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Wang L, Wu W, Chen J, Li Y, Xu M, Cai Y. miR‑122 and miR‑199 synergistically promote autophagy in oral lichen planus by targeting the Akt/mTOR pathway. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:1373-1381. [PMID: 30664152 PMCID: PMC6365087 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to characterize the roles of two microRNAs (miRNAs), miR-122 and miR-199, in oral lichen planus (OLP). miRNA microarray analysis was performed to detect potential miRNAs involved in OLP, while in-silicon analysis, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses were utilized to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the roles of miR-199 and miR-122 in OLP. The results from the microarray and RT-qPCR analyses demonstrated that the expression levels of miR-122 and miR-199 were significantly decreased in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from the OLP group compared with the control group. In addition, miR-122 and miR-199 directly targeted AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), respectively, by binding to their 3′ UTRs. AKT1 and mTOR were highly expressed in PBMCs derived from OLP patients. In fact, a negative regulatory relationship was observed between miR-122 and AKT1, and between miR-199 and mTOR, with negative correlation coefficients of −0.41 and −0.51, respectively. Furthermore, the protein levels of AKT1, mTOR and microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3β (LC3B) were upregulated in the OLP group compared with the control group. Finally, overexpression of miR-122 inhibited the expression of AKT1 and LC3B, while overexpression of miR-199 reduced the levels of mTOR and LC3B. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that miR-199 and miR-122 are implicated in the pathogenesis of OLP by regulating the expression of mTOR and AKT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Jijun Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Youhua Li
- Department of Stomatology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Yawei Cai
- Department of Geriatrics, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
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Cai J, Yang J, Liu Q, Gong Y, Zhang Y, Zheng Y, Yu D, Zhang Z. Mir-215-5p induces autophagy by targeting PI3K and activating ROS-mediated MAPK pathways in cardiomyocytes of chicken. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 193:60-69. [PMID: 30684759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study revealed that selenium (Se) deficiency can cause myocardial injury through triggering autophagy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in autophagic cell death. However, the relationship between miRNAs and myocardial autophagy injury caused by Se deficiency remains unclear. We selected differential microRNA-215-5p (miR-215-5p) in Se-deficient myocardial tissue using high-throughput miRNA-sequencing. To further explore the role of miR-215-5p in myocardial injury, overexpression/knockdown of miR-215-5p in primary cardiomyocyte model was established by miRNAs interference technology. In this study, we report that miR-215-5p can promote myocardial autophagy by directly binding to the 3'untranslated region (3'UTR) of phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K). Its target gene PI3K was confirmed by dual luciferase reporter assay, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot in cardiomyocytes. Our results showed that overexpression of miR-215-5p could trigger myocardial autophagy through PI3K-threonine-protein kinase (AKT)-target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway. Further studies revealed that autophagic cell death was dependent on the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 kinase (p38) and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in overexpression of miR-215-5p in cardiomyocytes. On the contrary, miR-215-5p inhibitor can enhance cell survival capacity against autophagy by inhibiting ROS-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and activating the PI3K/AKT/TOR pathway in cardiomyocytes. Together, our findings support that miR-215-5p may modulate cell survival programs by regulating autophagy, and miR-215-5p acts as an autophagic regulator in the regulatory feedback loop that regulates cardiomyocyte survival by modulating the PI3K/AKT/TOR pathway and ROS-dependent MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzeng Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yafan Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yingying Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Dahai Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, PR China.
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Dang M, Zeng X, Chen B, Wang H, Li H, Liu Y, Zhang X, Cao X, Du F, Guo C. Soluble receptor for advance glycation end-products inhibits ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial autophagy via the STAT3 pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:107-119. [PMID: 30367996 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is poorly understood, but recent evidence suggests that autophagy plays crucial roles in I/R injuries. Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) exerts protective effects during I/R by decreasing cardiac apoptosis, which is mediated via increasing the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). The present study examined the effects and mechanisms of sRAGE on I/R-triggered cardiac autophagy. I/R was performed in mice or primary neonatal cardiomyocytes with or without sRAGE administration or overexpression. Cardiac function and infarct size were detected in mouse hearts. Apoptosis, autophagy and autophagy-related signaling pathways were detected in mouse hearts and cardiomyocytes. The results demonstrated that sRAGE significantly improved cardiac function and reduced infarct size during I/R in mice. sRAGE inhibited I/R-induced apoptosis, which correlated with a reduction in autophagy-associated proteins, including ATG7, Beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3). sRAGE reduced autophagosome formation during I/R in vivo and in vitro. sRAGE significantly activated STAT3, but not mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), during I/R in vivo and in vitro, and suppression of STAT3 abolished the sRAGE inhibition of autophagy during I/R in vitro. Activation of autophagy using ATG7 overexpression with an adenovirus significantly abolished the sRAGE-induced reduction of cardiac apoptosis during I/R. These results suggest that sRAGE inhibits I/R injuries in the heart via a decrease in autophagy, a process that is dependent on STAT3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqiu Dang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiangjun Zeng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Buxing Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Huihua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of cardiovascular Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Advanced Institute of Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiuling Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xianxian Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Fenghe Du
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Caixia Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
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Denton D, Kumar S. Autophagy-dependent cell death. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:605-616. [PMID: 30568239 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy-dependent cell death can be defined as cell demise that has a strict requirement of autophagy. Although autophagy often accompanies cell death following many toxic insults, the requirement of autophagic machinery for cell death execution, as established through specific genetic or chemical inhibition of the process, is highly contextual. During animal development, perhaps the best validated model of autophagy-dependent cell death is the degradation of the larval midgut during larval-pupal metamorphosis, where a number of key autophagy genes are required for the removal of the tissues. Surprisingly though, even in the midgut, not all of the 'canonical' autophagic machinery appears to be required. In other organisms and cancer cells many variations of autophagy-dependent cell death are apparent, pointing to the lack of a unifying cell death pathway. It is thus possible that components of the autophagy machinery are selectively utilised or repurposed for this type of cell death. In this review, we discuss examples of cell death that utilise autophagy machinery (or part thereof), the current knowledge of the complexity of autophagy-dependent cellular demise and the potential mechanisms and regulatory pathways involved in such cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Denton
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
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105
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Yang X, Xue P, Liu X, Xu X, Chen Z. HMGB1/autophagy pathway mediates the atrophic effect of TGF-β1 in denervated skeletal muscle. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:97. [PMID: 30526602 PMCID: PMC6286536 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a classical modulator of skeletal muscle and regulates several processes, such as myogenesis, regeneration and muscle function in skeletal muscle diseases. Skeletal muscle atrophy, characterized by the loss of muscle strength and mass, is one of the pathological conditions regulated by TGF-β1, but the underlying mechanism involved in the atrophic effects of TGF-β1 is not fully understood. Methods Mice sciatic nerve transection model was created and gastrocnemius were analysed by western blot, immunofluorescence staining and fibre diameter quantification after 2 weeks. Exogenous TGF-β1 was administrated and high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), autophagy were blocked by siRNA and chloroquine (CQ) respectively to explore the mechanism of the atrophic effect of TGF-β1 in denervated muscle. Similar methods were performed in C2C12 cells. Results We found that TGF-β1 was induced in denervated muscle and it could promote atrophy of skeletal muscle both in vivo and in vitro, up-regulated HMGB1 and increased autophagy activity were also detected in denervated muscle and were further promoted by exogenous TGF-β1. The atrophic effect of TGF-β1 could be inhibited when HMGB1/autophagy pathway was blocked. Conclusions Thus, our data revealed that TGF-β1 is a vital regulatory factor in denervated skeletal muscle in which HMGB1/ autophagy pathway mediates the atrophic effect of TGF-β1. Our findings confirmed a new pathway in denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy and it may be a novel therapeutic target for patients with muscle atrophy after peripheral nerve injury. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-018-0310-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Yang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Pingping Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The People's Hospital of Hanchuan, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hanchuan, 432300, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhenbing Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Islr regulates canonical Wnt signaling-mediated skeletal muscle regeneration by stabilizing Dishevelled-2 and preventing autophagy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5129. [PMID: 30510196 PMCID: PMC6277414 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07638-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells are crucial for skeletal muscle regeneration, but the molecular mechanisms regulating satellite cells are not entirely understood. Here, we show that the immunoglobulin superfamily containing leucine-rich repeat (Islr), a newly identified marker for mesenchymal stem cells, stabilizes canonical Wnt signaling and promote skeletal muscle regeneration. Loss of Islr delays skeletal muscle regeneration in adult mice. In the absence of Islr, myoblasts fail to develop into mature myotubes due to defective differentiation. Islr interacts with Dishevelled-2 (Dvl2) to activate canonical Wnt signaling, consequently regulating the myogenic factor myogenin (MyoG). Furthermore, Islr stabilizes Dvl2 by reducing the level of LC3-labeled Dvl2 and preventing cells from undergoing autophagy. Together, our findings identify Islr as an important regulator for skeletal muscle regeneration. “Satellite cells are crucial for skeletal muscle regeneration. Here the authors show that immunoglobulin superfamily containing leucine-rich repeat (Islr) promotes skeletal muscle regeneration via a mechanism involving Dishevelled-2 stabilization in satellite cells and protection from autophagy.
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107
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Akhtar MJ, Ahamed M, Alhadlaq HA, Alrokayan SA. MgO nanoparticles cytotoxicity caused primarily by GSH depletion in human lung epithelial cells. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 50:283-290. [PMID: 30262293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bio-response of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) is emerging, obviously, with a conflicting flavor. This study evaluates the underlying mechanism of bio-responses of MgO NPs in human lung epithelial (A549) cell. TEM size of NPs was 40-50 nm and cuboidal in shape. EDS data showed no detectable impurity. Zeta potential of MgO NPs suggested a fair dispersion in complete culture media and in PBS. MgO NPs induced a concentration dependent cytotoxicity when measured by MTT and NRU. MgO NPs induced cytotoxicity strongly correlated with intracellular depletion of antioxidant GSH. MgO NPs did not induce concentration dependent ROS. All live treatment conditions caused autophagy, a survival mechanism when deprived of nutrients and antioxidant. At highest cytotoxic concentration of MgO NPs, there was significant elevation in MMP and caspase-3 activity. GSH depletion mediated autophagy failure lead to MgO NPs induced death at higher concentrations that might have potentiated by induced ROS. This study suggested a mechanism of cytotoxicity caused by MgO NPs that was primarily dependent on GSH depletion, and ROS induction played secondary role in toxicity. Significantly higher toxicity observed for MgO NPs in comparison to Mg salt clearly indicated the involvement of nanoparticulate form in toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Javed Akhtar
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Maqusood Ahamed
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham A Alhadlaq
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman A Alrokayan
- Research Chair for Biomedical Applications of Nanomaterials, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, Building 5, PO Box 2455, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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108
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Kobayashi H. Recent trends in mucopolysaccharidosis research. J Hum Genet 2018; 64:127-137. [PMID: 30451936 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-018-0534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is a group of inherited conditions involving metabolic dysfunction. Lysosomal enzyme deficiency leads to the accumulation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) resulting in systemic symptoms, and is categorized into seven types caused by deficiency in one of eleven different enzymes. The pathophysiological mechanism of these diseases has been investigated, indicating impaired autophagy in neuronal damage initiation, association of activated microglia and astrocytes with the neuroinflammatory processes, and involvement of tauopathy. A new inherited error of metabolism resulting in a multisystem disorder with features of the MPS was also identified. Additionally, new therapeutic methods are being developed that could improve conventional therapies, such as new recombinant enzymes that can penetrate the blood brain barrier, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with reduced intensity conditioning, gene therapy using a viral vector system or gene editing, and substrate reduction therapy. In this review, we discuss the recent developments in MPS research and provide a framework for developing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Division of Gene Therapy, Research Center for Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
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109
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Yang G, Driver JP, Van Kaer L. The Role of Autophagy in iNKT Cell Development. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2653. [PMID: 30487800 PMCID: PMC6246678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T cells that express an invariant T cell receptor (TCR) α-chain and recognize self and foreign glycolipid antigens. They can rapidly respond to agonist activation and stimulate an extensive array of immune responses. Thymic development and function of iNKT cells are regulated by many different cellular processes, including autophagy, a self-degradation mechanism. In this mini review, we discuss the current understanding of how autophagy regulates iNKT cell development and effector lineage differentiation. Importantly, we propose that iNKT cell development is tightly controlled by metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Yang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - John P Driver
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
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Toll-like receptor 4 contributes to a myofibroblast phenotype in cardiac fibroblasts and is associated with autophagy after myocardial infarction in a mouse model. Atherosclerosis 2018; 279:23-31. [PMID: 30399463 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction (MI) is involved in fibroblast transforming and differentiating into myofibroblast phenoconversion, however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated pathogen-associated molecular patterns are key factors that deteriorate cardiac remodelling after MI. Moreover, autophagy has dual roles in cell survival in myocardial tissues after MI. We evaluated the relationship between TLR4 signalling and cardiac myofibroblast transformation-differentiation after MI in vivo and in vitro and analysed the role of autophagy. METHODS We reproduced a model of MI by the permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery of Tlr4-knockout (Tlr4-/-) and wild-type (WT) male mice. We evaluated scar formation, myofibroblast phenoconversion, LC3 dot formation, autophagy related proteins and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) in cardiac tissues, 7, 14, and 28 days after myocardial infarction. Cardiac fibroblasts were cultured from Tlr4-/- or WT mice. Vimentin, α-SMA, bilayer membrane vesicle structures of autophagosomes, and autophagy related proteins were observed after treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or 3-methyladenine (3-MA) at 24 h. RESULTS After MI on 7, 14, and 28 days, Tlr4-/- mice showed that heart tissue fibrosis and expression of α-SMA, a marker of myofibroblasts, were decreased compared to WT mice. Additionally, levels of LC3II, Atg5, Atg7, and Beclin-1, which are involved in autophagy, were lower than those in WT mice. Further, p62 expression, which is negatively correlated with autophagy levels, was higher in Tlr4-/- mice. Moreover, LC3-labelled autophagosomes in cardiac tissues were reduced in these animals. In vitro, LPS, a ligand of TLR4, stimulated α-SMA expression in cardiac fibroblasts, enhanced autophagic flux, and increased autophagosome numbers. In contrast, these effects were not obvious in Tlr4-/- cardiac fibroblasts. LC3II, Atg5, Atg7, and Beclin-1 were upregulated, and p62 was downregulated in cardiac fibroblasts of WT mice stimulated with LPS. However, these effects were blocked by 3-methyladenine, an inhibitor of autophagy. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that TLR4 signalling executes the development of a myofibroblast phenotype after MI via autophagy and could be therapeutically exploited to improve outcome after myocardial injury.
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Du X, Liu G, Loor JJ, Fang Z, Bucktrout R, Yang Y, Ye Q, Shi Z, Shen T, Wang X, Peng Z, Zhao C, Lv B, Xing D, Zhu Y, Li X, Li X. Impaired hepatic autophagic activity in dairy cows with severe fatty liver is associated with inflammation and reduced liver function. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:11175-11185. [PMID: 30316604 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability of liver to respond to changes in nutrient availability is essential for the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. Autophagy encompasses mechanisms of cell survival, including capturing, degrading, and recycling of intracellular proteins and organelles in lysosomes. During negative nutrient status, autophagy provides substrates to sustain cellular metabolism and hence, tissue function. Severe negative energy balance in dairy cows is associated with fatty liver. The aim of this study was to investigate the hepatic autophagy status in dairy cows with severe fatty liver and to determine associations with biomarkers of liver function and inflammation. Liver and blood samples were collected from multiparous cows diagnosed as clinically healthy (n = 15) or with severe fatty liver (n = 15) at 3 to 9 d in milk. Liver tissue was biopsied by needle puncture, and serum samples were collected on 3 consecutive days via jugular venipuncture. Concentrations of free fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate were greater in cows with severe fatty liver. Milk production, dry matter intake, and concentration of glucose were all lower in cows with severe fatty liver. Activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and γ-glutamyl transferase were all greater in cows with severe fatty liver. Serum concentrations of haptoglobin and serum amyloid A were also markedly greater in cows with severe fatty liver. The mRNA expression of autophagosome formation-related gene ULK1 was lower in the liver of dairy cows with severe fatty liver. However, the expression of other autophagosome formation-related genes, beclin 1 (BECN1), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 (PIK3C3), autophagy-related gene (ATG) 3, ATG5, and ATG12, did not differ. More important, ubiquitinated proteins, protein expression of sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1, also called p62), and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (MAP1LC3, also called LC3)-II was greater in cows with severe fatty liver. Transmission electron microscopy revealed an increased number of autophagosomes in the liver of dairy cows with severe fatty liver. Taken together, these results indicate that excessive lipid infiltration of the liver impairs autophagic activity that may lead to cellular damage and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiliang Du
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Guowen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Ryan Bucktrout
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Yuchen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Qianqian Ye
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Zhen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Taiyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Xinghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Zhicheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Chenxu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Bin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Dongmei Xing
- Animal Medicine College, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Yiwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China.
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Tappe KA, Budida R, Stankov MV, Frenz T, R Shah H, Volz A, Sutter G, Kalinke U, Behrens GMN. Immunogenic cell death of dendritic cells following modified vaccinia virus Ankara infection enhances CD8 + T cell proliferation. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:2042-2054. [PMID: 30259962 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
"Immunogenic cell death" (ICD) is associated with the emission of so-called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) which trigger the immune response against dead-cell associated antigens. The secretion of the DAMP, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has been shown to be autophagy-dependent. Here, we demonstrate that Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), a highly attenuated strain of vaccinia virus, induces both cell death and autophagy in murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), which in turn confer the (cross-)priming of OVA-specific cytotoxic T cells (OT-I cells). Additionally, we show that MVA infection leads to increased extracellular ATP (eATP) as well as intracellular ATP (iATP) levels, with the latter being influenced by the autophagy. Furthermore, we show that the increased eATP supports the proliferation of OT-I cells and inhibition of the P2RX7 receptors results in an abrogation of the proliferation. These data reveal novel mechanisms on how MVA enhances adaptive immunity in vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Tappe
- Department for Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ramachandramouli Budida
- Department for Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Metodi V Stankov
- Department for Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Theresa Frenz
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hanover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Harshit R Shah
- Department for Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Asisa Volz
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Germany.,Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Germany.,Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hanover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Georg M N Behrens
- Department for Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Brunswick, Hanover, Germany
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113
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Kosztelnik M, Kurucz A, Papp D, Jones E, Sigmond T, Barna J, Traka MH, Lorincz T, Szarka A, Banhegyi G, Vellai T, Korcsmaros T, Kapuy O. Suppression of AMPK/aak-2 by NRF2/SKN-1 down-regulates autophagy during prolonged oxidative stress. FASEB J 2018; 33:2372-2387. [PMID: 30277819 PMCID: PMC6338645 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800565rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
NF-E2–related factor 2 (NRF2) transcription factor has a fundamental role in cell homeostasis maintenance as one of the master regulators of oxidative and electrophilic stress responses. Previous studies have shown that a regulatory connection exists between NRF2 and autophagy during reactive oxygen species–generated oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to investigate how autophagy is turned off during prolonged oxidative stress, to avoid overeating and destruction of essential cellular components. AMPK is a key cellular energy sensor highly conserved in eukaryotic organisms, and it has an essential role in autophagy activation at various stress events. Here the role of human AMPK and its Caenorhabditis elegans counterpart AAK-2 was explored upon oxidative stress. We investigated the regulatory connection between NRF2 and AMPK during oxidative stress induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) in HEK293T cells and C. elegans. Putative conserved NRF2/protein skinhead-1 binding sites were found in AMPK/aak-2 genes by in silico analysis and were later confirmed experimentally by using EMSA. After addition of TBHP, NRF2 and AMPK showed a quick activation; AMPK was later down-regulated, however, while NRF2 level remained high. Autophagosome formation and Unc-51–like autophagy activating kinase 1 phosphorylation were initially stimulated, but they returned to basal values after 4 h of TBHP treatment. The silencing of NRF2 resulted in a constant activation of AMPK leading to hyperactivation of autophagy during oxidative stress. We observed the same effects in C. elegans demonstrating the conservation of this self-defense mechanism to save cells from hyperactivated autophagy upon prolonged oxidative stress. We conclude that NRF2 negatively regulates autophagy through delayed down-regulation of the expression of AMPK upon prolonged oxidative stress. This regulatory connection between NRF2 and AMPK may have an important role in understanding how autophagy is regulated in chronic human morbidities characterized by oxidative stress, such as neurodegenerative diseases, certain cancer types, and in metabolic diseases.—Kosztelnik, M., Kurucz, A., Papp, D., Jones, E., Sigmond, T., Barna, J., Traka, M. H., Lorincz, T., Szarka, A., Banhegyi, G., Vellai, T., Korcsmaros, T., Kapuy, O. Suppression of AMPK/aak-2 by NRF2/SKN-1 down-regulates autophagy during prolonged oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anita Kurucz
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Diana Papp
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Emily Jones
- Gut Health and Microbes, Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Earlham Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Timea Sigmond
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janos Barna
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maria H Traka
- Food Innovation and Health, Quadram Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Tamas Lorincz
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Szarka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabor Banhegyi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Vellai
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamas Korcsmaros
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Gut Health and Microbes, Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Earlham Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Orsolya Kapuy
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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114
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Hirata N, Suizu F, Matsuda-Lennikov M, Tanaka T, Edamura T, Ishigaki S, Donia T, Lithanatudom P, Obuse C, Iwanaga T, Noguchi M. Functional characterization of lysosomal interaction of Akt with VRK2. Oncogene 2018; 37:5367-5386. [PMID: 29872222 PMCID: PMC6172193 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Serine-threonine kinase Akt (also known as PKB, protein kinase B), a core intracellular mediator of cell survival, is involved in various human cancers and has been suggested to play an important role in the regulation of autophagy in mammalian cells. Nonetheless, the physiological function of Akt in the lysosomes is currently unknown. We have reported previously that PtdIns(3)P-dependent lysosomal accumulation of the Akt-Phafin2 complex is a critical step for autophagy induction. Here, to characterize the molecular function of activated Akt in the lysosomes in the process of autophagy, we searched for the molecules that interact with the Akt complex at the lysosomes after induction of autophagy. By time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (TOF/MS) analysis, kinases of the VRK family, a unique serine-threonine family of kinases in the human kinome, were identified. VRK2 interacts with Akt1 and Akt2, but not with Akt3; the C terminus of Akt and the N terminus of VRK2 facilitate the interaction of Akt and VRK2 in mammalian cells. The kinase-dead form of VRK2A (KD VRK2A) failed to interact with Akt in coimmunoprecipitation assays. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) experiments showed that, in the lysosomes, Akt interacted with VRK2A but not with VRK2B or KD VRK2A. Immunofluorescent assays revealed that VRK2 and phosphorylated Akt accumulated in the lysosomes after autophagy induction. WT VRK2A, but not KD VRK2A or VRK2B, facilitated accumulation of phosphorylated Akt in the lysosomes. Downregulation of VRK2 abrogated the lysosomal accumulation of phosphorylated Akt and impaired nuclear localization of TFEB; these events coincided to inhibition of autophagy induction. The VRK2-Akt complex is required for control of lysosomal size, acidification, bacterial degradation, and for viral replication. Moreover, lysosomal VRK2-Akt controls cellular proliferation and mitochondrial outer-membrane stabilization. Given the roles of autophagy in the pathogenesis of human cancer, the current study provides a novel insight into the oncogenic activity of VRK2-Akt complexes in the lysosomes via modulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Hirata
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Futoshi Suizu
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mami Matsuda-Lennikov
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tanaka
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuma Edamura
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoko Ishigaki
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Thoria Donia
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Pathrapol Lithanatudom
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Chikashi Obuse
- Division of Molecular Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Iwanaga
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Noguchi
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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115
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Simpkins F, Jang K, Yoon H, Hew KE, Kim M, Azzam DJ, Sun J, Zhao D, Ince TA, Liu W, Guo W, Wei Z, Zhang G, Mills GB, Slingerland JM. Dual Src and MEK Inhibition Decreases Ovarian Cancer Growth and Targets Tumor Initiating Stem-Like Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:4874-4886. [PMID: 29959144 PMCID: PMC6557165 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Rational targeted therapies are needed for treatment of ovarian cancers. Signaling kinases Src and MAPK are activated in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). Here, we tested the frequency of activation of both kinases in HGSOC and the therapeutic potential of dual kinase inhibition.Experimental Design: MEK and Src activation was assayed in primary HGSOC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TGGA). Effects of dual kinase inhibition were assayed on cell-cycle, apoptosis, gene, and proteomic analysis; cancer stem cells; and xenografts.Results: Both Src and MAPK are coactivated in 31% of HGSOC, and this associates with worse overall survival on multivariate analysis. Frequent dual kinase activation in HGSOC led us to assay the efficacy of combined Src and MEK inhibition. Treatment of established lines and primary ovarian cancer cultures with Src and MEK inhibitors saracatinib and selumetinib, respectively, showed target kinase inhibition and synergistic induction of apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in vitro, and tumor inhibition in xenografts. Gene expression and proteomic analysis confirmed cell-cycle inhibition and autophagy. Dual therapy also potently inhibited tumor-initiating cells. Src and MAPK were both activated in tumor-initiating populations. Combination treatment followed by drug washout decreased sphere formation and ALDH1+ cells. In vivo, tumors dissociated after dual therapy showed a marked decrease in ALDH1 staining, sphere formation, and loss of tumor-initiating cells upon serial xenografting.Conclusions: Selumetinib added to saracatinib overcomes EGFR/HER2/ERBB2-mediated bypass activation of MEK/MAPK observed with saracatinib alone and targets tumor-initiating ovarian cancer populations, supporting further evaluation of combined Src-MEK inhibition in clinical trials. Clin Cancer Res; 24(19); 4874-86. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Simpkins
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute at Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Division of Gynecology Oncology, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kibeom Jang
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute at Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Hyunho Yoon
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute at Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Karina E Hew
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute at Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Minsoon Kim
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute at Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Diana J Azzam
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute at Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Jun Sun
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute at Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Dekuang Zhao
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute at Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Tan A Ince
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute at Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhi Wei
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Gao Zhang
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Joyce M Slingerland
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute at Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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116
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Targeting autophagy by small molecule inhibitors of vacuolar protein sorting 34 (Vps34) improves the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to Sunitinib. Cancer Lett 2018; 435:32-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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117
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Baeten JT, de Jong JLO. Genetic Models of Leukemia in Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:115. [PMID: 30294597 PMCID: PMC6158309 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish animal model is gaining increasing popularity as a tool for studying human disease. Over the past 15 years, many models of leukemia and other hematological malignancies have been developed in the zebrafish. These confer some significant advantages over similar models in other animals and systems, representing a powerful resource for investigation of the molecular basis of human leukemia. This review discusses the various zebrafish models of lymphoid and myeloid leukemia available, the major discoveries that have been made possible by them, and opportunities for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jill L. O. de Jong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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118
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Sun Y, Chen D, Liu J, Xu Y, Shi X, Luo X, Pan Q, Yu J, Yang J, Cao H, Li L, Li L. Metabolic profiling associated with autophagy of human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells by chemical isotope labeling LC-MS. Exp Cell Res 2018; 372:52-60. [PMID: 30227120 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy has been reported to have a pivotal role in maintaining stemness, regulating immunomodulation and enhancing the survival of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, the effect of autophagy on MSC metabolism is largely unknown. Here, we report a workflow for examining the impact of autophagy on human placenta-derived MSC (hPMSC) metabolome profiling with chemical isotope labeling (CIL) LC-MS. Rapamycin or 3-methyladenine was successfully used to induce or inhibit autophagy, respectively. Then, 12C- and 13C-dansylation labeling LC-MS were used to profile the amine/phenol submetabolome. A total of 935 peak pairs were detected and 50 metabolites were positively identified using the dansylation metabolite standards library, and 669 metabolites were putatively identified based on an accurate mass match in metabolome databases. 12C/13C-p-dimethylaminophenacyl bromide labeling LC-MS was used to analyze the carboxylic acid submetabolome; 4736 peak pairs were detected, among which 33 metabolites were positively identified in the dimethylaminophenacyl metabolite standards library, and 3007 metabolites were putatively identified. PCA/OPLS-DA analysis combined with volcano plots and Venn diagrams was used to determine the significant metabolites. Metabolites pathway analysis demonstrated that hPMSCs appeared to generate more ornithine with the arginine and proline metabolism pathway and utilized more pantothenic acid to synthesize acetyl-CoA in the beta-alanine metabolism pathway when autophagy was activated. Meanwhile, acetyl-CoA conversion to fatty acids led to accumulation in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. In contrast, when autophagy was suppressed, a reduction in metabolites demonstrated weakened metabolic activity in these metabolic pathways. Our research provides a more comprehensive understanding of hPMSC metabolism associated with autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Deying Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Jingqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Yanping Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Xiaowei Shi
- Chu Kochen Honors College, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xian Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
| | - Qiaoling Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Jiong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Jinfeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Hongcui Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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Bishop E, Bradshaw TD. Autophagy modulation: a prudent approach in cancer treatment? Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 82:913-922. [PMID: 30182146 PMCID: PMC6267659 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a tightly controlled process comprising lysosomal degradation and recycling of cellular proteins and organelles. In cancer, its paradoxical dual role of cytoprotection and cytotoxicity is context-dependent and controversial. Autophagy primarily acts as a mechanism of tumour suppression, by maintenance of genomic integrity and prevention of proliferation and inflammation. This, combined with immune-surveillance capabilities and autophagy's implicated role in cell death, acts to prevent tumour initiation. However, established tumours exploit autophagy to survive cellular stresses in the hostile tumour microenvironment. This can lead to therapy resistance, one of the biggest challenges facing current anti-cancer approaches. Autophagy modulation is an exciting area of clinical development, attempting to harness this fundamental process as an anti-cancer strategy. Autophagy induction could potentially prevent tumour formation and enhance anti-cancer immune responses. In addition, drug-induced autophagy could be used to kill cancer cells, particularly those in which the apoptotic machinery is defective. Conversely, autophagy inhibition may help to sensitise resistant cancer cells to conventional chemotherapies and specifically target autophagy-addicted tumours. Currently, hydroxychloroquine is in phase I and II clinical trials in combination with several standard chemotherapies, whereas direct, deliberate autophagy induction remains to be tested clinically. More comprehensive understanding of the roles of autophagy throughout different stages of carcinogenesis has potential to guide development of novel therapeutic strategies to eradicate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Bishop
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Tracey D Bradshaw
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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120
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Kurtishi A, Rosen B, Patil KS, Alves GW, Møller SG. Cellular Proteostasis in Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3676-3689. [PMID: 30182337 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1334-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The term proteostasis reflects the fine-tuned balance of cellular protein levels, mediated through a vast network of biochemical pathways. This requires the regulated control of protein folding, post-translational modification, and protein degradation. Due to the complex interactions and intersection of proteostasis pathways, exposure to stress conditions may lead to a disruption of the entire network. Incorrect protein folding and/or modifications during protein synthesis results in inactive or toxic proteins, which may overload degradation mechanisms. Further, a disruption of autophagy and the endoplasmic reticulum degradation pathway may result in additional cellular stress which could ultimately lead to cell death. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis all share common risk factors such as oxidative stress, aging, environmental stress, and protein dysfunction; all of which alter cellular proteostasis. The differing pathologies observed in neurodegenerative diseases are determined by factors such as location-specific neuronal death, source of protein dysfunction, and the cell's ability to counter proteotoxicity. In this review, we discuss how the disruption in cellular proteostasis contributes to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberim Kurtishi
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, New York, 11439, USA
| | - Benjamin Rosen
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, New York, 11439, USA
| | - Ketan S Patil
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, New York, 11439, USA
| | - Guido W Alves
- Norwegian Center for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Simon G Møller
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, New York, 11439, USA. .,Norwegian Center for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
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121
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Basmaciyan L, Berry L, Gros J, Azas N, Casanova M. Temporal analysis of the autophagic and apoptotic phenotypes in Leishmania parasites. MICROBIAL CELL 2018; 5:404-417. [PMID: 30280103 PMCID: PMC6167523 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.09.646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The leishmaniases are worldwide neglected tropical diseases caused by parasitic protozoa of the Leishmania genus. Different stimuli induce Leishmania cell death, but the proteins involved remain poorly understood. Furthermore, confusion often appears between cell death and the cell survival process autophagy, whose phenotype is not clearly defined. In this article, we present a comprehensive and temporal analysis of the cellular events occurring during miltefosine-induced cell death and autophagy in L. major. We also provide a list of features in order to clearly identify apoptotic cells, autophagic cells and to distinguish both processes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that autophagy is followed by apoptosis in the absence of nutrients. Finally, we show that cells treated with the generic kinase inhibitor staurosporine express apoptotic as well as autophagic markers and therefore cannot be used as an apoptosis inducer in Leishmania. These descriptions lead to a better recognition and understanding of apoptosis and autophagy, enabling their targeting in the development of new anti-leishmanial drugs. These researches also make it possible to better understand these processes in general, through the study of an ancestral eukaryote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Basmaciyan
- UMR PAM A, Valmis team, 2 rue Angélique Ducoudray, BP 37013, 21070 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Laurence Berry
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, CNRS UMR 5235, University of Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Gros
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Nadine Azas
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Magali Casanova
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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Zhang W, Xu W, Chen W, Zhou Q. Interplay of Autophagy Inducer Rapamycin and Proteasome Inhibitor MG132 in Reduction of Foam Cell Formation and Inflammatory Cytokine Expression. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:1235-1248. [PMID: 30001636 PMCID: PMC6434468 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718786229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
MG132 is a pivotal inhibitor of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), and rapamycin (RAPA) is an important inducer of autophagy. MG132 and RAPA have been shown to be effective agents that can cure multiple autoimmune diseases by reducing inflammation. Although individual MG132 and RAPA showed protective effects for atherosclerosis (AS), the combined effect of these two drugs and its molecular mechanism are still unclear. In this article we investigate the regulation of oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) stress and foam cell formation in the presence of both proteasome inhibitor MG132 and the autophagy inducer RAPA to uncover the molecular mechanism underlying this process. We established the foam cells model by ox-LDL and an animal model. Then, we tested six experimental groups of MG132, RAPA, and 3MA drugs. As a result, RAPA-induced autophagy reduces accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins and apoptosis of foam cells. The combination of MG132 with RAPA not only suppressed expression of the inflammatory cytokines and formation of macrophage foam cells, but also significantly affected the NF-κB signaling pathway and the polarization of RAW 264.7 cells. These data suggest that the combination of proteasome inhibitor and autophagy inducer ameliorates the inflammatory response and reduces the formation of macrophage foam cells during development of AS. Our research provides a new way to suppress vascular inflammation and stabilize plaques of late atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- 1 MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,2 College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wan Xu
- 1 MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,2 College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenli Chen
- 1 MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,2 College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- 3 Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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123
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Zhu J, Liu K, Huang K, Gu Y, Hu Y, Pan S, Ji Z. Metformin Improves Neurologic Outcome Via AMP-Activated Protein Kinase-Mediated Autophagy Activation in a Rat Model of Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e008389. [PMID: 29895585 PMCID: PMC6220525 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.008389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sudden cardiac arrest (CA) often results in severe injury to the brain, and neuroprotection after CA has proved to be difficult to achieve. Herein, we sought to investigate the effects of metformin pretreatment on brain injury secondary to CA and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats were subjected to 9-minute asphyxial CA after receiving daily metformin treatment for 2 weeks. Survival rate, neurologic deficit scores, neuronal loss, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and autophagy activation were assessed at indicated time points within the first 7 days after return of spontaneous circulation. Our results showed that metformin pretreatment elevated the 7-day survival rate from 55% to 85% and significantly reduced neurologic deficit scores. Moreover, metformin ameliorated CA-induced neuronal degeneration and glial activation in the hippocampal CA1 region, which was accompanied by augmented AMPK phosphorylation and autophagy activation in affected neuronal tissue. Inhibition of AMPK or autophagy with pharmacological inhibitors abolished metformin-afforded neuroprotection, and augmented autophagy induction by metformin treatment appeared downstream of AMPK activation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data demonstrate, for the first time, that metformin confers neuroprotection against ischemic brain injury after CA/cardiopulmonary resuscitation by augmenting AMPK-dependent autophagy activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Kewei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaibin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yafang Hu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Suyue Pan
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhong Ji
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
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Impaired Fasting-Induced Adaptive Lipid Droplet Biogenesis in Liver-Specific Atg5-Deficient Mouse Liver Is Mediated by Persistent Nuclear Factor-Like 2 Activation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:1833-1846. [PMID: 29803835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are intracellular organelles that store neutral lipids as energy reservoir. Recent studies suggest that autophagy is important in maintaining the homeostasis of intracellular LDs by either regulating the biogenesis of LDs, mobilization of fatty acids, or degradation of LDs in cultured cells. Increasing evidence also supports a role of autophagy in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism in vivo in mammals. In response to fasting/starvation, lipids are mobilized from the adipose tissue to the liver, which increases the number of intracellular LDs and stimulates fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. However, it is still controversial and unclear how impaired autophagy in hepatocytes affects the biogenesis of LDs in mouse livers. In the present study, it was demonstrated that hepatic autophagy-deficient (L-Atg)5 knockout mice had impaired adaptation to fasting-induced hepatic biogenesis of LDs. The maladaptation to fasting-induced hepatic biogenesis of LDs in L-Atg5 knockout mouse livers was not due to hepatic changes of de novo lipogenesis, secretion of very-low-density lipoprotein or fatty acid β-oxidation, but it was due to persistent nuclear factor-like 2 activation because biogenesis of LDs restored in L-Atg5/nuclear factor-like 2 double-knockout mice.
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125
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Mao S, Chen P, Li T, Guo L, Zhang M. Tongguan Capsule Mitigates Post-myocardial Infarction Remodeling by Promoting Autophagy and Inhibiting Apoptosis: Role of Sirt1. Front Physiol 2018; 9:589. [PMID: 29872406 PMCID: PMC5972280 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular (LV) adverse remodeling and the concomitant functional deterioration contributes to the poor prognosis of patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Thus, a more effective treatment strategy is needed. Tongguan capsule (TGC), a patented Chinese medicine, has been shown to be cardioprotective in both humans and animals following ischemic injury, although its precise mechanism remains unclear. To investigate whether TGC can improve cardiac remodeling in the post-infarct heart, adult C57/BL6 mice underwent coronary artery ligation and were administered TGC or vehicle (saline) for 6 weeks. The results demonstrated that the TGC group showed significant improvement in survival ratio and cardiac function and structure as compared to the vehicle group. Histological and western blot analyses revealed decreased cellular inflammation and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes of the TGC group. Furthermore, TGC upregulated the Atg5 expression and LC3II-to-LC3I ratio but downregulated autophagy adaptor p62 expression, suggesting that TGC led to increased autophagic flux. Interestingly, with the administration of 3-methyladenine, an autophagy inhibitor, in conjunction with TGC, the aforesaid effects significantly decreased. Further mechanistic studies revealed that TGC increased silent information regulator 1 (Sirt1) expression to reduce the phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin and its downstream effectors P70S6K and 4EBP1. Moreover, the induction of Sirt1 by TGC was inhibited by the specific inhibitor EX527. In the presence of EX527, TGC-induced autophagy-specific proteins were downregulated, while apoptotic and inflammatory factors were upregulated. In summary, our results demonstrate that TGC improved cardiac remodeling in a murine model of MI by preventing cardiomyocyte inflammation and apoptosis but enhancing autophagy through Sirt1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Mao
- Key Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Peipei Chen
- Key Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Li
- Key Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liheng Guo
- Key Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minzhou Zhang
- Key Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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126
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Mitchell R, Hopcroft LEM, Baquero P, Allan EK, Hewit K, James D, Hamilton G, Mukhopadhyay A, O’Prey J, Hair A, Melo JV, Chan E, Ryan KM, Maguer-Satta V, Druker BJ, Clark RE, Mitra S, Herzyk P, Nicolini FE, Salomoni P, Shanks E, Calabretta B, Holyoake TL, Helgason GV. Targeting BCR-ABL-Independent TKI Resistance in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia by mTOR and Autophagy Inhibition. J Natl Cancer Inst 2018; 110:467-478. [PMID: 29165716 PMCID: PMC5946859 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Imatinib and second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) nilotinib and dasatinib have statistically significantly improved the life expectancy of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients; however, resistance to TKIs remains a major clinical challenge. Although ponatinib, a third-generation TKI, improves outcomes for patients with BCR-ABL-dependent mechanisms of resistance, including the T315I mutation, a proportion of patients may have or develop BCR-ABL-independent resistance and fail ponatinib treatment. By modeling ponatinib resistance and testing samples from these CML patients, it is hoped that an alternative drug target can be identified and inhibited with a novel compound. Methods Two CML cell lines with acquired BCR-ABL-independent resistance were generated following culture in ponatinib. RNA sequencing and gene ontology (GO) enrichment were used to detect aberrant transcriptional response in ponatinib-resistant cells. A validated oncogene drug library was used to identify US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs with activity against TKI-resistant cells. Validation was performed using bone marrow (BM)-derived cells from TKI-resistant patients (n = 4) and a human xenograft mouse model (n = 4-6 mice per group). All statistical tests were two-sided. Results We show that ponatinib-resistant CML cells can acquire BCR-ABL-independent resistance mediated through alternative activation of mTOR. Following transcriptomic analysis and drug screening, we highlight mTOR inhibition as an alternative therapeutic approach in TKI-resistant CML cells. Additionally, we show that catalytic mTOR inhibitors induce autophagy and demonstrate that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of autophagy sensitizes ponatinib-resistant CML cells to death induced by mTOR inhibition in vitro (% number of colonies of control[SD], NVP-BEZ235 vs NVP-BEZ235+HCQ: 45.0[17.9]% vs 24.0[8.4]%, P = .002) and in vivo (median survival of NVP-BEZ235- vs NVP-BEZ235+HCQ-treated mice: 38.5 days vs 47.0 days, P = .04). Conclusion Combined mTOR and autophagy inhibition may provide an attractive approach to target BCR-ABL-independent mechanism of resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Autophagy/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate/administration & dosage
- Imidazoles/administration & dosage
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mice
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Pyridazines/administration & dosage
- Pyrimidines/administration & dosage
- Quinolines/administration & dosage
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Mitchell
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lisa E M Hopcroft
- Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Pablo Baquero
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Elaine K Allan
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kay Hewit
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel James
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Graham Hamilton
- Glasgow Polyomics, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Arunima Mukhopadhyay
- Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jim O’Prey
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alan Hair
- Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Junia V Melo
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia and Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Edmond Chan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Brian J Druker
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR
| | - Richard E Clark
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Subir Mitra
- Department of Haematology, Milton Keynes Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Pawel Herzyk
- Glasgow Polyomics, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Franck E Nicolini
- Hématologie Clinique 1G, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Paolo Salomoni
- Samantha Dickson Brain Cancer Unit, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, London, UK
| | - Emma Shanks
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia and Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Bruno Calabretta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tessa L Holyoake
- Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - G Vignir Helgason
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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GFRA1: A Novel Molecular Target for the Prevention of Osteosarcoma Chemoresistance. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041078. [PMID: 29617307 PMCID: PMC5979596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked GDNF (glial cell derived neurotrophic factor) receptor alpha (GFRA), a coreceptor that recognizes the GDNF family of ligands, has a crucial role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system. Of the four identified GFRA isoforms, GFRA1 specifically recognizes GDNF and is involved in the regulation of proliferation, differentiation, and migration of neuronal cells. GFRA1 has also been implicated in cancer cell progression and metastasis. Recent findings show that GFRA1 can contribute to the development of chemoresistance in osteosarcoma. GFRA1 expression was induced following treatment of osteosarcoma cells with the popular anticancer drug, cisplatin and induction of GFRA1 expression significantly suppressed apoptosis mediated by cisplatin in osteosarcoma cells. GFRA1 expression promotes autophagy by activating the SRC-AMPK signaling axis following cisplatin treatment, resulting in enhanced osteosarcoma cell survival. GFRA1-induced autophagy promoted tumor growth in mouse xenograft models, suggesting a novel function of GFRA1 in osteosarcoma chemoresistance.
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128
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Liu S, Li X, Li Q, Liu H, Shi Y, Zhuo H, Li C, Zhu H. Silencing Livin improved the sensitivity of colon cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil by regulating crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:7707-7715. [PMID: 29740490 PMCID: PMC5934728 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. Currently, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) remains a widely used chemotherapeutic drug in the treatment of CRC; however, 5-FU resistance during treatment has become a common problem. Livin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, is considered to be associated with tumor resistance to chemotherapy. In the present study, Livin-silenced cells were generated by introducing a lentivirus into HCT116 and SW620 colon cancer cell lines. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining was used as an indicator of cell death. Western blot analysis was performed to detect protein expression levels, and transmission electron microscopy was used to assess autophagy. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 5-FU in colon cancer cells was evaluated using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. The results of the present study confirmed that silencing Livin significantly enhanced colon cancer cell death in the presence of 5-FU, increased expression levels of various apoptosis- and autophagy-associated proteins and augmented chemotherapeutic sensitivity to 5-FU. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated that this effect may be reversed when autophagy or apoptosis was inhibited, indicating that apoptosis and autophagy were involved in this process. The protein kinase B signaling pathway and B-cell lymphoma-2 expression levels significantly decreased following Livin knockdown, suggesting they may contribute to the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy crosstalk, which caused the Livin knockdown-induced cell death observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, Yucheng People's Hospital, Yucheng, Shandong 251200, P.R. China
| | - Hongjun Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yulong Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Hongqing Zhuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Chensheng Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Services, Kaifeng Children's Hospital of Henan Province, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China
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129
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Castets P, Frank S, Sinnreich M, Rüegg MA. "Get the Balance Right": Pathological Significance of Autophagy Perturbation in Neuromuscular Disorders. J Neuromuscul Dis 2018; 3:127-155. [PMID: 27854220 PMCID: PMC5271579 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-160153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has revealed that autophagy, a major catabolic process in cells, is dysregulated in several neuromuscular diseases and contributes to the muscle wasting caused by non-muscle disorders (e.g. cancer cachexia) or during aging (i.e. sarcopenia). From there, the idea arose to interfere with autophagy or manipulate its regulatory signalling to help restore muscle homeostasis and attenuate disease progression. The major difficulty for the development of therapeutic strategies is to restore a balanced autophagic flux, due to the dynamic nature of autophagy. Thus, it is essential to better understand the mechanisms and identify the signalling pathways at play in the control of autophagy in skeletal muscle. A comprehensive analysis of the autophagic flux and of the causes of its dysregulation is required to assess the pathogenic role of autophagy in diseased muscle. Furthermore, it is essential that experiments distinguish between primary dysregulation of autophagy (prior to disease onset) and impairments as a consequence of the pathology. Of note, in most muscle disorders, autophagy perturbation is not caused by genetic modification of an autophagy-related protein, but rather through indirect alteration of regulatory signalling or lysosomal function. In this review, we will present the mechanisms involved in autophagy, and those ensuring its tight regulation in skeletal muscle. We will then discuss as to how autophagy dysregulation contributes to the pathogenesis of neuromuscular disorders and possible ways to interfere with this process to limit disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan Frank
- Institute of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Sinnreich
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Departments of Neurology and Biomedicine, Pharmazentrum, Basel, Switzerland
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130
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Tomas-Hernández S, Blanco J, Rojas C, Roca-Martínez J, Ojeda-Montes MJ, Beltrán-Debón R, Garcia-Vallvé S, Pujadas G, Arola L, Mulero M. Resveratrol Potently Counteracts Quercetin Starvation-Induced Autophagy and Sensitizes HepG2 Cancer Cells to Apoptosis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62. [PMID: 29336118 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Resveratrol (RSV) has been described as a potent antioxidant, antisteatotic, and antitumor compound, and it has also been identified as a potent autophagy inducer. On the other hand, quercetin (QCT) is a dietary flavonoid with known antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects. Additionally, QCT increases autophagy. To study the hypothetical synergistic effect of both compounds, we test the combined effect of QCT and RSV on the autophagy process in HepG2 cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Autophagy is studied by western blotting, real-time RT-PCR, and cellular staining. Our results clearly indicate a bifunctional molecular effect of RSV. Both polyphenols are individually able to promote autophagy. Strikingly, when RSV is combined with QCT, it promotes a potent reduction of QCT-induced autophagy and influences proapoptotic signaling. CONCLUSION RSV acts differentially on the autophagic process depending on the cellular energetic state. We further characterize the molecular mechanisms related to this effect, and we observe that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) downregulation, lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), and Zinc (Zn2+ ) dynamics could be important modulators of such RSV-related effects and could globally represent a promising strategy to sensitize cancer cells to QCT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Tomas-Hernández
- Cheminformatic and Nutrition Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jordi Blanco
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Cristina Rojas
- Cheminformatic and Nutrition Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Joel Roca-Martínez
- Cheminformatic and Nutrition Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
| | - María José Ojeda-Montes
- Cheminformatic and Nutrition Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Raúl Beltrán-Debón
- Cheminformatic and Nutrition Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Santiago Garcia-Vallvé
- Cheminformatic and Nutrition Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain.,Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, EURECAT-Technological Center of Catalonia, Reus, Spain
| | - Gerard Pujadas
- Cheminformatic and Nutrition Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain.,Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, EURECAT-Technological Center of Catalonia, Reus, Spain
| | - Lluís Arola
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain.,Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, EURECAT-Technological Center of Catalonia, Reus, Spain
| | - Miquel Mulero
- Cheminformatic and Nutrition Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
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131
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Roh JI, Kim Y, Oh J, Kim Y, Lee J, Lee J, Chun KH, Lee HW. Hexokinase 2 is a molecular bridge linking telomerase and autophagy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193182. [PMID: 29462198 PMCID: PMC5819818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is systematically regulated by upstream factors and nutrients. Recent studies reported that telomerase and hexokinase 2 [HK2) regulate autophagy through mTOR and that telomerase has the capacity to bind to the HK2 promoter. However, the molecular linkage among telomerase, HK2, and autophagy is not fully understood. Here, we show that HK2 connects telomerase to autophagy. HK2 inhibition in HepG2 cells suppressed TERT-induced autophagy activation and further enhancement by glucose deprivation. The HK2 downstream factor mTOR was responsible for the TERT-induced autophagy activation under glucose deprivation, implying that TERT promotes autophagy through an HK2-mTOR pathway. TERC played a role similar to that of TERT, and simultaneous expression of TERT and TERC synergistically enhanced HK2 expression and autophagy. At the gene level, TERT bound to the HK2 promoter at a specific region harboring the telomerase-responsive sequence ‘TTGGG.’ Mutagenesis of TERC and the TERT-responsive element in the HK2 promoter revealed that TERC is required for the binding of TERT to the HK2 promoter. We demonstrate the existence of a telomerase-HK2-mTOR-autophagy axis and suggest that inhibition of the interaction between telomerase and the HK2 promoter diminishes glucose starvation-induced autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-il Roh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology and Yonsei Laboratory Animal Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology and Yonsei Laboratory Animal Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jahyun Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology and Yonsei Laboratory Animal Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunmi Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology and Yonsei Laboratory Animal Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology and Yonsei Laboratory Animal Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology and Yonsei Laboratory Animal Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Chun
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Woong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology and Yonsei Laboratory Animal Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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132
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Wang B, Ding W, Zhang M, Li H, Guo H, Lin L, Chen J, Gu Y. Role of FOXO1 in aldosterone-induced autophagy: a compensatory protective mechanism related to podocyte injury. Oncotarget 2018; 7:45331-45351. [PMID: 27244896 PMCID: PMC5216726 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to elucidate whether and how autophagy was regulated in aldosterone (Aldo)-induced podocyte injury and to examine its role in this model both in vitro and in vivo. In cultured podocytes, Aldo increased autophagy flux as indicated by the enhanced expression of LC3-II/LC3-I and the reduction of p62. Autophagy induction with rapamycin (RP) provided a cytoprotective effect, and inhibition of autophagy with Atg7-specific siRNA, chloroquine (CQ) or 3-methyladenine (3-MA) worsened Aldo-induced podocyte injury by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Aldo inhibited Akt phosphorylation but increased the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway; however, Aldo up-regulated the expression of FOXO1 and its downstream effector Rab7. Either knockdown of FOXO1 or Rab7 inhibited Aldo-induced autophagy. Additionally, an elevated level of P300-regulated acetylation of FOXO1 and the interaction of acetylated FOXO1 and Atg7 were also confirmed to be involved in regulating autophagy in Aldo-induced podocytes. Similar results were further confirmed in vivo. We propose that autophagy enhancement through enhancing of the FOXO1/Rab7 axis and post-translational modification of FOXO1 may represent a potential therapeutic strategy against podocyte injury by promoting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Nephrology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minmin Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Nephrology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Division of Nephrology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglei Guo
- Division of Nephrology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lilu Lin
- Division of Nephrology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Nephrology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Nephrology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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133
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Autophagy in Stem Cell Biology: A Perspective on Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Differentiation. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:9131397. [PMID: 29765428 PMCID: PMC5896318 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9131397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular process that degrades modified, surplus, or harmful cytoplasmic components by sequestering them in autophagosomes which then fuses with the lysosome for degradation. As a major intracellular degradation and recycling pathway, autophagy is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis, as well as for remodeling during normal development. Impairment of this process has been implicated in various diseases, in the pathogenic response to bacterial and viral infections, and in aging. Pluripotent stem cells, with their ability to self-replicate and to give rise to any specialized cell type, are very valuable resources for cell-based medical therapies and open a number of promising avenues for studying human development and disease. It has been suggested that autophagy is vital for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis in stem cells, and subsequently more in-depth knowledge about the regulation of autophagy in stem cell biology has been acquired recently. In this review, we describe the most significant advances in the understanding of autophagy regulation in hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells, as well as in induced pluripotent stem cells. In particular, we highlight the roles of various autophagy activities in the regulation of self-renewal and differentiation of these stem cells.
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134
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Jennewein L, Ronellenfitsch MW, Antonietti P, Ilina EI, Jung J, Stadel D, Flohr LM, Zinke J, von Renesse J, Drott U, Baumgarten P, Braczynski AK, Penski C, Burger MC, Theurillat JP, Steinbach JP, Plate KH, Dikic I, Fulda S, Brandts C, Kögel D, Behrends C, Harter PN, Mittelbronn M. Diagnostic and clinical relevance of the autophago-lysosomal network in human gliomas. Oncotarget 2018; 7:20016-32. [PMID: 26956048 PMCID: PMC4991435 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the conserved intracellular digestion mechanism ‘autophagy’ has been considered to be involved in early tumorigenesis and its blockade proposed as an alternative treatment approach. However, there is an ongoing debate about whether blocking autophagy has positive or negative effects in tumor cells. Since there is only poor data about the clinico-pathological relevance of autophagy in gliomas in vivo, we first established a cell culture based platform for the in vivo detection of the autophago-lysosomal components. We then investigated key autophagosomal (LC3B, p62, BAG3, Beclin1) and lysosomal (CTSB, LAMP2) molecules in 350 gliomas using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, immunoblotting and qPCR. Autophagy was induced pharmacologically or by altering oxygen and nutrient levels. Our results show that autophagy is enhanced in astrocytomas as compared to normal CNS tissue, but largely independent from the WHO grade and patient survival. A strong upregulation of LC3B, p62, LAMP2 and CTSB was detected in perinecrotic areas in glioblastomas suggesting micro-environmental changes as a driver of autophagy induction in gliomas. Furthermore, glucose restriction induced autophagy in a concentration-dependent manner while hypoxia or amino acid starvation had considerably lesser effects. Apoptosis and autophagy were separately induced in glioma cells both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, our findings indicate that autophagy in gliomas is rather driven by micro-environmental changes than by primary glioma-intrinsic features thus challenging the concept of exploitation of the autophago-lysosomal network (ALN) as a treatment approach in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Jennewein
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael W Ronellenfitsch
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Antonietti
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Elena I Ilina
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jennifer Jung
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniela Stadel
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lisa-Marie Flohr
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jenny Zinke
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Janusz von Renesse
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulrich Drott
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter Baumgarten
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anne K Braczynski
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Cornelia Penski
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael C Burger
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Joachim P Steinbach
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Plate
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ivan Dikic
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Brandts
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Donat Kögel
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Behrends
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Patrick N Harter
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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135
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Ábrigo J, Elorza AA, Riedel CA, Vilos C, Simon F, Cabrera D, Estrada L, Cabello-Verrugio C. Role of Oxidative Stress as Key Regulator of Muscle Wasting during Cachexia. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:2063179. [PMID: 29785242 PMCID: PMC5896211 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2063179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a pathological condition mainly characterized by a loss of muscular mass and the contractile capacity of the skeletal muscle as a consequence of muscular weakness and decreased force generation. Cachexia is defined as a pathological condition secondary to illness characterized by the progressive loss of muscle mass with or without loss of fat mass and with concomitant diminution of muscle strength. The molecular mechanisms involved in cachexia include oxidative stress, protein synthesis/degradation imbalance, autophagy deregulation, increased myonuclear apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Oxidative stress is one of the most common mechanisms of cachexia caused by different factors. It results in increased ROS levels, increased oxidation-dependent protein modification, and decreased antioxidant system functions. In this review, we will describe the importance of oxidative stress in skeletal muscles, its sources, and how it can regulate protein synthesis/degradation imbalance, autophagy deregulation, increased myonuclear apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction involved in cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Ábrigo
- 1Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- 2Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alvaro A. Elorza
- 2Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
- 3Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- 1Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- 2Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Vilos
- 4Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Targeted Delivery, Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science, Faculty of Medicine, and Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- 5Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- 1Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- 2Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Cabrera
- 6Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- 7Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lisbell Estrada
- 8Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- 1Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- 2Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
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136
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Watanabe R, Kimura N. Non-suckling starvation of neonatal mice promotes primordial follicle formation with activation of ovarian autophagy. J Reprod Dev 2017; 64:89-94. [PMID: 29269608 PMCID: PMC5830363 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2017-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Around the time of oocyte meiotic arrest, germ cell nest breakdown occurs, and primordial follicle (PF) formation is initiated at the perinatal stage. Recently, autophagy was implicated in this process. Autophagy is
induced by nutrient starvation. This study was conducted to understand how starvation affects PF formation and autophagy induction during neonatal life. Suckling of neonatal female mice was blocked immediately after
birth for 12–36 h to induce starvation. The numbers of PFs at each stage were subsequently counted from serial sections of ovaries. The expression of autophagy-related proteins was also evaluated. The number of PFs
peaked at 60 h after birth in the control group. The numbers for the starvation groups were significantly higher than those for the control groups at 12 and 36 h. LC3B was clearly present in the oocyte cytoplasm. At 36 h
after birth, the starvation group showed a higher rate of LC3II/LC3-I expression as a marker for autophagy. Moreover, the expression of p62 as a selective substrate for autophagy decreased compared to the control group.
The expression of caspase-9 as a marker for apoptosis tended to be lower at 36 h in the starvation groups. These results indicate that starvation promotes PF formation with a concomitant activation of autophagy in early
neonatal ovaries, suggesting that autophagy induction during follicle assembly might increase the number of PFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Watanabe
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Research Fellowships for Young Scientists, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Kimura
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan
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137
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Seveau S, Turner J, Gavrilin MA, Torrelles JB, Hall-Stoodley L, Yount JS, Amer AO. Checks and Balances between Autophagy and Inflammasomes during Infection. J Mol Biol 2017; 430:174-192. [PMID: 29162504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy and inflammasome complex assembly are physiological processes that control homeostasis, inflammation, and immunity. Autophagy is a ubiquitous pathway that degrades cytosolic macromolecules or organelles, as well as intracellular pathogens. Inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes that assemble in the cytosol of cells upon detection of pathogen- or danger-associated molecular patterns. A critical outcome of inflammasome assembly is the activation of the cysteine protease caspase-1, which activates the pro-inflammatory cytokine precursors pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18. Studies on chronic inflammatory diseases, heart diseases, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis revealed that autophagy and inflammasomes intersect and regulate each other. In the context of infectious diseases, however, less is known about the interplay between autophagy and inflammasome assembly, although it is becoming evident that pathogens have evolved multiple strategies to inhibit and/or subvert these pathways and to take advantage of their intricate crosstalk. An improved appreciation of these pathways and their subversion by diverse pathogens is expected to help in the design of anti-infective therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Seveau
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Joanne Turner
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Mikhail A Gavrilin
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Luanne Hall-Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amal O Amer
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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138
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Wu Q, Wang X, Nepovimova E, Miron A, Liu Q, Wang Y, Su D, Yang H, Li L, Kuca K. Trichothecenes: immunomodulatory effects, mechanisms, and anti-cancer potential. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3737-3785. [PMID: 29152681 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Paradoxically, trichothecenes have both immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory effects. The underlying mechanisms have not been fully explored. Early studies show that dose, exposure timing, and the time at which immune function is assessed influence whether trichothecenes act in an immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory fashion. Recent studies suggest that the immunomodulatory function of trichothecenes is also actively shaped by competing cell-survival and death-signaling pathways. Autophagy may also promote trichothecene immunosuppression, although the mechanism may be complicated. Moreover, trichothecenes may generate an "immune evasion" milieu that allows pathogens to escape host and vaccine immune defenses. Some trichothecenes, especially macrocyclic trichothecenes, also potently kill cancer cells. T-2 toxin conjugated with anti-cancer monoclonal antibodies significantly suppresses the growth of thymoma EL-4 cells and colon cancer cells. The type B trichothecene diacetoxyscirpenol specifically inhibits the tumor-promoting factor HIF-1 in cancer cells under hypoxic conditions. Trichothecin markedly inhibits the growth of multiple cancer cells with constitutively activated NF-κB. The type D macrocyclic toxin Verrucarin A is also a promising therapeutic candidate for leukemia, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and pancreatic cancer. The anti-cancer activities of trichothecenes have not been comprehensively summarized. Here, we first summarize the data on the immunomodulatory effects of trichothecenes and discuss recent studies that shed light on the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. These mechanisms include autophagy and major signaling pathways and their crosstalk. Second, the anti-cancer potential of trichothecenes and the underlying mechanisms will be discussed. We hope that this review will show how trichothecene bioactivities can be exploited to generate therapies against pathogens and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China. .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Anca Miron
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa, Iasi, Romania
| | - Qianying Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yun Wang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Dongxiao Su
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Hualin Yang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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139
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Excessive glucocorticoid-induced muscle MuRF1 overexpression is independent of Akt/FoXO1 pathway. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20171056. [PMID: 29046370 PMCID: PMC5691142 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)-dependent proteolysis plays a major role in the muscle catabolic action of glucocorticoids (GCs). Atrogin-1 and muscle-specific RING finger protein 1 (MuRF1), two E3 ubiquitin ligases, are uniquely expressed in muscle. It has been previously demonstrated that GC treatment induced MuRF1 and atrogin-1 overexpression. However, it is yet unclear whether the higher pharmacological dose of GCs induced muscle protein catabolism through MuRF1 and atrogin-1. In the present study, the role of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 in C2C12 cells protein metabolism during excessive dexamethasone (DEX) was studied. The involvement of Akt/forkhead box O1 (FoXO1) signaling pathway and the cross-talk between anabolic regulator mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and catabolic regulator FoXO1 were investigated. High concentration of DEX increased MuRF1 protein level in a time-dependent fashion (P<0.05), while had no detectable effect on atrogin-1 protein (P>0.05). FoXO1/3a (Thr24/32) phosphorylation was enhanced (P<0.05), mTOR phosphorylation was suppressed (P<0.05), while Akt protein expression was not affected (P>0.05) by DEX. RU486 treatment inhibited the DEX-induced increase of FoXO1/3a phosphorylation (P<0.05) and MuRF1 protein; LY294002 (LY) did not restore the stimulative effect of DEX on the FoXO1/3a phosphorylation (P>0.05), but inhibited the activation of MuRF1 protein induced by DEX (P<0.05); rapamycin (RAPA) inhibited the stimulative effect of DEX on the FoXO1/3a phosphorylation and MuRF1 protein (P<0.05).
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140
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mTOR-Dependent Cell Proliferation in the Brain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7082696. [PMID: 29259984 PMCID: PMC5702949 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7082696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) is a molecular complex equipped with kinase activity which controls cell viability being key in the PI3K/PTEN/Akt pathway. mTOR acts by integrating a number of environmental stimuli to regulate cell growth, proliferation, autophagy, and protein synthesis. These effects are based on the modulation of different metabolic pathways. Upregulation of mTOR associates with various pathological conditions, such as obesity, neurodegeneration, and brain tumors. This is the case of high-grade gliomas with a high propensity to proliferation and tissue invasion. Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is a WHO grade IV malignant, aggressive, and lethal glioma. To date, a few treatments are available although the outcome of GBM patients remains poor. Experimental and pathological findings suggest that mTOR upregulation plays a major role in determining an aggressive phenotype, thus determining relapse and chemoresistance. Among several activities, mTOR-induced autophagy suppression is key in GBM malignancy. In this article, we discuss recent evidence about mTOR signaling and its role in normal brain development and pathological conditions, with a special emphasis on its role in GBM.
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141
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Lee TI, Bai KJ, Chen YC, Lee TW, Chung CC, Tsai WC, Tsao SY, Kao YH. Histone deacetylase inhibition of cardiac autophagy in rats on a high‑fat diet with low‑dose streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:594-601. [PMID: 29115461 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy serves a role in preserving cellular homeostasis. Diabetes mellitus (DM) impairs cardiac autophagy and is associated with an accumulation of cytotoxic proteins that may provoke apoptosis and damage cardiomyocytes. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors attenuate cardiac fibrosis and inflammation, and improve cardiomyopathy resulting from DM. However, the effect of HDAC inhibition on autophagy in DM cardiomyopathy has not been investigated. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether HDAC inhibition modulates cardiac autophagy and to investigate the potential mechanisms in type 2 DM (T2DM) hearts. Electrocardiography was used to evaluate cardiac function and western blotting was used to evaluate protein expression in autophagy, the serine/threonine protein kinase mTOR (mTOR) signaling pathway, poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1), insulin signaling, advanced glycosylation end product‑specific receptor (RAGE), and proinflammatory cytokines in control rats and in rats treated with a high‑fat diet (60% fat) and low‑dose streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) in order to induce T2DM, with or without an HDAC inhibitor (MPT0E014; 50 mg/kg/rat daily for 7 days). Compared with the control rats, T2DM and T2DM rats treated with MPT0E014 exhibited elevated blood glucose levels and similar body weights. However, T2DM rats treated with MPT0E014 and control rats had a smaller left ventricular end‑diastolic diameter compared with the T2DM rats. The control and T2DM rats treated with MPT0E014 had greater protein expression of cardiac phosphorylated (p)‑5' adenosine monophosphate‑activated protein kinase α 2, light chain 3‑II, Beclin‑1, glucose transporter 4, p‑protein kinase B, and insulin receptor substrate‑1 (Ser 307) compared with T2DM rats. In addition, control and T2DM rats treated with MPT0E014 had decreased cardiac protein expression of cleaved PARP1, p‑mTOR‑S2448, p‑P70S6K‑Thr‑389, RAGE, tumor necrosis factor‑α, and interleukin‑6 compared with T2DM rats. The present study demonstrated that MPT0E014 may improve cardiac function in T2DM rats by modulating myocardial autophagy, inflammation and insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-I Lee
- Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kuan-Jen Bai
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yao-Chang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ting-Wei Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei 11696, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Cheng-Chih Chung
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Chih Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Tzu‑Chi General Hospital, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu‑Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shin-Yi Tsao
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City 22174, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Hsun Kao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
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142
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Kang X, Yang W, Feng D, Jin X, Ma Z, Qian Z, Xie T, Li H, Liu J, Wang R, Li F, Li D, Sun H, Wu S. Cartilage-Specific Autophagy Deficiency Promotes ER Stress and Impairs Chondrogenesis in PERK-ATF4-CHOP-Dependent Manner. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:2128-2141. [PMID: 28304100 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is activated during nutritionally depleted or hypoxic conditions to facilitate cell survival. Because growth plate is an avascular and hypoxic tissue, autophagy may have a crucial role during chondrogenesis; however, the functional role and underlying mechanism of autophagy in regulation of growth plate remains elusive. In this study, we generated TamCart Atg7-/- (Atg7cKO) mice to explore the role of autophagy during endochondral ossification. Atg7cKO mice exhibited growth retardation associated with reduced chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, and increased chondrocyte apoptosis. Meanwhile, we observed that Atg7 ablation mainly induced the PERK-ATF4-CHOP axis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response in growth plate chondrocytes. Although Atg7 ablation induced ER stress in growth plate chondrocytes, the addition of phenylbutyric acid (PBA), a chemical chaperone known to attenuate ER stress, partly neutralized such effects of Atg7 ablation on longitudinal bone growth, indicating the causative interaction between autophagy and ER stress in growth plate. Consistent with these findings in vivo, we also observed that Atg7 ablation in cultured chondrocytes resulted in defective autophagy, elevated ER stress, decreased chondrocytes proliferation, impaired expression of col10a1, MMP-13, and VEGFA for chondrocyte differentiation, and increased chondrocyte apoptosis, while such effects were partly nullified by reduction of ER stress with PBA. In addition, Atg7 ablation-mediated impaired chondrocyte function (chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis) was partly reversed in CHOP-/- cells, indicating the causative role of the PERK-ATF4-CHOP axis of the ER stress response in the action of autophagy deficiency in chondrocytes. In conclusion, our findings indicate that autophagy deficiency may trigger ER stress in growth plate chondrocytes and contribute to growth retardation, thus implicating autophagy as an important regulator during chondrogenesis and providing new insights into the clinical potential of autophagy in cartilage homeostasis. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Kang
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongxu Feng
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Jin
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengmin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Qian
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianping Xie
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Huixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Danhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shufang Wu
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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143
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Canonical and Non-Canonical Autophagy in HIV-1 Replication Cycle. Viruses 2017; 9:v9100270. [PMID: 28946621 PMCID: PMC5691622 DOI: 10.3390/v9100270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal-dependent degradative process essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis, and is a key player in innate and adaptive immune responses to intracellular pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In HIV-1 target cells, autophagy mechanisms can (i) selectively direct viral proteins and viruses for degradation; (ii) participate in the processing and presentation of viral-derived antigens through major histocompatibility complexes; and (iii) contribute to interferon production in response to HIV-1 infection. As a consequence, HIV-1 has evolved different strategies to finely regulate the autophagy pathway to favor its replication and dissemination. HIV-1 notably encodes accessory genes encoding Tat, Nef and Vpu proteins, which are able to perturb and hijack canonical and non-canonical autophagy mechanisms. This review outlines the current knowledge on the complex interplay between autophagy and HIV-1 replication cycle, providing an overview of the autophagy-mediated molecular processes deployed both by infected cells to combat the virus and by HIV-1 to evade antiviral response.
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144
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Xue R, Jiang J, Dong B, Tan W, Sun Y, Zhao J, Chen Y, Dong Y, Liu C. DJ-1 activates autophagy in the repression of cardiac hypertrophy. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 633:124-132. [PMID: 28941803 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is the risk factor of heart failure when the heart is confronted with pressure overload or neurohumoral stimuli. Autophagy, a conserved degradative pathway, is one of the important mechanisms involved in the regulation of cardiac hypertrophy. DJ-1 is a traditional anti-oxidative protein and emerging evidence suggested that DJ-1 might modulate autophagy. However, the regulation of autophagy by DJ-1 in the process of cardiac hypertrophy remains unknown. In our study, we firstly discovered that the expression of DJ-1declined in the process of pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy, and its alteration was parallel with the impairment of autophagy. Furthermore, we proved that DJ-1 knockout mice exhibited a more hypertrophied phenotype than wildtype mice in cardiac hypertrophy which indicated that DJ-1 is responsible for the repression of cardiac hypertrophy. Furthermore, DJ-1 knockout significantly exacerbated pulmonary edema due to cardiac hypertrophy. In the process of cardiac hypertrophy, DJ-1 knockout significantly impaired autophagy activation and enhanced mTORC1 and mTORC2 phosphorylation were found. Similarly, our in vitro study proved that DJ-1 overexpression ameliorated phenylephrine (PE)-induced cardiac hypertrophy and promoted autophagy activation. Taken together, DJ-1 might repress both pressure overload and PE-induced cardiac hypertrophy via the activation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicong Xue
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingzhou Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Dong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiping Tan
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yili Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yugang Dong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China.
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145
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Baek SH, Kim KI. Epigenetic Control of Autophagy: Nuclear Events Gain More Attention. Mol Cell 2017; 65:781-785. [PMID: 28257699 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process. Although the components of autophagy in cytoplasm have been well-studied, the molecular basis for the epigenetic regulation of autophagy is poorly understood. It is becoming more important to propose a "whole-cell view" of autophagy embracing both cytoplasmic and nuclear events. Thus, it is great timing to summarize current status and discuss future direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Baek
- Creative Research Initiatives Center for Chromatin Dynamics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
| | - Keun Il Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, South Korea.
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146
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Yang L, Chen Y, Yu Z, Pan W, Wang H, Li N, Tang B. Dual-Ratiometric Fluorescent Nanoprobe for Visualizing the Dynamic Process of pH and Superoxide Anion Changes in Autophagy and Apoptosis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:27512-27521. [PMID: 28770609 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are closely associated with various pathological and physiological processes in cell cycles. Investigating the dynamic changes of intracellular active molecules in autophagy and apoptosis is of great significance for clarifying their inter-relationship and regulating mechanism in many diseases. In this study, we develop a dual-ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe for quantitatively differentiating the dynamic process of superoxide anion (O2•-) and pH changes in autophagy and apoptosis in HeLa cells. A rhodamine B-loaded mesoporous silica core was used as the reference, and fluorescence probes for pH and O2•- measurement were doped in the outer layer shell of SiO2. Then, chitosan and triphenylphosphonium were modified on the surface of SiO2. The experimental results showed that the nanoprobe is able to simultaneously and precisely visualize the changes of mitochondrial O2•- and pH in HeLa cells. The kinetics data revealed that the changes of pH and O2•- during autophagy and apoptosis in HeLa cells were significantly different. The pH value was decreased at the early stage of apoptosis and autophagy, whereas the O2•- level was enhanced at the early stage of apoptosis and almost unchanged at the initial stage of autophagy. At the late stage of apoptosis and autophagy, the concentration of O2•- was increased, whereas the pH was decreased at the late stage of autophagy and almost unchanged at the late stage of apoptosis. We hope that the present results provide useful information for studying the effects of O2•- and pH in autophagy and apoptosis in various pathological conditions and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Zhengze Yu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Wei Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014, P. R. China
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147
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Lou Y, Yu W, Han L, Yang S, Wang Y, Ren T, Yu J, Zhao A. ROS activates autophagy in follicular granulosa cells via mTOR pathway to regulate broodiness in goose. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 185:97-103. [PMID: 28866373 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Broodiness causes reduced reproductive ability in poultry, but its regulatory mechanism remains poorly understood. ROS (reactive oxygen species) and autophagy are important for follicular development, and the interaction between the two may play a role in regulating broodiness. We examined goose follicles for ROS and oxidation scavenger activities during the egg-laying and broody stages. The follicular granulosa cells were exposed to media containing H2O2, and the interactions between ROS and autophagy in follicular granulosa cells in vitro were analyzed using a Western blot method. We found that the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were enhanced and the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased in broody goose follicles. H2O2 inhibited the cell viability and induced autophagy. Furthermore, it was also found that H2O2 regulated autophagy by reducing mTOR and increasing p53; however, H2O2 had no impact on Beclin1 or ATG12. It was also shown that the enhanced autophagy lessened ROS-induced damages. We conclude that ROS and autophagy both played important roles in regulating follicular development to control broodiness in geese, and ROS activated autophagy in follicular granulosa cells via the mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Lou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, 88 Huanbei Road, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Wensai Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, 88 Huanbei Road, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Lu Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, 88 Huanbei Road, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Songbai Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, 88 Huanbei Road, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Yali Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, 88 Huanbei Road, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Ting Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, 88 Huanbei Road, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Jing Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, 88 Huanbei Road, Lin'an 311300, China.
| | - Ayong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, 88 Huanbei Road, Lin'an 311300, China.
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148
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Protective effect of p53 on the viability of intervertebral disc nucleus pulposus cells under low glucose condition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 490:1414-1419. [PMID: 28709868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
P53 is a famous cancer suppressor and plays key roles in metabolism. Intervertebral disc (IVD) is the largest avascular cartilaginous structure in humans and its degeneration is a common cause of spine diseases initiated from damaged nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. The potential cause of disc degeneration has been attributed to aging, genetic factors, mechanical factors and nutrition. In this study, we found that p53 decreased and leaked to the cytoplasm in NP cells as the glucose level decreases, in contrast to cancer cells in which p53 increases and concentrates to the nuclei. Comparing with in p53 knockdown NP cells, relative high p53 expression in normal control NP cells inhibited autophagy and the pentose phosphate pathway. Furthermore, the expression of Sox 9 and type II collagen were higher in p53 normal control than p53 knockdown NP cells. Based on these results, we believe that relative high p53 facilitates NP cell viability and integrity.
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149
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Jinushi M, Morita T, Xu Z, Kinoshita I, Dosaka-Akita H, Yagita H, Kawakami Y. Autophagy-dependent regulation of tumor metastasis by myeloid cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179357. [PMID: 28686632 PMCID: PMC5501406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a vital process controlling the lysosomal degradation of cellular organelles and thereby regulating tissue homeostasis in an environment-dependent fashion. Recent studies have unveiled the critical role of tumor cell-derived autophagy in regulating pro-tumor and anti-tumor processes depending on different stages and tumor microenvironments. However, the precise mechanism whereby autophagy regulates tumor progression remains largely unclear. Since myeloid cells contribute to tumor progression and metastasis, we evaluated the role of myeloid cell-specific autophagy in the regulation of tumor progression. We found that the number and size of metastatic lesions were smaller in myeloid cell-specific autophagy-deficient mice. Furthermore, autophagy-mediated regulation of TGF-β in myeloid cells was associated with the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which increases the invasive and metastatic potentials of tumor cells. Myeloid-derived autophagy also plays a critical role in impairing antitumor immune responses and promoting the survival and accumulation of M2 macrophages in tumor tissues in a CSF-1 and TGF-β-dependent manner. Taken together, our findings elucidate previously unrecognized mechanisms by which myeloid cells promote tumor progression through autophagy-mediated regulation of malignancy and immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahisa Jinushi
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tomoko Morita
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Zhihang Xu
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College of Tianjin, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TianJin, China
| | - Ichiro Kinoshita
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Dosaka-Akita
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawakami
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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150
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Protective effect of electroacupuncture on neurons autophagy in perfusion period of cerebral ischemia. Neurosci Lett 2017; 661:41-45. [PMID: 28663053 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) is an important treatment method in Chinese traditional medicine. The main purpose of the investigation was to explore whether EA could improve cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (CI/R) via neurons' autophagy. 4-vessel occlusion (4-VO) was applied to establish cerebral ischemia model and reperfusion 12h, 24h and 48h respectively were conduct 3h later. TTC staining was applied to assess cerebral infarction area and the concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, SOD and MDA were detected by commercial kits. The expressions of autophagy-related protein LC3, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Beclin1 were measured by Western blot. EA treatment was given at "BaiHui", "MingMen" and "ZuSanLiXue". The obtained results from TTC showed that the severity of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion was improved with EA treatment. Oxidative and inflammatory damages were also alleviated with EA intervention. Meanwhile, western blot analysis revealed the decreased levels of LC3 and Beclin1 in EA rats, as well as the elevated level of mTOR. Besides, our previous study found that EA can enhance mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activity, reduce mitochondrial damage and inhibit neuronal apoptosis further. Thus, it is assumed that 4-VO-induced cerebral ischemia/reperfusion might be alleviated by EA through inhibiting neurons' excessive autophagy in reperfusion period.
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