101
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Čater M, Majdič G. How early maternal deprivation changes the brain and behavior? Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:2058-2075. [PMID: 33870558 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Early life stress can adversely influence brain development and reprogram brain function and consequently behavior in adult life. Adequate maternal care in early childhood is therefore particularly important for the normal brain development, and adverse early life experiences can lead to altered emotional, behavioral, and neuroendocrine stress responses in the adulthood. As a form of neonatal stress, maternal deprivation/separation is often used in behavioral studies to examine the effects of early life stress and for modeling the development of certain psychiatric disorders and brain pathologies in animal models. The temporary loss of maternal care during the critical postpartum periods remodels the offspring's brain and provokes long-term effects on learning and cognition, the development of mental disorders, aggression, and an increased tendency for the drug abuse. Early life stress through maternal deprivation affects neuroendocrine responses to stress in adolescence and adulthood by dysregulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and permanently disrupts stress resilience. In this review, we focused on how improper maternal care during early postnatal life affects brain development resulting in modified behavior later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Čater
- Veterinary Faculty, Laboratory for Animal Genomics, Institute for Preclinical Studies, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Majdič
- Veterinary Faculty, Laboratory for Animal Genomics, Institute for Preclinical Studies, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
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102
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Kasten CR, Holmgren EB, Lerner MR, Wills TA. BNST specific mGlu5 receptor knockdown regulates sex-dependent expression of negative affect produced by adolescent ethanol exposure and adult stress. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:178. [PMID: 33731684 PMCID: PMC7969933 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent alcohol use is one of the strongest predictors for the development of an alcohol use disorder (AUD). Notably, this period of risk coincides with the development of affective disorders, which disproportionately impact and drive problematic drinking behavior in women. Stress is a particularly salient factor that drives relapse during periods of abstinence. Previous work in our lab has shown that adolescent intermittent ethanol vapor (AIE) produces sex-dependent changes in glutamatergic activity in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and behavioral outcomes following acute restraint stress in adulthood. In females, AIE disrupts group 1 metabotropic glutamate (mGlu1/5) receptor activity and enhances anhedonia-like behavior. The current study site-specifically knocked down mGlu5 receptors in the BNST of male and female Grm5loxp mice, exposed them to AIE, and observed the interaction of AIE and stress on negative affect-like behaviors in adulthood. These negative affect-like behaviors included the novelty-induced hypophagia task following acute restraint stress, open field activity, and contextual fear conditioning. Overall, we replicated our previous findings that AIE enhanced anhedonia-like activity in the novelty-induced hypophagia task in females and fear acquisition in males. The primary effect of BNST-mGlu5 receptor knockdown was that it independently enhanced anhedonia-like activity in females. Correlation analyses revealed that behavior in these paradigms showed poor interdependence. These results indicate that preclinical models of negative affective-like states encompass distinct features that may have independent, clinically relevant mechanisms. Further, modulating mGlu5 receptors is a prospective treatment target for females experiencing anhedonic-like states that make them susceptible to alcohol relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea R Kasten
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Eleanor B Holmgren
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Mollie R Lerner
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Tiffany A Wills
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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103
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Liu X, Sun YX, Zhang CC, Zhang XQ, Zhang Y, Wang T, Ma YN, Wang H, Su YA, Li JT, Si TM. Vortioxetine attenuates the effects of early-life stress on depression-like behaviors and monoamine transporters in female mice. Neuropharmacology 2021; 186:108468. [PMID: 33485943 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a major psychiatric disorder and a leading cause of disability around the world. Females have about twice as high an incidence of depression as males. However, preclinical animal models of depression have seldom investigated the molecular alterations associated with higher depression risk in females. In this study, adopting the early-life stress (ELS) paradigm of limited bedding and nesting material, we found that ELS induced depression-like behaviors only in adult female mice, as evaluated by sucrose preference and tail suspension tests. We then examined the ELS effects on monoamine neurotransmission (transporters for monoamine reuptake and release) in depression-related brain regions in female mice. We found that ELS resulted in widespread changes of the expression levels of these transporters in four brain regions. Moreover, systemic 21-day treatment with vortioxetine, a novel multimodal antidepressant, successfully reversed depression-like behaviors and normalized some molecular changes, including that of the norepinephrine transporter in the medial prefrontal cortex, vesicular monoamine transporter 2 in nucleus accumbens core, and serotonin transporter in amygdala. Collectively, these results provide evidence for the validity of using the limited bedding and nesting material paradigm to investigate sex differences in depression and demonstrate that the region-specific alterations of monoamine neurotransmission may be associated with depression-like behaviors in female mice. This article is part of the special issue on 'Stress, Addiction and Plasticity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, The Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Xin Sun
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, The Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen-Chen Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, The Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xian-Qiang Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, The Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, The Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, The Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Nu Ma
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, The Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, The Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Ai Su
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, The Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Tao Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, The Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Tian-Mei Si
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, The Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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104
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Henderson HJM, Etem G, Bjorni M, Belnap MA, Rosellini B, Halladay LR. Sex-dependent and ontogenetic effects of low dose ethanol on social behavioral deficits induced by mouse maternal separation. Behav Brain Res 2021; 406:113241. [PMID: 33727047 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress can induce lifelong emotional and social behavioral deficits that may in some cases be alleviated by drugs or alcohol. A model for early life stress, rodent maternal separation, recapitulates these behavioral sequelae, which are not limited to potentiated anxiety-like behavior, attenuated social motivation, and altered reward-seeking. Here we employed mouse maternal separation with early weaning (MSEW), consisting of pup-dam separation lasting 4-8 hours on postnatal days (PD) 2-16, with early weaning on PD 17. Prior MSEW studies have limited subjects by age or sex, so we more comprehensively investigated MSEW effects in both sexes, during adolescence and adulthood. We found universal effects of MSEW to include lifelong enhancement of anxiety-like and despair behavior, as well as deficits in social motivation. We also observed some sex-dependent effects of MSEW, namely that female MSEW mice exhibited social habituation to a greater degree than their male counterparts. Low dose ethanol administration had no major effects on the social behavior of non-stressed mice. But interestingly, MSEW-induced social habituation was counteracted by low dose ethanol in adolescent female mice, and potentiated in adolescent male mice. These effects were absent in adult animals, suggesting that ethanol may exert differential effects on the developing brain in such a manner to produce age-, sex-, and stress-dependent effects upon social behavior. Together, results indicate that MSEW reliably produces long-lasting impairments in emotional and social behaviors in both sexes and across the lifespan, but may exert more salient social behavioral effects on female animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J M Henderson
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Gabrielle Etem
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Max Bjorni
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Malia A Belnap
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Bryce Rosellini
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Lindsay R Halladay
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA.
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105
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Uliana DL, Gomes FV, Grace AA. Stress impacts corticoamygdalar connectivity in an age-dependent manner. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:731-740. [PMID: 33096542 PMCID: PMC8027626 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00886-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Stress is a socio-environmental risk factor for the development of psychiatric disorders, with the age of exposure potentially determining the outcome. Several brain regions mediate stress responsivity, with a prominent role of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) and their reciprocal inhibitory connectivity. Here we investigated the impact of stress exposure during adolescence and adulthood on the activity of putative pyramidal neurons in the BLA and corticoamygdalar plasticity using in vivo electrophysiology. 155 male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a combination of footshock/restraint stress in either adolescence (postnatal day 31-40) or adulthood (postnatal day 65-74). Both adolescent and adult stress increased the number of spontaneously active putative BLA pyramidal neurons 1-2 weeks, but not 5-6 weeks post stress. High-frequency stimulation (HFS) of BLA and mPFC depressed evoked spike probability in the mPFC and BLA, respectively, in adult but not adolescent rats. In contrast, an adult-like BLA HFS-induced decrease in spike probability of mPFC neurons was found 1-2 weeks post-adolescent stress. Changes in mPFC and BLA neuron discharge were found 1-2 weeks post-adult stress after BLA and mPFC HFS, respectively. All these changes were transient since they were not found 5-6 weeks post adolescent or adult stress. Our findings indicate that stress during adolescence may accelerate the development of BLA-PFC plasticity, probably due to BLA hyperactivity, which can also disrupt the reciprocal communication of BLA-mPFC after adult stress. Therefore, precocious BLA-mPFC connectivity alterations may represent an early adaptive stress response that ultimately may contribute to vulnerability to adult psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela L. Uliana
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Felipe V. Gomes
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA ,grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Present Address: Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Anthony A. Grace
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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106
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Levis SC, Mahler SV, Baram TZ. The Developmental Origins of Opioid Use Disorder and Its Comorbidities. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:601905. [PMID: 33643011 PMCID: PMC7904686 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.601905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) rarely presents as a unitary psychiatric condition, and the comorbid symptoms likely depend upon the diverse risk factors and mechanisms by which OUD can arise. These factors are heterogeneous and include genetic predisposition, exposure to prescription opioids, and environmental risks. Crucially, one key environmental risk factor for OUD is early life adversity (ELA). OUD and other substance use disorders are widely considered to derive in part from abnormal reward circuit function, which is likely also implicated in comorbid mental illnesses such as depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. ELA may disrupt reward circuit development and function in a manner predisposing to these disorders. Here, we describe new findings addressing the effects of ELA on reward circuitry that lead to OUD and comorbid disorders, potentially via shared neural mechanisms. We discuss some of these OUD-related problems in both humans and animals. We also highlight the increasingly apparent, crucial contribution of biological sex in mediating the range of ELA-induced disruptions of reward circuitry which may confer risk for the development of OUD and comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia C. Levis
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Stephen V. Mahler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Tallie Z. Baram
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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107
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Jenkins BW, Khokhar JY. Cannabis Use and Mental Illness: Understanding Circuit Dysfunction Through Preclinical Models. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:597725. [PMID: 33613338 PMCID: PMC7892618 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.597725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with a serious mental illness often use cannabis at higher rates than the general population and are also often diagnosed with cannabis use disorder. Clinical studies reveal a strong association between the psychoactive effects of cannabis and the symptoms of serious mental illnesses. Although some studies purport that cannabis may treat mental illnesses, others have highlighted the negative consequences of use for patients with a mental illness and for otherwise healthy users. As epidemiological and clinical studies are unable to directly infer causality or examine neurobiology through circuit manipulation, preclinical animal models remain a valuable resource for examining the causal effects of cannabis. This is especially true considering the diversity of constituents in the cannabis plant contributing to its effects. In this mini-review, we provide an updated perspective on the preclinical evidence of shared neurobiological mechanisms underpinning the dual diagnosis of cannabis use disorder and a serious mental illness. We present studies of cannabinoid exposure in otherwise healthy rodents, as well as rodent models of schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder, and the resulting impact on electrophysiological indices of neural circuit activity. We propose a consolidated neural circuit-based understanding of the preclinical evidence to generate new hypotheses and identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jibran Y. Khokhar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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108
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Bis-Humbert C, García-Cabrerizo R, García-Fuster MJ. Increased negative affect when combining early-life maternal deprivation with adolescent, but not adult, cocaine exposure in male rats: regulation of hippocampal FADD. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:411-420. [PMID: 33111196 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05689-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Besides early drug initiation during adolescence, another vulnerability factor associated with increased risk for substance abuse later in life is early-life stress. One way of assessing such combined risk is by evaluating the emergence of increased negative affect during withdrawal (i.e., linked to persistence in drug seeking). OBJECTIVES To compare the impact of maternal deprivation with cocaine exposure at different ages on affective-like behavior and hippocampal neuroplasticity regulation. METHODS Maternal deprivation was performed in whole-litters of Sprague-Dawley rats (24 h, PND 9-10). Cocaine (15 mg/kg, 7 days, i.p.) was administered in adolescence (PND 33-39) or adulthood (PND 64-70). Changes in affective-like behavior were assessed by diverse tests across time (forced-swim, open field, novelty-suppressed feeding, sucrose preference). Hippocampal multifunctional FADD protein (balance between cell death and plasticity) was evaluated by Western blot. RESULTS Exposing rats to either maternal deprivation or adolescent cocaine did not modulate affective-like behavior immediately during adolescence, but increased negative affect in adulthood. Maternal deprivation combined with adolescent cocaine advanced the negative impact to adolescence. Adult cocaine exposure alone and/or in combination with maternal deprivation did not induce any behavioral changes at the time-points analyzed. FADD regulation might participate in the neural adaptations taking place in the hippocampus in relation to the observed behavioral changes. CONCLUSIONS Adolescence is a more vulnerable period, as compared to adulthood, to the combined impact of cocaine and early maternal deprivation, thus suggesting that the accumulation of stress early in life can anticipate the negative behavioral outcome associated with drug consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Bis-Humbert
- IUNICS, University of the Balearic Islands, Cra. de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122, Palma, Spain.,Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Rubén García-Cabrerizo
- IUNICS, University of the Balearic Islands, Cra. de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122, Palma, Spain.,Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - M Julia García-Fuster
- IUNICS, University of the Balearic Islands, Cra. de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122, Palma, Spain. .,Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.
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109
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Seiffe A, Ramirez MF, Barrios CD, Albarrán MM, Depino AM. Early estradiol exposure masculinizes disease-relevant behaviors in female mice. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:2483-2499. [PMID: 33497491 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Most psychiatric disorders show a sex bias in incidence, symptomatology, and/or response to treatment. Males are more susceptible to neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit activity disorder, while women are more prone to major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders after puberty. A striking difference between males and females in humans and other mammals is that males undergo a process of brain masculinization due to the early exposure to gonadal hormones. In rodents, this developmental organization of the brain is essential for adult males to express the appropriate sexual behaviors in the presence of a receptive female. Our goal was to determine whether this process of brain masculinization influences behaviors relevant to psychiatric disorders. To this aim, we studied sex differences and the effect of neonatal 17β-estradiol benzoate treatment of female mice on different disease-relevant behaviors. Our analysis includes postnatal behavior, juvenile play, and adult tests for sociability, repetitive behaviors, anxiety, and depression. Our results show that the sex differences observed in exploration, repetitive behaviors, and depression-related behaviors are largely reduced when females are neonatally treated with 17β-estradiol benzoate. These results suggest a role of neonatal sex steroids in the development of disease-relevant behaviors and provide evidence supporting a role for perinatal exposure to estrogens and androgens on the development and manifestation of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Seiffe
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauro Federico Ramirez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio Darío Barrios
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Milagros Albarrán
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Amaicha Mara Depino
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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110
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Becker M, Pinhasov A, Ornoy A. Animal Models of Depression: What Can They Teach Us about the Human Disease? Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:123. [PMID: 33466814 PMCID: PMC7830961 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is apparently the most common psychiatric disease among the mood disorders affecting about 10% of the adult population. The etiology and pathogenesis of depression are still poorly understood. Hence, as for most human diseases, animal models can help us understand the pathogenesis of depression and, more importantly, may facilitate the search for therapy. In this review we first describe the more common tests used for the evaluation of depressive-like symptoms in rodents. Then we describe different models of depression and discuss their strengths and weaknesses. These models can be divided into several categories: genetic models, models induced by mental acute and chronic stressful situations caused by environmental manipulations (i.e., learned helplessness in rats/mice), models induced by changes in brain neuro-transmitters or by specific brain injuries and models induced by pharmacological tools. In spite of the fact that none of the models completely resembles human depression, most animal models are relevant since they mimic many of the features observed in the human situation and may serve as a powerful tool for the study of the etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of depression, especially since only few patients respond to acute treatment. Relevance increases by the fact that human depression also has different facets and many possible etiologies and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Becker
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | - Albert Pinhasov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | - Asher Ornoy
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
- Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
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111
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Kim J, Suh YH, Chang KA. Interleukin-17 induced by cumulative mild stress promoted depression-like behaviors in young adult mice. Mol Brain 2021; 14:11. [PMID: 33441182 PMCID: PMC7805143 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of young adult patients with major depression, one of the most common mental disorders, is gradually increasing in modern society. Stressful experiences in early life are considered one of the risk factors for chronic depressive symptoms, along with an abnormal inflammatory response in later life. Although increased inflammatory activity has been identified in patients with depression, the cause of long-lasting depressive states is still unclear. To identify the effects of cumulative mild stress in brain development periods, we generated a young adult depression mouse model exposed to cumulative mild stress (CPMS; cumulative mild prenatal stress, mild maternal separation, and mild social defeat) to mimic early life adversities. CPMS mice exhibited more long-lasting anxiety and depression-like behaviors than groups exposed to single or double combinations of mild stress in young adult age. Using the molecular works, we found that inflammatory cytokines, especially interleukin (IL)-17, upregulated microglial activation in the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex of CPMS mice. In the brains of CPMS mice, we also identified changes in the T helper (Th)-17 cell population as well as differentiation. Finally, anti-IL-17 treatment rescued anxiety and depression-like behavior in CPMS mice. In conclusion, we found that cumulative mild stress promoted long-lasting depressive symptoms in CPMS mice through the upregulation of IL-17. We suggest that the CPMS model may be useful to study young adult depression and expect that IL-17 may be an important therapeutic target for depression in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Korea
| | - Yoo-Hun Suh
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21565, Korea
| | - Keun-A Chang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Korea.
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21565, Korea.
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Korea.
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112
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Endo N, Makinodan M, Mannari-Sasagawa T, Horii-Hayashi N, Somayama N, Komori T, Kishimoto T, Nishi M. The effects of maternal separation on behaviours under social-housing environments in adult male C57BL/6 mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:527. [PMID: 33436833 PMCID: PMC7804413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse experience in early life can affect the formation of neuronal circuits during postnatal development and exert long-lasting influences on neural functions that can lead to the development of a variety of psychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Many studies have demonstrated that daily repeated maternal separation, an animal model of early-life stress, can induce impairments in emotional behaviours and cognitive function during adolescence and adulthood. However, the behavioural phenotypes of maternally separated mice under long-term group-housing conditions are largely unknown. In this study, we applied our newly developed assay system to investigate the effects of maternal separation on behaviours under group-housing conditions during four days of continuous observations. Using our system, we found that repeated maternal separation resulted in inappropriate social distance from cagemates, altered approach preferences to others, and induced a lower rank in the time spent on the running wheel under group-housing conditions in adult male mice. Focussing on these behavioural abnormalities that appear in an environment with a social context will be important insights to understand the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Endo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Manabu Makinodan
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Takayo Mannari-Sasagawa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
- Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women's University, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
| | - Noriko Horii-Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Nami Somayama
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Takashi Komori
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Kishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nishi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan.
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113
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Athanassi A, Dorado Doncel R, Bath KG, Mandairon N. Relationship between depression and olfactory sensory function: a review. Chem Senses 2021; 46:6383453. [PMID: 34618883 PMCID: PMC8542994 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Links between olfactory sensory function and effect have been well established. A robust literature exists in both humans and animals showing that disrupting olfaction sensory function can elicit disordered mood state, including serve as a model of depression. Despite this, considerably less is known regarding the directionality and neural basis of this relationship, e.g. whether disruptions in sensory function precede and contribute to altered mood or if altered mood state precipitates changes in olfactory perception. Further, the neural basis of altered olfactory function in depression remains unclear. In conjunction with clinical studies, animal models represent a valuable tool to understand the relationship between altered mood and olfactory sensory function. Here, we review the relevant literature assessing olfactory performance in depression in humans and in rodent models of depressive-like behavioral states. Rodents allow for detailed characterization of alterations in olfactory perception, manipulation of experiential events that elicit depressive-like phenotypes, and allow for interrogation of potential predictive markers of disease and the cellular basis of olfactory impairments associated with depressive-like phenotypes. We synthesize these findings to identify paths forward to investigate and understand the complex interplay between depression and olfactory sensory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Athanassi
- INSERM, U1028; Centre National de la Recherche Scientific, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon, University Lyon 1, F-69000, France
| | - Romane Dorado Doncel
- INSERM, U1028; Centre National de la Recherche Scientific, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon, University Lyon 1, F-69000, France
| | - Kevin G Bath
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical College, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Nathalie Mandairon
- INSERM, U1028; Centre National de la Recherche Scientific, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon, University Lyon 1, F-69000, France
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114
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Bis-Humbert C, García-Fuster MJ. Adolescent cocaine induced persistent negative affect in female rats exposed to early-life stress. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:3399-3410. [PMID: 34430991 PMCID: PMC8629899 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05955-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The combination of several risk factors (sex, a prior underlying psychiatric condition, or early drug initiation) could induce the emergence of negative affect during cocaine abstinence and increase the risk of developing addiction. However, most prior preclinical studies have been centered in male rodents, traditionally excluding females from these analyses. OBJECTIVES To ascertain the behavioral and neurochemical consequences of adolescent cocaine exposure when the combination of several risk factors is present (female, early-life stress). METHODS Whole litters of Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to maternal deprivation for 24 h on postnatal day (PND) 9. Cocaine was administered in adolescence (15 mg/kg/day, i.p., PND 33-39). Negative affect was assessed by several behavioral tests (forced swim, open field, novelty-suppressed feeding, sucrose preference). Hippocampal cell fate markers were evaluated by western blot (FADD, Bax, cytochrome c) or immunohistochemistry (Ki-67; cell proliferation). RESULTS Maternal deprivation is a suitable model of psychiatric vulnerability in which to study the impact of adolescent cocaine in female rats. While adolescent cocaine did not alter affective-like behavior during adolescence, a pro-depressive-like state emerged during adulthood, exclusively in rats re-exposed to cocaine during abstinence. FADD regulation by cocaine in early-life stressed female rats might contribute to certain hippocampal neuroadaptations with some significance to the observed induced negative affect. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent cocaine induced persistent negative affect in female rats exposed to early-life stress, highlighting the risk of early drug initiation during adolescence for the emergence of negative reinforcement during abstinence likely driving cocaine addiction vulnerability, also in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Bis-Humbert
- grid.9563.90000 0001 1940 4767IUNICS, University of the Balearic Islands, Cra. de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain ,grid.507085.fHealth Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - M. Julia García-Fuster
- grid.9563.90000 0001 1940 4767IUNICS, University of the Balearic Islands, Cra. de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain ,grid.507085.fHealth Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
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115
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Zhang X, Li S, Wu W, Li X, Yang Y. A sex-dependent delayed maturation of visual plasticity induced by adverse experiences in early childhood. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 13:100256. [PMID: 33344711 PMCID: PMC7739182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse experiences in early life have a long-term impact on the development of brain, which in turn increases the susceptibility to mental illness during adulthood, especially in female subjects. However, whether and how the visual cortex is affected by these adverse experiences as well as the mechanisms underlying the sex difference are largely unknown. Here, we established a new mouse model of early-life chronic mild stress (ECMS) without anxiety or depression-like behavior in adulthood. ECMS mice showed normal maturation of visual acuity and orientation/direction selectivity, whereas their visual cortical neurons preferred lower spatial frequency (SF) and higher temporal frequency (TF) than control mice. Meanwhile the development of ocular dominance (OD) plasticity was delayed. Specifically, compared with control mice, ECMS mice in the early stage of the critical period (CP) showed a reduction in GABA synthesis enzyme expression as well as lower OD plasticity which could be occluded by diazepam. In contrast, ECMS mice in the late stage of CP showed stronger OD plasticity, accompanied by higher expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor NR2B subunit. Interestingly, only female ECMS mice at adulthood maintained juvenile-like OD plasticity as well as high NR2B expressions. Artificial increase in estradiol level in ECMS males via estradiol supplementary diminished this sex difference. Lastly, OD plasticity was abolished in adult ECMS females either performed with the bilateral ovariectomy in prepuberty, or directly infused with NR2B antagonist Ro 25–6981 into the visual cortex. Overall, our study demonstrates that early adverse experiences have a lasting effect on visual development of mice in a sex-dependent manner, which is mediated by the estradiol-NR2B pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhenni Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Sitong Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yupeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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116
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Mingrone A, Kaffman A, Kaffman A. The Promise of Automated Home-Cage Monitoring in Improving Translational Utility of Psychiatric Research in Rodents. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:618593. [PMID: 33390898 PMCID: PMC7773806 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.618593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Large number of promising preclinical psychiatric studies in rodents later fail in clinical trials, raising concerns about the efficacy of this approach to generate novel pharmacological interventions. In this mini-review we argue that over-reliance on behavioral tests that are brief and highly sensitive to external factors play a critical role in this failure and propose that automated home-cage monitoring offers several advantages that will increase the translational utility of preclinical psychiatric research in rodents. We describe three of the most commonly used approaches for automated home cage monitoring in rodents [e.g., operant wall systems (OWS), computerized visual systems (CVS), and automatic motion sensors (AMS)] and review several commercially available systems that integrate the different approaches. Specific examples that demonstrate the advantages of automated home-cage monitoring over traditional tests of anxiety, depression, cognition, and addiction-like behaviors are highlighted. We conclude with recommendations on how to further expand this promising line of preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Mingrone
- Department of Psychology, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ayal Kaffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Arie Kaffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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117
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Orso R, Creutzberg KC, Kestering-Ferreira E, Wearick-Silva LE, Tractenberg SG, Grassi-Oliveira R. Maternal Separation Combined With Limited Bedding Increases Anxiety-Like Behavior and Alters Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Function of Male BALB/cJ Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:600766. [PMID: 33304248 PMCID: PMC7693708 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.600766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) is considered a risk factor for the development of psychiatric conditions, including depression and anxiety disorder. Individuals that live in adverse environments are usually exposed to multiple stressors simultaneously, such as maternal neglect, maltreatment, and limited resources. Nevertheless, most pre-clinical ELS models are designed to explore the impact of these events separately. For this reason, this study aims to investigate the effects of a combined model of ELS on anxiety-like behavior and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis related targets. From PND 2 to PND 15 BALB/cJ mice were exposed simultaneously to maternal separation (MS; 3 h per day) and limited bedding (LB; ELS group) or left undisturbed (CT group). Maternal behavior was recorded in intercalated days, from PND 1 to PND 9. Male offspring were tested for anxiety-like behavior from PND 53 to PND 55 in the open field test (OF), elevated plus-maze (EPM), and light/dark test (LD). After behavioral testing, animals were euthanized, and glucocorticoid receptor (Nr3c1), corticotrophin-releasing hormone (Crh), and its receptor type 1 (Crhr1) gene expression in the hypothalamus were measured. Moreover, plasma corticosterone levels were analyzed. We observed that ELS dams presented altered quality of maternal care, characterized by a decrease in arched-back nursing, and an increase in passive nursing. Stressed dams also showed an increase in the number of exits from the nest when compared to CT dams. Furthermore, ELS animals showed increased anxiety-like behavior in the OF, EPM, and LD. Regarding gene expression, we identified an increase in hypothalamus Crh levels of ELS group when compared to CT animals, while no differences in Nr3c1 and Crhr1 expression were observed. Finally, stressed animals showed decreased levels of plasma corticosterone when compared to the CT group. In conclusion, we observed an alteration in maternal behavior in ELS dams. Later in life, animals exposed to the combined model of ELS showed increased levels of anxiety-like behavior. Moreover, the central and peripheral HPA measures observed could indicate a dysregulation in HPA function provoked by ELS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Orso
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Brain Institute (InsCer), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Erika Kestering-Ferreira
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Brain Institute (InsCer), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo Wearick-Silva
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Brain Institute (InsCer), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Saulo Gantes Tractenberg
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Brain Institute (InsCer), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Brain Institute (InsCer), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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118
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Shen T, Li X, Chen L, Chen Z, Tan T, Hua T, Chen B, Yuan Y, Zhang Z, Kuney L, Xu Z. The relationship of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 methylation to early-life stress and its impact on short-term antidepressant treatment response. J Affect Disord 2020; 276:850-858. [PMID: 32738671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The gene tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) encodes the associated rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis 5-HT (serotonin). Early life stress and adult variability in TPH2 can correspond with diminished response to antidepressants for patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism mediating gene expression, often tempered by environmental factors. Here, we investigate the influence of TPH2 methylation combined with stress on response to antidepressants within the first two weeks of treatment initiation. METHODS 291 Han Chinese patients with major depressive disorder and 100 healthy controls comprised the study population. The Life Events Scale (LES) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) rated recent and early-life stress. The primary outcome equaled a reduction by ≥ 50% from the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 (HAMD-17) after 2 weeks of treatment. The Illumina HiSeq platform assessed methylation status in 38 CpG sites located upstream and downstream of 11 TPH2 polymorphism sites. RESULTS In 291 patients and 100 healthy controls, 3 CpG sites predict antidepressant treatment response per sex (TPH2-7-142, p=0.012; TPH2-1-43, p=0.033; TPH2-5-203, p=0.036). High-level CTQ scores relate significantly to DNA hypomethylation at CpG-site TPH2-8-237 in males (false discovery rate [FDR]-corrected p=0.038). Additionally, the interaction of hypermethylation in two CpG sites and elevated early-life stress may reduce antidepressant response (TPH2-5-203, FDR corrected p=0.010; TPH2-10-60, FDR corrected p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that TPH2 methylation and its interaction with early-life stress may impair antidepressant response, suggesting that pharmaco-epigenetic studies could identify epigenetic biomarkers for antidepressant response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Shen
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xingyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Zimu Chen
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Tingting Tan
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Tiantian Hua
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Bingwei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yonggui Yuan
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Liz Kuney
- Psychiatry Department, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Zhi Xu
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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119
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Eagleson KL, Villaneuva M, Southern RM, Levitt P. Proteomic and mitochondrial adaptations to early-life stress are distinct in juveniles and adults. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 13:100251. [PMID: 33344706 PMCID: PMC7739184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to early-life stress (ELS) increases risk for poor mental and physical health outcomes that emerge at different stages across the lifespan. Yet, how age interacts with ELS to impact the expression of specific phenotypes remains largely unknown. An established limited-bedding paradigm was used to induce ELS in mouse pups over the early postnatal period. Initial analyses focused on the hippocampus, based on documented sensitivity to ELS in humans and various animal models, and the large body of data reporting anatomical and physiological outcomes in this structure using this ELS paradigm. An unbiased discovery proteomics approach revealed distinct adaptations in the non-nuclear hippocampal proteome in male versus female offspring at two distinct developmental stages: juvenile and adult. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analyses revealed significant enrichment in proteins associated with mitochondria and the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway in response to ELS in female hippocampus only. To determine whether the protein adaptations to ELS reflected altered function, mitochondrial respiration (driven through complexes II-IV) and complex I activity were measured in isolated hippocampal mitochondria using a Seahorse X96 Flux analyzer and immunocapture ELISA, respectively. ELS had no effect on basal respiration in either sex at either age. In contrast, ELS increased OXPHOS capacity in juvenile males and females, and reduced OXPHOS capacity in adult females but not adult males. A similar pattern of ELS-induced changes was observed for complex I activity. These data suggest that initial adaptations in juvenile hippocampus due to ELS were not sustained in adults. Mitochondrial adaptations to ELS were also exhibited peripherally by liver. Overall, the temporal distinctions in mitochondrial responses to ELS show that ELS-generated adaptations and outcomes are complex over the lifespan. This may contribute to differences in the timing of appearance of mental and physical disturbances, as well as potential sex differences that influence only select outcomes.
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Key Words
- AA, antimycin A
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- CI, confidence interval
- Complex I activity
- ELS, early-life stress
- Early-life stress
- FCCP, carbonyl cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone
- GO, gene ontology
- HCD, high energy C-trap dissociation
- Hippocampus
- Liver
- MS/MS, tandem mass spectrometry
- Mitochondrial respiration
- OCR, oxygen consumption rate
- OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation
- P, postnatal day
- Proteomics
- SCX, strong cation exchange
- iTRAQ, isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation
- oligo, oligomycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathie L. Eagleson
- Department of Pediatrics and Program in Developmental Neuroscience and Neurogenetics, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Miranda Villaneuva
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Southern
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pat Levitt
- Department of Pediatrics and Program in Developmental Neuroscience and Neurogenetics, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Guadagno A, Verlezza S, Long H, Wong TP, Walker CD. It Is All in the Right Amygdala: Increased Synaptic Plasticity and Perineuronal Nets in Male, But Not Female, Juvenile Rat Pups after Exposure to Early-Life Stress. J Neurosci 2020; 40:8276-8291. [PMID: 32978287 PMCID: PMC7577595 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1029-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-life stress (ELS) is associated with increased vulnerability to mental disorders. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) plays a critical role in fear conditioning and is extremely sensitive to ELS. Using a naturalistic rodent model of ELS, the limited bedding paradigm (LB) between postnatal days 1-10, we previously documented that LB male, but not female preweaning rat pups display increased BLA neuron spine density paralleled with enhanced evoked synaptic responses and altered BLA functional connectivity. Since ELS effects are often sexually dimorphic and amygdala processes exhibit hemispheric asymmetry, we investigated changes in synaptic plasticity and neuronal excitability of BLA neurons in vitro in the left and right amygdala of postnatal days 22-28 male and female offspring from normal bedding or LB mothers. We report that LB conditions enhanced synaptic plasticity in the right, but not the left BLA of males exclusively. LB males also showed increased perineuronal net density, particularly around parvalbumin (PV) cells, and impaired fear-induced activity of PV interneurons only in the right BLA. Action potentials fired from right BLA neurons of LB females displayed slower maximal depolarization rates and decreased amplitudes compared with normal bedding females, concomitant with reduced NMDAR GluN1 subunit expression in the right BLA. In LB males, reduced GluA2 expression in the right BLA might contribute to the enhanced LTP. These findings suggest that LB differentially programs synaptic plasticity and PV/perineuronal net development in the left and right BLA. Furthermore, our study demonstrates that the effects of ELS exposure on BLA synaptic function are sexually dimorphic and possibly recruiting different mechanisms.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Early-life stress (ELS) induces long-lasting consequences on stress responses and emotional regulation in humans, increasing vulnerability to the development of psychopathologies. The effects of ELS in a number of brain regions, including the amygdala, are often sexually dimorphic, and have been reproduced using the rodent limited bedding paradigm of early adversity. The present study examines sex differences in synaptic plasticity and cellular activation occurring in the developing left and right amygdala after limited bedding exposure, a phenomenon that could shape long-term emotional behavioral outcomes. Studying how ELS selectively produces effects in one amygdala hemisphere during a critical period of brain development could guide further investigation into sex-dependent mechanisms and allow for more targeted and improved treatment of stress-and emotionality-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Guadagno
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Silvanna Verlezza
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Hong Long
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Tak Pan Wong
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Claire-Dominique Walker
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0G4, Canada
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Kim J, Park M, Lee C, Ha JJ, Choi JS, Kim CH, Seok JH. Maladaptive Alterations of Defensive Response Following Developmental Complex Stress in Rats. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 18:412-422. [PMID: 32702220 PMCID: PMC7383007 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2020.18.3.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Despite the etiological significance of complex developmental trauma in adult personality disorders and treatment-resistant depression, neurobiological studies have been rare due to the lack of useful animal models. As a first step, we devised an animal model to investigate the effects of multiple trauma-like stress during different developmental periods. Methods Twenty-one male Sprague-Dawley rats were classified into 3 groups based on the stress protocol: fear conditioning control (FCC, n = 6), complex stress (ComS, n = 9), and control (n = 6). While the ComS experienced three types of stress (maternal separation, juvenile isolation, electric foot shock), the FCC only experienced an electric foot shock stress and the control never experienced any. We compared fear responses at postnatal day (PND) 29 and PND 56 through freezing time per episode (FTpE), total freezing time (TFT), total freezing episodes (TFE), and ultrasonic vocalization (USV). Results ComS showed the longest FTpE in the conditioned fear response test. ComS and FCC exhibited the longer TFT and these two groups only displayed USV. ComS show difference TFE between PND 29 and PND 56. Conclusion The results of this investigation show that complex stress may affect not quantity of fear response but characteristics of fear response. Longer FTpE may be associated with tonic immobility which could be considered as a failed self-protective reaction and might be analogous to a sign of inappropriate coping strategy and self-dysregulation in complex trauma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhyung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minkyung Park
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chiheon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Jin Ha
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - June-Seek Choi
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Seok
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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122
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Demaestri C, Pan T, Critz M, Ofray D, Gallo M, Bath KG. Type of early life adversity confers differential, sex-dependent effects on early maturational milestones in mice. Horm Behav 2020; 124:104763. [PMID: 32407728 PMCID: PMC7487052 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Early life adversity (ELA) increases risk for negative health outcomes, with sex disparities in prevalence and form of ELA experienced and risk for neuropsychiatric pathology. ELA comes in many forms (e.g. parental neglect/loss, limited access to resources) but whether disparate forms of ELA have common effects on outcomes, and if males and females are equally affected, remains unknown. Epidemiological studies often fail to accurately account for differences in type, timing, and duration of adversity experienced. Rodent models allow precise control of many of these variables. However, differences in the form of ELA, species, strain, housing, and testing paradigms used may contribute to differences in outcomes leading to questions of whether differences are the result of the form of ELA or these other variables. Here, we directly compared two mouse models of ELA, maternal separation (MS) and limited bedding (LB) in males and females on development of the body, motor and visual milestones, stress physiology, and anxiety-like behavior. LB affected timing of early milestones, somatic growth, and stress physiology in both sexes, yet only females showed later anxiety-like behaviors. MS rearing affected males and females similarly in early milestone development, yet only males showed changes in stress physiology and anxiety-like outcomes. These studies provide a platform to directly compare MS and LB models within one lab. The current work advances our understanding of the unique features of ELA that shape early neurodevelopmental events and risk for later pathology, increasing the translational relevance of these ELA models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Demaestri
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, 190 Thayer St., Box 1821, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Tracy Pan
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, 190 Thayer St., Box 1821, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Madalyn Critz
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, 190 Thayer St., Box 1821, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Dayshalis Ofray
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, 190 Thayer St., Box 1821, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Meghan Gallo
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, 190 Thayer St., Box 1821, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Kevin G Bath
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, 190 Thayer St., Box 1821, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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123
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Manzano Nieves G, Bravo M, Baskoylu S, Bath KG. Early life adversity decreases pre-adolescent fear expression by accelerating amygdala PV cell development. eLife 2020; 9:55263. [PMID: 32692310 PMCID: PMC7413666 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life adversity (ELA) is associated with increased risk for stress-related disorders later in life. The link between ELA and risk for psychopathology is well established but the developmental mechanisms remain unclear. Using a mouse model of resource insecurity, limited bedding (LB), we tested the effects of LB on the development of fear learning and neuronal structures involved in emotional regulation, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA). LB delayed the ability of peri-weanling (21 days old) mice to express, but not form, an auditory conditioned fear memory. LB accelerated the developmental emergence of parvalbumin (PV)-positive cells in the BLA and increased anatomical connections between PL and BLA. Fear expression in LB mice was rescued through optogenetic inactivation of PV-positive cells in the BLA. The current results provide a model of transiently blunted emotional reactivity in early development, with latent fear-associated memories emerging later in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marilyn Bravo
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, United States
| | - Saba Baskoylu
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, United States
| | - Kevin G Bath
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, United States
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124
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Kasten CR, Carzoli KL, Sharfman NM, Henderson T, Holmgren EB, Lerner MR, Miller MC, Wills TA. Adolescent alcohol exposure produces sex differences in negative affect-like behavior and group I mGluR BNST plasticity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1306-1315. [PMID: 32268346 PMCID: PMC7297734 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0670-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent alcohol exposure increases the risk of developing alcohol use disorders (AUDs), yet the mechanisms responsible for this vulnerability remain largely unknown. One potential target for alcohol-induced changes is the circuitry that modulates negative affect and stress, two sexually dependent drivers of alcohol relapse. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a sexually dimorphic region that critically regulates negative affective- and stress-induced relapse. Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) are a target of interest due to their regulation of stress, anxiety behaviors, and BNST plasticity. The current studies investigate sex-dependent sensitivity to the effects of adolescent intermittent ethanol vapor exposure (AIE) on negative affect during acute and protracted alcohol withdrawal and following stress in adulthood. This work also assessed whether BNST group I mGluR-mediated long-term depression (LTD) was disrupted at these timepoints. During acute withdrawal, AIE altered LTD induced by the group I mGluR antagonist DHPG in females, but not males. During adulthood, stress unmasked persistent changes in DHPG-induced LTD and behavior that were not present under basal conditions. Females with an AIE history demonstrated enhanced negative affective-like behavior in the novelty-induced hypophagia test following restraint stress-a phenotype that could be blocked with systemic mGluR5 allosteric antagonism via MTEP. Conversely, males with an AIE history demonstrated elevated freezing in a contextual fear conditioning paradigm. These studies demonstrate long-lasting, sex-dependent phenotypes produced by AIE and suggest pharmaceutical interventions for alcohol use and comorbid disorders may be more effective if designed with sex differences in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. R. Kasten
- 0000 0000 8954 1233grid.279863.1Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - K. L. Carzoli
- 0000 0000 8954 1233grid.279863.1Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - N. M. Sharfman
- 0000 0000 8954 1233grid.279863.1Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - T. Henderson
- 0000 0000 8954 1233grid.279863.1Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - E. B. Holmgren
- 0000 0000 8954 1233grid.279863.1Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - M. R. Lerner
- 0000 0000 8954 1233grid.279863.1Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - M. C. Miller
- 0000 0000 8954 1233grid.279863.1Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - T. A. Wills
- 0000 0000 8954 1233grid.279863.1Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA USA ,0000 0000 8954 1233grid.279863.1Neuroscience Center of Excellence, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA USA
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125
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Eck SR, Ardekani CS, Salvatore M, Luz S, Kim ED, Rogers CM, Hall A, Lee DE, Famularo ST, Bhatnagar S, Bangasser DA. The effects of early life adversity on growth, maturation, and steroid hormones in male and female rats. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:2664-2680. [PMID: 31660665 PMCID: PMC8027906 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early life adversity is a risk factor for psychiatric disorders, yet the mechanisms by which adversity increases this risk are still being delineated. Here, we used a limited bedding and nesting (LBN) manipulation in rats that models a low resource environment to examine effects on growth, developmental milestones, and endocrine endpoints. In LBN, dams and pups, from pups' postnatal days 2-9, are exposed to an environment where dams lack proper materials to build a nest. This manipulation is compared to control housing conditions, where rat dams have access to ample nesting materials and enrichment throughout pups' development. We found that the LBN condition altered maternal care, increasing pup-directed behaviors while reducing self-care. This, perhaps compensatory, increase in nursing and attention to pups did not mitigate against changes in metabolism, as LBN reduced weight gain in both sexes and this effect persisted into adulthood. Although adult stress hormone levels in both sexes and vaginal opening and estrous cycle length in females were not disrupted, there was other evidence of endocrine dysregulation. Compared to controls, LBN rats of both sexes had shortened anogenital distances, indicating reduced androgen exposure. LBN males also had higher plasma estradiol levels in adulthood. This combination of results suggests that LBN causes a demasculinizing effect in males that could contribute to lasting changes in the brain and behavior. Importantly, alterations in metabolic and endocrine systems due to early life adversity could be one mechanism by which stress early in life increases risk for later disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R. Eck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Cory S. Ardekani
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Madeleine Salvatore
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Sandra Luz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eric D. Kim
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Charleanne M. Rogers
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Arron Hall
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Demetrius E. Lee
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Sydney T. Famularo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Seema Bhatnagar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Debra A. Bangasser
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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126
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Fallon IP, Tanner MK, Greenwood BN, Baratta MV. Sex differences in resilience: Experiential factors and their mechanisms. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:2530-2547. [PMID: 31800125 PMCID: PMC7269860 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adverse life events can lead to stable changes in brain structure and function and are considered primary sources of risk for post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders. However, most individuals do not develop these conditions following exposure to traumatic experiences, and research efforts have identified a number of experiential factors associated with an individual's ability to withstand, adapt to and facilitate recovery from adversity. While multiple animal models of stress resilience exist, so that the detailed biological mechanisms can be explored, studies have been disproportionately conducted in male subjects even though the prevalence and presentation of stress-linked disorders differ between sexes. This review focuses on (a) the mechanisms by which experiential factors (behavioral control over a stressor, exercise) reduce the impact of adverse events as studied in males; (b) whether other manipulations (ketamine) that buffer against stress-induced sequelae engage the same circuit features; and (c) whether these processes operate similarly in females. We argue that investigation of experiential factors that produce resistance/resilience rather than vulnerability to adversity will generate a unique set of biological mechanisms that potentially underlie sex differences in mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella P. Fallon
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Margaret K. Tanner
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, 80217, USA
| | | | - Michael V. Baratta
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
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127
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Kwiatkowski MA, Cope ZA, Lavadia ML, van de Cappelle CJA, Dulcis D, Young JW. Short-active photoperiod gestation induces psychiatry-relevant behavior in healthy mice but a resiliency to such effects are seen in mice with reduced dopamine transporter expression. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10217. [PMID: 32576854 PMCID: PMC7311429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66873-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A higher incidence of multiple psychiatric disorders occurs in people born in late winter/early spring. Reduced light exposure/activity level impacts adult rodent behavior and neural mechanisms, yet few studies have investigated such light exposure on gestating fetuses. A dysfunctional dopamine system is implicated in most psychiatric disorders, and genetic polymorphisms reducing expression of the dopamine transporter (DAT) are associated with some conditions. Furthermore, adult mice with reduced DAT expression (DAT-HT) were hypersensitive to short active (SA; 19:5 L:D) photoperiod exposure versus their wildtype (WT) littermates. Effects of SA photoperiod exposure during gestation in these mice have not been examined. We confirmed adult females exhibit a heightened corticosterone response when in SA photoperiod. We then tested DAT-HT mice and WT littermates in psychiatry-relevant behavioral tests after SA or normal active (NA; 12:12 L:D) photoperiod exposure during gestation and early life. SA-born WT mice exhibited sensorimotor gating deficits (males), increased reward preference, less immobility, open arm avoidance (females), less motivation to obtain a reward, and reversal learning deficits, vs. NA-born WT mice. DAT-HT mice were largely resilient to these effects, however. Future studies will determine the mechanism(s) by which SA photoperiod exposure influences brain development to predispose toward emergence of psychiatry-relevant behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Kwiatkowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Zackary A Cope
- Department of Medicine, Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Maria L Lavadia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Chuck J A van de Cappelle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, USA.,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Dulcis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, USA. .,Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, USA.
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128
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Faraji J, Metz GAS. Infrared Thermography Reveals Sex-Specific Responses to Stress in Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:79. [PMID: 32523518 PMCID: PMC7261839 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychogenic hyperthermia is a stress-related condition reported mostly in women. Neuroendocrine responses to stress in females differ from those in males, and these differences cannot be explained solely based on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Here, we used infrared (IR) thermographic imaging to record changes in cutaneous temperature following two types of stressful experiences in female and male mice. Mice were exposed to either single-session restraint stress or vertical exploration (rearing) deprivation and were monitored for exploratory activity and IR surface thermal changes. Females displayed higher rearing activity than males during the dark phase of the light cycle. Both sexes showed similar plasma corticosterone (CORT) responses after a challenge with restraint and rearing deprivation. However, only females responded to rearing deprivation with increased cutaneous temperature in the head and back, and a reduced thermal response in the tail. Circulating CORT levels were not correlated with the thermal variations. These findings, for the first time, provide evidence for sex-specific cutaneous thermal responses to short-term stress in mice following transient vertical-activity deprivation that may mimic clinical psychogenic hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Faraji
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Gerlinde A S Metz
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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129
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Emmons R, Sadok T, Rovero NG, Belnap MA, Henderson HJM, Quan AJ, Del Toro NJ, Halladay LR. Chemogenetic manipulation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis counteracts social behavioral deficits induced by early life stress in C57BL/6J mice. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:90-109. [PMID: 32476178 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Trauma during critical periods of development can induce long-lasting adverse effects. To study neural aberrations resulting from early life stress (ELS), many studies utilize rodent maternal separation, whereby pups are intermittently deprived of maternal care necessary for proper development. This can produce adulthood behavioral deficits related to anxiety, reward, and social behavior. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) encodes aspects of anxiety-like and social behaviors, and also undergoes developmental maturation during the early postnatal period, rendering it vulnerable to effects of ELS. Mice underwent maternal separation (separation 4 hr/day during postnatal day (PD)2-5 and 8 hr/day on PD6-16) with early weaning on PD17, which induced behavioral deficits in adulthood performance on two-part social interaction task designed to test social motivation (choice between a same-sex novel conspecific or an empty cup) and social novelty preference (choice between the original-novel conspecific vs. a new-novel conspecific). We used chemogenetics to non-selectively silence or activate neurons in the BNST to examine its role in social motivation and social novelty preference, in mice with or without the history of ELS. Manipulation of BNST produced differing social behavior effects in non-stressed versus ELS mice; social motivation was decreased in non-stressed mice following BNST activation, but unchanged following BNST silencing, while ELS mice showed no change in social behavior after BNST activation, but exhibited enhancement of social motivation-for which they were deficient prior-following BNST silencing. Findings emphasize the BNST as a potential therapeutic target for social anxiety disorders instigated by childhood trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi Emmons
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Tasneem Sadok
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Natalie G Rovero
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Malia A Belnap
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | | | - Alex J Quan
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Noël J Del Toro
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA
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130
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Averill LA, Fouda S, Murrough JW, Abdallah CG. Chronic stress pathology and ketamine-induced alterations in functional connectivity in major depressive disorder: An abridged review of the clinical evidence. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 89:163-194. [PMID: 32616206 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A paradigm shift in the conceptualization of the neurobiology of depression and the serendipitous discovery of ketamine's rapid-acting antidepressant (RAAD) effects has ushered in a new era of innovative research and novel drug development. Since the initial discovery of ketamine's RAAD effects, multiple studies have supported its short-term efficacy for fast-tracked improvements in treatment-resistant depression. Evidence from MRI studies have repeatedly demonstrated functional connectivity alterations in stress- and trauma-related disorders suggesting this may be a viable biomarker of chronic stress pathology (CSP). Human mechanistic studies further support this by coupling functional connectivity to ketamine's RAAD effects including connectivity to glutamate neurotransmission, ketamine to normalized connectivity, and these advantageous normalizations to symptom improvement/ketamine response. This review provides an abridged discussion of the suspected neurobiological underpinnings of ketamine's RAAD effects, highlighting ketamine-induced alterations in prefrontal, striatal, and anterior cingulate cortex functional connectivity in major depressive disorder. We present a model of CSP underscoring the role of synaptic loss and dysconnectivity and discuss how ketamine may be used both as (1) a treatment to restore and normalize these stress-induced neural alterations and (2) a tool to study potential biomarkers of CSP and treatment response. We conclude by noting challenges and future directions including heterogeneity, sex differences, the role of early life stress, and the need for proliferation of new methods, paradigms, and tools that will optimize signal and allow analyses at different levels of complexity, according to the needs of the question at hand, perhaps by thinking hierarchically about both clinical and biological phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnette A Averill
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | - Samar Fouda
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - James W Murrough
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chadi G Abdallah
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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131
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Region-specific effects of maternal separation on oxidative stress accumulation in parvalbumin neurons of male and female rats. Behav Brain Res 2020; 388:112658. [PMID: 32339550 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Early life adversity in humans is linked to cognitive deficits and increased risk of mental illnesses, including depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia, with evidence for different vulnerabilities in men versus women. Modeling early life adversity in rodents shows similar neuropsychological deficits that may partially be driven by sex-dependent dysfunction in parvalbumin (PV) interneurons in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HPC), and basolateral amygdala (BLA). Research demonstrates that PV interneurons are particularly susceptible to oxidative stress; therefore, accumulation of oxidative damage may drive PV dysfunction following early life adversity. The goal of this study was to quantify oxidative stress accumulation in PV neurons in rats exposed to maternal separation (MS). Pups were separated from their dam and littermates for 4 h per day from postnatal day (P)2 to 20. Serial sections from the PFC, HPC, and BLA of juvenile (P20) rats of both sexes were immunohistochemically stained with antibodies against PV and 8-oxo-dG, a marker for oxidative DNA damage. PV cell counts, colocalization with 8-oxo-dG, and intensity of each signal were measured in each region to determine the effects of MS and establish whether MS-induced oxidative damage varies between sexes. A significant increase in colocalization of PV and 8-oxo-dG was found in the PFC and HPC, indicating increased oxidative stress in that cell population following MS. Region-specific sex differences were also revealed in the PFC, BLA, and HPC. These data identify oxidative stress during juvenility as a potential mechanism mediating PV dysfunction in individuals with a history of early life adversity.
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132
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Synthesizing Views to Understand Sex Differences in Response to Early Life Adversity. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:300-310. [PMID: 32353334 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sex as a biological variable (SABV) is critical for understanding the broad range of physiological, neurobiological, and behavioral consequences of early life adversity(ELA). The study of the interaction of SABV and ELA ties into several current debates, including the importance of taking into account SABV in research, differing strategies employed by males and females in response to adversity, and the possible evolutionary and developmental mechanisms of altered development in response to adversity. This review highlights the importance of studying both sexes, of understanding sex differences (and similarities) in response to ELA, and provides a context for the debate surrounding whether the response to ELA may be an adaptive process.
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Cui Y, Cao K, Lin H, Cui S, Shen C, Wen W, Mo H, Dong Z, Bai S, Yang L, Shi Y, Zhang R. Early-Life Stress Induces Depression-Like Behavior and Synaptic-Plasticity Changes in a Maternal Separation Rat Model: Gender Difference and Metabolomics Study. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:102. [PMID: 32174832 PMCID: PMC7055479 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 300 million people suffer from depressive disorders globally. People under early-life stress (ELS) are reportedly vulnerable to depression in their adulthood, and synaptic plasticity can be the molecular mechanism underlying such depression. Herein, we simulated ELS by using a maternal separation (MS) model and evaluated the behavior of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats in adulthood through behavioral examination, including sucrose preference, forced swimming, and open-field tests. The behavior tests showed that SD rats in the MS group were more susceptible to depression- and anxiety-like behaviors than did the non-MS (NMS) group. Nissl staining analysis indicated a significant reduction in the number of neurons at the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, including the CA1, CA2, CA3, and DG regions of SD rats in the MS group. Immunohistochemistry results showed that the percentages of synaptophysin-positive area in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus (including the CA1, CA2, CA3, and DG regions) slice of the MS group significantly decreased compared with those of the NMS group. Western blot analysis was used to assess synaptic-plasticity protein markers, including postsynaptic density 95, synaptophysin, and growth-associated binding protein 43 protein expression in the cortex and hippocampus. Results showed that the expression levels of these three proteins in the MS group were significantly lower than those in the NMS group. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed no significant differences in the peak areas of sex hormones and their metabolites, including estradiol, testosterone, androstenedione, estrone, estriol, and 5β-dihydrotestosterone. Through the application of nontargeted metabolomics to the overall analysis of differential metabolites, pathway-enrichment results showed the importance of arginine and proline metabolism; pantothenate and CoA biosyntheses; glutathione metabolism; and the phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis pathways. In summary, the MS model caused adult SD rats to be susceptible to depression, which may regulate synaptic plasticity through arginine and proline metabolism; pantothenate and CoA biosyntheses; glutathione metabolism; and phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosyntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfei Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kerun Cao
- School of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiyuan Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sainan Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chongkun Shen
- School of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhao Wen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haixin Mo
- School of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyang Dong
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shasha Bai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yafei Shi
- School of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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134
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de Lima RMS, dos Santos Bento LV, di Marcello Valladão Lugon M, Barauna VG, Bittencourt AS, Dalmaz C, de Vasconcellos Bittencourt APS. Early life stress and the programming of eating behavior and anxiety: Sex-specific relationships with serotonergic activity and hypothalamic neuropeptides. Behav Brain Res 2020; 379:112399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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135
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Fesharaki-Zadeh A, Miyauchi JT, St. Laurent-Arriot K, Tsirka SE, Bergold PJ. Increased Behavioral Deficits and Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Co-Morbid Traumatic Brain Injury and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. ASN Neuro 2020; 12:1759091420979567. [PMID: 33342261 PMCID: PMC7755938 DOI: 10.1177/1759091420979567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder with traumatic brain injury (TBI) produce more severe affective and cognitive deficits than PTSD or TBI alone. Both PTSD and TBI produce long-lasting neuroinflammation, which may be a key underlying mechanism of the deficits observed in co-morbid TBI/PTSD. We developed a model of co-morbid TBI/PTSD by combining the closed head (CHI) model of TBI with the chronic variable stress (CVS) model of PTSD and examined multiple behavioral and neuroinflammatory outcomes. Male C57/Bl6 mice received sham treatment, CHI, CVS, CHI then CVS (CHI → CVS) or CVS then CHI (CVS → CHI). The CVS → CHI group had deficits in Barnes maze or active place avoidance not seen in the other groups. The CVS → CHI, CVS and CHI → CVS groups displayed increased basal anxiety level, based on performance on elevated plus maze. The CVS → CHI had impaired performance on Barnes Maze, and Active Place Avoidance. These performance deficits were strongly correlated with increased hippocampal Iba-1 level an indication of activated MP/MG. These data suggest that greater cognitive deficits in the CVS → CHI group were due to increased inflammation. The increased deficits and neuroinflammation in the CVS → CHI group suggest that the order by which a subject experiences TBI and PTSD is a major determinant of the outcome of brain injury in co-morbid TBI/PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Fesharaki-Zadeh
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Jeremy T. Miyauchi
- Department of Physiology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Karrah St. Laurent-Arriot
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Stella E. Tsirka
- Department of Physiology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Peter J. Bergold
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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136
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Johnson J, Chaudieu I, Ritchie K, Scali J, Ancelin ML, Ryan J. The extent to which childhood adversity and recent stress influence all-cause mortality risk in older adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 111:104492. [PMID: 31704635 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological stress is recognized as a major risk factor for a range of non-communicable diseases and possibly mortality. The extent to which the type and timing of stress exposure influences mortality, and potential differences between genders, remains unknown. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between early-life and recent stressful experiences and mortality risk in later life, and to determine possible gender differences in these associations. METHOD Data were obtained from 2152 French community-dwelling participants (aged ≥65). Questionnaires were used to evaluate recent stress, as well as retrospective reporting of childhood adversity. Mortality status was determined through death registries. Adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the association between stress and 16-year mortality risk. RESULTS Over a mean 12.9 years, 850 people died. Having a childhood home environment with very serious conflicts was associated with a 54% increased mortality risk (95%CI:1.21-1.96), and childhood abuse/maltreatment with a 34% increased risk (95% CI:1.05-1.70). For females, specific childhood events (serious illness HR:1.91, 95%CI:1.40-2.60; war/natural disaster HR:1.47, 95%CI:1.14-1.88) and the number of events (≥5 adverse events HR:1.91, 95%CI:1.25-2.32), also increased mortality risk. In terms of recent events, mortality risk increased by 66% (95%CI:1.39-2.00) in participants reporting a recent serious illness or physical trauma and by 86% for those reporting problems with the police/justice (95%CI:1.05-3.30). Among males specifically, mortality risk also increased with major financial problems (HR:1.92, 95%CI:1.14-3.21), and when they had a relative with a serious illness (HR:1.26, 95%CI:1.01-1.55). CONCLUSIONS Stressful life experiences are associated with all-cause mortality however the associations varied between early-life adversities and recent stress, and were different across the genders. Among females, certain types of childhood adversity continue to predict mortality risk in later life, while in males specific recent stress significantly increased mortality risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Johnson
- School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Isabelle Chaudieu
- INSERM, Univ Montpellier, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France
| | - Karen Ritchie
- INSERM, Univ Montpellier, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France; Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jacqueline Scali
- INSERM, Univ Montpellier, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Laure Ancelin
- INSERM, Univ Montpellier, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France
| | - Joanne Ryan
- School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; INSERM, Univ Montpellier, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France.
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137
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Goodwill HL, Manzano-Nieves G, LaChance P, Teramoto S, Lin S, Lopez C, Stevenson RJ, Theyel BB, Moore CI, Connors BW, Bath KG. Early Life Stress Drives Sex-Selective Impairment in Reversal Learning by Affecting Parvalbumin Interneurons in Orbitofrontal Cortex of Mice. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2299-2307.e4. [PMID: 30485800 PMCID: PMC6310486 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Poverty, displacement, and parental stress represent potent sources of early life stress (ELS). Stress disproportionately affects females, who are at increased risk for stress-related pathologies associated with cognitive impairment. Mechanisms underlying stress-associated cognitive impairment and enhanced risk of females remain unknown. Here, ELS is associated with impaired rule-reversal (RR) learning in females, but not males. Impaired performance was associated with decreased expression and density of interneurons expressing parvalbumin (PV+) in orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), but not other inter-neuron subtypes. Optogenetic silencing of PV+ inter-neuron activity in OFC of control mice phenocopied RR learning deficits observed in ELS females. Localization of reversal learning deficits to PV+ interneurons in OFC was confirmed by optogenetic studies in which neurons in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were silenced and associated with select deficits in rule-shift learning. Sex-, cell-, and region-specific effects show altered PV+ interneuron development can be a driver of sex differences in cognitive dysfunction. Goodwill et al. investigate the effect of early life stress (ELS) on cognitive development in a mouse model. Using a combination of genetic, histological, optogenetic, and behavioral techniques, they find that ELS leads to female-selective impairments in the ability to engage in rule reversal, but not other forms of attentional learning. Impairments are associated with diminished parvalbumin (PV) expression and a decreased density of PV+ interneurons in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley L Goodwill
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | | | - Patrick LaChance
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Sana Teramoto
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Shirley Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Chelsea Lopez
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Rachel J Stevenson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Brian B Theyel
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | | | - Barry W Connors
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Kevin G Bath
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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138
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Early Life Trauma Has Lifelong Consequences for Sleep And Behavior. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16701. [PMID: 31723235 PMCID: PMC6853921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep quality varies widely across individuals, especially during normal aging, with impaired sleep contributing to deficits in cognition and emotional regulation. Sleep can also be impacted by a variety of adverse events, including childhood adversity. Here we examined how early life adverse events impacted later life sleep structure and physiology using an animal model to test the relationship between early life adversity and sleep quality across the life span. Rat pups were exposed to an Adversity-Scarcity model from postnatal day 8–12, where insufficient bedding for nest building induces maternal maltreatment of pups. Polysomnography and sleep physiology were assessed in weaning, early adult and older adults. Early life adversity induced age-dependent disruptions in sleep and behavior, including lifelong spindle decreases and later life NREM sleep fragmentation. Given the importance of sleep in cognitive and emotional functions, these results highlight an important factor driving variation in sleep, cognition and emotion throughout the lifespan that suggest age-appropriate and trauma informed treatment of sleep problems.
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139
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Peña CJ, Smith M, Ramakrishnan A, Cates HM, Bagot RC, Kronman HG, Patel B, Chang AB, Purushothaman I, Dudley J, Morishita H, Shen L, Nestler EJ. Early life stress alters transcriptomic patterning across reward circuitry in male and female mice. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5098. [PMID: 31704941 PMCID: PMC6841985 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abuse, neglect, and other forms of early life stress (ELS) significantly increase risk for psychiatric disorders including depression. In this study, we show that ELS in a postnatal sensitive period increases sensitivity to adult stress in female mice, consistent with our earlier findings in male mice. We used RNA-sequencing in the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex of male and female mice to show that adult stress is distinctly represented in the brain's transcriptome depending on ELS history. We identify: 1) biological pathways disrupted after ELS and associated with increased behavioral stress sensitivity, 2) putative transcriptional regulators of the effect of ELS on adult stress response, and 3) subsets of primed genes specifically associated with latent behavioral changes. We also provide transcriptomic evidence that ELS increases sensitivity to future stress through enhancement of known programs of cortical plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Jensen Peña
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
| | - Milo Smith
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Institute for Next Generation Healthcare, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Aarthi Ramakrishnan
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Hannah M Cates
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Rosemary C Bagot
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Hope G Kronman
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Bhakti Patel
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Austin B Chang
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Immanuel Purushothaman
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Joel Dudley
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Institute for Next Generation Healthcare, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Hirofumi Morishita
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Eric J Nestler
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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140
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White JD, Kaffman A. The Moderating Effects of Sex on Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment: From Clinical Studies to Animal Models. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1082. [PMID: 31680821 PMCID: PMC6797834 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress has pronounced effects on the brain, and thus behavioral outputs. This is particularly true when the stress occurs during vulnerable points in development. A review of the clinical literature regarding the moderating effects of sex on psychopathology in individuals exposed to childhood maltreatment (CM) is complicated by a host of variables that are difficult to quantify and control in clinical settings. As a result, the precise role of sex in moderating the consequences of CM remains elusive. In this review, we explore the rationale for studying this important question and their implications for treatment. We examine this issue using the threat/deprivation conceptual framework and highlight a growing body of work demonstrating important sex differences in human studies and in animal models of early life stress (ELS). The challenges and obstacles for effectively studying this question are reviewed and are followed by recommendations on how to move forward at the clinical and preclinical settings. We hope that this review will help inspire additional studies on this important topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordon D White
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Arie Kaffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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141
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Gururajan A, Reif A, Cryan JF, Slattery DA. The future of rodent models in depression research. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:686-701. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0221-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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142
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Behavioral alterations induced by post-weaning isolation rearing of rats are accompanied by reduced VGF/BDNF/TrkB signaling in the hippocampus. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104473. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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143
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Kasten CR, Holmgren EB, Wills TA. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 5 in Alcohol-Induced Negative Affect. Brain Sci 2019; 9:E183. [PMID: 31366097 PMCID: PMC6721373 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9080183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate 5 receptors (mGlu5 receptors) have been identified as a promising treatment to independently alleviate both negative affective states and ethanol-seeking and intake. However, these conditions are often comorbid and might precipitate one another. Acute and protracted ethanol withdrawal can lead to negative affective states. In turn, these states are primary drivers of alcohol relapse, particularly among women. The current review synthesizes preclinical studies that have observed the role of mGlu5 receptor modulation in negative affective states following ethanol exposure. The primary behavioral assays discussed are ethanol-seeking and intake, development and extinction of ethanol-associated cues and contexts, behavioral despair, and anxiety-like activity. The work done to-date supports mGlu5 receptor modulation as a promising target for mediating negative affective states to reduce ethanol intake or prevent relapse. Limitations in interpreting these data include the lack of models that use alcohol-dependent animals, limited use of adolescent and female subjects, and a lack of comprehensive evaluations of negative affective-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea R Kasten
- LSU Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical Education Building, 1901 Perdido Street, Room 6103, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Eleanor B Holmgren
- LSU Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical Education Building, 1901 Perdido Street, Room 6103, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Tiffany A Wills
- LSU Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical Education Building, 1901 Perdido Street, Room 6103, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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144
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Gallo M, Shleifer DG, Godoy LD, Ofray D, Olaniyan A, Campbell T, Bath KG. Limited Bedding and Nesting Induces Maternal Behavior Resembling Both Hypervigilance and Abuse. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:167. [PMID: 31402857 PMCID: PMC6673755 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life adversity (ELA) is associated with altered neural development and increased risk for the development of psychopathology across the lifespan. Rodent models of ELA are an important tool for investigating the possible mechanistic underpinnings of pathology development. We used a limited bedding and nesting model (LBN) to induce stress in the dam and alter dam-pup interactions during a sensitive period in early postnatal development. The primary characteristics previously identified in this model include fragmented and unpredictable maternal care and possibly neglect. However, previous studies have not considered the effects of this manipulation over the full circadian cycle and the evolution of changes of maternal behavior throughout the duration of the manipulation. In the current study, we leverage a novel continuous video monitoring setup to unobtrusively observe and subsequently analyze maternal behaviors. Through this more in-depth analysis, we discovered that LBN dams spent more time than control dams on their nest, returned to their nest more frequently than control dams, and showed intact maternal care. Importantly, a subset of LBN dams (~40%) engaged in abusive-like kicking, a behavioral pattern not previously identified in this paradigm. Exposure to ELA and abusive-like kicking were associated with differences in risk-taking behavior in adulthood. The LBN model of ELA may drive a more complex constellation of effects on maternal behavior driving a pattern of increased dam-pup interactions and increased abuse-like kicking behavior, with unique consequences for pup outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Gallo
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Daniel G Shleifer
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Livea D Godoy
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dayshalis Ofray
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Aliyah Olaniyan
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Talia Campbell
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Kevin G Bath
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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145
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Ballanger B, Bath KG, Mandairon N. Odorants: a tool to provide nonpharmacological intervention to reduce anxiety during normal and pathological aging. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 82:18-29. [PMID: 31377537 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders represent 1 of the most common classes of psychiatric disorders. In the aging population and for patients with age-related pathology, the percentage of people suffering of anxiety is significantly elevated. Furthermore, anxiety carries with it an increased risk for a variety of age-related medical conditions, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, cognitive decline, and increased severity of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. A variety of anxiolytic compounds are available but often carry with them disturbing side effects that impact quality of life. Among nonmedicinal approaches to reducing anxiety, odor diffusion and aromatherapy are the most popular. In this review, we highlight the emerging perspective that the use of odorants may reduce anxiety symptoms or at least potentiate the effect of other anxiolytic approaches and may serve as an alternative form of therapy to deal with anxiety symptoms. Such approaches may be particularly beneficial in aging populations with elevated risk for these disorders. We also discuss potential neural mechanisms underlying the anxiolytic effects of odorants based on work in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicte Ballanger
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon F-69000, France; University Lyon, Lyon F-69000, France; University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69000, France
| | - Kevin G Bath
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence RI 02912, United States
| | - Nathalie Mandairon
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon F-69000, France; University Lyon, Lyon F-69000, France; University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69000, France.
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Brenhouse HC, Bath KG. Bundling the haystack to find the needle: Challenges and opportunities in modeling risk and resilience following early life stress. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 54:100768. [PMID: 31175880 PMCID: PMC6708473 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Various forms of early life adversity (ELA) have been linked with increased risk for negative health outcomes, including neuropsychiatric disorders. Understanding how the complex interplay between types, timing, duration, and severity of ELA, together with individual differences in genetic, socio-cultural, and physiological differences can mediate risk and resilience has proven difficult in population based studies. Use of animal models provides a powerful toolset to isolate key variables underlying risk for altered neural and behavioral maturational trajectories. However, a lack of clarity regarding the unique features of differing forms of adversity, lab differences in the implementation and reporting of methods, and the ability compare across labs and types of ELA has led to some confusion. Here, we highlight the diversity of approaches available, current challenges, and a possible ways forward to increase clarity and drive more meaningful and fruitful implementation and comparison of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Brenhouse
- Psychology Department, Northeastern University, 125 Nightingale Hall, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Kevin G Bath
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, 190 Thayer St. Box 1821, Providence, RI 02912, United States
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147
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Di Segni M, Andolina D, D'Addario SL, Babicola L, Ielpo D, Luchetti A, Pascucci T, Lo Iacono L, D'Amato FR, Ventura R. Sex-dependent effects of early unstable post-natal environment on response to positive and negative stimuli in adult mice. Neuroscience 2019; 413:1-10. [PMID: 31228589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in early environmental conditions that interfere with the creation of a stable mother-pup bond have been suggested to be a risk factor for the development of stress-related psychopathologies later in life. The long-lasting effects of early experiences are mediated by changes in various cerebral circuits, such as the corticolimbic system, which processes aversive and rewarding stimuli. However, it is evident that the early environment is not sufficient per se to induce psychiatric disorders; interindividual (eg, sex-based) differences in the response to environmental challenges exist. To examine the sex-related effects that are induced by an early experience on later events in adulthood, we determine the enduring effects of repeated cross-fostering (RCF) in female and male C57BL/6J mice. To this end, we assessed the behavioral phenotype of RCF and control (male and female) mice in the saccharine preference test and cocaine-induced conditioned place preference to evaluate the response to natural and pharmacological stimuli and in the elevated plus maze test and forced swimming test to measure their anxiety- and depression-like behavior. We also evaluated FST-induced c-Fos immunoreactivity in various brain regions that are engaged in the response to acute stress exposure (FST). Notably, RCF has opposing effects on the adult response to these tests between sexes, directing male mice toward an "anhedonia-like" phenotype and increasing the sensitivity for rewarding stimuli in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Di Segni
- Dept. of Psychology and Center "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, 00184 Rome, Italy; IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Andolina
- Dept. of Psychology and Center "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, 00184 Rome, Italy; IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Sebastian Luca D'Addario
- Dept. of Psychology and Center "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, 00184 Rome, Italy; Behavioral Neuroscience PhD Programme, Sapienza University, 00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucy Babicola
- Dept. of Applied and Biotechnological Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Donald Ielpo
- Dept. of Psychology and Center "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, 00184 Rome, Italy; Behavioral Neuroscience PhD Programme, Sapienza University, 00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Luchetti
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Institute, National Research Council, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Pascucci
- Dept. of Psychology and Center "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, 00184 Rome, Italy; IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Lo Iacono
- Dept. of Psychology and Center "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, 00184 Rome, Italy; IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca R D'Amato
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Institute, National Research Council, 00143 Rome, Italy; Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rossella Ventura
- Dept. of Psychology and Center "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, 00184 Rome, Italy; IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00142 Rome, Italy.
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148
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Malhi GS, Das P, Outhred T, Irwin L, Gessler D, Bwabi Z, Bryant R, Mannie Z. The effects of childhood trauma on adolescent hippocampal subfields. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2019; 53:447-457. [PMID: 30712362 DOI: 10.1177/0004867418824021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mood disorders are more common among girls and typically emerge during adolescence. The precise reasons for this are unknown, but among the many mechanisms implicated are stress-induced hippocampal structural changes during this developmental stage. The hippocampus is a complex structure comprised of subfields that develop differentially and respond variably to stress and childhood adversity, both of which are risk factors for mood disorders. To better understand vulnerability to mood disorders, we investigated a cohort of adolescent girls and determined volumetric changes in their hippocampal subfields to elucidate the potential effects of childhood trauma. METHODS Of the 229 participants, 201 girls (aged 12-17 years) fulfilled our analysis inclusion criteria. Of these, 76 had been exposed to higher emotional trauma (emotional abuse or neglect). The girls underwent high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging scans, and hippocampal subfield volumes were measured using FreeSurfer. We compared hippocampal subfield volumes in those exposed to higher emotional trauma and those exposed to minimal emotional trauma, at three time-points of adolescent development: early (12-13 years), mid (14-15 years) and late (16-17 years). RESULTS Mid-adolescent girls exposed to higher emotional trauma had significantly smaller left CA3 volumes than minimal emotional trauma girls ( p = 0.028). Within the minimal emotional trauma group, mid-adolescents had significantly larger left CA3 volumes than early ( p = 0.034) and late ( p = 0.036) adolescents. Within the higher emotional trauma group, early adolescents had significantly larger left CA3 volumes than late adolescents ( p = 0.036). CONCLUSION In our exploratory study, we observed higher emotional trauma-induced volume changes in the left CA3 hippocampal subfield, which varied depending on age, and may ultimately produce deficits in behavioural, cognitive and emotional processes. We propose that these changes (1) may provide a mechanism through which vulnerability to mood disorders may be increased in adolescent girls, and (2) may signal the best times to implement targeted prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gin S Malhi
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,2 Department of Psychiatry, ARCHI, Sydney Medical School Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,3 Academic Department of Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,4 Department of Academic Psychiatry, CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Pritha Das
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,2 Department of Psychiatry, ARCHI, Sydney Medical School Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,3 Academic Department of Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,4 Department of Academic Psychiatry, CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim Outhred
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,2 Department of Psychiatry, ARCHI, Sydney Medical School Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,3 Academic Department of Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,4 Department of Academic Psychiatry, CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lauren Irwin
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,2 Department of Psychiatry, ARCHI, Sydney Medical School Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,3 Academic Department of Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,4 Department of Academic Psychiatry, CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Danielle Gessler
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,2 Department of Psychiatry, ARCHI, Sydney Medical School Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,3 Academic Department of Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,4 Department of Academic Psychiatry, CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,5 Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,6 Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Zina Bwabi
- 3 Academic Department of Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,7 Department of Music and Performing Arts Professions, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard Bryant
- 8 Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Zola Mannie
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,2 Department of Psychiatry, ARCHI, Sydney Medical School Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,3 Academic Department of Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,4 Department of Academic Psychiatry, CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,9 NSW Health and Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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149
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Manzano Nieves G, Schilit Nitenson A, Lee HI, Gallo M, Aguilar Z, Johnsen A, Bravo M, Bath KG. Early Life Stress Delays Sexual Maturation in Female Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:27. [PMID: 30863281 PMCID: PMC6399387 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, some forms of early life stress (ELS) have been linked with precocious puberty, altered brain maturation, and increased risk for a variety of forms of pathology. Interestingly, not all forms of ELS have been found to equally impact these metrics of maturation. In recent work, we have found that ELS in the form of limited bedding (LB) from P4 to P11, was associated with precocious hippocampus maturation in males and increased risk for depressive-like pathology and attentional disturbance in female mice. Here, we sought to test whether ELS in the form of LB also impacted the timing of sexual maturation in female mice. To establish rate of somatic and sexual development, distinct cohorts of mice were tested for weight gain, timing of vaginal opening, and development of estrous cycling. ELS animals weighed significantly less than controls at every timepoint measured. Onset of vaginal opening was tracked from P21 to 40, and ELS was found to significantly delay the onset of vaginal opening. To test the impact of ELS on estrous cycle duration and regularity, vaginal cytology was assessed in independent groups of animals using either a continuous sampling (daily from P40 to P57) or random sampling approach (single swab at P35, P50, or P75). ELS did impact measures of estrous cycling, but these effects were dependent upon the sampling method used. We also tested the impact of ELS on anxiety-like behaviors over development and across the estrous cycle. We observed a developmental increase in anxiety-like behavior in control but not ELS mice. No effect of estrous cycle stage was found on anxiety-like behavior for either group of mice. Together these results provide evidence that ELS in the form of LB delays somatic and sexual development. Additional work will be required to determine the mechanism by which ELS impacts these measures, and if these effects are common to other models of ELS in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hye-In Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Meghan Gallo
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Zachary Aguilar
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Angelica Johnsen
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Marilyn Bravo
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Kevin G Bath
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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