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Severance EG. Fungal Forces in Mental Health: Microbial Meddlers or Function Fixers? Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 61:163-179. [PMID: 35543867 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the mental health field, the gut-brain axis and associated pathways represent putative mechanisms by which gastrointestinal (GI) microbes and their gene products and metabolites can access and influence the central nervous system (CNS). These GI-centered investigations focus on bacteria, with significant information gaps existing for other microbial community members, such as fungi. Fungi are part of a complex and functionally diverse taxonomic kingdom whose interactions with hosts can be conversely deadly and beneficial. As serious sources of morbidity and mortality, fungal pathogens can quickly turn healthy microbiomes into toxic cycles of inflammation, gut permeability, and dysbiosis. Fungal commensals are also important human symbionts that provide a rich source of physiological functions to the host, such as protection against intestinal injuries, maintenance of epithelial structural integrities, and immune system development and regulation. Promising treatment compounds derived from fungi include antibiotics, probiotics, and antidepressants. Here I aim to illuminate the many attributes of fungi as they are applicable to overall improving our understanding of the mechanisms at work in psychiatric disorders. Healing the gut and its complex ecosystem is currently achievable through diet, probiotics, prebiotics, and other strategies, yet it is critical to recognize that the success of these interventions relies on a more precisely defined role of the fungal and other non-bacterial components of the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Severance
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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102
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Borkent J, Ioannou M, Laman JD, Haarman BCM, Sommer IEC. Role of the gut microbiome in three major psychiatric disorders. Psychol Med 2022; 52:1222-1242. [PMID: 35506416 PMCID: PMC9157303 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722000897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSD) are heterogeneous psychiatric disorders, which place significant burden on patient's well-being and global health. Disruptions in the gut-microbiome may play a role in these psychiatric disorders. This review presents current data on composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiota, and its interaction mechanisms in the gut-brain axis in MDD, BD and SSD. Diversity metrics and microbial relative abundance differed across studies. More studies reported inconsistent findings (n = 7) or no differences (n = 8) than studies who reported lower α-diversity in these psychiatric disorders (n = 5). The most consistent findings across studies were higher relative abundances of the genera Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Eggerthella and lower relative abundance of the butyrate producing Faecalibacterium in patients with psychiatric disorders. All three increased genera were associated with higher symptom severity. Confounders, such as medication use and life style have not been accounted for. So far, the results of probiotics trials have been inconsistent. Most traditional and widely used probiotics (consisting of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp.) are safe, however, they do not correct potential microbiota disbalances in these disorders. Findings on prebiotics and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) are too limited to draw definitive conclusions. Disease-specific pro/prebiotic treatment or even FMT could be auspicious interventions for prevention and therapy for psychiatric disorders and should be investigated in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Borkent
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Magdalini Ioannou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jon D. Laman
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bartholomeus C. M. Haarman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris E. C. Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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103
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Sung KY, Zhang B, Wang HE, Bai YM, Tsai SJ, Su TP, Chen TJ, Hou MC, Lu CL, Wang YP, Chen MH. Schizophrenia and risk of new-onset inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide longitudinal study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022; 55:1192-1201. [PMID: 35261051 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic gastrointestinal inflammatory disorder with increasing global prevalence. The risk of IBD in patients with schizophrenia remains unclear. We aim to investigate the risk of new-onset IBD in patients with schizophrenia compared with matched controls. METHODS We conducted a retrospective, population-based cohort study utilising patient data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database collected between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2011. Patients diagnosed with schizophrenia by board-certified psychiatrists without prior diagnosis of IBD were enrolled and matched to controls in 1:4 fashion by age, sex, residence, income level and medical comorbidities. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for new-onset IBD and sub-analyses were determined using Cox regression analysis with adjustments. RESULTS Among 116 164 patients with schizophrenia and 464 656 matched controls, overall incidence of IBD among patients was significantly higher (1.14% vs. 0.25%). Average age of IBD diagnosis was 46.82 among patients with schizophrenia, versus 55.30 among controls. The HR of developing IBD among patients was 3.28, with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 2.49-4.33. IBD risk was higher among patients with psychiatric admissions more than once per year (HR 7.99, 95% CI 5.25-12.15) compared to those hospitalised less frequently (HR 2.72, 95% CI 2.03-3.66). CONCLUSIONS This population-based cohort study demonstrates a significant association between schizophrenia and subsequent IBD development. Patients with schizophrenia develop IBD at a younger age, and the risk increases with inadequately controlled schizophrenia. Physician vigilance and awareness of this correlation will improve IBD diagnosis and management among this vulnerable patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yi Sung
- Endoscopy Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hohui E Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ya-Mei Bai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Ping Su
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzeng-Ji Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chih Hou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Liang Lu
- Endoscopy Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Po Wang
- Endoscopy Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Hong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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104
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Yang J, Zhang Z, Xie Z, Bai L, Xiong P, Chen F, Zhu T, Peng Q, Wu H, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Chen M, Gao J, Tian W, Shi K, Du Y, Duan Y, Wang H, Xu Y, Kuang YQ, Zhu M, Yu J, Wang K. Metformin modulates microbiota-derived inosine and ameliorates methamphetamine-induced anxiety and depression-like withdrawal symptoms in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112837. [PMID: 35339829 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin exhibits therapeutic potential in behavioural deficits induced by methamphetamine (METH) in rats. Emerging studies suggest gut microbiota may impact psychiatric symptoms, but there is no direct evidence supporting metformin's participation in the pathophysiology of withdrawal symptoms via modulation of gut microbiota. METHODS In order to define the functional impacts of gut microbiota and metformin to the behavioural deficits during METH withdrawal, we utilized a combination of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), high-throughput sequencing, and untargeted metabolomics technologies. RESULTS First, METH addicts exhibited higher α diversity and distinct microbial structures compared to healthy controls. In particular, the relative abundance of Rikenellaceae was positively correlated with the severity of anxiety and depression. Second, both human-to-mouse and mouse-to-mouse FMTs confirmed that METH-altered-microbiota transplantation is sufficient to promote anxiety and depression-like behaviours in recipient germ-free mice, and these behavioural disturbances could be ameliorated by metformin. In-depth analysis revealed that METH significantly altered the bacterial composition and structure as well as relative abundance of several bacterial taxa and metabolites, including Rikenellaceae and inosine, respectively, whereas add-on metformin could remodel these alterations. Finally, the inosine complementation successfully restored METH-induced anxiety and depression-like behaviours in mice. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that METH withdrawal-induced anxiety and depression-like behaviours are reversible and transmissible via gut microbiota in a mouse model. The therapeutic effects of metformin on psychiatric manifestations are associated with microbiota-derived metabolites, highlighting the role of the gut microbiota in substance use disorders and the pathophysiology of withdrawal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqing Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Faculty of Life science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Zunyue Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Zhenrong Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Ling Bai
- Faculty of Life science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Pu Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Fengrong Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Tailin Zhu
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qingyan Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Hongjin Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Yuru Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Yongjin Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Minghui Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Jianyuan Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Weiwei Tian
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Kai Shi
- College of Science, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yan Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Yong Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Huawei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Yu Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Yi-Qun Kuang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Mei Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Juehua Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Centre for Experimental Studies and Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China.
| | - Kunhua Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Faculty of Life science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
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105
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Xiao W, Su J, Gao X, Yang H, Weng R, Ni W, Gu Y. The microbiota-gut-brain axis participates in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion by disrupting the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:62. [PMID: 35430804 PMCID: PMC9013454 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) underlies secondary brain injury following certain metabolic disorders and central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Dysregulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis can exacerbate various CNS disorders through aberrantly expressed metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Yet, its relationship with CCH remains to be demonstrated. And if so, it is of interest to explore whether restoring gut microbiota to maintain SCFA metabolism could protect against CCH. RESULTS Rats subjected to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) as a model of CCH exhibited cognitive impairment, depressive-like behaviors, decreased gut motility, and compromised gut barrier functions. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing revealed an abnormal gut microbiota profile and decreased relative abundance of some representative SCFA producers, with the decreased hippocampal SCFAs as the further evidence. Using fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), rats recolonized with a balanced gut microbiome acquired a higher level of hippocampal SCFAs, as well as decreased neuroinflammation when exposed to lipopolysaccharide. Healthy FMT promoted gut motility and gut barrier functions, and improved cognitive decline and depressive-like behaviors by inhibiting hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in BCCAO rats. Long-term SCFA supplementation further confirmed its neuroprotective effect in terms of relieving inflammatory response and hippocampal neuronal apoptosis following BCCAO. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that modulating the gut microbiome via FMT can ameliorate BCCAO-induced gut dysbiosis, cognitive decline, and depressive-like behaviors, possibly by enhancing the relative abundance of SCFA-producing floras and subsequently increasing SCFA levels. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200052 China
| | - Jiabin Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200052 China
| | - Xinjie Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200052 China
| | - Heng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200052 China
| | - Ruiyuan Weng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200052 China
| | - Wei Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, 200052 China
| | - Yuxiang Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200052 China
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106
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Stressful events induce long-term gut microbiota dysbiosis and associated post-traumatic stress symptoms in healthcare workers fighting against COVID-19. J Affect Disord 2022; 303:187-195. [PMID: 35157946 PMCID: PMC8837476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a key pathway perturbed by prolonged stressors to produce brain and behavioral disorders. Frontline healthcare workers (FHWs) fighting against COVID-19 typically experience stressful event sequences and manifest some mental symptoms; however, the role of gut microbiota in such stress-induced mental problems remains unclear. We investigated the association between the psychological stress of FHW and gut microbiota. METHODS We used full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize the longitudinal changes in gut microbiota and investigated the impact of microbial changes on FHWs' mental status. RESULTS Stressful events induced significant depression, anxiety, and stress in FHWs and disrupted the gut microbiome; gut dysbiosis persisted for at least half a year. Different microbes followed discrete trajectories during the half-year of follow-up. Microbes associated with mental health were mainly Faecalibacterium spp. and [Eubacterium] eligens group spp. with anti-inflammatory effects. Of note, the prediction model indicated that low abundance of [Eubacterium] hallii group uncultured bacterium and high abundance of Bacteroides eggerthii at Day 0 (immediately after the two-month frontline work) were significant determinants of the reappearance of post-traumatic stress symptoms in FHWs. LIMITATIONS The lack of metabolomic evidence and animal experiments result in the unclear mechanism of gut dysbiosis-related stress symptoms. CONCLUSION The stressful event sequences of fighting against COVID-19 induce characteristic longitudinal changes in gut microbiota, which underlies dynamic mental state changes.
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107
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Dash S, Syed YA, Khan MR. Understanding the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Brain Development and Its Association With Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:880544. [PMID: 35493075 PMCID: PMC9048050 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.880544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has a tremendous influence on human physiology, including the nervous system. During fetal development, the initial colonization of the microbiome coincides with the development of the nervous system in a timely, coordinated manner. Emerging studies suggest an active involvement of the microbiome and its metabolic by-products in regulating early brain development. However, any disruption during this early developmental process can negatively impact brain functionality, leading to a range of neurodevelopment and neuropsychiatric disorders (NPD). In this review, we summarize recent evidence as to how the gut microbiome can influence the process of early human brain development and its association with major neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. Further, we discuss how gut microbiome alterations can also play a role in inducing drug resistance in the affected individuals. We propose a model that establishes a direct link of microbiome dysbiosis with the exacerbated inflammatory state, leading to functional brain deficits associated with NPD. Based on the existing research, we discuss a framework whereby early diet intervention can boost mental wellness in the affected subjects and call for further research for a better understanding of mechanisms that govern the gut-brain axis may lead to novel approaches to the study of the pathophysiology and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somarani Dash
- Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Yasir Ahmed Syed
- School of Biosciences and Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mojibur R. Khan
- Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, India
- *Correspondence: Mojibur R. Khan,
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108
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Fu Y, Hu J, Erasmus MA, Johnson TA, Cheng HW. Effects of early-life cecal microbiota transplantation from divergently selected inbred chicken lines on growth, gut serotonin, and immune parameters in recipient chickens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101925. [PMID: 35613492 PMCID: PMC9130533 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that fecal microbiota transplantation exerts beneficial effects on modulating stress-related inflammation and gastrointestinal health of the host. The aim of this study was to examine if cecal microbiota transplantation (CMT) presents similar efficiency in improving the health status of egg-laying strain chickens. Chicken lines 63 and 72 divergently selected for resistance or susceptibility to Marek's disease were used as CMT donors. Eighty-four d-old male recipient chicks (a commercial DeKalb XL layer strain) were randomly assigned into 3 treatments with 7 replicates per treatment and 4 birds per replicate (n = 7): saline (control, CTRL), cecal solution of line 63 (63-CMT), and cecal solution of line 72 (72-CMT) for a 16-wk trial. Cecal transplant gavage was conducted once daily from d 1 to d 10, then boosted once weekly from wk 3 to wk 5. The results indicated that 72-CMT birds had the highest body weight and ileal villus/crypt ratio among the treatments at wk 5 (P ≤ 0.05); and higher heterophil/lymphocyte ratios than that of 63-CMT birds at wk 16 (P < 0.05). 72-CMT birds also had higher levels of plasma natural IgG and Interleukin (IL)-6 at wk 16, while 63-CMT birds had higher concentrations of ileal mucosal secretory IgA at wk 5 and plasma IL-10 at wk 16 (P < 0.05), with a tendency for lower mRNA abundance of splenic IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α at wk 16 (P = 0.08 and 0.07, respectively). In addition, 72-CMT birds tended to have the lowest serotonin concentrations (P = 0.07) with the highest serotonin turnover in the ileum at wk 5 (P < 0.05). There were no treatment effects on the levels of plasma corticosterone and testosterone at wk 16 (P > 0.05). In conclusion, early postnatal CMT from different donors led to different patterns of growth and health status through the regulation of ileal morphological structures, gut-derived serotonergic activities, peripheral cytokines, and antibody production in recipient chickens.
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109
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Gut Microbiota Research in Bipolar Disorder and Possible Implications for Precision Psychiatry: A Systematic Review. PSYCHIATRY INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/psychiatryint3010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a highly disabling condition with a chronic and relapsing nature. Despite the substantial socioeconomic burden associated with BD, there are still significant research gaps in risk stratification, diagnostic accuracy, and treatment selection, all key components of precision psychiatry. One possible strategy to increase the validity of precision psychiatry approaches in BD is to increase our knowledge of disorder-associated gut microbiota perturbations. To this end, we systematically reviewed the evidence on gut microbiota alterations in relation to precision psychiatry approaches on BD. We performed a systematic review on PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Science to identify original articles investigating the possible clinical applications of microbiota analyses for pragmatic precision psychiatry in BD. A pearl growing strategy was employed to enlarge the scope of this review. The primary search strategy yielded one paper and an additional one was identified through reference tracking. The included studies were observational, with one study of good quality. The identified results justify the efforts devolved in this area of research and underscore the need to expand these investigations through additional larger and properly designed studies.
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110
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Khoshnevisan K, Chehrehgosha M, Conant M, Mohammad Meftah A, Baharifar H, Ejtahed HS, Angoorani P, Gholami M, Sharifi F, Maleki H, Larijani B, Khorramizadeh MR. Interactive relationship between Trp metabolites and gut microbiota: The impact on human pathology of disease. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:4186-4207. [PMID: 35304801 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp), an α-amino acid, is the precursor of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), which is involved in a variety of features of metabolic function and human nutrition. Evidence highlights the role of Trp metabolites (exclusively 5-HT) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract; however, the mechanisms of action involved in the release of 5-HT in the GI tract are still unknown. Considering the fact that variations of 5-HT may facilitate the growth of certain GI disorders, gaining a better understanding of the function and release of 5-HT in the GI tract would be beneficial. Additionally, investigating Trp metabolism may clarify the relationship between Trp and gut microbiota. It is believed that other metabolites of Trp (mostly that of the kynurenine pathway) may play a significant role in controlling gut microbiota function. In this review, we have attempted to summarize the current research investigating the relationship of gut microbiota, Trp, and 5-HT metabolism (with particular attention paid to their metabolite type, as well as a discussion of the research methods used in each study). Taking together, regarding the role that Trp/5-HT plays in a range of physical and mental diseases, the gut bacterial types, as well as the related disorders, have been exclusively considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Khoshnevisan
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Chehrehgosha
- Department of Surgical Technology, Paramedical School, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.,Department of Gerontology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Melissa Conant
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amir Mohammad Meftah
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hadi Baharifar
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Applied Biophotonics Research Center, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh-Sadat Ejtahed
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooneh Angoorani
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Gholami
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Sharifi
- Elderly Health Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Maleki
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khorramizadeh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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111
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Analysis of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Exacerbated Symptoms of Schizophrenia following Therapy with Amisulpride: A Pilot Study. Behav Neurol 2022; 2022:4262094. [PMID: 35287288 PMCID: PMC8917950 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4262094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is mounting that the gut microbiome is related to the underlying pathogenesis of schizophrenia. However, effects of amisulpride on gut microbiota are poorly defined. This study was aimed at analyzing cytokines and fecal microbiota in patients with exacerbated symptoms of schizophrenia treated with amisulpride during four weeks of their hospital stay. In the present study, feces collected from patients with schizophrenia were analyzed using 16S rRNA pyrosequencing and bioinformatic analyses to ascertain gut microbiome composition and fasting peripheral blood cytokines. We found that patients undergoing treatment of schizophrenia with amisulpride had distinct changes in gut microbial composition at the genus level, increased levels of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria (Dorea and Butyricicoccus), and reduced levels of pathogenic bacteria (Actinomyces and Porphyromonas), but the level of Desulfovibrio was still high. We also found a significant downregulation of butanoate metabolism based on functional analysis of the microbiome. After treatment, elevated levels of interleukin- (IL-) 4 and decreased levels of IL-6 were found. Our findings extend prior work and suggest a possible pharmacological mechanism of amisulpride treatment for schizophrenia, which acts via mediation of the gut microbiome.
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112
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Escobar YNH, O’Piela D, Wold LE, Mackos AR. Influence of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis on Cognition in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 87:17-31. [PMID: 35253750 PMCID: PMC10394502 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is made up of trillions of microbial cells including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbial bodies and is greatly involved in the maintenance of proper health of the host body. In particular, the gut microbiota has been shown to not only be involved in brain development but also in the modulation of behavior, neuropsychiatric disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease. The precise mechanism by which the gut microbiota can affect the development of Alzheimer’s disease is unknown, but the gut microbiota is thought to communicate with the brain directly via the vagus nerve or indirectly through signaling molecules such as cytokines, neuroendocrine hormones, bacterial components, neuroactive molecules, or microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids. In particular, interventions such as probiotic supplementation, fecal microbiota transfer, and supplementation with microbial metabolites have been used not only to study the effects that the gut microbiota has on behavior and cognitive function, but also as potential therapeutics for Alzheimer’s disease. A few of these interventions, such as probiotics, are promising candidates for the improvement of cognition in Alzheimer ’s disease and are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael-Natalie H. Escobar
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Devin O’Piela
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Loren E. Wold
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amy R. Mackos
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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113
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Aaldijk E, Vermeiren Y. The role of serotonin within the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the development of Alzheimer's disease: A narrative review. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 75:101556. [PMID: 34990844 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for more than 50 million patients worldwide. Current evidence suggests the exact mechanism behind this devastating disease to be of multifactorial origin, which seriously complicates the quest for an effective disease-modifying therapy, as well as impedes the search for strategic preventative measures. Of interest, preclinical studies point to serotonergic alterations, either induced via selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin receptor (ant)agonists, in mitigating AD brain neuropathology next to its clinical symptoms, the latter being supported by a handful of human intervention trials. Additionally, a substantial amount of preclinical trials highlight the potential of diet, fecal microbiota transplantations, as well as pre- and probiotics in modulating the brain's serotonergic neurotransmitter system, starting from the gut. Whether such interventions could truly prevent, reverse or slow down AD progression likewise, should be initially tested in preclinical studies with AD mouse models, including sufficient analytical measurements both in gut and brain. Thereafter, its potential therapeutic effect could be confirmed in rigorously randomized controlled trials in humans, preferentially across the Alzheimer's continuum, but especially from the prodromal up to the mild stages, where both high adherence to such therapies, as well as sufficient room for noticeable enhancement are feasible still. In the end, such studies might aid in the development of a comprehensive approach to tackle this complex multifactorial disease, since serotonin and its derivatives across the microbiota-gut-brain axis might serve as possible biomarkers of disease progression, next to forming a valuable target in AD drug development. In this narrative review, the available evidence concerning the orchestrating role of serotonin within the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the development of AD is summarized and discussed, and general considerations for future studies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Aaldijk
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Chair Group of Nutritional Biology, Wageningen University & Research (WUR), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Yannick Vermeiren
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Chair Group of Nutritional Biology, Wageningen University & Research (WUR), Wageningen, Netherlands; Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Zhao J, Chen J, Wang C, Liu Y, Li M, Li Y, Li R, Han Z, Wang J, Chen L, Shu Y, Cheng G, Sun C. Kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO) broadly inhibits viral infections via triggering NMDAR/Ca2+ influx and CaMKII/ IRF3-mediated IFN-β production. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010366. [PMID: 35235615 PMCID: PMC8920235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) metabolism through the kynurenine pathway (KP) is well known to play a critical function in cancer, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. However, its role in host-pathogen interactions has not been characterized yet. Herein, we identified that kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO), a key rate-limiting enzyme in the KP, and quinolinic acid (QUIN), a key enzymatic product of KMO enzyme, exerted a novel antiviral function against a broad range of viruses. Mechanistically, QUIN induced the production of type I interferon (IFN-I) via activating the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and Ca2+ influx to activate Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)/interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Importantly, QUIN treatment effectively inhibited viral infections and alleviated disease progression in mice. Furthermore, kmo-/- mice were vulnerable to pathogenic viral challenge with severe clinical symptoms. Collectively, our results demonstrated that KMO and its enzymatic product QUIN were potential therapeutics against emerging pathogenic viruses. The outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases have become a severe challenge worldwide, and therefore it is a public health priority to explore novel broad-spectrum antiviral agents with various mechanisms. This study reported that kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO), a key rate-limiting enzyme during tryptophan metabolism, showed promise as a novel broad-spectrum antiviral factor against emerging pathogenic viruses. We further found that quinolinic acid (QUIN), an enzymatic product of KMO, could also act as a novel broad-spectrum antiviral agent. We then systematically studied the underlying mechanisms and broadly antiviral function of KMO and QUIN in vitro and in vivo. Our data highlight the importance of exploring novel antiviral targets from the key enzymes and their metabolites in tryptophan metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen university), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaoshan Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen university), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen university), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yajie Liu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen university), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minchao Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen university), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen university), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiting Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen university), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zirong Han
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen university), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjian Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen university), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GC); (CS)
| | - Caijun Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen university), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (GC); (CS)
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115
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Vasileva SS, Tucker J, Siskind D, Eyles D. Does the gut microbiome mediate antipsychotic-induced metabolic side effects in schizophrenia? Expert Opin Drug Saf 2022; 21:625-639. [PMID: 35189774 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2022.2042251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are the most effective treatment for people with schizophrenia. Despite their effectiveness in treating psychotic symptoms, they have been linked to metabolic, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal side-effects. The gut microbiome has been implicated in potentiating symptoms of schizophrenia, response to treatment and medication-induced side effects and thus presents a novel target mediating second-generation antipsychotic-induced side effects in patients. AREAS COVERED This narrative review presents evidence from clinical and pre-clinical studies exploring the relationship between the gut microbiome, schizophrenia, second-generation antipsychotics and antipsychotic-induced side-effects. It also covers evidence for psychobiotic treatment as a potential supplementary therapy for people with schizophrenia. EXPERT OPINION The gut microbiome has the potential to mediate antipsychotic-induced side-effects in people with schizophrenia. Microbiome-focused treatments should be considered in combination with standard therapy in order to ameliorate debilitating drug-induced side effects, increase quality of life and potentially improve psychotic symptoms. Future studies should aim to collect not only microbiome data, but also metabolomic measures, dietary information and behavioral data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack Tucker
- Metro South Addiction and Mental Health Service, Metro South Health, Brisbane, Australia.,University of Queensland School of Clinical Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dan Siskind
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Metro South Addiction and Mental Health Service, Metro South Health, Brisbane, Australia.,University of Queensland School of Clinical Medicine, Brisbane, Australia.,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Darryl Eyles
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, Australia
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116
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McGrath T, Baskerville R, Rogero M, Castell L. Emerging Evidence for the Widespread Role of Glutamatergic Dysfunction in Neuropsychiatric Diseases. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14050917. [PMID: 35267893 PMCID: PMC8912368 DOI: 10.3390/nu14050917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The monoamine model of depression has long formed the basis of drug development but fails to explain treatment resistance or associations with stress or inflammation. Recent animal research, clinical trials of ketamine (a glutamate receptor antagonist), neuroimaging research, and microbiome studies provide increasing evidence of glutamatergic dysfunction in depression and other disorders. Glutamatergic involvement across diverse neuropathologies including psychoses, neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative conditions, and brain injury forms the rationale for this review. Glutamate is the brain's principal excitatory neurotransmitter (NT), a metabolic and synthesis substrate, and an immune mediator. These overlapping roles and multiple glutamate NT receptor types complicate research into glutamate neurotransmission. The glutamate microcircuit comprises excitatory glutamatergic neurons, astrocytes controlling synaptic space levels, through glutamate reuptake, and inhibitory GABA interneurons. Astroglia generate and respond to inflammatory mediators. Glutamatergic microcircuits also act at the brain/body interface via the microbiome, kynurenine pathway, and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Disruption of excitatory/inhibitory homeostasis causing neuro-excitotoxicity, with neuronal impairment, causes depression and cognition symptoms via limbic and prefrontal regions, respectively. Persistent dysfunction reduces neuronal plasticity and growth causing neuronal death and tissue atrophy in neurodegenerative diseases. A conceptual overview of brain glutamatergic activity and peripheral interfacing is presented, including the common mechanisms that diverse diseases share when glutamate homeostasis is disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas McGrath
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6HG, UK; (T.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Richard Baskerville
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Marcelo Rogero
- School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-904, Brazil;
| | - Linda Castell
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6HG, UK; (T.M.); (L.C.)
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117
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Zhang T, Gao G, Sakandar HA, Kwok LY, Sun Z. Gut Dysbiosis in Pancreatic Diseases: A Causative Factor and a Novel Therapeutic Target. Front Nutr 2022; 9:814269. [PMID: 35242797 PMCID: PMC8885515 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.814269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic-related disorders such as pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) impose a substantial challenge to human health and wellbeing. Even though our understanding of the initiation and progression of pancreatic diseases has broadened over time, no effective therapeutics is yet available for these disorders. Mounting evidence suggests that gut dysbiosis is closely related to human health and disease, and pancreatic diseases are no exception. Now much effort is under way to explore the correlation and eventually potential causation between the gut microbiome and the course of pancreatic diseases, as well as to develop novel preventive and/or therapeutic strategies of targeted microbiome modulation by probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for these multifactorial disorders. Attempts to dissect the intestinal microbial landscape and its metabolic profile might enable deep insight into a holistic picture of these complex conditions. This article aims to review the subtle yet intimate nexus loop between the gut microbiome and pancreatic diseases, with a particular focus on current evidence supporting the feasibility of preventing and controlling pancreatic diseases via microbiome-based therapeutics and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Guangqi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Hafiz Arbab Sakandar
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lai-Yu Kwok
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- *Correspondence: Zhihong Sun
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Lai J, Zhang P, Jiang J, Mou T, Li Y, Xi C, Wu L, Gao X, Zhang D, Chen Y, Huang H, Li H, Cai X, Li M, Zheng P, Hu S. New Evidence of Gut Microbiota Involvement in the Neuropathogenesis of Bipolar Depression by TRANK1 Modulation: Joint Clinical and Animal Data. Front Immunol 2022; 12:789647. [PMID: 34992606 PMCID: PMC8724122 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.789647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetratricopeptide repeat and ankyrin repeat containing 1 (TRANK1) is a robust risk gene of bipolar disorder (BD). However, little is known on the role of TRANK1 in the pathogenesis of BD and whether the gut microbiota is capable of regulating TRANK1 expression. In this study, we first investigated the serum mRNA level of TRANK1 in medication-free patients with a depressive episode of BD, then a mice model was constructed by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to explore the effects of gut microbiota on brain TRANK1 expression and neuroinflammation, which was further verified by in vitro Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment in BV-2 microglial cells and neurons. 22 patients with a depressive episode and 28 healthy individuals were recruited. Serum level of TRANK1 mRNA was higher in depressed patients than that of healthy controls. Mice harboring 'BD microbiota' following FMT presented depression-like phenotype. mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines and TRANK1 were elevated in mice hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. In vitro, LPS treatment activated the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors in BV-2 cells, which was capable of upregulating the neuronal expression of TRANK1 mRNA. Moreover, primary cortical neurons transfected with plasmid Cytomegalovirus DNA (pcDNA3.1(+)) vector encoding human TRANK1 showed decreased dendritic spine density. Together, these findings add new evidence to the microbiota-gut-brain regulation in BD, indicating that microbiota is possibly involved in the neuropathogenesis of BD by modulating the expression of TRANK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peifen Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Mou
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Caixi Xi
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingle Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danhua Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huimin Huang
- Institute of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shaohua Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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119
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Liang Y, Shi X, Shen Y, Huang Z, Wang J, Shao C, Chu Y, Chen J, Yu J, Kang Y. Enhanced intestinal protein fermentation in schizophrenia. BMC Med 2022; 20:67. [PMID: 35135531 PMCID: PMC8827269 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02261-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging findings highlighted the associations of mental illness to nutrition and dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiota, but the underlying mechanisms, especially in schizophrenia (SZ), remain unclarified. METHODS We conducted a case-control study of SZ patients (case to control=100:52) by performing sequencing of the gut metagenome; measurement of fecal and plasma non-targeted metabolome; including short-, medium-, and long-chain fatty acids; and targeted metabolites, along with recorded details of daily intakes of food. RESULTS The metagenome analysis uncovered enrichment of asaccharolytic species and reduced abundance of carbohydrate catabolism pathways and enzymes in the gut of SZ patients, but increased abundance of peptidases in contrast to their significantly reduced protein intake. Fecal metabolome analysis identified increased concentrations of many protein catabolism products, including amino acids (AAs), urea, branched short-chain fatty acids, and various nitrogenous derivates of aromatic AAs in SZ patients. Protein synthesis, represented by the abundance of AA-biosynthesis pathways and aminoacyl-tRNA transferases in metagenome, was significantly decreased. The AUCs (area under the curve) of the diagnostic random forest models based on their abundance achieved 85% and 91%, respectively. The fecal levels of AA-fermentative enzymes and products uniformly showed positive correlations with the severity of psychiatric symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed apparent dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiome of SZ patients, where microbial metabolism is dominated by protein fermentation and shift from carbohydrate fermentation and protein synthesis in healthy conditions. The aberrant macronutrient metabolism by gut microbes highlights the importance of nutrition care and the potential for developing microbiota-targeted therapeutics in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yang Shen
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuoran Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, ,235000, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Changjun Shao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yanan Chu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jun Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu Kang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Xi Y, Li H, Yu M, Li X, Li Y, Hui B, Zeng X, Wang J, Li J. Protective effects of chlorogenic acid on trimethyltin chloride-induced neurobehavioral dysfunctions in mice relying on the gut microbiota. Food Funct 2022; 13:1535-1550. [PMID: 35072194 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03334d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trimethyltin chloride (TMT) is acknowledged to have potent neurotoxicity. Chlorogenic acid (CGA), the most abundant polyphenol in the human diet, is well-known for its neuroprotective activity. This investigation was performed to determine the effects and mechanisms of CGA on TMT-induced neurobehavioral dysfunctions. Mice received oral administrations of CGA (30 mg kg-1) for 11 days, in which they were intraperitoneally injected with TMT (2.7 mg kg-1) once on the 8th day. The daily intake of CGA significantly alleviated TMT-induced epilepsy-like seizure and cognition impairment, ameliorating hippocampal neuronal degeneration and neuroinflammation. Oral gavage of CGA potentially exerted neuroprotective effects through JNK/c-Jun and TLR4/NFκB pathways. Microbiome analysis revealed that daily consumption of CGA raised the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in TMT-treated mice. SCFAs, the gut microbial metabolites associated with neuroprotection, were increased in the mouse hippocampus following CGA treatment. TMT-induced neurotransmitter disorders were regulated by oral gavage of CGA, especially DL-kynurenine and acetylcholine chloride. Additionally, neurotransmitters in the mouse hippocampus were found to be highly associated with the gut microbiota. Our findings provided research evidence for the neuroprotective effect of CGA on TMT-induced neurobehavioral dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, NO. 33 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - He Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, NO. 33 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Meihong Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, NO. 33 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Xuejie Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, NO. 33 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, NO. 33 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Bowen Hui
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, NO. 33 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Xiangquan Zeng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, NO. 33 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, NO. 33 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, NO. 33 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China.
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121
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Qiao Y, Gong W, Li B, Xu R, Wang M, Shen L, Shi H, Li Y. Oral Microbiota Changes Contribute to Autism Spectrum Disorder in Mice. J Dent Res 2022; 101:821-831. [PMID: 35114831 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211070470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiota has been implicated in various neurologic conditions, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a category of neurodevelopmental disorders defined by core behavioral impairments. Recent data propose the etiopathogenetic role of intestinal microbiota in ASD. The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether the oral microbiota contributes to the pathogenesis of ASD. On the basis of microbial changes detected in the oral cavity of children with ASD, we transferred oral microbiota from donors with ASD and typical development (TD) into an antibiotic-mediated microbiota-depleted mouse model and found that the ASD microbiota is sufficient to induce ASD-like behaviors, such as impaired social behavior. Mice receiving oral microbiota from the ASD donor showed significantly different microbiota structures in their oral cavity and intestinal tract as compared with those receiving TD microbiota and those not receiving any bacterium. The prefrontal cortex of ASD microbiota recipient mice displayed an alternative transcriptional profile with significant upregulation of serotonin-related gene expression, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, and TGF-β signaling pathway relative to that in TD microbiota recipient mice. The expression of serotonin-related genes was significantly increased in ASD microbiota recipient mice and was associated with selective autistic behaviors and changes in abundance of specific oral microbiota, including species of Bacteroidetes [G-7], Porphyromonas, and Tannerella. Machine learning based on the causal inference method confirmed a contributing role of Porphyromonas sp. HMT 930 in ASD. Taken together, the oral microbiota of children with ASD can lead to ASD-like behaviors, differences in microbial community structures, and altered neurosignaling activities in recipient mice; this highlights the mouth-microbial-brain connections in the development of neuropathology and provides a novel strategy to fully understand the etiologic mechanism of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Qiao
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - W Gong
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - B Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - R Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Third Affiliated Hospital of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - M Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Division of Neonatology, Xiamen Branch of Children's Hospital of Fudan University (Xiamen Children's Hospital), Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health, Shanghai, China
| | - L Shen
- Department of Immunology and Pathogen Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - H Shi
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
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Alteration of gut microbiome in patients with schizophrenia indicates links between bacterial tyrosine biosynthesis and cognitive dysfunction. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 3:283-291. [PMID: 37124355 PMCID: PMC10140391 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a heterogeneous neuropsychiatric disorder for which current treatment has insufficient efficacy and severe adverse effects. The modifiable gut microbiome might be a potential target for intervention to improve neurobiological functions through the gut-microbiome-brain axis. Methods In this case-control study, gut microbiota of 132 patients with SCZ and increased waist circumference were compared with gut microbiota of two age- and sex-matched control groups, composed of 132 healthy individuals and 132 individuals with metabolic syndrome. Shotgun sequencing was used to characterize fecal samples at the taxonomic and functional levels. Cognition of the patients with SCZ was evaluated using the Brief Assessment of Cognition instrument. Results SCZ gut microbiota differed significantly from those of healthy control subjects and individuals with metabolic syndrome in terms of richness and global composition. SCZ gut microbiota were notably enriched in Flavonifractor plautii, Collinsella aerofaciens, Bilophila wadsworthia, and Sellimonas intestinalis, while depleted in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Ruminococcus lactaris, Ruminococcus bicirculans, and Veillonella rogosae. Functional potential of the gut microbiota accounted for 11% of cognition variability. In particular, the bacterial functional module for synthesizing tyrosine, a precursor for dopamine, was in SCZ cases positively associated with cognitive score (ρ = 0.34, q ≤ .1). Conclusions Overall, this study shows that the gut microbiome of patients with SCZ differs greatly from that of healthy control subjects or individuals with metabolic syndrome. Cognitive function of patients with SCZ is associated with the potential for gut bacterial biosynthesis of tyrosine, a precursor for dopamine, suggesting that gut microbiota might be an intervention target for alleviation of cognitive dysfunction in SCZ.
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One Giant Leap from Mouse to Man: The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Mood Disorders and Translational Challenges Moving towards Human Clinical Trials. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030568. [PMID: 35276927 PMCID: PMC8840472 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota–gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication pathway that enables the gut microbiota to communicate with the brain through direct and indirect signaling pathways to influence brain physiology, function, and even behavior. Research has shown that probiotics can improve several aspects of health by changing the environment within the gut, and several lines of evidence now indicate a beneficial effect of probiotics on mental and brain health. Such evidence has prompted the arrival of a new term to the world of biotics research: psychobiotics, defined as any exogenous influence whose effect on mental health is bacterially mediated. Several taxonomic changes in the gut microbiota have been reported in neurodevelopmental disorders, mood disorders such as anxiety and depression, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. While clinical evidence supporting the role of the gut microbiota in mental and brain health, and indeed demonstrating the beneficial effects of probiotics is rapidly accumulating, most of the evidence to date has emerged from preclinical studies employing different animal models. The purpose of this review is to focus on the role of probiotics and the microbiota–gut–brain axis in relation to mood disorders and to review the current translational challenges from preclinical to clinical research.
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124
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Mendelian randomization analyses support causal relationships between blood metabolites and the gut microbiome. Nat Genet 2022; 54:52-61. [PMID: 34980918 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00968-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome has been implicated in a variety of physiological states, but controversy over causality remains unresolved. Here, we performed bidirectional Mendelian randomization analyses on 3,432 Chinese individuals with whole-genome, whole-metagenome, anthropometric and blood metabolic trait data. We identified 58 causal relationships between the gut microbiome and blood metabolites, and replicated 43 of them. Increased relative abundances of fecal Oscillibacter and Alistipes were causally linked to decreased triglyceride concentration. Conversely, blood metabolites such as glutamic acid appeared to decrease fecal Oxalobacter, and members of Proteobacteria were influenced by metabolites such as 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid, alanine, glutamate and selenium. Two-sample Mendelian randomization with data from Biobank Japan partly corroborated results with triglyceride and with uric acid, and also provided causal support for published fecal bacterial markers for cancer and cardiovascular diseases. This study illustrates the value of human genetic information to help prioritize gut microbial features for mechanistic and clinical studies.
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125
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Wang Z, Yuan K, Ji YB, Li SX, Shi L, Wang Z, Zhou XY, Bao YP, Xie W, Han Y, Shi J, Lu L, Yan W, Chen WH. Alterations of the Gut Microbiota in Response to Total Sleep Deprivation and Recovery Sleep in Rats. Nat Sci Sleep 2022; 14:121-133. [PMID: 35115853 PMCID: PMC8800865 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s334985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accumulating evidence suggests that both sleep loss and gut dysbiosis can lead to metabolic disorders. However, less is known about the impact of total sleep deprivation (SD) and sleep recovery on the composition, function, and metabolic dynamics of the gut microbiota. METHODS Specific-pathogen free Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 48 h of SD with gentle handling and then allowed to recover for 1 week. Taxonomic profiles of fecal microbiota were obtained at baseline, 24 h of SD, 48 h of SD, and 1 week of recovery. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to analyze the gut microbial composition and function and further characterize microbiota-derived metabolites in rats. RESULTS The microbiota composition analysis revealed that gut microbial composition and metabolites did not change in the rats after 24 h of SD but were significantly altered after 48 h of SD. These changes were reversible after 1 week of sleep recovery. A functional analysis was performed based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotations, indicating that 19 KEGG pathways were significantly altered in the gut microbiota in SD rats. These functional changes occurred within 24 h of SD, were more apparent after 48 h of SD, and did not fully recover after 1 week of sleep recovery. CONCLUSION These results indicate that acute total SD leads to significant compositional and functional changes in the gut microbiota, and these changes are reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Yuan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Bin Ji
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Xia Li
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Shi
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ping Bao
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Xie
- Mental Health Center of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Han
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Shi
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Lu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.,National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hao Chen
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
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Singh R, Stogios N, Smith E, Lee J, Maksyutynsk K, Au E, Wright DC, De Palma G, Graff-Guerrero A, Gerretsen P, Müller DJ, Remington G, Hahn M, Agarwal SM. Gut microbiome in schizophrenia and antipsychotic-induced metabolic alterations: a scoping review. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2022; 12:20451253221096525. [PMID: 35600753 PMCID: PMC9118432 DOI: 10.1177/20451253221096525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe mental disorder with high morbidity and lifetime disability rates. Patients with SCZ have a higher risk of developing metabolic comorbidities such as obesity and diabetes mellitus, leading to increased mortality. Antipsychotics (APs), which are the mainstay in the treatment of SCZ, increase the risk of these metabolic perturbations. Despite extensive research, the mechanism underlying SCZ pathophysiology and associated metabolic comorbidities remains unclear. In recent years, gut microbiota (GMB) has been regarded as a 'chamber of secrets', particularly in the context of severe mental illnesses such as SCZ, depression, and bipolar disorder. In this scoping review, we aimed to investigate the underlying role of GMB in the pathophysiology of SCZ and metabolic alterations associated with APs. Furthermore, we also explored the therapeutic benefits of prebiotic and probiotic formulations in managing SCZ and AP-induced metabolic alterations. A systematic literature search yielded 46 studies from both preclinical and clinical settings that met inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis. Preliminary evidence from preclinical and clinical studies indicates that GMB composition changes are associated with SCZ pathogenesis and AP-induced metabolic perturbations. Fecal microbiota transplantation from SCZ patients to mice has been shown to induce SCZ-like behavioral phenotypes, further supporting the plausible role of GMB in SCZ pathogenesis. This scoping review recapitulates the preclinical and clinical evidence suggesting the role of GMB in SCZ symptomatology and metabolic adverse effects associated with APs. Moreover, this scoping review also discusses the therapeutic potentials of prebiotic/probiotic formulations in improving SCZ symptoms and attenuating metabolic alterations related to APs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghunath Singh
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicolette Stogios
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emily Smith
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kateryna Maksyutynsk
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emily Au
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Giada De Palma
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Remington
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret Hahn
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sri Mahavir Agarwal
- Staff Psychiatrist and Clinician-Scientist, Medical Head, Clinical Research, Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 1051 Queen Street W, Toronto, ON M6J 1H3, Canada
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Lai J, Li A, Jiang J, Yuan X, Zhang P, Xi C, Wu L, Wang Z, Chen J, Lu J, Lu S, Mou T, Zhou H, Wang D, Huang M, Dong F, Li MD, Xu Y, Song X, Hu S. Metagenomic analysis reveals gut bacterial signatures for diagnosis and treatment outcome prediction in bipolar depression. Psychiatry Res 2022; 307:114326. [PMID: 34896845 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to characterize gut microbial alterations in depressed patients with bipolar disorder (BD) following quetiapine monotherapy and explored its potential for disease diagnosis and outcome prediction. METHODS Fecal samples were obtained from 60 healthy individuals and 62 patients in acute depressive episodes. All patients received one-month quetiapine treatment after enrollment. The structure of gut microbiota was measured with metagenomic sequencing, and its correlation with clinical profiles and brain function as indicated by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was analyzed. Random forest models based on bacterial species were constructed to distinguish patients from controls, and responders from non-responders, respectively. RESULTS BD patients displayed specific alterations in gut microbial diversity and composition. Quetiapine treatment increased the diversity of microbial communities and changed the composition. The abundance of Clostridium bartlettii was negatively associated with age, baseline depression severity, while positively associated with spontaneous neural oscillation in the hippocampus. Tree-based classification models for (1) patients and controls and (2) responders and non-responders showed an area under the curve of 0.733 and 0.800, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings add new evidence to the existing literature regarding gut dysbiosis in BD and reveal the potential of microbe-based biomarkers for disease diagnosis and treatment outcome prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China; Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ang Li
- Gene Hospital of Henan Province, Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jiajun Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiuxia Yuan
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Peifen Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Caixi Xi
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lingling Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China; Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jingkai Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China; Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China; Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Shaojia Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China; Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Tingting Mou
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China; Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hetong Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China; Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China; Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Manli Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China; Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Fengqin Dong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ming D Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China; Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xueqin Song
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Shaohua Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China; Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Merlo G, Vela A. Mental Health in Lifestyle Medicine: A Call to Action. Am J Lifestyle Med 2022; 16:7-20. [PMID: 35185421 PMCID: PMC8848112 DOI: 10.1177/15598276211013313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental health symptoms are pervasive, with 1 in 5 American adults experiencing a mental disorder. Poor mental health is associated with a significant global cost burden, from disability to economic impacts. The field of lifestyle medicine, which emphasizes the role of lifestyle factors in the onset and treatment of disease and well-being, is well suited to address mental health. More recently, there has been attention to the need to incorporate mental health into the field of lifestyle medicine and to attend to the bidirectional role of mental health and lifestyle. Thus, there is a critical opportunity for the field of lifestyle medicine to incorporate mental health into each of the foundational pillars (diet, exercise, substance use, psychological well-being/stress, relationships, sleep) while also specifically targeting lifestyle interventions for populations with mental disorders. The current article provides a framework for the role of mental health within lifestyle medicine by addressing the scope of the problem, clarification regarding mental health, and areas of practice (ie, psychiatry), and providing an overview of the relevant mental health literature for each pillar. This article serves as a call to action to explicitly address and include mental health within all aspects of lifestyle medicine research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gia Merlo
- New York University, Rory Meyers College of Nursing, and NYU Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Alyssa Vela
- New York, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Yang C, Lin X, Wang X, Liu H, Huang J, Wang S. The schizophrenia and gut microbiota: A bibliometric and visual analysis. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1022472. [PMID: 36458121 PMCID: PMC9705344 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1022472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have explored the link between the gut microbiota and schizophrenia. To date, there have been no bibliometric analyses to summarize the association between the gut microbiota and schizophrenia. We aimed to conduct a bibliometric study of this association to determine the current status and areas for advancement in this field. MATERIALS AND METHODS Publications related to the gut microbiota and schizophrenia were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). The WoSCC literature analysis wire and VOSviewer 1.6.16 were used to conduct the analysis. RESULTS In total, 162 publications were included in our study. The publications generally showed an upward trend from 2014. A total of 873 authors from 355 organizations and 40 countries/regions contributed to this field. The leading authors were Timothy Dinan, John F Cryan, and Emily Severance. The leading institutions were Johns Hopkins University, the University College Cork, and the University of Toronto. The most productive countries were the United States (US), China, and Canada. In total, 95 journals contributed to this field. Among them, the top three productive journals were Schizophrenia Research, Progress in Neuro Psychopharmacology Biological Psychiatry, and Frontiers in Psychiatry. The important keywords in the clusters were gut microbiome, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, antipsychotics, weight gain, metabolic syndrome, gut-brain axis, autism, depression, inflammation, and brain. CONCLUSION The main research hotspots involving the connection between schizophrenia and the gut microbiota were the characteristics of the microbiota composition in schizophrenia patients, the gut-brain axis, and microbial-based interventions for schizophrenia. The studies about the association between gut microbiota and schizophrenia are limited, and more studies are needed to provide new insights into the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Lin
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianteng Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, International Cancer Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huanzhong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, China
| | - Jinyu Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Translation Medicine Center, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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130
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Nikolova VL, Hall MRB, Hall LJ, Cleare AJ, Stone JM, Young AH. Perturbations in Gut Microbiota Composition in Psychiatric Disorders: A Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2021; 78:1343-1354. [PMID: 34524405 PMCID: PMC8444066 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.2573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Evidence of gut microbiota perturbations has accumulated for multiple psychiatric disorders, with microbiota signatures proposed as potential biomarkers. However, no attempts have been made to evaluate the specificity of these across the range of psychiatric conditions. Objective To conduct an umbrella and updated meta-analysis of gut microbiota alterations in general adult psychiatric populations and perform a within- and between-diagnostic comparison. Data Sources Cochrane Library, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase were searched up to February 2, 2021, for systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and original evidence. Study Selection A total of 59 case-control studies evaluating diversity or abundance of gut microbes in adult populations with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, psychosis and schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were included. Data Extraction and Synthesis Between-group comparisons of relative abundance of gut microbes and beta diversity indices were extracted and summarized qualitatively. Random-effects meta-analyses on standardized mean difference (SMD) were performed for alpha diversity indices. Main Outcomes and Measures Alpha and beta diversity and relative abundance of gut microbes. Results A total of 34 studies provided data and were included in alpha diversity meta-analyses (n = 1519 patients, n = 1429 control participants). Significant decrease in microbial richness in patients compared with control participants were found (observed species SMD = -0.26; 95% CI, -0.47 to -0.06; Chao1 SMD = -0.5; 95% CI, -0.79 to -0.21); however, this was consistently decreased only in bipolar disorder when individual diagnoses were examined. There was a small decrease in phylogenetic diversity (SMD = -0.24; 95% CI, -0.47 to -0.001) and no significant differences in Shannon and Simpson indices. Differences in beta diversity were consistently observed only for major depressive disorder and psychosis and schizophrenia. Regarding relative abundance, little evidence of disorder specificity was found. Instead, a transdiagnostic pattern of microbiota signatures was found. Depleted levels of Faecalibacterium and Coprococcus and enriched levels of Eggerthella were consistently shared between major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, psychosis and schizophrenia, and anxiety, suggesting these disorders are characterized by a reduction of anti-inflammatory butyrate-producing bacteria, while pro-inflammatory genera are enriched. The confounding associations of region and medication were also evaluated. Conclusions and Relevance This systematic review and meta-analysis found that gut microbiota perturbations were associated with a transdiagnostic pattern with a depletion of certain anti-inflammatory butyrate-producing bacteria and an enrichment of pro-inflammatory bacteria in patients with depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya L. Nikolova
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Megan R. B. Hall
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay J. Hall
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Chair of Intestinal Microbiome, School of Life Sciences, ZIEL–Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Anthony J. Cleare
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, United Kingdom
| | - James M. Stone
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Allan H. Young
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, United Kingdom
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131
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Singh S, Singh A, Baweja V, Roy A, Chakraborty A, Singh IK. Molecular Rationale of Insect-Microbes Symbiosis-From Insect Behaviour to Mechanism. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122422. [PMID: 34946024 PMCID: PMC8707026 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects nurture a panoply of microbial populations that are often obligatory and exist mutually with their hosts. Symbionts not only impact their host fitness but also shape the trajectory of their phenotype. This co-constructed niche successfully evolved long in the past to mark advanced ecological specialization. The resident microbes regulate insect nutrition by controlling their host plant specialization and immunity. It enhances the host fitness and performance by detoxifying toxins secreted by the predators and abstains them. The profound effect of a microbial population on insect physiology and behaviour is exploited to understand the host–microbial system in diverse taxa. Emergent research of insect-associated microbes has revealed their potential to modulate insect brain functions and, ultimately, control their behaviours, including social interactions. The revelation of the gut microbiota–brain axis has now unravelled insects as a cost-effective potential model to study neurodegenerative disorders and behavioural dysfunctions in humans. This article reviewed our knowledge about the insect–microbial system, an exquisite network of interactions operating between insects and microbes, its mechanistic insight that holds intricate multi-organismal systems in harmony, and its future perspectives. The demystification of molecular networks governing insect–microbial symbiosis will reveal the perplexing behaviours of insects that could be utilized in managing insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Singh
- Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India; (S.S.); (V.B.)
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India;
| | - Archana Singh
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India;
| | - Varsha Baweja
- Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India; (S.S.); (V.B.)
- DBC i4 Center, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Amit Roy
- EVA 4.0 Unit, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
- Excelentní Tým pro Mitigaci (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Amrita Chakraborty
- EVA 4.0 Unit, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (I.K.S.)
| | - Indrakant Kumar Singh
- Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India; (S.S.); (V.B.)
- DBC i4 Center, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (I.K.S.)
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Deng D, Su H, Song Y, Chen T, Sun Q, Jiang H, Zhao M. Altered Fecal Microbiota Correlated With Systemic Inflammation in Male Subjects With Methamphetamine Use Disorder. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:783917. [PMID: 34869080 PMCID: PMC8637621 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.783917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) is a major public health problem worldwide with limited effective treatment options. Previous studies have reported methamphetamine-associated alterations in gut microbiota. A potential role of gut microbiota in regulating methamphetamine-induced brain dysfunction through interactions with the host immune system has been proposed, but evidence for this hypothesis is limited. The present study aimed to investigate the alterations in the fecal microbiota and explore its relationship with systemic inflammation in MUD. Fecal samples were obtained from 26 male subjects with MUD and 17 sex- and age- matched healthy controls. Fecal microbial profiles were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Plasma inflammatory markers were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Associations between fecal microbiota, systemic inflammatory markers and clinical characteristics were examined by Spearman partial correlation analysis while controlling for possible confounders. Compared with healthy controls, individuals with MUD showed no difference in fecal microbial diversity, but exhibited differences in the relative abundance of several microbial taxa. At the genus level, a higher abundance of Collinsella, Odoribacter and Megasphaera and lower levels of Faecalibacterium, Blautia, Dorea and Streptococcus were detected in subjects with MUD. More importantly, altered fecal microbiota was found to be correlated with plasma levels of CRP, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10. The order Lactobacillales, exhibiting lower abundance in participants with MUD, was positively related to the duration of methamphetamine abstinence and the plasma level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. This study is the first to provide evidence for a link between altered fecal microbiota and systemic inflammation in MUD. Further elucidation of interactions between gut microbiota and the host immune system may be beneficial for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for MUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Deng
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Su
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuehong Song
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianzhen Chen
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Sun
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Jiang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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133
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Gut microbiota modulates the inflammatory response and cognitive impairment induced by sleep deprivation. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6277-6292. [PMID: 33963281 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) is increasingly common in modern society, which can lead to the dysregulation of inflammatory responses and cognitive impairment, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota plays a critical role in the pathogenesis and development of inflammatory and psychiatric diseases, possibly via gut microbiota-brain interactions and neuroinflammation. The present study investigated the impact of SD on gut microbiota composition and explored whether alterations of the gut microbiota play a causal role in chronic inflammatory states and cognitive impairment that are induced by SD. We found that SD-induced gut dysbiosis, inflammatory responses, and cognitive impairment in humans. Moreover, the absence of the gut microbiota suppressed inflammatory response and cognitive impairment induced by SD in germ-free (GF) mice. Transplantation of the "SD microbiota" into GF mice activated the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway and impaired cognitive function in the recipient mice. Mice that harbored "SD microbiota" also exhibited increases in neuroinflammation and microglial activity in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. These findings indicate that gut dysbiosis contributes to both peripheral and central inflammatory processes and cognitive deficits that are induced by SD, which may open avenues for potential interventions that can relieve the detrimental consequences of sleep loss.
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134
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Salivary microbiome profiling reveals a dysbiotic schizophrenia-associated microbiota. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2021; 7:51. [PMID: 34711862 PMCID: PMC8553823 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-021-00180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating mental disorder and often has a prodromal period, referred to as clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis, prior to the first episode. The etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia remain unclear. Despite the human gut microbiome being associated with schizophrenia, the role of the oral microbiome, which is a vital player in the mouth-body connection, is not well understood. To address this, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate the salivary microbiome in 85 patients with drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenia (FES), 43 individuals at CHR, and 80 healthy controls (HCs). The salivary microbiome of FES patients was characterized by higher α-diversity and lower β-diversity heterogeneity than those of CHR subjects and HCs. Proteobacteria, the predominant phylum, was depleted, while Firmicutes and the Firmicutes/Proteobacteria ratio was enriched, in a stepwise manner from HC to CHR to FES. H2S-producing bacteria exhibited disease-stage-specific enrichment and could be potential diagnostic biomarkers for FES and CHR. Certain salivary microbiota exhibited disease-specific correlation patterns with symptomatic severities, peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokines, thioredoxin, and S100B in FES. Furthermore, the metabolic functions from inferred metagenomes of the salivary microbiome were disrupted in FES, especially amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and xenobiotic degradation. This study has established a link between salivary microbiome alterations and disease initiation and provided the hypothesis of how the oral microbiota could influence schizophrenia.
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135
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Caffeine consumption and schizophrenia: A highlight on adenosine receptor-independent mechanisms. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 61:106-113. [PMID: 34688994 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a common psychiatric disorder which affects approximately 1% of the population worldwide. However, the complexity of etiology, treatment resistance and side effects induced by current antipsychotics, relapse prevention, and psychosocial rehabilitation are still to be uncovered. Caffeine, as the world's most widely consumed psychoactive drug, plays a crucial role in daily life. Plenty of preclinical and clinical evidence has illustrated that caffeine consumption could have a beneficial effect on schizophrenia. In this review, we firstly summarize the factors associated with the caffeine-induced beneficial effect. Then, a variety of mechanism of actions independent of adenosine receptor signaling will be discussed with an emphasis on the potential contribution of the microbiome-gut-brain axis to provide more possibilities for future therapeutic, prognosis, and social rehabilitation strategy.
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136
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Zhang S, Li M, Guo Z. Effect of cannabidiol on schizophrenia based on randomized controlled trials: A meta-analysis. ANNALES MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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137
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Wei Y, Chang L, Ishima T, Wan X, Ma L, Wuyun G, Pu Y, Hashimoto K. Abnormalities of the composition of the gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in mice after splenectomy. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 11:100198. [PMID: 34589731 PMCID: PMC8474575 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain–gut–microbiota axis is a complex multi-organ bidirectional signaling system between the brain and microbiota that participates in the host immune system. The spleen, as the largest immune organ in the body, has a key role in the brain–gut–microbiota axis. Here, we investigated whether splenectomy could affect depression-like phenotypes and the composition of the gut microbiota in adult mice. In behavioral tests, splenectomy did not cause depression-like behaviors in mice. Conversely, splenectomy led to significant alterations in the diversity of gut microbes compared with the findings in control (no surgery) and sham-operated mice. In an unweighted UniFrac distance analysis, the boxplots representing the splenectomy group were distant from those representing the other two groups. We found differences in abundance for several bacteria in the splenectomy group at the taxonomic level compared with the other two groups. Finally, splenectomy induced significant changes in lactic acid and n-butyric acid levels compared with those in the other groups. Interestingly, there were significant correlations between the counts of certain bacteria and lactic acid (or n-butyric acid) levels in all groups. These data suggest that splenectomy leads to an abnormal composition of the gut microbiota. It is likely that the spleen–gut–microbiota axis plays a crucial role in the composition of the gut microbiota by regulating immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wei
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijia Chang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tamaki Ishima
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Xiayun Wan
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Li Ma
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Gerile Wuyun
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yaoyu Pu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
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138
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Murray N, Al Khalaf S, Kaulmann D, Lonergan E, Cryan JF, Clarke G, Khashan A, O’Connor K. Compositional and functional alterations in the oral and gut microbiota in patients with psychosis or schizophrenia: A systematic review. HRB Open Res 2021; 4:108. [PMID: 34870091 PMCID: PMC8634050 DOI: 10.12688/hrbopenres.13416.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gut and oral microbiota are intrinsically linked to human health. Recent studies suggest a direct link with mental health through bidirectional gut-brain pathways. Emerging evidence suggests that the composition and/or function of intestinal microbiome differs in those with psychosis and schizophrenia as compared with controls. There is relatively little research on the predicted or actual functional alterations associated with the composition of oral and gut microbiota in patients with psychosis. We will perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify, evaluate and if possible, combine the published literature on compositional alterations in the oral and gut microbiota in patients with psychosis or schizophrenia compared with healthy controls. We also aim to explore the potential functional impact of any compositional changes. Methods: Original studies involving humans and animals using a case-control, cohort or cross-sectional design will be included. The electronic databases PsycINFO, EMBASE, Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane will be systematically searched. Quantitative analyses will be performed using random-effects meta-analyses to calculate mean difference with 95% confidence intervals. Discussion: Changes in microbiota composition in psychosis and schizophrenia have been correlated with alternations in brain structure and function, altered immunity, altered metabolic pathways and symptom severity. Changes have also been identified as potential biomarkers for psychosis that might aid in diagnosis. Understanding how predicted or actual functional alterations in microbial genes or metabolic pathways influence symptomatic expression and downstream clinical outcomes may contribute to the development of microbiome targeted interventions for psychosis. Registration: The study is prospectively registered in PROSPERO, the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42021260208).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuala Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, T12XF62, Ireland
| | - Sukainah Al Khalaf
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, T12XF62, Ireland
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, T12XF62, Ireland
| | - David Kaulmann
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, T12XF62, Ireland
| | - Edgar Lonergan
- RISE, Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, South Lee Mental Health Services, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, T12XF62, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, T12XF62, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Western Rd, Cork, Ireland T12XF62, University College Cork, Cork, T12XF62, Ireland
| | - Ali Khashan
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, T12XF62, Ireland
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, T12XF62, Ireland
| | - Karen O’Connor
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, T12XF62, Ireland
- RISE, Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, South Lee Mental Health Services, Cork, Ireland
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139
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Vafadari B. Stress and the Role of the Gut-Brain Axis in the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia: A Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189747. [PMID: 34575911 PMCID: PMC8471971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder, and its etiology remains largely unknown. Environmental factors have been reported to play roles in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, and one of the major environmental factors identified for this disorder is psychosocial stress. Several studies have suggested that stressful life events, as well as the chronic social stress associated with city life, may lead to the development of schizophrenia. The other factor is the gut–brain axis. The composition of the gut microbiome and alterations thereof may affect the brain and may lead to schizophrenia. The main interest of this review article is in overviewing the major recent findings on the effects of stress and the gut–brain axis, as well as their possible bidirectional effects, in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Vafadari
- Clinic for Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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140
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Accumulating evidence indicates that there are bidirectional interactions between the gut microbiota and functioning of the central nervous system. Consequently, it has been proposed that gut microbiota alterations might play an important role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Therefore, in this article, we aimed to perform a narrative review of studies addressing gut microbiota alterations in patients with schizophrenia that were published in the years 2019-2020. RECENT FINDINGS Several studies have shown a number of gut microbiota alterations at various stages of schizophrenia. Some of them can be associated with neurostructural abnormalities, psychopathological symptoms, subclinical inflammation and cardiovascular risk. Experimental studies clearly show that transplantation of gut microbiota from unmedicated patients with schizophrenia to germ-free mice results in a number of behavioural impairments accompanied by altered neurotransmission. However, findings from clinical trials do not support the use of probiotics as add-on treatments in schizophrenia. SUMMARY Gut microbiota alterations are widely observed in patients with schizophrenia and might account for various biological alterations involved in the cause of psychosis. However, longitudinal studies are still needed to conclude regarding causal associations. Well designed clinical trials are needed to investigate safety and efficacy of probiotics and prebiotics in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Consultation Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Juckel G, Manitz MP, Freund N, Gatermann S. Impact of Poly I:C induced maternal immune activation on offspring's gut microbiome diversity - Implications for schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 110:110306. [PMID: 33745977 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Immunopathological concepts have been intensively discussed for schizophrenia. The polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic (PolyI:C) mouse model has been well validated to invasively study this disease. The intestinal microbiome exhibits broad immunological and neuronal activities. The relevance of microbiome alterations in the PolyI:C model to human schizophrenia should be explored. Methods Feces of offspring from mice mothers, who were administered to PolyI:C or NaCl (controls) at ED 9, were collected at PND 30 and 180 (PolyI:C and control mice (N = 32 each; half males and females). This was analyzed for bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) using a gut microbiome polymerase chain reaction (PCR) microarray tool. Results Differences were found in species richness of microbiome between animals of different ages (PND 30 and 180), but also between offspring from PolyI:C vs. NaCl treated mothers. In female mice at PND 30, the abundance of Prevotellaceae and Porphyromonadaceae was lower and that of Lactobacillales was higher, whereas in male mice at the same time point the abundance of four families of the Firmicutes phylum (Clostridia vadinBB60 group, Clostridiales Family XIII, Ruminococcaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae) was increased relative to the control group. Limitations No further analyses of cell types or cytokines involved in autoimmune gut and brain processes. Conclusions These finding seem to be similar to microbiome disturbances in patients with schizophrenia. The differential bacterial findings at day 30 (i.e., similar to the prodromal phase in patients with schizophrenia) correspond to the tremendous activation of the immune system with a strong increase in microglial cells which might be responsible for neuroplasticity reduction in cortical areas in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Juckel
- Dept. of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Marie-Pierre Manitz
- Dept. of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nadja Freund
- Dept. of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sören Gatermann
- Dept. of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
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142
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The role of microbiota-gut-brain axis in neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105840. [PMID: 34450312 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that the gut microbiota play a crucial role in the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain suggesting that the gut microbes may shape neural development, modulate neurotransmission and affect behavior, and thereby contribute to the pathogenesis and/or progression of many neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurological conditions. This review summarizes recent data on the role of microbiota-gut-brain axis in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, Parkinson's disease, migraine, and epilepsy. Also, the involvement of microbiota in gut disorders co-existing with neuropsychiatric conditions is highlighted. We discuss data from both in vivo preclinical experiments and clinical reports including: (1) studies in germ-free animals, (2) studies exploring the gut microbiota composition in animal models of diseases or in humans, (3) studies evaluating the effects of probiotic, prebiotic or antibiotic treatment as well as (4) the effects of fecal microbiota transplantation.
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143
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Guest Editorial: Binning bugs and beyond: The state of the schizophrenia microbiome. Schizophr Res 2021; 234:1-3. [PMID: 34006428 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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144
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Involvement of Gut Microbiota in Schizophrenia and Treatment Resistance to Antipsychotics. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080875. [PMID: 34440078 PMCID: PMC8389684 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is constituted by more than 40,000 bacterial species involved in key processes including high order brain functions. Altered composition of gut microbiota has been implicated in psychiatric disorders and in modulating the efficacy and safety of psychotropic medications. In this work we characterized the composition of the gut microbiota in 38 patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) and 20 healthy controls (HC), and tested if SCZ patients with different response to antipsychotics (18 patients with treatment resistant schizophrenia (TRS), and 20 responders (R)) had specific patterns of gut microbiota composition associated with different response to antipsychotics. Moreover, we also tested if patients treated with typical antipsychotics (n = 20) presented significant differences when compared to patients treated with atypical antipsychotics (n = 31). Our findings showed the presence of distinct composition of gut microbiota in SCZ versus HC, with several bacteria at the different taxonomic levels only present in either one group or the other. Similar findings were observed also depending on treatment response and exposure to diverse classes of antipsychotics. Our results suggest that composition of gut microbiota could constitute a biosignatures of SCZ and TRS.
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145
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Ala M. Tryptophan metabolites modulate inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer by affecting immune system. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:326-345. [PMID: 34289794 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1954638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, going through three different metabolic pathways in the intestines. Indole pathway in the gut microbiota, serotonin system in the enterochromaffin cells and kynurenine pathway in the immune cells and intestinal lining are the three arms of tryptophan metabolism in the intestines. Clinical, in vivo and in vitro studies showed that each one of these arms has a significant impact on IBD. This review explains how different metabolites of tryptophan are involved in the pathophysiology of IBD and colorectal cancer, as a major complication of IBD. Indole metabolites alleviate colitis and protect against colorectal cancer while serotonin arm follows a more complicated and receptor-specific pattern. Indole metabolites and kynurenine interact with aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) to induce T regulatory cells differentiation, confine Th17 and Th1 response and produce anti-inflammatory mediators. Kynurenine decreases tumor-infiltrating CD8+ cells and mediates tumor cells immune evasion. Serotonin system also increases colorectal cancer cells proliferation and metastasis while, indole metabolites can profoundly decrease colorectal cancer growth. Targeted therapy for tryptophan metabolites may improve the management of IBD and colorectal cancer, e.g. supplementation of indole metabolites such as indole-3-carbinol (I3C), inhibition of kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO) and selective stimulation or inhibition of specific serotonergic receptors can mitigate colitis. Furthermore, it will be explained how indole metabolites supplementation, inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), KMO and serotonin receptors can protect against colorectal cancer. Additionally, extensive molecular interactions between tryptophan metabolites and intracellular signaling pathways will be thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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146
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Ke PF, Xiong DS, Li JH, Pan ZL, Zhou J, Li SJ, Song J, Chen XY, Li GX, Chen J, Li XB, Ning YP, Wu FC, Wu K. An integrated machine learning framework for a discriminative analysis of schizophrenia using multi-biological data. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14636. [PMID: 34282208 PMCID: PMC8290033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Finding effective and objective biomarkers to inform the diagnosis of schizophrenia is of great importance yet remains challenging. Relatively little work has been conducted on multi-biological data for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. In this cross-sectional study, we extracted multiple features from three types of biological data, including gut microbiota data, blood data, and electroencephalogram data. Then, an integrated framework of machine learning consisting of five classifiers, three feature selection algorithms, and four cross validation methods was used to discriminate patients with schizophrenia from healthy controls. Our results show that the support vector machine classifier without feature selection using the input features of multi-biological data achieved the best performance, with an accuracy of 91.7% and an AUC of 96.5% (p < 0.05). These results indicate that multi-biological data showed better discriminative capacity for patients with schizophrenia than single biological data. The top 5% discriminative features selected from the optimal model include the gut microbiota features (Lactobacillus, Haemophilus, and Prevotella), the blood features (superoxide dismutase level, monocyte-lymphocyte ratio, and neutrophil count), and the electroencephalogram features (nodal local efficiency, nodal efficiency, and nodal shortest path length in the temporal and frontal-parietal brain areas). The proposed integrated framework may be helpful for understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and developing biomarkers for schizophrenia using multi-biological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Ke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, 510370, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Xiong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, 510370, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jia-Hui Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, 510370, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhi-Lin Pan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, 510370, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, 510370, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shi-Jia Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, 510370, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, 510370, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, 510370, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Gui-Xiang Li
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Diagnosis and Rehabilitation of Dementia, Guangzhou, 510500, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangzhou, 510500, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Diagnosis and Rehabilitation of Dementia, Guangzhou, 510500, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangzhou, 510500, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Yu-Ping Ning
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Huiai Hospital, Guangzhou, 510370, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, 510370, China
| | - Feng-Chun Wu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Huiai Hospital, Guangzhou, 510370, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, 510370, China.
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China. .,The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Huiai Hospital, Guangzhou, 510370, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, 510370, China. .,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Diagnosis and Rehabilitation of Dementia, Guangzhou, 510500, China. .,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China. .,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China. .,National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangzhou, 510500, China. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
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147
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Hidden Role of Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Schizophrenia: Antipsychotics or Psychobiotics as Therapeutics? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147671. [PMID: 34299291 PMCID: PMC8307070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic, heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder that has complex symptoms and uncertain etiology. Mounting evidence indicates the involvement of genetics and epigenetic disturbances, alteration in gut microbiome, immune system abnormalities, and environmental influence in the disease, but a single root cause and mechanism involved has yet to be conclusively determined. Consequently, the identification of diagnostic markers and the development of psychotic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia faces a high failure rate. This article surveys the etiology of schizophrenia with a particular focus on gut microbiota regulation and the microbial signaling system that correlates with the brain through the vagus nerve, enteric nervous system, immune system, and production of postbiotics. Gut microbially produced molecules may lay the groundwork for further investigations into the role of gut microbiota dysbiosis and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Current treatment of schizophrenia is limited to psychotherapy and antipsychotic drugs that have significant side effects. Therefore, alternative therapeutic options merit exploration. The use of psychobiotics alone or in combination with antipsychotics may promote the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In view of the individual gut microbiome structure and personalized response to antipsychotic drugs, a tailored and targeted manipulation of gut microbial diversity naturally by novel prebiotics (non-digestible fiber) may be a successful alternative therapeutic for the treatment of schizophrenia patients.
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148
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Munawar N, Ahsan K, Muhammad K, Ahmad A, Anwar MA, Shah I, Al Ameri AK, Al Mughairbi F. Hidden Role of Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Schizophrenia: Antipsychotics or Psychobiotics as Therapeutics? Int J Mol Sci 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic, heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder that has complex symptoms and uncertain etiology. Mounting evidence indicates the involvement of genetics and epigenetic disturbances, alteration in gut microbiome, immune system abnormalities, and environmental influence in the disease, but a single root cause and mechanism involved has yet to be conclusively determined. Consequently, the identification of diagnostic markers and the development of psychotic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia faces a high failure rate. This article surveys the etiology of schizophrenia with a particular focus on gut microbiota regulation and the microbial signaling system that correlates with the brain through the vagus nerve, enteric nervous system, immune system, and production of postbiotics. Gut microbially produced molecules may lay the groundwork for further investigations into the role of gut microbiota dysbiosis and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Current treatment of schizophrenia is limited to psychotherapy and antipsychotic drugs that have significant side effects. Therefore, alternative therapeutic options merit exploration. The use of psychobiotics alone or in combination with antipsychotics may promote the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In view of the individual gut microbiome structure and personalized response to antipsychotic drugs, a tailored and targeted manipulation of gut microbial diversity naturally by novel prebiotics (non-digestible fiber) may be a successful alternative therapeutic for the treatment of schizophrenia patients.
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149
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Kubota R, Okubo R, Akiyama H, Okano H, Ikezawa S, Miyazaki A, Toyomaki A, Sasaki Y, Yamada Y, Uchino T, Nemoto T, Sumiyoshi T, Yoshimura N, Hashimoto N. Study Protocol: The Evaluation Study for Social Cognition Measures in Japan (ESCoM). J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11070667. [PMID: 34357134 PMCID: PMC8305726 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11070667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In schizophrenia, social cognitive impairment is considered one of the greatest obstacles to social participation. Although numerous measures have been developed to assess social cognition, only a limited number of them have become available in Japan. We are therefore planning this evaluation study for social cognition measures in Japan (ESCoM) to confirm their psychometric characteristics and to promote research focused on social cognition. Participants in the cross-sectional observational study will be 140 patients with schizophrenia recruited from three Japanese facilities and 70 healthy individuals. In our primary analysis, we will calculate several psychometric indicators with a focus on whether they can independently predict social functioning. In secondary analyses, we will assess the reliability and validity of the Japanese translations of each measure and conduct an exploratory investigation of patient background, psychiatric symptoms, defeatist performance belief, and gut microbiota as determinants of social cognition. The protocol for this study is registered in UMIN-CTR, unique ID UMIN000043777.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Kubota
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Hospital, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan; (R.K.); (H.O.); (Y.Y.); (T.S.); (N.Y.)
| | - Ryo Okubo
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Hospital, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan; (R.K.); (H.O.); (Y.Y.); (T.S.); (N.Y.)
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan;
- Correspondence: (R.O.); (N.H.)
| | - Hisashi Akiyama
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; (H.A.); (A.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Hiroki Okano
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Hospital, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan; (R.K.); (H.O.); (Y.Y.); (T.S.); (N.Y.)
| | - Satoru Ikezawa
- Endowed Institute for Empowering Gifted Minds, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Tokyo 153-0041, Japan;
| | - Akane Miyazaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; (H.A.); (A.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Atsuhito Toyomaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; (H.A.); (A.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Yohei Sasaki
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan;
| | - Yuji Yamada
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Hospital, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan; (R.K.); (H.O.); (Y.Y.); (T.S.); (N.Y.)
| | - Takashi Uchino
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan; (T.U.); (T.N.)
| | - Takahiro Nemoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan; (T.U.); (T.N.)
| | - Tomiki Sumiyoshi
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Hospital, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan; (R.K.); (H.O.); (Y.Y.); (T.S.); (N.Y.)
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan
| | - Naoki Yoshimura
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Hospital, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan; (R.K.); (H.O.); (Y.Y.); (T.S.); (N.Y.)
| | - Naoki Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; (H.A.); (A.M.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence: (R.O.); (N.H.)
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150
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Patrono E, Svoboda J, Stuchlík A. Schizophrenia, the gut microbiota, and new opportunities from optogenetic manipulations of the gut-brain axis. Behav Brain Funct 2021; 17:7. [PMID: 34158061 PMCID: PMC8218443 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-021-00180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia research arose in the twentieth century and is currently rapidly developing, focusing on many parallel research pathways and evaluating various concepts of disease etiology. Today, we have relatively good knowledge about the generation of positive and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. However, the neural basis and pathophysiology of schizophrenia, especially cognitive symptoms, are still poorly understood. Finding new methods to uncover the physiological basis of the mental inabilities related to schizophrenia is an urgent task for modern neuroscience because of the lack of specific therapies for cognitive deficits in the disease. Researchers have begun investigating functional crosstalk between NMDARs and GABAergic neurons associated with schizophrenia at different resolutions. In another direction, the gut microbiota is getting increasing interest from neuroscientists. Recent findings have highlighted the role of a gut-brain axis, with the gut microbiota playing a crucial role in several psychopathologies, including schizophrenia and autism. There have also been investigations into potential therapies aimed at normalizing altered microbiota signaling to the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the central nervous system (CNS). Probiotics diets and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) are currently the most common therapies. Interestingly, in rodent models of binge feeding, optogenetic applications have been shown to affect gut colony sensitivity, thus increasing colonic transit. Here, we review recent findings on the gut microbiota–schizophrenia relationship using in vivo optogenetics. Moreover, we evaluate if manipulating actors in either the brain or the gut might improve potential treatment research. Such research and techniques will increase our knowledge of how the gut microbiota can manipulate GABA production, and therefore accompany changes in CNS GABAergic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Patrono
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska, 1830, Prague, 142 20, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Svoboda
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska, 1830, Prague, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Stuchlík
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska, 1830, Prague, 142 20, Czech Republic.
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