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Kumar M, Garg H, Gupta N, Sharma A, Kaushal S, Kumar R, Dinda AK. Glucose- regulated protein 78 (GRP78) in renal cell carcinoma: A novel biomarker for predicting tumor behavior. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07300. [PMID: 34195416 PMCID: PMC8239724 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the mRNA and protein expression of GRP78 in tumor and serum of the RCC patients and compare with the controls and to correlate the expression with the grade and stage of RCC. Materials and methods A prospective cohort study involving 60 patients planned for radical/partial nephrectomy for primary RCC between July 2017 to June 2019. The RCC and adjacent non-tumorous renal tissues (Control) along with serum samples of patients were collected. Control for the serum samples is from the patients undergoing simple nephrectomy for non-functioning kidney due to benign etiology. The GRP78 expression was studied using RT-PCR for mRNA expression, Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for protein expression and using ELISA in serum for both the subjects and controls. Results Mean age of patients was 50.3 years. The mRNA and protein expression of GRP78 in tissue samples were significantly higher in RCC patients as compared to controls (p < 0.001). IHC also demonstrated significantly higher expression in tumour samples as compared to controls (p < 0.001). Circulatory levels of GRP78 in serum samples were also significantly increased (p < 0.0001) in RCC patients in comparison to control subjects. The expression of GRP78 in circulation significantly correlated with the pathological tumor stage (p = 0.03), grade of disease (p < 0.001). Conclusion The GRP78 in RCC is significantly upregulated both at molecular and protein level expression. The overexpression of GRP78 correlates with the stage and grade of disease, thereby, highlighting its prognostic ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Department of Urology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Harshit Garg
- Department of Urology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Kaushal
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Department of Urology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Kumar Dinda
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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102
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Macario AJL, Conway de Macario E. Chaperonins in cancer: Expression, function, and migration in extracellular vesicles. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 86:26-35. [PMID: 34087417 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The chaperonins CCT and Hsp60 are molecular chaperones, members of the chaperone system (CS). Chaperones are cytoprotective but if abnormal in quantity or quality they may cause diseases, the chaperonopathies. Here, recent advances in the understanding of CCT and Hsp60 in cancerology are briefly discussed, focusing on breast and brain cancers. CCT subunits, particularly CCT2, were increased in breast cancer cells and this correlated with tumor progression. Experimental induction of CCT2 increase was accompanied by an increase of CCT3, 4, and 5, providing another evidence for the interconnection between the members of the CS and the difficulties expected while manipulating one member with therapeutic purposes. Another in silico study demonstrated a direct correlation between the increase in the tumor tissue of the mRNA levels of all CCT subunits, except CCTB6, with bad prognosis. Studies with glioblastomas demonstrated an increase in the CCT subunits in the tumor tissue and in extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from them. Expression levels of CCT1, 2, 6A, and 7 were the most increased and markers of bad prognosis, particularly CCT6A. A method for measuring Hsp60 and related miRNA in exosomes from blood of patients with glioblastomas or other brain tumors was discussed, and the results indicate that the triad Hsp60-related miRNAs-exosomes has potential regarding diagnosis and patient monitoring. All these data provide a strong foundation for future studies on the role played by chaperonins in carcinogenesis and for fully developing their theranostics applications along with exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J L Macario
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA; Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Everly Conway de Macario
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
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103
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Induction of blood-circulating bile acids supports recovery from myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Blood Adv 2021; 4:1833-1843. [PMID: 32365188 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents can reduce bone marrow (BM) activity, causing myelosuppression, a common life-threatening complication of cancer treatment. It is challenging to predict the patients in whom prolonged myelosuppression will occur, resulting in a delay or discontinuation of the treatment protocol. An early indicator of recovery from myelosuppression would thus be highly beneficial in clinical settings. In this study, bile acids (BAs) were highly increased in the systemic circulation as a natural response during recovery from myelosuppression, supporting regeneration of BM cells. BA levels in the blood of pediatric cancer patients and mice treated with chemotherapeutic agents were increased, in synchrony with early proliferation of BM cells and recovery from myelosuppression. In a mouse model of altered BA composition, Cyp8b1 knockout mice, a subset of mice recovered poorly after chemotherapy. The poor recovery correlated with low levels and changes in composition of BAs in the liver and systemic circulation. Conversely, BA supplementation in chemotherapy-treated wild-type mice resulted in significantly improved recovery. The results suggest that part of the mechanism by which BAs support recovery is the suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways in expanding and recovering hematopoietic cells. The findings propose a novel role of BAs as early markers of recovery and active components of the recovery process after chemotherapy.
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104
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ER residential chaperone GRP78 unconventionally relocalizes to the cell surface via endosomal transport. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5179-5195. [PMID: 33974094 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03849-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite new advances on the functions of ER chaperones at the cell surface, the translocation mechanisms whereby these chaperones can escape from the ER to the cell surface are just emerging. Previously we reported that in many cancer types, upon ER stress, IRE1α binds to and triggers SRC activation resulting in KDEL receptor dispersion from the Golgi and suppression of retrograde transport. In this study, using a combination of molecular, biochemical, and imaging approaches, we discovered that in colon and lung cancer, upon ER stress, ER chaperones, such as GRP78 bypass the Golgi and unconventionally traffic to the cell surface via endosomal transport mediated by Rab GTPases (Rab4, 11 and 15). Such unconventional transport is driven by membrane fusion between ER-derived vesicles and endosomes requiring the v-SNARE BET1 and t-SNARE Syntaxin 13. Furthermore, GRP78 loading into ER-derived vesicles requires the co-chaperone DNAJC3 that is regulated by ER-stress induced PERK-AKT-mTOR signaling.
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105
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Descalzi-Montoya D, Montel RA, Smith K, Dziopa E, Darwich A, Yang Z, Bitsaktsis C, Korngold R, Sabatino D. Synthetic Antibody Mimics Based on Cancer-Targeting Immunostimulatory Peptides. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1589-1596. [PMID: 32964656 PMCID: PMC8191480 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
De novo cancer-targeting immunostimulatory peptides have been designed and developed as synthetic antibody mimics. A series of bifunctional peptides incorporating NKp30-binding and NK-cell-activating domains were synthesized as linear dimers and then extended into branching trimeric peptides by the incorporation of GRP78-targeting and tumor-cell-binding sequences. A selected trimeric peptide from this small set of peptides displayed binding capabilities on GRP78+ HepG2 and A549 target cells. Cell binding diminished in the presence of an anti-GRP78 peptide blocker, thus suggesting GRP78-binding dependence. Similarly, the selected trimeric peptide was also found to exhibit NK cell binding in an NKp30-dependent manner, which translated into NK cell activation as indicated by cytokine secretion. In co-culture, fluorescence microscopy revealed that the target GFP-expressing A549 cells were visibly associated with the effector NK cells when pre-activated with lead trimeric peptide. Accordingly, A549 cells were found to be compromised, as evidenced by the loss of GFP signal and notable detection of early-/late-stage apoptosis. Investigation of the immunological markers related to toxicity revealed detectable secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-8. Furthermore, administration of peptide-activated NK cells into A549-tumor-bearing mice resulted in a consistent decrease in tumor growth when compared to the untreated control group. Taken together, the identification of a lead trimeric peptide capable of targeting and activating NK cells' immunotoxicity directly towards GRP78+ /B7H6- tumors provides a novel proof-of-concept for the development of cancer-targeting immunostimulatory peptide ligands that mimic antibody-targeting and -activating functions related to cancer immunotherapy applications.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antibodies/chemistry
- Antibodies/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Peptides/chemical synthesis
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Peptides/therapeutic use
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante Descalzi-Montoya
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack-Meridian Health, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Rachel A Montel
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
| | - Keith Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
| | - Eugenia Dziopa
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack-Meridian Health, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Andrieh Darwich
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
| | - Zheng Yang
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack-Meridian Health, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Constantine Bitsaktsis
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
| | - Robert Korngold
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack-Meridian Health, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - David Sabatino
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
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106
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Rangel DF, Dubeau L, Park R, Chan P, Ha DP, Pulido MA, Mullen DJ, Vorobyova I, Zhou B, Borok Z, Offringa IA, Lee AS. Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone GRP78/BiP is critical for mutant Kras-driven lung tumorigenesis. Oncogene 2021; 40:3624-3632. [PMID: 33931739 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01791-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide and KRAS is the most commonly mutated gene in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein GRP78/BiP is a key endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein and a major pro-survival effector of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Analysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas database and immunostain of patient tissues revealed that compared to normal lung, GRP78 expression is generally elevated in human lung cancers, including tumors bearing the KRASG12D mutation. To test the requirement of GRP78 in human lung oncogenesis, we generated mouse models containing floxed Grp78 and Kras Lox-Stop-Lox G12D (KrasLSL-G12D) alleles. Simultaneous activation of the KrasG12D allele and knockout of the Grp78 alleles were achieved in the whole lung or selectively in lung alveolar epithelial type 2 cells known to be precursors for adenomas that progress to LUAD. Here we report that GRP78 haploinsufficiency is sufficient to suppress KrasG12D-mediated lung tumor progression and prolong survival. Furthermore, GRP78 knockdown in human lung cancer cell line A427 (KrasG12D/+) leads to activation of UPR and apoptotic markers and loss of cell viability. Our studies provide evidence that targeting GRP78 represents a novel therapeutic approach to suppress mutant KRAS-mediated lung tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Flores Rangel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Louis Dubeau
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Park
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Priscilla Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dat P Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mario A Pulido
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J Mullen
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ivetta Vorobyova
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beiyun Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zea Borok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ite A Offringa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amy S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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107
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Hsp60 Quantification in Human Gastric Mucosa Shows Differences between Pathologies with Various Degrees of Proliferation and Malignancy Grade. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11083582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Stomach diseases are an important sector of gastroenterology, including proliferative benign; premalignant; and malignant pathologies of the gastric mucosa, such as gastritis, hyperplastic polyps, metaplasia, dysplasia, and adenocarcinoma. There are data showing quantitative changes in chaperone system (CS) components in inflammatory pathologies and tumorigenesis, but their roles are poorly understood, and information pertaining to the stomach is scarce. Here, we report our findings on one CS component, the chaperone Hsp60, which we studied first considering its essential functions inside and outside mitochondria. Methods: We performed immunohistochemical experiments for Hsp60 in different samples of gastric mucosa. Results: The data obtained by quantitative analysis showed that the average percentages of Hsp60 were of 32.8 in normal mucosa; 33.5 in mild-to-moderate gastritis; 51.8 in severe gastritis; 58.5 in hyperplastic polyps; 67.0 in intestinal metaplasia; 89.4 in gastric dysplasia; and 92.5 in adenocarcinomas. Noteworthy were: (i) the difference between dysplasia and adenocarcinoma with the other pathologies; (ii) the progressive increase in Hsp60 from gastritis to hyperplastic polyp, gastric dysplasia, and gastric carcinoma; and (iii) the correlation of Hsp60 levels with histological patterns of cell proliferation and, especially, with tissue malignancy grades. Conclusions: This trend likely reflects the mounting need for cells for Hsp60 as they progress toward malignancy and is a useful indicator in differential diagnosis, as well as the call for research on the mechanisms underpinning the increase in Hsp60 and its possible roles in carcinogenesis.
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108
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Samanta S, Yang S, Debnath B, Xue D, Kuang Y, Ramkumar K, Lee AS, Ljungman M, Neamati N. The Hydroxyquinoline Analogue YUM70 Inhibits GRP78 to Induce ER Stress-Mediated Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1883-1895. [PMID: 33531374 PMCID: PMC8137563 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein, 78 kDa) is a key regulator of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling. Cancer cells are highly proliferative and have high demand for protein synthesis and folding, which results in significant stress on the ER. To respond to ER stress and maintain cellular homeostasis, cells activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) that promotes either survival or apoptotic death. Cancer cells utilize the UPR to promote survival and growth. In this study, we describe the discovery of a series of novel hydroxyquinoline GRP78 inhibitors. A representative analogue, YUM70, inhibited pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and showed in vivo efficacy in a pancreatic cancer xenograft model with no toxicity to normal tissues. YUM70 directly bound GRP78 and inactivated its function, resulting in ER stress-mediated apoptosis. A YUM70 analogue conjugated with BODIPY showed colocalization of the compound with GRP78 in the ER. Moreover, a YUM70-PROTAC (proteolysis targeting chimera) was synthesized to force degradation of GRP78 in pancreatic cancer cells. YUM70 showed a strong synergistic cytotoxicity with topotecan and vorinostat. Together, our study demonstrates that YUM70 is a novel inducer of ER stress, with preclinical efficacy as a monotherapy or in combination with topoisomerase and HDAC inhibitors in pancreatic cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies a novel ER stress inducer that binds GRP78 and inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating its potential as a therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Samanta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Suhui Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bikash Debnath
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ding Xue
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yuting Kuang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kavya Ramkumar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amy S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mats Ljungman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rogel Cancer Center, Center for RNA Biomedicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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109
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Amodio G, Pagliara V, Moltedo O, Remondelli P. Structural and Functional Significance of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Unfolded Protein Response Transducers and Chaperones at the Mitochondria-ER Contacts: A Cancer Perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:641194. [PMID: 33842465 PMCID: PMC8033034 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.641194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has emerged as a key coordinator of cellular homeostasis, thanks to its physical interconnection to almost all intracellular organelles. In particular, an intense and mutual crosstalk between the ER and mitochondria occurs at the mitochondria–ER contacts (MERCs). MERCs ensure a fine-tuned regulation of fundamental cellular processes, involving cell fate decision, mitochondria dynamics, metabolism, and proteostasis, which plays a pivotal role in the tumorigenesis and therapeutic response of cancer cells. Intriguingly, recent studies have shown that different components of the unfolded protein response (UPR) machinery, including PERK, IRE1α, and ER chaperones, localize at MERCs. These proteins appear to exhibit multifaceted roles that expand beyond protein folding and UPR transduction and are often related to the control of calcium fluxes to the mitochondria, thus acquiring relevance to cell survival and death. In this review, we highlight the novel functions played by PERK, IRE1α, and ER chaperones at MERCs focusing on their impact on tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Amodio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana," University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Valentina Pagliara
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana," University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Ornella Moltedo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Paolo Remondelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana," University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
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110
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Nagamine BS, Godil J, Dolan BP. The Unfolded Protein Response Reveals eIF2α Phosphorylation as a Critical Factor for Direct MHC Class I Antigen Presentation. Immunohorizons 2021; 5:135-146. [PMID: 33685907 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to modulate direct MHC class I (MHC I) Ag presentation is a desirable goal for the treatment of a variety of conditions, including autoimmune diseases, chronic viral infections, and cancers. It is therefore necessary to understand how changes in the cellular environment alter the cells' ability to present peptides to T cells. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a signaling pathway activated by the presence of excess unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Previous studies have indicated that chemical induction of the UPR decreases direct MHC I Ag presentation, but the precise mechanisms are unknown. In this study, we used a variety of small molecule modulators of different UPR signaling pathways to query which UPR signaling pathways can alter Ag presentation in both murine and human cells. When signaling through the PERK pathway, and subsequent eIF2α phosphorylation, was blocked by treatment with GSK2656157, MHC I Ag presentation remain unchanged, whereas treatment with salubrinal, which has the opposite effect of GSK2656157, decreases both Ag presentation and overall cell-surface MHC I levels. Treatment with 4μ8C, an inhibitor of the IRE1α UPR activation pathway that blocks splicing of Xbp1 mRNA, also diminished MHC I Ag presentation. However, 4μ8C treatment unexpectedly led to an increase in eIF2α phosphorylation in addition to blocking IRE1α signaling. Given that salubrinal and 4μ8C lead to eIF2α phosphorylation and similar decreases in Ag presentation, we conclude that UPR signaling through PERK, leading to eIF2α phosphorylation, results in a modest decrease in direct MHC I Ag presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy S Nagamine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Jamila Godil
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Brian P Dolan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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111
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Huang J, Pan H, Wang J, Wang T, Huo X, Ma Y, Lu Z, Sun B, Jiang H. Unfolded protein response in colorectal cancer. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:26. [PMID: 33514437 PMCID: PMC7844992 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00538-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a gastrointestinal malignancy originating from either the colon or the rectum. A growing number of researches prove that the unfolded protein response (UPR) is closely related to the occurrence and progression of colorectal cancer. The UPR has three canonical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transmembrane protein sensors: inositol requiring kinase 1 (IRE1), pancreatic ER eIF2α kinase (PERK), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). Each of the three pathways is closely associated with CRC development. The three pathways are relatively independent as well as interrelated. Under ER stress, the activated UPR boosts the protein folding capacity to maximize cell adaptation and survival, whereas sustained or excessive ER triggers cell apoptosis conversely. The UPR involves different stages of CRC pathogenesis, promotes or hinders the progression of CRC, and will pave the way for novel therapeutic and diagnostic approaches. Meanwhile, the correlation between different signal branches in UPR and the switch between the adaptation and apoptosis pathways still need to be further investigated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huayang Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinge Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & College of Nursing, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Huo
- Pediatrics Department of The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyang Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongchi Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China.
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Kim P, Scott MR, Meador-Woodruff JH. Dysregulation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in elderly patients with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1321-1331. [PMID: 31578497 PMCID: PMC7113111 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0537-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in protein localization, function, and posttranslational modifications are targets of schizophrenia (SCZ) research. As a major contributor to the synthesis, folding, trafficking, and modification of proteins, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is well-positioned to sense cellular stress. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an evolutionarily conserved adaptive reaction to environmental and pathological perturbation in ER function. The UPR is a highly orchestrated and complex cellular response, which is mediated through the ER chaperone protein, BiP, three known ER transmembrane stress sensors, protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor-6 (ATF6), inositol requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), and their downstream effectors. In this study, we measured protein expression and phosphorylation states of UPR sensor pathway proteins in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of 22 matched pairs of elderly SCZ and comparison subjects. We observed increased protein expression of BiP, decreased PERK, and decreased phosphorylation of IRE1α. We also observed decreased p-JNK2 and increased sXBP1, downstream targets of the IRE1α arm of the UPR. The disconnect between decreased p-IRE1α and increased sXBP1 protein expression led us to measure sXbp1 mRNA. We observed increased expression of the ratio of sXbp1/uXbp1 transcripts, suggesting that splicing of Xbp1 mRNA by IRE1α is increased and drives upregulation of sXBP1 protein expression. These findings suggest an abnormal pattern of UPR activity in SCZ, with specific dysregulation of the IRE1α arm. Dysfunction of this system may lead to abnormal responses to cellular stressors and contribute to protein processing abnormalities previously observed in SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitna Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Madeline R. Scott
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - James H. Meador-Woodruff
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
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113
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Carlos AJ, Ha DP, Yeh DW, Van Krieken R, Tseng CC, Zhang P, Gill P, Machida K, Lee AS. The chaperone GRP78 is a host auxiliary factor for SARS-CoV-2 and GRP78 depleting antibody blocks viral entry and infection. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100759. [PMID: 33965375 PMCID: PMC8102082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the COVID-19 global pandemic, utilizes the host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for viral entry. However, other host factors might also play important roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection, providing new directions for antiviral treatments. GRP78 is a stress-inducible chaperone important for entry and infectivity for many viruses. Recent molecular docking analyses revealed putative interaction between GRP78 and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (SARS-2-S). Here we report that GRP78 can form a complex with SARS-2-S and ACE2 on the surface and at the perinuclear region typical of the endoplasmic reticulum in VeroE6-ACE2 cells and that the substrate-binding domain of GRP78 is critical for this interaction. In vitro binding studies further confirmed that GRP78 can directly bind to the RBD of SARS-2-S and ACE2. To investigate the role of GRP78 in this complex, we knocked down GRP78 in VeroE6-ACE2 cells. Loss of GRP78 markedly reduced cell surface ACE2 expression and led to activation of markers of the unfolded protein response. Treatment of lung epithelial cells with a humanized monoclonal antibody (hMAb159) selected for its safe clinical profile in preclinical models depleted cell surface GRP78 and reduced cell surface ACE2 expression, as well as SARS-2-S-driven viral entry and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Our data suggest that GRP78 is an important host auxiliary factor for SARS-CoV-2 entry and infection and a potential target to combat this novel pathogen and other viruses that utilize GRP78 in combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Carlos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dat P Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Da-Wei Yeh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Richard Van Krieken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chun-Chih Tseng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Parkash Gill
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Keigo Machida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Amy S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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114
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Batzorig U, Wei PL, Wang W, Huang CY, Chang YJ. Glucose-Regulated Protein 94 Mediates the Proliferation and Metastasis through the Regulation of ETV1 and MAPK Pathway in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:2251-2261. [PMID: 33967600 PMCID: PMC8100635 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.56024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a worldwide health problem. Glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is known as an important endoplasmic reticulum-stress response protein that shows correlation with aggressive cancer behavior. However, the role of GRP94 in CRC is still unclear. Our results showed that silencing GRP94 (GRP94-KD) reduced cell proliferation, invasion and migration of CRC cells and suppressed tumorigenesis in the xenograft mouse model. Rescue assay showed that ETV1 overexpression reversed the effect of GRP94 on cell proliferation and migration. In the molecular mechanism, we found that knockdown of GRP94 inhibited the level of MAPK pathway, including ERK/p-ERK, JNK/p-JNK, and p38/p-p38 signals. Cyclooxygenase-2 and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation biomarkers, such as N-cadherin, vimentin, and β-catenin were suppressed in GRP94 knockdown cells. Treatment of specific inhibitors of MAPK pathway showed that ERK/p-ERK, and p38/p-p38 inhibitors significantly influenced ETV1 expression as compared to JNK/p-JNK inhibitor. Our results indicated that silencing GRP94 repressed the ability of EMT process, cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, and CRC tumorigenesis. Therefore, GRP94 may play an important role in CRC by regulating ETV1 and MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyanga Batzorig
- International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Po-Li Wei
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Cancer Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Weu Wang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Huang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University.,Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jia Chang
- International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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115
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Li S, Khan MH, Wang X, Cai M, Zhang J, Jiang M, Zhang Z, Wen XA, Liang H, Yang F. Synthesis of a series of novel In(III) 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis(thiosemicarbazide) complexes: structure, anticancer function and mechanism. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:17207-17220. [PMID: 33201167 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02266g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The anticancer function and anticancer mechanism of indium (In) complexes still remain mysterious to date. Furthermore, it is greatly challenging to design a multi-functional metal agent that not only kills cancer cells but also inhibits their invasion and metastasis. Thus, to develop novel next-generation anticancer metal agents, we designed and synthesized a series of novel In(iii) 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis(thiosemicarbazide) complexes (C1-C4) for the first time and then investigated their structure-activity relationships with human urinary bladder cancer (T-24) cells. In particular, C4 not only showed higher cytotoxicity to cancer cells and less toxicity toward normal cells relative to cisplatin but also inhibited cell invasion and metastasis of T-24 cells. Interestingly, C4 acted against T-24 cells exhibiting multiple mechanisms: (1) arresting the S-phase of cell cycle via regulation of cytokine kinases, (2) activating the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum-stress-mediated cell death, PERK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK) cell signaling pathways, and (3) inhibiting the expression of telomerase via the regulation of c-myc and h-TERT proteins. Our results suggested that C4 may be developed as a potential multi-functional and multi-targeting anticancer candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanhe Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China.
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116
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Chern YJ, Tai IT. Adaptive response of resistant cancer cells to chemotherapy. Cancer Biol Med 2020; 17:842-863. [PMID: 33299639 PMCID: PMC7721100 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in cancer therapeutics and the integration of personalized medicine, the development of chemoresistance in many patients remains a significant contributing factor to cancer mortality. Upon treatment with chemotherapeutics, the disruption of homeostasis in cancer cells triggers the adaptive response which has emerged as a key resistance mechanism. In this review, we summarize the mechanistic studies investigating the three major components of the adaptive response, autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling, and senescence, in response to cancer chemotherapy. We will discuss the development of potential cancer therapeutic strategies in the context of these adaptive resistance mechanisms, with the goal of stimulating research that may facilitate the development of effective cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jye Chern
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z1L3, Canada.,Michael Smith Genome Sciences Center, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Isabella T Tai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z1L3, Canada.,Michael Smith Genome Sciences Center, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z1L3, Canada
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117
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Farshbaf M, Khosroushahi AY, Mojarad-Jabali S, Zarebkohan A, Valizadeh H, Walker PR. Cell surface GRP78: An emerging imaging marker and therapeutic target for cancer. J Control Release 2020; 328:932-941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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118
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da Silva Filho AF, de Sousa LM, Consonni SR, da Rocha Pitta MG, Carvalho HF, de Melo Rêgo MJB. Galectin-3 Expression in Pancreatic Cell Lines Under Distinct Autophagy-Inducing Stimulus. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2020; 26:1187-1197. [PMID: 33107424 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927620024526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia and nutrient deprivation are responsible for inducing malignant behavior in neoplastic cells. In these conditions, metabolic stress leads the cells to enhance their autophagic flux and to activate key molecules for homeostasis maintenance. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is upregulated in pancreatic cancer and it is activated under the hypoxic atmosphere. We aimed to analyze the most effective autophagic-inducing conditions in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells and the effect exerted under these conditions in association with hypoxia on the Gal-3 expression. Gal-3 and the microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 beta (LC3) were accessed through western blot and immunofluorescence. Degradative vacuole quantification was analyzed by transmission electronic microscopy, and inhibition of Gal-3 was performed using siRNA. According to the analyses, the most effective conditions in the inducement of autophagy for PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 cells were nutritional deprivation and complete amino acid/glucose deprivation, respectively. PANC-1 cells presented higher Gal-3 when they were submitted to 24 h of nutritional deprivation alone and simultaneously nutritional and oxygen deprivation. Inhibition of Gal-3 causes a decrease of LC3 levels in all experimental conditions. These results confirm that Gal-3 is modulated by microenvironment factors and the possibility of Gal-3 participating in an adaptive response from PDAC cells to extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antônio Felix da Silva Filho
- Immunomodulation and New Therapy Approaches Laboratory (LINAT), Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco50670-901, Brazil
| | - Lizandra Maia de Sousa
- Laboratory of Cytochemistry and Immunocytochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo13083-970, Brazil
| | - Silvio Roberto Consonni
- Laboratory of Cytochemistry and Immunocytochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo13083-970, Brazil
| | - Maira Galdino da Rocha Pitta
- Immunomodulation and New Therapy Approaches Laboratory (LINAT), Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco50670-901, Brazil
| | - Hernandes Faustino Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo13083-970, Brazil
| | - Moacyr Jesus Barreto de Melo Rêgo
- Immunomodulation and New Therapy Approaches Laboratory (LINAT), Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco50670-901, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Novas Abordagens Terapêuticas (LINAT), Therapeutic Innovation Research Center- Suelly Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco50670-901, Brazil
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119
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Khan AA, Allemailem KS, Almatroudi A, Almatroodi SA, Mahzari A, Alsahli MA, Rahmani AH. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Provocation by Different Nanoparticles: An Innovative Approach to Manage the Cancer and Other Common Diseases. Molecules 2020; 25:E5336. [PMID: 33207628 PMCID: PMC7697255 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A proper execution of basic cellular functions requires well-controlled homeostasis including correct protein folding. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) implements such functions by protein reshaping and post-translational modifications. Different insults imposed on cells could lead to ER stress-mediated signaling pathways, collectively called the unfolded protein response (UPR). ER stress is also closely linked with oxidative stress, which is a common feature of diseases such as stroke, neurodegeneration, inflammation, metabolic diseases, and cancer. The level of ER stress is higher in cancer cells, indicating that such cells are already struggling to survive. Prolonged ER stress in cancer cells is like an Achilles' heel, if aggravated by different agents including nanoparticles (NPs) may be exhausted off the pro-survival features and can be easily subjected to proapoptotic mode. Different types of NPs including silver, gold, silica, graphene, etc. have been used to augment the cytotoxicity by promoting ER stress-mediated cell death. The diverse physico-chemical properties of NPs play a great role in their biomedical applications. Some special NPs have been effectively used to address different types of cancers as these particles can be used as both toxicological or therapeutic agents. Several types of NPs, and anticancer drug nano-formulations have been engineered to target tumor cells to enhance their ER stress to promote their death. Therefore, mitigating ER stress in cancer cells in favor of cell death by ER-specific NPs is extremely important in future therapeutics and understanding the underlying mechanism of how cancer cells can respond to NP induced ER stress is a good choice for the development of novel therapeutics. Thus, in depth focus on NP-mediated ER stress will be helpful to boost up developing novel pro-drug candidates for triggering pro-death pathways in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Khaled S. Allemailem
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (S.A.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.H.R.)
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (S.A.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.H.R.)
| | - Saleh A. Almatroodi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (S.A.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.H.R.)
| | - Ali Mahzari
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha 65527, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed A. Alsahli
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (S.A.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.H.R.)
| | - Arshad Husain Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (S.A.A.); (M.A.A.); (A.H.R.)
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120
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Dores-Silva PR, Cauvi DM, Coto ALS, Kiraly VTR, Borges JC, De Maio A. Interaction of HSPA5 (Grp78, BIP) with negatively charged phospholipid membranes via oligomerization involving the N-terminal end domain. Cell Stress Chaperones 2020; 25:979-991. [PMID: 32725381 PMCID: PMC7385938 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are ubiquitous polypeptides expressed in all living organisms that participate in several basic cellular processes, including protein folding, from which their denomination as molecular chaperones originated. There are several HSPs, including HSPA5, also known as 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) or binding immunoglobulin protein (BIP) that is an ER resident involved in the folding of polypeptides during their translocation into this compartment prior to the transition to the Golgi network. HSPA5 is detected on the surface of cells or secreted into the extracellular environment. Surface HSPA5 has been proposed to have various roles, such as receptor-mediated signal transduction, a co-receptor for soluble ligands, as well as a participant in tumor survival, proliferation, and resistance. Recently, surface HSPA5 has been reported to be a potential receptor of some viruses, including the novel SARS-CoV-2. In spite of these observations, the association of HSPA5 within the plasma membrane is still unclear. To gain information about this process, we studied the interaction of HSPA5 with liposomes made of different phospholipids. We found that HSPA5 has a high affinity for negatively charged phospholipids, such as palmitoyl-oleoyl phosphoserine (POPS) and cardiolipin (CL). The N-terminal and C-terminal domains of HSPA5 were independently capable of interacting with negatively charged phospholipids, but to a lesser extent than the full-length protein, suggesting that both domains are required for the maximum insertion into membranes. Interestingly, we found that the interaction of HSPA5 with negatively charged liposomes promotes an oligomerization process via intermolecular disulfide bonds in which the N-terminus end of the protein plays a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Roberto Dores-Silva
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burns and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David M Cauvi
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burns and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Amanda L S Coto
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa T R Kiraly
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlio C Borges
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio De Maio
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burns and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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121
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Maddalena F, Condelli V, Matassa DS, Pacelli C, Scrima R, Lettini G, Li Bergolis V, Pietrafesa M, Crispo F, Piscazzi A, Storto G, Capitanio N, Esposito F, Landriscina M. TRAP1 enhances Warburg metabolism through modulation of PFK1 expression/activity and favors resistance to EGFR inhibitors in human colorectal carcinomas. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:3030-3047. [PMID: 33025742 PMCID: PMC7718945 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic rewiring is a mechanism of adaptation to unfavorable environmental conditions and tumor progression. TRAP1 is an HSP90 molecular chaperone upregulated in human colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) and responsible for downregulation of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and adaptation to metabolic stress. The mechanism by which TRAP1 regulates glycolytic metabolism and the relevance of this regulation in resistance to EGFR inhibitors were investigated in patient‐derived CRC spheres, human CRC cells, samples, and patients. A linear correlation was observed between TRAP1 levels and 18F‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐glucose (18F‐FDG) uptake upon PET scan or GLUT1 expression in human CRCs. Consistently, TRAP1 enhances GLUT1 expression, glucose uptake, and lactate production and downregulates OXPHOS in CRC patient‐derived spheroids and cell lines. Mechanistically, TRAP1 maximizes lactate production to balance low OXPHOS through the regulation of the glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase‐1 (PFK1); this depends on the interaction between TRAP1 and PFK1, which favors PFK1 glycolytic activity and prevents its ubiquitination/degradation. By contrast, TRAP1/PFK1 interaction is lost in conditions of enhanced OXPHOS, which results in loss of TRAP1 regulation of PFK1 activity and lactate production. Notably, TRAP1 regulation of glycolysis is involved in resistance of RAS‐wild‐type CRCs to EGFR monoclonals. Indeed, either TRAP1 upregulation or high glycolytic metabolism impairs cetuximab activity in vitro, whereas TRAP1 targeting and/or inhibition of glycolytic pathway enhances cell response to cetuximab. Finally, a linear correlation between 18F‐FDG PET uptake and poor response to cetuximab in first‐line therapy in human metastatic CRCs was observed. These results suggest that TRAP1 is a key determinant of CRC metabolic rewiring and favors resistance to EGFR inhibitors through regulation of glycolytic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Maddalena
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Valentina Condelli
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Danilo Swann Matassa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Consiglia Pacelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosella Scrima
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lettini
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Valeria Li Bergolis
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Italy
| | - Michele Pietrafesa
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Fabiana Crispo
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Annamaria Piscazzi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Storto
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Nazzareno Capitanio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Italy
| | - Franca Esposito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Matteo Landriscina
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy.,Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Italy
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Wang M, Liu C, Li Y, Zhang Q, Zhu L, Fang Z, Jin L. Verteporfin Is a Promising Anti-Tumor Agent for Cervical Carcinoma by Targeting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1781. [PMID: 33014875 PMCID: PMC7494960 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence has shown that the photosensitizer Verteporfin (VP) may be an ideal agent for various cancer types. However, the effect and mechanism of VP on human cervical carcinoma remain rudimentary. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of VP on human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa and SiHa cells) and to elucidate the possible mechanism. CCK-8, wound healing assay, flow cytometry analysis, western blotting, TUNEL staining were performed to evaluate the effects of VP on HeLa and SiHa cells in vitro as well as in vivo on a xenograft model. In addition, the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in VP-induced apoptosis was investigated using RT-qPCR and western blotting. The results showed that the viability of HeLa and SiHa cells was suppressed by VP in dose- and time-dependent manners. Compared with the control group, apoptosis rates were higher with stronger TUNEL fluorescence signals in the experimental group, which substantiated that VP induced apoptosis at both 2D and 3D cell levels. Besides, VP can squelch the growth of tumors in both sizes and weights on the xenograft models without impairing ovarian reserve. Mechanism studies demonstrated that VP activated ER stress by upregulating the expression of GRP78, CHOP, and Caspase-12, and VP-induced apoptosis can be alleviated when ER stress pathway was inhibited. Our results provided a foundation for repurposing VP as a promising agent for cervical cancer patients without obvious reproductive toxicity by targeting ER stress pathway, and more researches are required to support its application in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuehan Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiulin Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Reproductive Medicine, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lixia Zhu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zishui Fang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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123
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Sharma N, Arora S, Saurav S, Motiani RK. Pathophysiological significance of calcium signaling at Mitochondria-Associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes (MAMs). CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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124
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Tawila AM, Sun S, Kim MJ, Omar AM, Dibwe DF, Awale S. A Triterpene Lactone from Callistemon citrinus Inhibits the PANC-1 Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells Viability through Suppression of Unfolded Protein Response. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000495. [PMID: 32865330 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human pancreatic tumor cells such as PANC-1 are known for their ability to tolerate nutrient starvation and thrive under the hypovascular tumor microenvironment, a phenomenon termed as 'austerity'. A search of agents that preferentially inhibit the cancer cell viability under the starvation condition without toxicity in the nutrient-rich condition is a promising approach in anticancer drug discovery. In this study, a triterpene lactone, 3β-hydroxy-13,28-epoxyurs-11-en-28-one (ursenolide), isolated from a Callistemon citrinus extract has shown strong preferential cytotoxicity against PANC-1 cells under nutrient starvation with PC50 value of 0.4 μm. Ursenolide-induced rounding of PANC-1 cell morphology followed by rupture of the cell membrane leading to cell death. In a real-time cell migration study, ursenolide was found to inhibit PANC-1 cell migration significantly. Mechanistically, it inhibited GRP78 and GRP94 under the starvation condition suggesting inhibition of unfolded protein response (UPR), an adaptive process of cell survival during starvation. It also inhibited the phosphorylation of the key survival protein Akt and mTOR. Overall results suggested that ursenolide is a potential anticancer agent against pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Tawila
- Natural Drug Discovery Laboratory, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Sijia Sun
- Natural Drug Discovery Laboratory, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Min Jo Kim
- Natural Drug Discovery Laboratory, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ashraf M Omar
- Natural Drug Discovery Laboratory, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Dya Fita Dibwe
- Natural Drug Discovery Laboratory, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Suresh Awale
- Natural Drug Discovery Laboratory, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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125
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Sudhakar JN, Lu HH, Chiang HY, Suen CS, Hwang MJ, Wu SY, Shen CN, Chang YM, Li FA, Liu FT, Shui JW. Lumenal Galectin-9-Lamp2 interaction regulates lysosome and autophagy to prevent pathogenesis in the intestine and pancreas. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4286. [PMID: 32855403 PMCID: PMC7453023 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18102-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular galectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins capable of sensing and repairing damaged lysosomes. As in the physiological conditions glycosylated moieties are mostly in the lysosomal lumen but not cytosol, it is unclear whether galectins reside in lysosomes, bind to glycosylated proteins, and regulate lysosome functions. Here, we show in gut epithelial cells, galectin-9 is enriched in lysosomes and predominantly binds to lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (Lamp2) in a Asn(N)-glycan dependent manner. At the steady state, galectin-9 binding to glycosylated Asn175 of Lamp2 is essential for functionality of lysosomes and autophagy. Loss of N-glycan-binding capability of galectin-9 causes its complete depletion from lysosomes and defective autophagy, leading to increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress preferentially in autophagy-active Paneth cells and acinar cells. Unresolved ER stress consequently causes cell degeneration or apoptosis that associates with colitis and pancreatic disorders in mice. Therefore, lysosomal galectins maintain homeostatic function of lysosomes to prevent organ pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hsueh-Han Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Chiang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Shu Suen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jing Hwang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Yu Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ning Shen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ming Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-An Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jr-Wen Shui
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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126
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Ha DP, Lee AS. Insulin-like growth factor 1-receptor signaling stimulates GRP78 expression through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/ATF4 axis. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109736. [PMID: 32805346 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
GRP78, a major molecular chaperone, is critical for the folding and maturation of membrane and secretory proteins and serves as the master regulator of the unfolded protein response. Thus, GRP78 is frequently upregulated in highly proliferative cells to cope with elevated protein synthesis and metabolic stress. IGF-1 is a potent regulator of cell growth, metabolism and survival. Previously we discovered that GRP78 is a novel downstream target of IGF-1 signaling by utilizing mouse embryonic fibroblast model systems where the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) was either overexpressed (R+) or knockout (R-). Here we investigated the mechanisms whereby GRP78 is upregulated in the R+ cells. Our studies revealed that suppression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR downstream of IGF-1R signaling resulted in concurrent decrease in GRP78 and the transcription factor ATF4. Through knock-down and overexpression studies, we established ATF4 as the essential downstream nodal of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway critical for GRP78 transcriptional upregulation mediated by IGF-1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dat P Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Amy S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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127
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Lyu L, Xiang W, Zheng F, Huang T, Feng Y, Yuan J, Zhang C. Significant Prognostic Value of the Autophagy-Related Gene P4HB in Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1613. [PMID: 32903592 PMCID: PMC7438560 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While hundreds of consistently altered autophagy-related genes (ARGs) have been identified in cancers, their prognostic value in bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) remains unclear. In the present study, we collected 232 ARGs from the Human Autophagy Database (HADb), and identified 37 differentially expressed ARGs in BUC based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis based on the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database revealed that among the 37 differentially expressed ARGs, prolyl 4-hydroxylase, beta polypeptide (P4HB), and regulator of G protein signaling 19 (RGS19) were significantly negatively correlated with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Overexpression of P4HB and RGS19 in BUC was further validated using independent data sets, including those from the Oncomine and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. cBioPortal and UALCAN analyses indicated that altered P4HB and RGS19 mRNA expression was significantly associated with mutations and clinical characteristics (nodal metastasis and cancer stage). Moreover, co-expression network analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) predicted that the potential functions of P4HB and RGS19 are involved in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, cytokine-mediated signaling pathway and inflammatory response. More importantly, multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis demonstrated that P4HB, but not RGS19, is an independent and unfavorable BUC biomarker based on clinical characteristics (age, gender, cancer stage, and pathological TNM stage). Finally, we validated that the mRNA and protein expression levels of P4HB were upregulated in four bladder cancer cell lines (T24, J82, EJ, and SW780) and found that knockdown of P4HB dramatically inhibited the invasion and proliferation of bladder cancer cells. In summary, our study screened ARGs and identified P4HB as a biomarker that can predict the progression and prognosis of BUC and may provide a better understanding of the autophagy regulatory mechanisms involved in BUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lyu
- Department of Urology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Urology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuxin Zheng
- Department of Urology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Urology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of Pathology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingdong Yuan
- Department of Urology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanhua Zhang
- Department of Urology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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128
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Tandon A, Birkenhagen J, Nagalla D, Kölker S, Sauer SW. ADP-dependent glucokinase as a novel onco-target for haematological malignancies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13584. [PMID: 32788680 PMCID: PMC7423609 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Warburg effect or aerobic glycolysis provides selective growth advantage to aggressive cancers. However, targeting oncogenic regulators of Warburg effect has always been challenging owing to the wide spectrum of roles of these molecules in multitude of cells. In this study, we present ADP-dependent glucokinase (ADPGK) as a novel glucose sensor and a potential onco-target in specifically high-proliferating cells in Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL). Previously, we had shown ADPGK to play a major role in T-cell activation and induction of Warburg effect. We now report ADPGK knock-out Ramos BL cells display abated in vitro and in vivo tumour aggressiveness, via tumour-macrophage co-culture, migration and Zebrafish xenograft studies. We observed perturbed glycolysis and visibly reduced markers of Warburg effect in ADPGK knock-out cells, finally leading to apoptosis. We found repression of MYC proto-oncogene, and up to four-fold reduction in accumulated mutations in translocated MYC in knock-out cells, signifying a successful targeting of the malignancy. Further, the activation induced differentiation capability of knock-out cells was impaired, owing to the inability to cope up with increased energy demands. The effects amplified greatly upon stimulation-based proliferation, thus providing a novel Burkitt’s lymphoma targeting mechanism originating from metabolic catastrophe induced in the cells by removal of ADPGK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Tandon
- Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
| | - Jana Birkenhagen
- Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Deepthi Nagalla
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kölker
- Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Wolfgang Sauer
- Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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129
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Berberine ameliorates rats model of combined Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus via the suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:359. [PMID: 32832321 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is aimed to investigate the protective effect against type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) of Berberine (BBR), and the underlying mechanism of action is explored. We established a rat model of combined AD and T2DM and used it to investigate the effect of BBR (150 mg/kg) on the course of these pathologies. The Morris water maze, biochemical analysis, hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemical study, immunofluorescent staining, TUNEL assay, RT-qPCR and western blot were used to reveal the effect of BBR on blood glucose, lipid changes, hippocampal injuries and cognitive impairment. The results showed that BBR could alleviate memory deficits, restore the disordered arrangement of nerve cells, the damage of neurons, improve TUNEL-positive cells and decrease the elevated levels of fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol and glycosylated serum protein levels in Alzheimer diabetic rats. Moreover, BBR treatment reduces the transcription of mRNAs and expression of proteins related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. These findings conclude that BBR can protect neurons by inhibiting the pathway of ER stress and thereby play an essential role in the preventive and therapeutic of AD and T2DM.
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130
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Chou CW, Yang RY, Chan LC, Li CF, Sun L, Lee HH, Lee PC, Sher YP, Ying H, Hung MC. The stabilization of PD-L1 by the endoplasmic reticulum stress protein GRP78 in triple-negative breast cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:2621-2634. [PMID: 32905506 PMCID: PMC7471351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune checkpoint blockade therapy has emerged as encouraging treatment strategies in various cancer types. Anti-PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) antibodies have been approved for triple-negative breast cancer, however the response rate yet to be optimized. It would be imperative to further understand and investigate the molecular mechanisms of PD-L1 regulation. Here, we identified glucose regulatory protein 78 (GRP78), a major endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responding protein, as a novel binding partner of PD-L1. GRP78 interacts with PD-L1 at the ER region and increases PD-L1 levels via regulating its stability. ER stress, triggered by different stimuli such as conventional chemotherapy, leads to the induction of PD-L1 in a GRP78-dependent manner. We showed that GRP78 modulates the response to chemotherapy, and dual-high levels of GRP78 and PD-L1 correlates with poor relapse-free survival in triple-negative breast cancer. Altogether, our study provides novel molecular insights into the regulatory mechanism of PD-L1 by revealing its interaction with GRP78, and offers a rationale to target GRP78 as a potential therapeutic strategy to enhance anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Chou
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical UniversityTaichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX 77030, USA
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taichung Veterans General HospitalTaichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Ri-Yao Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Li-Chuan Chan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ching-Fei Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Linlin Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjin 30052, P. R. China
| | - Heng-Huan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pei-Chih Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical UniversityTaichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Pyng Sher
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical UniversityTaichung 404, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical UniversityTaichung 404, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University HospitalTaichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Haoqiang Ying
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical UniversityTaichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia UniversityTaichung 413, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University HospitalTaichung 404, Taiwan
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131
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High T3 Induces β-Cell Insulin Resistance via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:5287108. [PMID: 32774144 PMCID: PMC7396010 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5287108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperthyroidism can cause glucose metabolism disorders and insulin resistance. Insulin resistance in muscle and adipose tissues has been extensively studied, whereas investigations on β-cell insulin resistance are limited. This study preliminarily explored the effects of high T3 levels on β-cell line (MIN6) insulin resistance, as well as the roles of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). In this study, we treated β-cell line with T3, with or without an inhibitor of phosphotyrosine phosphatases (PTPs, sodium vanadate) or ERS inhibitor (4-PBA). The results indicated that high levels of T3 significantly inhibited insulin secretion in β-cell line. In addition, we observed an upregulation of p-IRS-1ser307 and downregulation of Akt. These results can be corrected by sodium vanadate. Moreover, high T3 levels upregulate the ERS-related proteins PERK, IRE1, ATF6, and GRP78, as well as ERS-related apoptosis CHOP and caspase-12. Similarly, this change can be corrected by 4-PBA. These results suggest that high T3 levels can induce insulin resistance in β-cell line by activating ERS and the apoptotic pathway.
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132
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Wang X, Wu X, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Wang C, Chen J. NLRP6 suppresses gastric cancer growth via GRP78 ubiquitination. Exp Cell Res 2020; 395:112177. [PMID: 32682010 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nod-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 6 (NLRP6) plays a key role in innate immunity, host defense and tumorigenesis. Our previous study has demonstrated the tumor suppressor role of NLRP6 in gastric cancer. In the present study, we explored the interaction protein of NLRP6 by Flag-tagged immunoprecipitation assay and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based proteomics analysis. The 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), a heat shock protein, was identified as an interaction protein of NLRP6. The binding of NLRP6 to GRP78 was through the Pyrin domain, and the substrate binding domain (SBD) domain of GRP78 was responsible for the interaction with NLRP6. NLRP6 overexpression enhanced the polyubiquitination of GRP78 in gastric cancer cells. Overexpression of GRP78 abolished the effects of NLRP6 overexpression in gastric cancer cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, cell apoptosis, migration and Cyclin D1 expression. GRP78 knockdown reversed the effects of NLRP6 knockdown on cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. NLRP6 expression was negatively correlated with GRP78 expression in human gastric tissues. Tumorigenicity assay indicated that GRP78 mediated the functions of NLRP6 on gastric cancer cell growth in vivo. ON-013100, which could inhibit Cyclin D1 expression, was less effective in treating xenografts of gastric cancer cells with higher level of NLRP6 than in those with lower level of NLRP6. In conclusion, our study suggested that NLRP6 exerted inhibitory effects on gastric cancer cell growth by promoting the ubiquitination of GRP78.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fengxian Hospital, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 201499, PR China
| | - Xuewen Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fengxian Hospital, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 201499, PR China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai 201499, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital (South), Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 201499, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fengxian Hospital, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 201499, PR China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai 201499, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital (South), Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 201499, PR China
| | - Jinlian Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai 201499, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital (South), Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 201499, PR China.
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133
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Sanchez-Martin C, Serapian SA, Colombo G, Rasola A. Dynamically Shaping Chaperones. Allosteric Modulators of HSP90 Family as Regulatory Tools of Cell Metabolism in Neoplastic Progression. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1177. [PMID: 32766157 PMCID: PMC7378685 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular chaperones have recently emerged as fundamental regulators of salient biological routines, including metabolic adaptations to environmental changes. Yet, many of the molecular mechanisms at the basis of their functions are still unknown or at least uncertain. This is in part due to the lack of chemical tools that can interact with the chaperones to induce measurable functional perturbations. In this context, the use of small molecules as modulators of protein functions has proven relevant for the investigation of a number of biomolecular systems. Herein, we focus on the functions, interactions and signaling pathways of the HSP90 family of molecular chaperones as possible targets for the discovery of new molecular entities aimed at tuning their activity and interactions. HSP90 and its mitochondrial paralog, TRAP1, regulate the activity of crucial metabolic circuitries, making cells capable of efficiently using available energy sources, with relevant implications both in healthy conditions and in a variety of disease states and especially cancer. The design of small-molecules targeting the chaperone cycle of HSP90 and able to inhibit or stimulate the activity of the protein can provide opportunities to finely dissect their biochemical activities and to obtain lead compounds to develop novel, mechanism-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giorgio Colombo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Rasola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
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134
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McCarthy N, Dolgikh N, Logue S, Patterson JB, Zeng Q, Gorman AM, Samali A, Fulda S. The IRE1 and PERK arms of the unfolded protein response promote survival of rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Cancer Lett 2020; 490:76-88. [PMID: 32679165 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), the most common soft-tissue sarcoma, is associated with a low 5-year survival and harsh treatment side effects, underscoring an urgent need for therapy. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, where three ER stress receptors, IRE1, PERK and ATF6, aim to restore cellular homeostasis. The UPR is pro-tumourigenic in many cancers. In this study, we investigate basal UPR activity in RMS. Basal activation of IRE1 and PERK was observed in RMS cell lines, which was diminished upon addition of the IRE1 RNase inhibitor, MKC8866, or PERK inhibitor, AMGEN44. UPR inhibition caused a reduction in cell viability, cell proliferation and inhibition of long-term colony formation in both subtypes of RMS. Alveolar RMS (ARMS) subtype was highly sensitive to IRE1 inhibition, whereas embryonal RMS (ERMS) subtypes responded more markedly to PERK inhibition. Further investigation revealed a robust activation of senescence upon UPR inhibition. For the first time, the UPR is implicated in RMS biology and phenotype, and inhibition of UPR signalling reduces cell growth, suggesting that the UPR may be a promising target in RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole McCarthy
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Komturstr. 3a, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nadezda Dolgikh
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Komturstr. 3a, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Susan Logue
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Qinping Zeng
- Fosun Orinove PharmaTech Inc., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Adrienne M Gorman
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Afshin Samali
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Komturstr. 3a, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Tian J, Mo J, Xu L, Zhang R, Qiao Y, Liu B, Jiang L, Ma S, Shi G. Scoulerine promotes cell viability reduction and apoptosis by activating ROS-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress in colorectal cancer cells. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 327:109184. [PMID: 32590070 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Scoulerine, an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Corydalis plants, has been reported to possess potent anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic function in cancer cells. However, the effects and underlying mechanisms of scoulerine on colorectal cancer (CRC) progression remain elusive. CCK-8 and LDH assays were used to evaluate cell viability. Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry analysis, caspase-3/7 activity assay, and Western blot analysis of Bax, Bcl-2 and cytochrome c (Cyt C) expression. Oxidative stress level was examined by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) contents and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activation was detected by Western blot analysis of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression. Results showed that scoulerine dose-dependently suppressed CRC cell viability. Scoulerine induced apoptosis and increased caspase-3/7 activity in CRC cells. Bax and cytosolic Cyt C expression was enhanced while Bcl-2 and mitochondrial Cyt C expression was reduced in scoulerine-treated CRC cells. Additionally, scoulerine induced oxidative damage in CRC cells by increasing ROS generation and reducing GSH content and SOD activity. Scoulerine activated ER stress, as evidenced by the increased GRP78 and CHOP expression in CRC cells. Interestingly, blocking ROS production by ROS scavenger N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) attenuated scoulerine-induced ER stress. Inhibition of ER stress by 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA) abolished scoulerine-induced ROS generation in CRC cells. Blockage of ROS and ER stress attenuated scoulerine-induced cell viability reduction and apoptosis in CRC cells. In conclusion, scoulerine promoted cell viability reduction and apoptosis by activating ROS-dependent ER stress in CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxun Tian
- Department of Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China
| | - Jiamei Mo
- Department of Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China
| | - Lan Xu
- Department of Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China
| | - Yun Qiao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Hematology & Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China
| | - Siyang Ma
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China
| | - Gang Shi
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China.
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Forno F, Maatuf Y, Boukeileh S, Dipta P, Mahameed M, Darawshi O, Ferreira V, Rada P, García-Martinez I, Gross E, Priel A, Valverde ÁM, Tirosh B. Aripiprazole Cytotoxicity Coincides with Activation of the Unfolded Protein Response in Human Hepatic Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 374:452-461. [PMID: 32554435 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.264481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a mental disease that results in decreased life expectancy and well-being by promoting obesity and sedentary lifestyles. Schizophrenia is treated by antipsychotic drugs. Although the second-generation antipsychotics (SGA), Olanzapine and Aripiprazole, are more effective in treating schizophrenia, they display a higher risk of metabolic side effects, mostly by development of diabetes and insulin resistance, weight gain, and dyslipidemia. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is induced when ER homeostasis of lipid biosynthesis and protein folding is impaired. This leads to the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), a signaling cascade that aims to restore ER homeostasis or initiate cell death. Chronic conditions of ER stress in the liver are associated with diabetes and perturbed lipid metabolism. These metabolic dysfunctions resemble the pharmacological side effects of SGAs. We therefore investigated whether SGAs promote the UPR in human and mouse hepatocytes. We observed full-fledged activation of ER stress by Aripiprazole not by Olanzapine. This occurred at low micromolar concentrations and to variable intensities in different cell types, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, melanoma, and glioblastoma. Mechanistically, Aripiprazole caused depletion of ER calcium, leading to activation of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1)and protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), two major transducers of the UPR. Cells underwent apoptosis with Aripiprazole treatment, which coincided with UPR induction, and this effect was reduced by adding glutathione without affecting UPR itself. Deletion of IRE1 from HepG2, a human liver cancer cell line, protected cells from Aripiprazole toxicity. Our study reveals for the first time a cytotoxic effect of Aripiprazole that involves the induction of ER stress. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The antischizophrenic drug Aripiprazole exerts cytotoxic properties at high concentrations. This study shows that this cytotoxicity is associated with the induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and IRE1 activation, mechanisms involved in diet-induced obesity. Aripiprazole induced ER stress and calcium mobilization from the ER in human and mouse hepatocytes. Our study highlights a new mechanism of Aripiprazole that is not related to its effect on dopamine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Forno
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (F.F., Y.M., S.B., P.D., M.M., O.D., A.P., B.T.); Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (E.G.)
| | - Yossi Maatuf
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (F.F., Y.M., S.B., P.D., M.M., O.D., A.P., B.T.); Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (E.G.)
| | - Shatha Boukeileh
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (F.F., Y.M., S.B., P.D., M.M., O.D., A.P., B.T.); Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (E.G.)
| | - Priya Dipta
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (F.F., Y.M., S.B., P.D., M.M., O.D., A.P., B.T.); Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (E.G.)
| | - Mohamed Mahameed
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (F.F., Y.M., S.B., P.D., M.M., O.D., A.P., B.T.); Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (E.G.)
| | - Odai Darawshi
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (F.F., Y.M., S.B., P.D., M.M., O.D., A.P., B.T.); Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (E.G.)
| | - Vitor Ferreira
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (F.F., Y.M., S.B., P.D., M.M., O.D., A.P., B.T.); Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (E.G.)
| | - Patricia Rada
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (F.F., Y.M., S.B., P.D., M.M., O.D., A.P., B.T.); Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (E.G.)
| | - Irma García-Martinez
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (F.F., Y.M., S.B., P.D., M.M., O.D., A.P., B.T.); Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (E.G.)
| | - Einav Gross
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (F.F., Y.M., S.B., P.D., M.M., O.D., A.P., B.T.); Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (E.G.)
| | - Avi Priel
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (F.F., Y.M., S.B., P.D., M.M., O.D., A.P., B.T.); Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (E.G.)
| | - Ángela M Valverde
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (F.F., Y.M., S.B., P.D., M.M., O.D., A.P., B.T.); Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (E.G.)
| | - Boaz Tirosh
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (F.F., Y.M., S.B., P.D., M.M., O.D., A.P., B.T.); Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain (V.F., P.R., I.G.-M., Á.M.V.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (E.G.)
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Regulates Scleral Remodeling in a Guinea Pig Model of Form-Deprivation Myopia. J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:3264525. [PMID: 32587758 PMCID: PMC7303736 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3264525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in scleral remodeling in a guinea pig model of form-deprivation myopia (FDM). Methods Guinea pigs were form deprived to induce myopia. ER ultrastructural changes in the sclera were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The protein levels of ER stress chaperones, including GRP78, CHOP, and calreticulin (CRT), were analyzed by western blotting at 24 hours, 1 week, and 4 weeks of FD. Scleral fibroblasts from guinea pigs were cultured and exposed to the ER stress inducer tunicamycin (TM) or the ER stress inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA). CRT was knocked down by lentivirus-mediated CRT shRNA transfection. The expression levels of GRP78, CHOP, TGF-β1, and COL1A1 were analyzed by qRT-PCR or western blotting. Results The sclera of FDM eyes exhibited swollen and distended ER at 4 weeks, as well as significantly increased protein expression of GRP78 and CRT at 1 week and 4 weeks, compared to the sclera of the control eyes. In vitro, TM induced ER stress in scleral fibroblasts, which was suppressed by 4-PBA. The mRNA expression of TGF-β1 and COL1A1 was upregulated after TM stimulation for 24 hours, but downregulated for 48 hours. Additionally, change of TGF-β1 and COL1A1 transcription induced by TM was suppressed by CRT knockdown. Conclusions ER stress was an important modulator which could influence the expression of the scleral collagen. CRT might be a new target for the intervention of the FDM scleral remodeling process.
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Yu L, Wang L, Kim JE, Mao C, Shapiro DJ. Src couples estrogen receptor to the anticipatory unfolded protein response and regulates cancer cell fate under stress. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118765. [PMID: 32502618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of unfolded protein, or other stresses, activates the classical reactive unfolded protein response (UPR). In the recently characterized anticipatory UPR, receptor-bound estrogen, progesterone and other mitogenic hormones rapidly elicit phosphorylation of phospholipase C γ (PLCγ), activating the anticipatory UPR. How estrogen and progesterone activating their receptors couples to PLCγ phosphorylation and anticipatory UPR activation was unknown. We show that the oncogene c-Src is a rate-limiting regulator whose tyrosine kinase activity links estrogen and progesterone activating their receptors to anticipatory UPR activation. Supporting Src coupling estrogen and progesterone to anticipatory UPR activation, we identified extranuclear complexes of estrogen receptor α (ERα):Src:PLCγ and progesterone receptor:Src:PLCγ. Moreover, Src inhibition protected cancer cells against cell death. To probe Src's role, we used the preclinical ERα biomodulator, BHPI, which kills cancer cells by inducing lethal anticipatory UPR hyperactivation. Notably, Src inhibition blocked BHPI-mediated anticipatory UPR activation and the resulting rapid increase in intracellular calcium. After unbiased long-term selection for BHPI-resistant human breast cancer cells, 4/11 BHPI-resistant T47D clones, and nearly all MCF-7 clones, exhibited reduced levels of normally growth-stimulating Src. Notably, Src overexpression by virus transduction restored sensitivity to BHPI. Furthermore, in wild type cells, several-fold knockdown of Src, but not of ERα, strongly blocked BHPI-mediated UPR activation and subsequent HMGB1 release and necrotic cell death. Thus, Src plays a previously undescribed pivotal role in activation of the tumor-protective anticipatory UPR, thereby increasing the resilience of breast cancer cells. This is a new role for Src and the anticipatory UPR in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Lawrence Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Chengjian Mao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - David J Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Adacan K, Obakan-Yerlikaya P, Arisan ED, Coker-Gurkan A, Kaya RI, Palavan-Unsal N. Epibrassinolide-induced autophagy occurs in an Atg5-independent manner due to endoplasmic stress induction in MEF cells. Amino Acids 2020; 52:871-891. [PMID: 32449072 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02857-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Epibrassinolide (EBR), a polyhydroxysteroid belongs to plant growth regulator family, brassinosteroids and has been shown to have a similar chemical structure to mammalian steroid hormones. Our findings indicated that EBR could trigger apoptosis in cancer cells via induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, caused by protein folding disturbance in the ER. Normal cells exhibited a remarkable resistance to EBR treatment and avoid from apoptotic cell death. The unfolded protein response clears un/misfolded proteins and restore ER functions. When stress is chronic, cells tend to die due to improper cellular functions. To understand the effect of EBR in non-malign cells, mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells were investigated in detail for ER stress biomarkers, autophagy, and polyamine metabolism in this study. Evolutionary conserved autophagy mechanism is a crucial cellular process to clean damaged organelles and protein aggregates through lysosome under the control of autophagy-related genes (ATGs). Cells tend to activate autophagy to promote cell survival under stress conditions. Polyamines are polycationic molecules playing a role in the homeostasis of important cellular events such as cell survival, growth, and, proliferation. The administration of PAs has been markedly extended the lifespan of various organisms via inducing autophagy and inhibiting oxidative stress. Our data indicated that ER stress is induced following EBR treatment in MEF cells as well as MEF Atg5-/- cells. In addition, autophagy is activated following EBR treatment by targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR in wildtype (wt) cells. However, EBR-induced autophagy targets ULK1 in MEF cells lacking Atg5 expression. Besides, EBR treatment depleted the PA pool in MEF cells through the alterations of metabolic enzymes. The administration of Spd with EBR further increased autophagic vacuole formation. In conclusion, EBR is an anticancer drug candidate with selective cytotoxicity for cancer cells, in addition the induction of autophagy and PA metabolism are critical for responses of normal cells against EBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan Adacan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kultur University, Ataköy Campus, Bakirkoy, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pınar Obakan-Yerlikaya
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kultur University, Ataköy Campus, Bakirkoy, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Elif Damla Arisan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ajda Coker-Gurkan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kultur University, Ataköy Campus, Bakirkoy, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Resul Ismail Kaya
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kultur University, Ataköy Campus, Bakirkoy, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Narçın Palavan-Unsal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Kultur University, Ataköy Campus, Bakirkoy, 34156, Istanbul, Turkey
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Aghamollaei H, Ghanei M, Rasaee MJ, Latifi AM, Bakherad H, Fasihi-Ramandi M, Taheri RA, Gargari SLM. Isolation and characterization of a novel nanobody for detection of GRP78 expressing cancer cells. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:239-246. [PMID: 32270531 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone that has been shown that is overexpressed in cancer cells. Overexpression of GRP78 on cancer cells makes this molecule a suitable candidate for cancer detection and targeted therapy. VHH is the binding fragment of camelid heavy-chain antibodies also known as "nanobody." The aim of this study is to isolate and produce a new recombinant nanobody using phage display technique to detect cancer cells. Using the c-terminal domain of GRP78 (CGRP) as an antigen, four rounds of biopanning were performed, and high-affinity binders were selected by ELISA. Their affinity and functionality were characterized by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) cell ELISA and immunocytochemistry. A unique nanobody named V80 was purified. ELISA and SPR showed that this antibody had high specificity and affinity to the GRP78. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that V80 could specifically bind to the HepG2 and A549 cancer cell lines. This novel recombinant nanobody could bind to the cell surface of different cancer cells. After further evaluation, this nanobody can be used as a new tool for cancer detection and tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Aghamollaei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghanei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Rasaee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Latifi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Bakherad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mahdi Fasihi-Ramandi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramezan Ali Taheri
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Lee JS, Roh MS, Lee HW, Lee EH, Pak MG, Kim K, Nam HY, Kim KM, Jung SB. Prognostic significance of glucose-related protein 94 in colorectal cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:153013. [PMID: 32534715 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The expression of glucose-related protein 94 (GRP94), a member of the heat shock protein 90 family, was correlated with a variety of clinicopathological factors and patient survival in a large colorectal cancer (CRC) cohort. We aimed to elucidate the role of GRP94 in the prognosis of CRC patients. METHODS Tissue microarray blocks were generated from 709 CRC samples and immunohistochemically stained for GRP94. RESULTS Of the 709 tumours, 164 (23.1%) and 545 (76.9%) were classified in the low and high expression groups, respectively. GRP94 expression was high in CRC cases with larger tumours (p = 0.005) and advanced pT stage (p = 0.021). GRP94 expression was higher in females than males (p = 0.024). In univariate and multivariate survival analyses, high GRP94 expression was unexpectedly associated with better overall survival in CRC patients younger than 65 years of age (p = 0.001) CONCLUSION: Our conflicting results indicate that GRP94 has the ability to switch between oncogenic and tumour-suppressive roles depending on the conditions and microenvironment of the tumour cells. Furthermore, GRP94 could be a candidate biomarker to predict better prognosis in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Seok Lee
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Mee Sook Roh
- Department of Pathology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hyoun Wook Lee
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, South Korea.
| | - Eun Hee Lee
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Min Gyoung Pak
- Department of Pathology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Kyungeun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Yeol Nam
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Kwang Min Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Sang Bong Jung
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Dong-Eui Institute of Technology, Busan, South Korea
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142
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Machihara K, Namba T. Kuanoniamine C stimulates bortezomib-induced cell death via suppression of glucose-regulated protein 78 in osteosarcoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:289-296. [PMID: 32446382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most frequent and intractable malignancy of the bone in children and young adults. Surgical operation requires extensive excision of the cancer tissue and neighboring normal tissues. In addition, anticancer drugs and radiation therapy are thought to be almost ineffective. Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), a cell-protective endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone protein, is one of the most promising anticancer targets for osteosarcoma. Here, by analyzing the molecular mechanisms of kuanoniamine C, we report that kuanoniamine C suppresses GRP78 expression via GRP78 mRNA degradation in an ER stress response-independent manner. Interestingly, kuanoniamine C-induced cell death and downregulation of GRP78 expression was regulated by p53 signaling. Moreover, co-treatment with bortezomib, which is a newly identified anticancer drug for osteosarcoma, and kuanoniamine C suppressed GRP78 protein expression, which is essential for the stimulation of bortezomib-induced cell death. These results suggest that co-treatment with bortezomib and kuanoniamine C is a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of osteosarcoma that enhances bortezomib-dependent cell death by the downregulation of GRP78, and this combination selectively targets the major cell population of osteosarcoma, which expresses wild-type p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Machihara
- Research and Education Faculty, Multidisciplinary Science Cluster, Interdisciplinary Science Unit, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Kochi University, Nankoku, 783-8502, Japan
| | - Takushi Namba
- Research and Education Faculty, Multidisciplinary Science Cluster, Interdisciplinary Science Unit, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan; Department of Marine Resource Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, 783-8502, Japan.
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143
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Palma S, Raffa CI, Garcia-Fabiani MB, Ferretti VA, Zwenger A, Perez Verdera PV, Llontop A, Rojas Bilbao E, Cuartero V, Abba MC, Lacunza E. RHBDD2 overexpression promotes a chemoresistant and invasive phenotype to rectal cancer tumors via modulating UPR and focal adhesion genes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165810. [PMID: 32339641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The current standard of care for locally advanced rectal cancer (RC) is neoadjuvant radio-chemotherapy (NRC) with 5-fluorouracil (5Fu) as the main drug, followed by surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. While a group of patients will achieve a pathological complete response, a significant percentage will not respond to the treatment. The Unfolding Protein Response (UPR) pathway is generally activated in tumors and results in resistance to radio-chemotherapy. We previously showed that RHBDD2 gene is overexpressed in the advanced stages of colorectal cancer (CRC) and that it could modulate the UPR pathway. Moreover, RHBDD2 expression is induced by 5Fu. In this study, we demonstrate that the overexpression of RHBDD2 in CACO2 cell line confers resistance to 5Fu, favors cell migration, adhesion and proliferation and has a profound impact on the expression of both, the UPR genes BiP, PERK and CHOP, and on the cell adhesion genes FAK and PXN. We also determined that RHBDD2 binds to BiP protein, the master UPR regulator. Finally, we confirmed that a high expression of RHBDD2 in RC tumors after NRC treatment is associated with the development of local or distant metastases. The collected evidence positions RHBDD2 as a promising prognostic biomarker to predict the response to neoadjuvant therapy in patients with RC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Palma
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C I Raffa
- Gastroenterology and Proctology Department, Instituto de Oncología Angel H. Roffo, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M B Garcia-Fabiani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata Rodolfo R. Brenner, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V A Ferretti
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Zwenger
- Grupo Oncológico Cooperativo del Sur (GOCS), Neuquén, Argentina
| | | | - A Llontop
- Pathology Department, Instituto de Oncología Angel H. Roffo, University of Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E Rojas Bilbao
- Pathology Department, Instituto de Oncología Angel H. Roffo, University of Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V Cuartero
- Clinic Oncology Department, Functional Unit of Digestive Tumors, Instituto de Oncología Angel H. Roffo, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M C Abba
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E Lacunza
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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144
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Zhou C, Guo Z, Xu L, Jiang H, Sun P, Zhu X, Mu X. PFND1 Predicts Poor Prognosis of Gastric Cancer and Promotes Cell Metastasis by Activating the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:3177-3186. [PMID: 32368077 PMCID: PMC7170631 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s236929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prefoldin (PFDN) subunits have recently been found to function importantly in various tumor types, while the role of PFDN subunit 1 (PFDN1) in gastric cancer (GC) remains largely unknown. Herein, we aimed to investigate the clinical significance, the biological role and the underlying mechanism of PFDN1 in GC development. Materials and Methods PFDN1 expression levels were measured in human GC specimens by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the effects of aberrant PFDN1 expression on GC cells behavior were assessed by wound-healing assay and transwell assay in vitro, and metastasis assay in nude mice, as well as Wnt/β-catenin signaling-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Results PFDN1 levels were significantly upregulated in GC tissues compared with those in matched adjacent normal tissues. PFDN1 upregulation correlated strongly with clinical metastasis and unfavorable prognosis for GC patients. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that PFDN1 facilitated GC cell migration, invasion and metastasis. Mechanically, PFDN1 modulated GC cell behavior by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling-mediated EMT. Conclusion These results suggested a central role of PFDN1 in GC metastatic development via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, thus providing a potential therapeutic target for patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of General Surgery, Yancheng City No.1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of General Surgery, Yancheng City No.1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqun Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Yancheng City No.1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Haohai Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Yancheng City No.1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Yancheng City No.1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinguo Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangming Mu
- Department of General Surgery, Yancheng City No.1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, People's Republic of China
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145
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Rozpędek-Kamińska W, Siwecka N, Wawrzynkiewicz A, Wojtczak R, Pytel D, Diehl JA, Majsterek I. The PERK-Dependent Molecular Mechanisms as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2108. [PMID: 32204380 PMCID: PMC7139310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases is strictly connected with progressive aging of the world population. Interestingly, a broad range of age-related, neurodegenerative diseases is characterized by a common pathological mechanism-accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins within the cells. Under certain circumstances, such protein aggregates may evoke endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions and subsequent activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways via the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)-dependent manner. Under mild to moderate ER stress, UPR has a pro-adaptive role. However, severe or long-termed ER stress conditions directly evoke shift of the UPR toward its pro-apoptotic branch, which is considered to be a possible cause of neurodegeneration. To this day, there is no effective cure for Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), or prion disease. Currently available treatment approaches for these diseases are only symptomatic and cannot affect the disease progression. Treatment strategies, currently under detailed research, include inhibition of the PERK-dependent UPR signaling branches. The newest data have reported that the use of small-molecule inhibitors of the PERK-mediated signaling branches may contribute to the development of a novel, ground-breaking therapeutic approach for neurodegeneration. In this review, we critically describe all the aspects associated with such targeted therapy against neurodegenerative proteopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Rozpędek-Kamińska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (W.R.-K.); (N.S.); (A.W.); (R.W.)
| | - Natalia Siwecka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (W.R.-K.); (N.S.); (A.W.); (R.W.)
| | - Adam Wawrzynkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (W.R.-K.); (N.S.); (A.W.); (R.W.)
| | - Radosław Wojtczak
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (W.R.-K.); (N.S.); (A.W.); (R.W.)
| | - Dariusz Pytel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (D.P.); (J.A.D.)
| | - J. Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (D.P.); (J.A.D.)
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (W.R.-K.); (N.S.); (A.W.); (R.W.)
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146
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Feng YH, Tung CL, Su YC, Tsao CJ, Wu TF. Proteomic Profile of Sorafenib Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma; GRP78 Expression Is Associated With Inferior Response to Sorafenib. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2020; 16:569-576. [PMID: 31659110 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The outcome of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains poor and therapeutic options, including sorafenib, the first anti-cancer drug proved to prolong survival in patients with advanced HCC, are limited. However, no clinically useful predictive biomarker for sorafenib has been reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS We exploited two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry to find de-regulated proteins by using conditioning of a sorafenib-resistant HCC cell line, Huh7. Tumor samples from 60 patients with HCC treated with sorafenib were analyzed and correlated with survival outcome. RESULTS Comparative proteomics indicated three proteins including, 78 kDa glucose related protein (GRP78), 14-3-3ε, and heat shock protein 90β (HSP90β). The three proteins were over-expressed in sorafenib-resistant Huh7 cells. In HCC tumor samples from patients treated with sorafenib, 73% of tumor samples had a high expression of GRP78, 18% had high 14-3-3ε expression and 85% had high HSP90β expression. Among these, GRP78 was associated with the shortest progression-free survival of HCC patients treated with sorafenib. CONCLUSION GRP78 can be a predictive biomarker in HCC patients treated with sorafenib. Strategies designed to inhibit the GRP78-related pathway may overcome sorafenib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Hsun Feng
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,Department of Nursing, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chao-Ling Tung
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Chu Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chao-Jung Tsao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Liouying Campus, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ting-Feng Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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147
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Alnuqaydan AM, Rah B, Almutary AG, Chauhan SS. Synergistic antitumor effect of 5-fluorouracil and withaferin-A induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated autophagy and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:799-815. [PMID: 32266092 PMCID: PMC7136917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of chemo-resistance against 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in tumor cells is one of the main debacles in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. A recent combination of 5-FU with oxaliplatin or cetuximab drastically improves the survival rate in CRC patients; however, the toxicity issue cannot be evaded completely. Thus, searching for novel drug combinations with high specificity and low toxicity is seemingly important. Owing to the less undesirable effects of natural products on normal cells, here we investigated the synergistic antitumor effect of withaferin-A (WA) in combination with 5-FU. Our results demonstrate that the combination of WA and 5-FU induces a significant antiproliferative effect and modulates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in favor of cell death in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Mechanistically, the combination upregulates the expression of ER stress sensors (BiP, PERK, CHOP, ATF-4, and eIF2α) and executes PERK axis mediated apoptosis in CRC cells. Additionally, the combined treatment of WA and 5-FU mediated ER stress induces autophagy and apoptosis, which were confirmed by immunoblotting, acridine orange (AO) staining and annexin-V FITC by flow cytometry. In contrast, inhibition of ER stress with salubrinal significantly decreases both autophagic and apoptotic cell populations. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of either autophagy or apoptosis by their respective inhibitors 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or carbobenzoxy-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl-[O-methyl]-fluoro-methyl ketone (Z-VAD-FMK) decreases their respective population of cells but could not affect either of the population significantly. Finally, the combination attenuates the expression of β-catenin pathway associated proteins and arrests cell cycle at the G2M phase in CRC cells. In summary, the combination of WA and 5-FU decreases cell viability by inducing ER stress-mediated induction of autophagy and apoptosis, inhibiting the β-catenin pathway and arresting the cell cycle at a G2M phase in CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M Alnuqaydan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim UniversitySaudi Arabia
| | - Bilal Rah
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim UniversitySaudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed G Almutary
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim UniversitySaudi Arabia
| | - Shailender Singh Chauhan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of ArizonaTucson, Arizona, United States of America
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148
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Fusée LTS, Marín M, Fåhraeus R, López I. Alternative Mechanisms of p53 Action During the Unfolded Protein Response. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020401. [PMID: 32050651 PMCID: PMC7072472 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein p53 orchestrates cellular responses to a vast number of stresses, with DNA damage and oncogenic activation being some of the best described. The capacity of p53 to control cellular events such as cell cycle progression, DNA repair, and apoptosis, to mention some, has been mostly linked to its role as a transcription factor. However, how p53 integrates different signaling cascades to promote a particular pathway remains an open question. One way to broaden its capacity to respond to different stimuli is by the expression of isoforms that can modulate the activities of the full-length protein. One of these isoforms is p47 (p53/47, Δ40p53, p53ΔN40), an alternative translation initiation variant whose expression is specifically induced by the PERK kinase during the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) following Endoplasmic Reticulum stress. Despite the increasing knowledge on the p53 pathway, its activity when the translation machinery is globally suppressed during the UPR remains poorly understood. Here, we focus on the expression of p47 and we propose that the alternative initiation of p53 mRNA translation offers a unique condition-dependent mechanism to differentiate p53 activity to control cell homeostasis during the UPR. We also discuss how the manipulation of these processes may influence cancer cell physiology in light of therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mónica Marín
- Biochemistry-Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Robin Fåhraeus
- INSERM U1162, 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden
- ICCVS, University of Gdańsk, Science, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ignacio López
- Biochemistry-Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +598-25252095
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Sabirli R, Koseler A, Mansur N, Zeytunluoglu A, Sabirli GT, Turkcuer I, Kilic ID. Predictive Value of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Markers in Low Ejection Fractional Heart Failure. In Vivo 2020; 33:1581-1592. [PMID: 31471408 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a critical role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Heart failure is a crucial health problem that affects 23 million people worldwide, causes approximately 2.4 million people to be hospitalized every year in the USA, and leads to the death of more than 300,000 people. In this study, we aimed to investigate the clinical significance of ER stress markers and the predictive value of acute decompensated heart failure in patients with low ejection fraction heart failure (ADHF). PATIENTS AND METHODS This is a prospective case control study. The data included laboratory parameters pertaining to patients with ADHF in the emergency service and lipid parameters obtained during their admission to the hospital. In addition, the same parameters obtained from the control group patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) during their routine polyclinic control were recorded in the data set. Admission time to the hospital and length of hospital stay were included in the data. The levels of glucose regulated protein (GRP78), protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) in peripheral blood serum obtained from the patients and the control group were measured using the ELISA method. RESULTS Serum GRP78 concentration was lower in the HF group (p=0.003) compared to the control. The median value of serum PERK concentration in the HF group was higher than that of the control group (573 pg/ml, IQR=477.5-650 vs. 495.5 pg/ml, IQR=294-648, respectively) (p=0.001). However, there were no statistically significant differences in GRP78 and PERK serum concentrations between ADHF and CHF subgroups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed greater area under the curve (AUC) for the serum GRP78 levels of the healthy individuals (AUC=0.748, 95% CI=0.681-0.814, p=0.0003). The serum GRP78 level was found to be 80% sensitive and 70% specific at 147.5 pg/ml (p=0.0003) for distinguishing healthy individuals from HF patients. In the ADHF subgroup, there was a moderate correlation between hospitalization time and serum CHOP concentrations (Spearman rho=0.586 and p=0.001). CONCLUSION High GRP78 serum concentration may protect the patient from ER stress. In addition, the serum PERK level is high in patients with HF, whereas it is insufficient in predicting acute decompensation. CHOP may be useful in predicting the length of hospital stay in patients with ADHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Sabirli
- Servergazi State Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Aylin Koseler
- Department of Biophysics, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Nesteren Mansur
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Zeytunluoglu
- Department of Electronic and Automation, Denizli Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | | | - Ibrahim Turkcuer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ismail Dogu Kilic
- Department of Cardiology, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli, Turkey
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150
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Yang Y, Zhou Q, Gao A, Chen L, Li L. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and focused drug discovery in cardiovascular disease. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 504:125-137. [PMID: 32017925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an intracellular membranous organelle involved in the synthesis, folding, maturation and post-translation modification of secretory and transmembrane proteins. Therefore, ER is closely related to the maintenance of intracellular homeostasis and the good balance between health and diseases. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) occurs when unfolded/misfolded proteins accumulate after disturbance of ER environment. In response to ERS, cells trigger an adaptive response called the Unfolded protein response (UPR), which helps cells cope with the stress. In recent years, a large number of studies show that ERS can aggravate cardiovascular diseases. ERS-related proteins expression in cardiovascular diseases is on the rise. Therefore, down-regulation of ERS is critical for alleviating symptoms of cardiovascular diseases, which may be used in the near future to treat cardiovascular diseases. This article reviews the relationship between ERS and cardiovascular diseases and drugs that inhibit ERS. Furthermore, we detail the role of ERS inhibitors in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Drugs that inhibit ERS are considered as promising strategies for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Yang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Qionglin Zhou
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Anbo Gao
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Lanfang Li
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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