease is provided. This resulted in a first list of more than 30 adipokines. A deeper analysis only considered adipokines that have been reported to impact on inflammation and NF-κB activation in the vasculature. Out of these, the most prominent link to cardiovascular disease was found for leptin, TNF-α, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein, interleukins, and several novel adipokines such as lipocalin-2 and pigment epithelium-derived factor. Future work will need to address the potential role of these molecules as biomarkers and/or drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Taube
- Paul Langerhans Group, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
103
|
Pritchett AM, Deswal A, Aguilar D, Foreyt JP, Chan W, Mann DL, Ballantyne C, Bozkurt B. Lifestyle Modification with Diet and Exercise in Obese Patients with Heart Failure - A Pilot Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 2:1-8. [PMID: 23125955 DOI: 10.4172/2165-7904.1000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: There is a paucity of data regarding intentional weight loss in obese heart failure patients. This study sought to ascertain the safety and effectiveness of a lifestyle modification program in patients with systolic heart failure and metabolic syndrome. METHODS: Patients (n=20) with systolic heart failure (ejection fraction < 50%) and metabolic syndrome were randomized to standard medical therapy (Control) versus medical therapy and lifestyle modification (Lifestyle) and followed prospectively for 3 months. Lifestyle modification involved a walking program and reduced calorie diet with 2 meal replacement products (Slim Fast®) daily. Patients attended weekly meetings with a dietitian for 12 weeks. Endpoints were obtained at baseline and 3 months and included physical exam, laboratory values, quality of life questionnaire, 6 minute walk, and brachial ultrasound. RESULTS: At 3 months, 5 patients in each group had lost weight. Excluding 1 patient in each group who had increased diuretic dosing, the overall change in weight was -0.84 ± 3.82 and -0.50 ± 3.64 kg (p=0.85) in the control versus lifestyle groups respectively. No significant differences in the defined endpoints were noted. None of the patients had an adverse event that was related to weight loss or exercise. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to assess the effects of a comprehensive program of dietary, behavioral, and exercise modifications in this population. Institution of lifestyle modification in patients with systolic heart failure and metabolic syndrome was well tolerated, but did not result in significant weight loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Pritchett
- Winters Center for Heart Failure Research and Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA ; Section of Cardiology, Ben Taub General Hospital, Harris County Hospital District, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
104
|
Mulligan CM, Sparagna GC, Le CH, De Mooy AB, Routh MA, Holmes MG, Hickson-Bick DL, Zarini S, Murphy RC, Xu FY, Hatch GM, McCune SA, Moore RL, Chicco AJ. Dietary linoleate preserves cardiolipin and attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction in the failing rat heart. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 94:460-8. [PMID: 22411972 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cardiolipin (CL) is a tetra-acyl phospholipid that provides structural and functional support to several proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The majority of CL in the healthy mammalian heart contains four linoleic acid acyl chains (L(4)CL). A selective loss of L(4)CL is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and heart failure in humans and animal models. We examined whether supplementing the diet with linoleic acid would preserve cardiac L(4)CL and attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction and contractile failure in rats with hypertensive heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS Male spontaneously hypertensive heart failure rats (21 months of age) were administered diets supplemented with high-linoleate safflower oil (HLSO) or lard (10% w/w; 28% kilocalorie fat) or without supplemental fat (control) for 4 weeks. HLSO preserved L(4)CL and total CL to 90% of non-failing levels (vs. 61-75% in control and lard groups), and attenuated 17-22% decreases in state 3 mitochondrial respiration observed in the control and lard groups (P < 0.05). Left ventricular fractional shortening was significantly higher in HLSO vs. control (33 ± 2 vs. 29 ± 2%, P < 0.05), while plasma insulin levels were lower (5.4 ± 1.1 vs. 9.1 ± 2.3 ng/mL; P < 0.05), with no significant effect of lard supplementation. HLSO also increased serum concentrations of several eicosanoid species compared with control and lard diets, but had no effect on plasma glucose or blood pressure. CONCLUSION Moderate consumption of HLSO preserves CL and mitochondrial function in the failing heart and may be a useful adjuvant therapy for this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Mulligan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1582, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
105
|
Defining cardiovascular endocrinology. Cardiovasc Endocrinol 2012. [DOI: 10.1097/xce.0b013e328355d175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
106
|
Magnani JW, Lopez FL, Soliman EZ, Maclehose RF, Crow RS, Alonso A. P wave indices, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20:666-72. [PMID: 21475136 PMCID: PMC3696958 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation and obesity are increasing in prevalence and are interrelated epidemics. There has been limited assessment of how obesity and the metabolic syndrome impact P wave indices, established electrocardiographic predictors of atrial fibrillation. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis to determine the association of obesity and the components of the metabolic syndrome with P wave indices in the population-based Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Analyses were adjusted for demographic, anthropometric and clinical variables, and cardiovascular diseases and risk factors. Following relevant exclusions, 14,433 subjects were included (55% women and 24.7% black). In multivariable analyses, we identified significant, progressive increases in PR interval, P wave maximum duration, and P wave terminal force with BMI 25-30 kg/m(2) and BMI ≥30 kg/m(2) compared to the reference group <25 kg/m(2) (P < 0.0001 for trend for all P wave indices). These effects were present in both blacks and whites. Presence of metabolic syndrome was also associated with longer P wave indices. When components of the metabolic syndrome were examined separately, hypertension resulted in significant (P < 0.001) augmentation of the three P wave indices. Similarly, waist circumference was associated with greater P wave maximum duration in both races (P < 0.001). We concluded that P wave indices are significantly associated with obesity and particularly with hypertension and waist circumference. P wave indices may comprise intermediate markers, independent of age and cardiovascular risk, of the pathway linking obesity and with the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared W Magnani
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
107
|
Moro C, Grauzam S, Ormezzano O, Toufektsian MC, Tanguy S, Calabrese P, Coll JL, Bak I, Juhasz B, Tosaki A, de Leiris J, Boucher F. Inhibition of cardiac leptin expression after infarction reduces subsequent dysfunction. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 15:1688-94. [PMID: 20731748 PMCID: PMC4373359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is known to exert cardiodepressive effects and to induce left ventricular (LV) remodelling. Nevertheless, the autocrine and/or paracrine activities of this adipokine in the context of post-infarct dysfunction and remodelling have not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we have investigated the evolution of myocardial leptin expression following myocardial infarction (MI) and evaluated the consequences of specific cardiac leptin inhibition on subsequent LV dysfunction. Anaesthetized rats were subjected to temporary coronary occlusion. An antisense oligodesoxynucleotide (AS ODN) directed against leptin mRNA was injected intramyocardially along the border of the infarct 5 days after surgery. Cardiac morphometry and function were monitored by echocardiography over 11 weeks following MI. Production of myocardial leptin and pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were assessed by ELISA. Our results show that (1) cardiac leptin level peaks 7 days after reperfused MI; (2) intramyocardial injection of leptin-AS ODN reduces early IL-1β and IL-6 overexpression and markedly protects contractile function. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that cardiac leptin expression after MI could contribute to the evolution towards heart failure through autocrine and/or paracrine actions. The detrimental effect of leptin could be mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-6. Our data could constitute the basis of new therapeutic approaches aimed to improve post-MI outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Moro
- Laboratoire TIMC-IMAG, UMR 5525 CNRS - University of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
108
|
Lehr S, Hartwig S, Sell H. Adipokines: a treasure trove for the discovery of biomarkers for metabolic disorders. Proteomics Clin Appl 2011; 6:91-101. [PMID: 22213627 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a major endocrine organ, releasing signaling and mediator proteins, termed adipokines, via which adipose tissue communicates with other organs. Expansion of adipose tissue in obesity alters adipokine secretion which may contribute to the development of metabolic diseases. Consequently, this correlation has emphasized the importance to further characterize the adipocyte secretion profile, and several attempts have been made to characterize the complex nature of the adipose tissue secretome by utilizing diverse proteomic profiling approaches. Although the entirety of human adipokines is still incompletely characterized, to date more than 600 potentially secretory proteins were identified providing a rich source to identify putative novel biomarkers associated with metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Lehr
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
109
|
Gálvez-Montón C, Prat-Vidal C, Roura S, Soler-Botija C, Llucià-Valldeperas A, Díaz-Güemes I, Sánchez-Margallo FM, Bayes-Genis A. Post-infarction scar coverage using a pericardial-derived vascular adipose flap. Pre-clinical results. Int J Cardiol 2011; 166:469-74. [PMID: 22137092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial salvage after coverage with a fat flap was recently demonstrated in acute coronary occlusion. The effect of this novel therapeutic strategy on a chronic myocardial scar is unknown. METHODS Myocardial infarction (MI) was induced by coil deployment in the mid circumflex artery in the swine model. Two weeks after infarction, a pericardial-derived adipose flap was transposed, fully covering the scar, in the treated group. Infarct size and histopathology were analyzed on post mortem sections. To assess cell migration, adenoviral eGFP vectors were injected in the adipose flap and expression was evaluated upon sacrifice both at the flap and myocardium. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction and ventricular volumes at baseline, 2 weeks post-MI, and at 6 weeks. RESULTS One month after flap transposition, histopathology confirmed a 34% reduction in infarct size (8.7% vs. 5.7%; P=0.04) and the presence of vascular connections at the flap-myocardium interface. High eGFP expression was detected at the infarct core both at the gene and protein level (negligible signal was detected at the flap on sacrifice). At the functional level, changes in LV ejection fraction and volumes (end-systolic and end-diastolic) were not significantly different between groups (all P values>0.1). CONCLUSIONS Our data support the use of post-infarction scar coverage with a pericardial-derived fat flap to reduce infarct size, due partly to neovascular connections and cell trafficking at the flap-myocardium interface. Further studies are needed to validate the functional and clinical relevance of this intervention.
Collapse
|
110
|
Radin MJ, Holycross BJ, McCune SA, Altschuld RA. Crosstalk between leptin and interleukin-1β abrogates negative inotropic effects in a model of chronic hyperleptinemia. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:1263-73. [DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 β) is a proinflammatory cytokine with potent cardiosuppressive effects. Previous studies have shown that leptin blunts the negative inotropic effects of IL-1 β in isolated adult rat cardiac myocytes. However, the interactions between leptin and IL-1 β in the heart have not been examined on a background of chronic hyperleptinemia. To study this interaction, we have chosen the SHHF rat, a model of spontaneous hypertension that ultimately develops congestive heart failure. SHHF that are heterozygous for a null mutation of the leptin receptor (+/ fa cp, HET) are phenotypically lean but chronically hyperleptinemic and develop heart failure earlier than their normoleptinemic true lean (+/+, LN) littermates. Simultaneous cell shortening and calcium transients were measured in isolated ventricular cardiac myocytes from LN and HET SHHF in response to leptin, IL-1 β or IL-1 β following one hour pretreatment with leptin. Despite evidence of metabolic leptin resistance, HET myocytes were sensitive to the negative inotropic effect of leptin, similar to LN. Contractility returned to control levels in myocytes from HET that were pretreated with leptin prior to IL-1 β, while contractility remained depressed compared with control and similar to leptin alone in LN. Chronic hyperleptinemia resulted in altered JAK/STAT signaling in response to leptin and IL-1 β in isolated perfused hearts from HET compared with LN SHHF. Phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) and STAT5 (pSTAT5) decreased when HET hearts were treated with leptin followed by IL-1 β. While decreases in pSTAT3 and pSTAT5 may be associated with abrogation of the acute negative inotropic effects of IL-1 β in the presence of leptin in HET, long-term consequences remain to be explored. This study demonstrates that the heart remains sensitive to leptin in a hyperleptinemic state. Crosstalk between leptin and IL-1 β can influence cardiac function and cytokine signaling and these interactions are moderated by the presence of long-term hyperleptinemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Judith Radin
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Bethany J Holycross
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Sylvia A McCune
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Cardiovascular Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Ruth A Altschuld
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Lago F, Gómez R, Conde J, Scotece M, Gómez-Reino JJ, Gualillo O. Cardiometabolic comorbidities and rheumatic diseases: focus on the role of fat mass and adipokines. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2011; 63:1083-90. [PMID: 21523926 DOI: 10.1002/acr.20488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Lago
- Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Institute of Medical Research, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
Deswal A. Obesity, Leptin, and Incident Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58:1878-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
113
|
Leptin in sarcopenic visceral obesity: possible link between adipocytes and myocytes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24633. [PMID: 21931785 PMCID: PMC3170390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of sarcopenia, age-related loss of muscle strength and mass, and obesity has been recognized as a new category of obesity among the elderly. Given that leptin has been hypothesized to be involved in the pathogenesis of sarcopenic obesity, we investigated the relationship between plasma leptin levels and thigh muscle sarcopenia and visceral obesity. Thigh muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and visceral fat area were measured using computed tomography as indices for muscle mass and visceral fat, respectively, in 782 middle-aged to elderly subjects (303 men and 479 women), participating in a medical check-up program. Visceral obesity was defined as visceral fat area >100 cm2, and sarcopenia was defined as < (one standard deviation − mean of thigh muscle CSA/body weight of young subjects [aged <50 years]). Thigh muscle CSA was significantly and negatively associated with plasma levels of leptin in both men (β = -0.28, p<0.0001) and women (β = -0.20, p<0.0001), even after correcting for other confounding parameters, including age, body weight, body height, visceral fat area, blood pressure, homeostatic model assessment index, and high sensitive C reactive protein. Subjects were divided into four groups based on presence or absence of sarcopenia or visceral obesity. Plasma levels of leptin were higher in subjects with sarcopenic visceral obesity than in those with either sarcopenia or visceral obesity alone. These findings indicate that sarcopenic visceral obesity is a more advanced, and suggest that leptin may link visceral obesity and sarcopenia.
Collapse
|
114
|
Solinas G. Leptin signalling coordinates lipid oxidation with thermogenesis and defence against oxidative stress. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 37:953-4. [PMID: 20626418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2010.05422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
115
|
Fonfara S, Hetzel U, Tew SR, Dukes-McEwan J, Cripps P, Clegg PD. Leptin expression in dogs with cardiac disease and congestive heart failure. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:1017-24. [PMID: 21985137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin belongs to the group of adipokines and has recently attracted attention because of its effects on the cardiovascular system. Increased leptin concentrations are reported in obese dogs but its role in cardiac disease (CD) is not known. Therefore, we investigated leptin expression in blood samples from dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF), and from myocardial samples of dogs with CDs. METHODS Leptin mRNA was analyzed from blood samples of 8 dogs presented for cardiac screening in which no abnormalities were detected and 8 dogs in CHF. In addition, myocardial samples (interventricular septum, right and left atria, and ventricles) of 10 dogs with no cardiac abnormalities (controls), 7 dogs with acquired and 3 dogs with congenital CDs were investigated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Dogs with CHF had significantly higher blood concentrations of leptin mRNA than dogs without CD (P = .013). Myocardial leptin expression was significantly increased in acquired (P = .035) and decreased in congenital CD (P = .016) in comparison to controls. Dogs in heart failure stage D showed higher myocardial leptin concentrations than dogs in stage C3 and B (P = .031). Differences according to myocardial region (P < .05) were detected and higher leptin concentrations were present in the atria in comparison to the ventricles in dogs with CD (P = .005). Comparing male and female dogs with CD revealed higher leptin concentrations in female dogs (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate leptin mRNA concentrations vary with CD, severity of CD, myocardial region, and possibly sex. Therefore, leptin might play a role in canine CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Fonfara
- University of Liverpool, School of Veterinary Science, Neston, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
De Keulenaer GW, Brutsaert DL. Systolic and diastolic heart failure are overlapping phenotypes within the heart failure spectrum. Circulation 2011; 123:1996-2004; discussion 2005. [PMID: 21555722 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.981431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilles W De Keulenaer
- Center for Heart Failure and Cardiac Rehabilitation, AZ Middelheim, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
| | | |
Collapse
|
117
|
Gálvez-Montón C, Prat-Vidal C, Roura S, Farré J, Soler-Botija C, Llucià-Valldeperas A, Díaz-Güemes I, Sánchez-Margallo FM, Arís A, Bayes-Genis A. Transposition of a pericardial-derived vascular adipose flap for myocardial salvage after infarct. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 91:659-67. [PMID: 21576133 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Coronary artery occlusion is associated with the risk of ventricular remodelling, heart failure, and cardiogenic shock. Novel strategies are sought to treat these ominous complications. We examined the effect of a pericardial-derived fat flap secured over an acute infarct caused by coronary occlusion. METHODS AND RESULTS A novel intervention consisting of the pericardial isolation of a vascularized adipose flap and its transposition fully covering acute infarcted myocardium was developed in the swine model of coronary artery ligation (n= 52). Left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction and LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Infarct size and gene expression analysis were performed on Day 6 and 1 month. Histological changes, collagen volume fraction (CVF), and vascular density were also evaluated on postmortem sections. One month after the intervention, a 18.8% increase in LV ejection fraction (P= 0.007), and significant reductions in LV end-systolic (P= 0.009) and LV end-diastolic volumes (P= 0.03) were found in treated animals compared with the control-MI group. At Day 6, histopathology confirmed a significant infarct size reduction (P= 0.018), the presence of vascular connections at the flap-myocardium interface, and less apoptosis in the infarct border zone compared with control animals (P< 0.001). Up-regulation of genes involved in cell cycle progression, cellular growth and proliferation, and angiogenesis were identified within the flap. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that a vascular fat flap exerts beneficial effects on LV function and limits myocardial remodelling. Future studies must confirm whether these findings provide an alternative therapeutic approach for myocardial salvage after infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gálvez-Montón
- ICREC Research Program, IGTP, Cardiology Service, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. Can Ruti, Camí de Escoles, s/n, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
Schram K, Ganguly R, No EK, Fang X, Thong FSL, Sweeney G. Regulation of MT1-MMP and MMP-2 by leptin in cardiac fibroblasts involves Rho/ROCK-dependent actin cytoskeletal reorganization and leads to enhanced cell migration. Endocrinology 2011; 152:2037-47. [PMID: 21385940 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Altered leptin action has been implicated in the pathophysiology of heart failure in obesity, a hallmark of which is extracellular matrix remodeling. Here, we characterize the direct influence of leptin on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in primary adult rat cardiac fibroblasts and focus on elucidating the molecular mechanisms responsible. Leptin increased expression and cell surface localization of membrane type 1 (MT1)-MMP, measured by cell surface biotinylation assay and antibody-based colorimetric detection of an exofacial epitope in intact cells. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis showed that leptin also induced the formation of a cluster of differentiation 44/MT1-MMP complex. Qualitative analysis using rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin immunofluorescence indicated that leptin stimulated actin cytoskeletal reorganization and enhanced stress fiber formation. Hence, we analyzed activation of Ras homolog gene family (Rho), member A GTPase activity and found a rapid increase in response to leptin that corresponded with increased phosphorylation of cofilin. Quantitative analysis of cytoskeleton reorganization upon separation of globular and filamentous actin by differential centrifugation confirmed the significant increase in filamentous to globular actin ratio in response to leptin, which was prevented by pharmacological inhibition of Rho (C3 transferase) or its downstream effector kinase Rho-associated coiled-coil-forming protein kinase (ROCK) (Y-27632). Inhibition of Rho or ROCK also attenuated leptin-stimulated increases in cell surface MT1-MMP content. Pro-MMP-2 is a known MT1-MMP substrate, and we observed that enhanced cell surface MT1-MMP in response to leptin resulted in enhanced extracellular activation of pro-MMP-2 measured by gelatin zymography, which was again attenuated by inhibition of Rho or ROCK. Using wound scratch assays, we observed enhanced cell migration, but not proliferation, measured by 5-bromo2'-deoxy-uridine incorporation, in response to leptin, again via a Rho-dependent signaling mechanism. Our results suggest that leptin regulates myocardial matrix remodeling by regulating the cell surface localization of MT1-MMP in adult cardiac fibroblasts via Rho/ROCK-dependent actin cytoskeleton reorganization. Subsequent pro-MMP-2 activation then contributes to stimulation of cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Schram
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
119
|
Kurdi M, Booz GW. Deciphering STAT3 signaling in the heart: plasticity and vascular inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 16:234-8. [PMID: 20887622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7133.2010.00175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in heart development and protection. New developments in understanding its molecular chemistry have revealed the importance of STAT3 in controlling mitochondrial respiration, independent of its function as a transcription factor, and in modulating inflammatory signaling through interactions with other transcription factors and cofactors. The purpose of this article is 2-fold. First, the authors summarize some recent insights into the function of STAT3. Second, the authors seek to illustrate the complexity of targeting a particular cellular protein for therapeutic purposes and the need to consider context when attempting to decipher the role of a particular signaling pathway in the heart. In this case, inflammation, aging, hypertrophy, and heart failure provide new environments that certainly impact on the functioning of STAT3 and on the gene profile linked to its activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Kurdi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri Educational Campus, Hadath, Lebanon
| | | |
Collapse
|
120
|
Ouwens DM, Sell H, Greulich S, Eckel J. The role of epicardial and perivascular adipose tissue in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 14:2223-34. [PMID: 20716126 PMCID: PMC3822561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome, are characterized by expansion and inflammation of adipose tissue, including the depots surrounding the heart and the blood vessels. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a visceral thoracic fat depot located along the large coronary arteries and on the surface of the ventricles and the apex of the heart, whereas perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) surrounds the arteries. Both fat depots are not separated by a fascia from the underlying tissue. Therefore, factors secreted from epicardial and PVAT, like free fatty acids and adipokines, can directly affect the function of the heart and blood vessels. In this review, we describe the alterations found in EAT and PVAT in pathological states like obesity, type 2 diabetes, the metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease. Furthermore, we discuss how changes in adipokine expression and secretion associated with these pathological states could contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiac contractile and vascular dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Margriet Ouwens
- The Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Centre, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
121
|
Tasali E, Chapotot F, Leproult R, Whitmore H, Ehrmann DA. Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea improves cardiometabolic function in young obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:365-74. [PMID: 21123449 PMCID: PMC3048326 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are insulin resistant and have a high risk of early-onset diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has adverse cardiometabolic consequences and is highly prevalent in women with PCOS. We sought to determine whether continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment of OSA has beneficial effects on cardiometabolic function in PCOS. METHODS Laboratory polysomnography and cardiometabolic measurements including insulin sensitivity and secretion (iv glucose tolerance test); 24-h profiles of plasma catecholamines, cortisol, and leptin; and daytime profiles of blood pressure and cardiac autonomic activity (heart rate variability) were obtained at baseline and again after 8 wk of home CPAP treatment with daily usage monitoring. RESULTS CPAP treatment modestly improved insulin sensitivity after controlling for body mass index (P = 0.013). The change in insulin sensitivity correlated positively with CPAP use (adjusted P = 0.027) and negatively with body mass index (adjusted P = 0.003). Daytime and nighttime norepinephrine levels were decreased after CPAP (P = 0.002), and the reductions were greater with increased CPAP use (P = 0.03). Epinephrine, cortisol, and leptin levels were not changed significantly. Daytime diastolic blood pressure decreased by an average of 2.3 mm Hg after CPAP (P = 0.035). Cardiac sympathovagal balance was 44% lower (P = 0.007) after CPAP, reflecting a shift toward lower sympathetic activity. CONCLUSIONS In young obese women with PCOS, successful treatment of OSA improves insulin sensitivity, decreases sympathetic output, and reduces diastolic blood pressure. The magnitude of these beneficial effects is modulated by the hours of CPAP use and the degree of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esra Tasali
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
122
|
Vasilescu R, Ifrim S, Ionescu-Tirgoviste C. Relationship between plasma adipokines, inflammation, insulin resistance and subclinical atherosclerosis in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/jdm.2011.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
123
|
Gosmanov AR, Smiley DD, Robalino G, Siquiera J, Khan B, Le NA, Patel RS, Quyyumi AA, Peng L, Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE. Effects of oral and intravenous fat load on blood pressure, endothelial function, sympathetic activity, and oxidative stress in obese healthy subjects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 299:E953-8. [PMID: 20923960 PMCID: PMC3006255 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00469.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We compared the effects of high and low oral and intravenous (iv) fat load on blood pressure (BP), endothelial function, autonomic nervous system, and oxidative stress in obese healthy subjects. Thirteen obese subjects randomly received five 8-h infusions of iv saline, 20 (32 g, low iv fat) or 40 ml/h intralipid (64 g, high iv fat), and oral fat load at 32 (low oral) or 64 g (high oral). Systolic BP increased by 14 ± 10 (P = 0.007) and 12 ± 9 mmHg (P = 0.007) after low and high iv lipid infusions and by 13 ± 17 (P = 0.045) and 11 ± 11 mmHg (P = 0.040) after low and high oral fat loads, respectively. The baseline flow-mediated dilation was 9.4%, and it decreased by 3.8 ± 2.1 (P = 0.002) and 4.1 ± 3.1% (P < 0.001) after low and high iv lipid infusion and by 3.8 ± 1.8 (P = 0.002) and 5.0 ± 2.5% (P < 0.001) after low and high oral fat load, respectively. Oral and iv fat load stimulated oxidative stress, increased heart rate, and decreased R-R interval variability. Acute iv fat load decreased blood glucose by 6-10 mg/dl (P < 0.05) without changes in insulin concentration, whereas oral fat increased plasma insulin by 3.7-4.0 μU/ml (P < 0.01) without glycemic variations. Intravenous saline and both oral and iv fat load reduced leptin concentration from baseline (P < 0.01). In conclusion, acute fat load administered orally or intravenously significantly increased blood pressure, altered endothelial function, and activated sympathetic nervous system by mechanisms not likely depending on changes in leptin, glucose, and insulin levels in obese healthy subjects. Thus, fat load, independent of its source, has deleterious hemodynamic effects in obese subjects.
Collapse
|
124
|
Abstract
Leptin, a pluripotent adipokine, has been discovered as a hormone controlling energy balance in hypothalamic neuroendocrine centers. In addition, recent studies provided ample evidence that leptin can be produced by cells other than adipocytes, and that the hormone can regulate many physiological processes other than energy balance and appetite. In this context, it is not surprising that both leptin excess as well as leptin insufficiency have been implicated in various pathologies. Consequently, despite initially disappointing results with recombinant leptin as the drug for obesity management, new leptin receptor modifiers have been developed and emerged as potential treatment modalities for numerous metabolic, immunological and neoplastic diseases. The major focus of this paper is a systematic review of current experimental leptin-based therapies, including pharmacological advantages and limitations of each prodrug category.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laszlo Otvos
- a Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Eva Surmacz
- a Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- c
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Inflammation, a link between obesity and cardiovascular disease. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:535918. [PMID: 20847813 PMCID: PMC2929614 DOI: 10.1155/2010/535918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity, the most common nutritional disorder in industrialized countries, is associated with an increased mortality and morbidity of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity is primarily considered to be a disorder of energy balance, and it has recently been suggested that some forms of obesity are associated with chronic low-grade inflammation. The present paper focuses on the current status of our knowledge regarding chronic inflammation, a link between obesity and CVDs, including heart diseases, vascular disease and atherosclerosis. The paper discusses the methods of body fat evaluation in humans, the endocrinology and distribution of adipose tissue in the genders, the pathophysiology of obesity, the relationship among obesity, inflammation, and CVD, and the adipose tissue-derived cytokines known to affect inflammation. Due to space limitations, this paper focuses on C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin, chemerin, omentin, vaspin, apelin, and retinol binding protein 4 as adipokines.
Collapse
|
126
|
Kotani K, Satoh N, Yamada T, Gugliucci A. The potential of serum amyloid A–LDL as a novel biomarker for cardiovascular disease risk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
127
|
Interaction between age and obesity on cardiomyocyte contractile function: role of leptin and stress signaling. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10085. [PMID: 20396382 PMCID: PMC2852499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study was designed to evaluate the interaction between aging and obesity
on cardiac contractile and intracellular Ca2+
properties. Methods Cardiomyocytes from young (4-mo) and aging (12- and 18-mo) male lean and the
leptin deficient ob/ob obese mice were treated with leptin
(0.5, 1.0 and 50 nM) for 4 hrs in vitro. High fat diet
(45% calorie from fat) and the leptin receptor mutant
db/db obesity models at young and older age were used
for comparison. Cardiomyocyte contractile and intracellular
Ca2+ properties were evaluated including peak
shortening (PS), maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening (±
dL/dt), time-to-PS (TPS), time-to-90% relengthening
(TR90), intracellular Ca2+ levels and
decay. O2− levels were measured by
dihydroethidium fluorescence. Results Our results revealed reduced survival in ob/ob mice. Aging
and obesity reduced PS, ± dL/dt, intracellular
Ca2+ rise, prolonged TR90 and
intracellular Ca2+ decay, enhanced
O2− production and
p47phox expression
without an additive effect of the two, with the exception of intracellular
Ca2+ rise. Western blot analysis exhibited reduced
Ob-R expression and STAT-3 phosphorylation in both young and aging
ob/ob mice, which was restored by leptin. Aging and
obesity reduced phosphorylation of Akt, eNOS and p38 while promoting pJNK
and pIκB. Low levels of leptin reconciled contractile, intracellular
Ca2+ and cell signaling defects as well as
O2− production and
p47phox upregulation in
young but not aging ob/ob mice. High level of leptin (50
nM) compromised contractile and intracellular Ca2+
response as well as O2− production and
stress signaling in all groups. High fat diet-induced and
db/db obesity displayed somewhat comparable
aging-induced mechanical but not leptin response. Conclusions Taken together, our data suggest that aging and obesity compromise cardiac
contractile function possibly via phosphorylation of Akt, eNOS and stress
signaling-associated O2− release.
Collapse
|