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López A, Aparicio N, Pazos MR, Grande MT, Barreda-Manso MA, Benito-Cuesta I, Vázquez C, Amores M, Ruiz-Pérez G, García-García E, Beatka M, Tolón RM, Dittel BN, Hillard CJ, Romero J. Cannabinoid CB 2 receptors in the mouse brain: relevance for Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:158. [PMID: 29793509 PMCID: PMC5968596 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Because of their low levels of expression and the inadequacy of current research tools, CB2 cannabinoid receptors (CB2R) have been difficult to study, particularly in the brain. This receptor is especially relevant in the context of neuroinflammation, so novel tools are needed to unveil its pathophysiological role(s). Methods We have generated a transgenic mouse model in which the expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) is under the control of the cnr2 gene promoter through the insertion of an Internal Ribosomal Entry Site followed by the EGFP coding region immediately 3′ of the cnr2 gene and crossed these mice with mice expressing five familial Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mutations (5xFAD). Results Expression of EGFP in control mice was below the level of detection in all regions of the central nervous system (CNS) that we examined. CB2R-dependent-EGFP expression was detected in the CNS of 3-month-old AD mice in areas of intense inflammation and amyloid deposition; expression was coincident with the appearance of plaques in the cortex, hippocampus, brain stem, and thalamus. The expression of EGFP increased as a function of plaque formation and subsequent microgliosis and was restricted to microglial cells located in close proximity to neuritic plaques. AD mice with CB2R deletion exhibited decreased neuritic plaques with no changes in IL1β expression. Conclusions Using a novel reporter mouse line, we found no evidence for CB2R expression in the healthy CNS but clear up-regulation in the context of amyloid-triggered neuroinflammation. Data from CB2R null mice indicate that they play a complex role in the response to plaque formation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1174-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia López
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, C/ Budapest 1, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Noelia Aparicio
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, C/ Budapest 1, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Ruth Pazos
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, C/ Budapest 1, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Teresa Grande
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Asunción Barreda-Manso
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, C/ Budapest 1, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Benito-Cuesta
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, C/ Budapest 1, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Amores
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, C/ Budapest 1, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Ruiz-Pérez
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena García-García
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, C/ Budapest 1, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Margaret Beatka
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Rosa M Tolón
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, C/ Budapest 1, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bonnie N Dittel
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Julián Romero
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, C/ Budapest 1, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain. .,Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
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102
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Kolla NJ, Mishra A. The Endocannabinoid System, Aggression, and the Violence of Synthetic Cannabinoid Use, Borderline Personality Disorder, Antisocial Personality Disorder, and Other Psychiatric Disorders. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:41. [PMID: 29636670 PMCID: PMC5880947 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids bind to central cannabinoid receptors to control a multitude of behavioral functions, including aggression. The first main objective of this review is to dissect components of the endocannabinoid system, including cannabinoid 1 and cannabinoid 2 receptors; the endogenous cannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol; and the indirect cannabinoid modulators fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase; that have shown abnormalities in basic research studies investigating mechanisms of aggression. While most human research has concluded that the active ingredient of marijuana, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, tends to dampen rather than provoke aggression in acute doses, recent evidence supports a relationship between the ingestion of synthetic cannabinoids and emergence of violent or aggressive behavior. Thus, another objective is to evaluate the emerging clinical data. This paper also discusses the relationship between prenatal and perinatal exposure to cannabis as well as use of cannabis in adolescence on aggressive outcomes. A final objective of the paper is to discuss endocannabinoid abnormalities in psychotic and affective disorders, as well as clinically aggressive populations, such as borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder. With regard to the former condition, decreased anandamide metabolites have been reported in the cerebrospinal fluid, while some preliminary evidence suggests that fatty acid amide hydrolase genetic polymorphisms are linked to antisocial personality disorder and impulsive-antisocial psychopathic traits. To summarize, this paper will draw upon basic and clinical research to explain how the endocannabinoid system may contribute to the genesis of aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Kolla
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Waypoint Research Institute, Penetanguishene, ON, Canada
| | - Achal Mishra
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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103
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Poddighe L, Carta G, Serra MP, Melis T, Boi M, Lisai S, Murru E, Muredda L, Collu M, Banni S, Quartu M. Acute administration of beta-caryophyllene prevents endocannabinoid system activation during transient common carotid artery occlusion and reperfusion. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:23. [PMID: 29402275 PMCID: PMC5799897 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0661-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transient global cerebral hypoperfusion/reperfusion achieved by induction of Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion followed by Reperfusion (BCCAO/R) has been shown to stimulate early molecular changes that can be easily traced in brain tissue and plasma, and that are indicative of the tissue physiological response to the reperfusion-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. The aim of the present study is to probe the possibility to prevent the molecular changes induced by the BCCAO/R with dietary natural compounds known to possess anti-inflammatory activity, such as the phytocannabinoid beta-caryophyllene (BCP). METHODS Two groups of adult Wistar rats were used, sham-operated and submitted to BCCAO/R. In both groups, 6 h before surgery, half of the rats were gavage-fed with a single dose of BCP (40 mg/per rat in 300 μl of sunflower oil as vehicle), while the second half were pre-treated with the vehicle alone. HPLC, Western Blot and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze cerebral cortex and plasma. RESULTS After BCCAO/R, BCP prevented the increase of lipoperoxides occurring in the vehicle-treated rats in both cerebral cortex and plasma. In the frontal cortex, BCP further prevented activation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), spared the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), appeared to prevent the increase of cyclooxygenase-2 and increased the peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) protein levels, while, in plasma, BCP induced the reduction of arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) levels as compared to vehicle-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the pre-treatment with BCP, likely acting as agonist for CB2 and PPAR-alpha receptors, modulates in a beneficial way the ECS activation and the lipoperoxidation, taken as indicative of oxidative stress. Furthermore, our results support the evidence that BCP may be used as a dietary supplement to control the physiological response to the hypoperfusion/reperfusion-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Poddighe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, (CA) 09042 Italy
| | - Gianfranca Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, (CA) 09042 Italy
| | - Maria Pina Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, (CA) 09042 Italy
| | - Tiziana Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, (CA) 09042 Italy
| | - Marianna Boi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, (CA) 09042 Italy
| | - Sara Lisai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, (CA) 09042 Italy
| | - Elisabetta Murru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, (CA) 09042 Italy
| | - Laura Muredda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, (CA) 09042 Italy
| | - Maria Collu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, (CA) 09042 Italy
| | - Sebastiano Banni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, (CA) 09042 Italy
| | - Marina Quartu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, (CA) 09042 Italy
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Zhang X, Thayer SA. Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor JZL184 prevents HIV-1 gp120-induced synapse loss by altering endocannabinoid signaling. Neuropharmacology 2018; 128:269-281. [PMID: 29061509 PMCID: PMC5752128 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) hydrolyzes 2-arachidonoylglycerol to arachidonic acid and glycerol. Inhibition of MGL may attenuate neuroinflammation by enhancing endocannabinoid signaling and decreasing prostaglandin (PG) production. Almost half of HIV infected individuals are afflicted with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), a neuroinflammatory disease in which cognitive decline correlates with synapse loss. HIV infected cells shed the envelope protein gp120 which is a potent neurotoxin that induces synapse loss. Here, we tested whether inhibition of MGL, using the selective inhibitor JZL184, would prevent synapse loss induced by gp120. The number of synapses between rat hippocampal neurons in culture was quantified by imaging clusters of a GFP-tagged antibody-like protein that selectively binds to the postsynaptic scaffolding protein, PSD95. JZL184 completely blocked gp120-induced synapse loss. Inhibition of MGL decreased gp120-induced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production and subsequent potentiation of NMDA receptor-mediated calcium influx. JZL184-mediated protection of synapses was reversed by a selective cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R) inverse agonist/antagonist. JZL184 also reduced gp120-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production; PG signaling was required for gp120-induced IL-1β expression and synapse loss. Inhibition of MGL prevented gp120-induced synapse loss by activating CB2R resulting in decreased production of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Because PG signaling was required for gp120-induced synapse loss, JZL184-induced decreases in PGE2 levels may also protect synapses. MGL presents a promising target for preventing synapse loss in neuroinflammatory conditions such as HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stanley A Thayer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Narayanaswami V, Dahl K, Bernard-Gauthier V, Josephson L, Cumming P, Vasdev N. Emerging PET Radiotracers and Targets for Imaging of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Outlook Beyond TSPO. Mol Imaging 2018; 17:1536012118792317. [PMID: 30203712 PMCID: PMC6134492 DOI: 10.1177/1536012118792317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic and multicellular processes of neuroinflammation are mediated by the nonneuronal cells of the central nervous system, which include astrocytes and the brain's resident macrophages, microglia. Although initiation of an inflammatory response may be beneficial in response to injury of the nervous system, chronic or maladaptive neuroinflammation can have harmful outcomes in many neurological diseases. An acute neuroinflammatory response is protective when activated neuroglia facilitate tissue repair by releasing anti-inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors. On the other hand, chronic neuroglial activation is a major pathological mechanism in neurodegenerative diseases, likely contributing to neuronal dysfunction, injury, and disease progression. Therefore, the development of specific and sensitive probes for positron emission tomography (PET) studies of neuroinflammation is attracting immense scientific and clinical interest. An early phase of this research emphasized PET studies of the prototypical imaging biomarker of glial activation, translocator protein-18 kDa (TSPO), which presents difficulties for quantitation and lacks absolute cellular specificity. Many alternate molecular targets present themselves for PET imaging of neuroinflammation in vivo, including enzymes, intracellular signaling molecules as well as ionotropic, G-protein coupled, and immunoglobulin receptors. We now review the lead structures in radiotracer development for PET studies of neuroinflammation targets for neurodegenerative diseases extending beyond TSPO, including glycogen synthase kinase 3, monoamine oxidase-B, reactive oxygen species, imidazoline-2 binding sites, cyclooxygenase, the phospholipase A2/arachidonic acid pathway, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1, cannabinoid-2 receptor, the chemokine receptor CX3CR1, purinergic receptors: P2X7 and P2Y12, the receptor for advanced glycation end products, Mer tyrosine kinase, and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1. We provide a brief overview of the cellular expression and function of these targets, noting their selectivity for astrocytes and/or microglia, and highlight the classes of PET radiotracers that have been investigated in early-stage preclinical or clinical research studies of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Narayanaswami
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health & Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth Dahl
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health & Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vadim Bernard-Gauthier
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Cumming
- School of Psychology and Counselling and IHBI, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health & Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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106
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Spinelli F, Mu L, Ametamey SM. Radioligands for positron emission tomography imaging of cannabinoid type 2 receptor. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2017; 61:299-308. [PMID: 29110331 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor is an immunomodulatory receptor mainly expressed in peripheral cells and organs of the immune system. The expression level of CB2 in the central nervous system under physiological conditions is negligible, however under neuroinflammatory conditions an upregulation of CB2 protein or mRNA mainly colocalized with activated microglial cells has been reported. Consequently, CB2 agonists have been confirmed to play a role in neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory processes. A suitable positron emission tomography radioligand for imaging CB2 would provide an invaluable research tool to explore the role of CB2 receptor expression in inflammatory disorders. In this review, we provide a summary of so far published CB2 radioligands as well as their in vitro and in vivo binding characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Spinelli
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linjing Mu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH-PSI-USZ, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon M Ametamey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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107
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Ward SJ, Castelli F, Reichenbach ZW, Tuma RF. Surprising outcomes in cannabinoid CB1/CB2 receptor double knockout mice in two models of ischemia. Life Sci 2017; 195:1-5. [PMID: 29288767 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We tested the hypothesis that CB1/CB2 receptor double knockout would produce significant increases in infarct size and volume and significant worsening in clinical score, using two mouse models, one of permanent ischemia and one of ischemia/reperfusion. MAIN METHODS Focal cerebral infarcts were created using either photo induced permanent injury or transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Infarct volume and motor function were evaluated in cannabinoid receptor 1/cannabinoid receptor 2 double knockout mice. KEY FINDINGS The results surprisingly revealed that CB1/CB2 double knockout mice showed improved outcomes, with the most improvements in the mouse model of permanent ischemia. SIGNIFICANCE Although the number of individuals suffering from stroke in the United States and worldwide will continue to grow, therapeutic intervention for treatment following stroke remains frustratingly limited. Both the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) and the cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB2R) have been studied in relationship to stroke. Deletion of the CB2R has been shown to worsen outcome, while selective CB2R agonists have been demonstrated to be neuroprotective following stroke. Although initial studies of CB1R knockout mice demonstrated increased injury following stroke, indicating that activation of the CB1R was neuroprotective, later studies of selective antagonists of the CB1R also demonstrated a protective effect. Surprisingly the double knockout animals had improved outcome. Since the phenotype of the double knockout is not dramatically changed, significant changes in the contribution of other homeostatic pathways in compensation for the loss of these two important receptors may explain these apparently contradictory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Jane Ward
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, United States.
| | | | | | - Ronald F Tuma
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, United States
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Nogueras-Ortiz C, Roman-Vendrell C, Mateo-Semidey GE, Liao YH, Kendall DA, Yudowski GA. Retromer stops beta-arrestin 1-mediated signaling from internalized cannabinoid 2 receptors. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3554-3561. [PMID: 28954865 PMCID: PMC5683765 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-03-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The retromer acts as the gatekeeper blocking signaling mediated by beta-arrestin 1 from internalized cannabinoid 2 receptors. This work provides further confirmation of the relevance and prevalence of signaling from internalized receptors at endosomal compartments after ligand-induced endocytosis. G protein–coupled receptors mediate their complex functions through activation of signaling cascades from receptors localized at the cell surface and endosomal compartments. These signaling pathways are modulated by heterotrimeric G proteins and the scaffold proteins beta-arrestin 1 and 2. However, in contrast to the events occurring at the cell surface, our knowledge of the mechanisms controlling signaling from receptors localized at intracellular compartments is still very limited. Here we sought to investigate the intracellular signaling from cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB2R). First, we show that receptor internalization is required for agonist-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). Then we demonstrate that ERK1/2 activation is mediated by beta-arrestin 1 from receptors localized exclusively at Rab4/5 compartments. Finally, we identify the retromer complex as a gatekeeper, terminating beta-arrestin 1–mediated ERK phosphorylation. These findings extend our understanding of the events controlling signaling from endocytosed receptors and identify the retromer as a modulator of beta-arrestin–mediated signaling from CB2R.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Roman-Vendrell
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00901.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Puerto Rico, Medical San Juan, PR 00936
| | - Gabriel E Mateo-Semidey
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00901.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical San Juan, PR 00936.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical San Juan, PR 00936
| | - Yu-Hsien Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092
| | - Debra A Kendall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092
| | - Guillermo A Yudowski
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00901 .,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical San Juan, PR 00936.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical San Juan, PR 00936
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109
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Sun L, Dong R, Xu X, Yang X, Peng M. Activation of cannabinoid receptor type 2 attenuates surgery-induced cognitive impairment in mice through anti-inflammatory activity. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:138. [PMID: 28724382 PMCID: PMC5518095 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0913-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation plays a major role in postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Accumulated evidence indicates that cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R) can mediate anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in part by controlling microglial activity. However, the impact of CB2R on postoperative cognition has not been investigated. We hypothesized that CB2R is involved in surgery-induced cognitive impairment in adult mice. Methods Adult C57BL/6 mice were subjected to intramedullary fixation surgery for tibial fracture under isoflurane anesthesia and CB2R agonist (JWH133) or CB2R antagonist (AM630) treatment. The mice were trained 24 h prior to surgery using a fear conditioning protocol and assessed in a novel context on postoperative days 1, 3, and 7 to evaluate cognitive function. Open-field testing was performed to evaluate the locomotor activity of the mice. The expression levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1, and CB2R in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were assessed by Western blotting; the expression of microglial marker CD11b in the CA1 area of the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex was assessed by immunostaining. Results The mice displayed no changes in locomotor activity after surgery and drug treatments. The mice exhibited impaired hippocampal-dependent memory accompanied by an increased expression of proinflammatory factors in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex 1, 3, and 7 days after surgery, while hippocampal-independent memory remained unaffected at the same time points. JWH133 treatment attenuated surgery-induced memory loss, while AM630 treatment aggravated surgery-induced memory loss, paralleled by a decreased or increased expression of proinflammatory factors in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. The expression of CB2R in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex was upregulated following surgery; however, it was downregulated by postoperative treatment with JWH133. Similarly, the expression of CD11b in the CA1 area of the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex was upregulated following surgery and downregulated by postoperative treatment with JWH133. Conclusions These findings indicate that CB2R may modulate the neuroinflammatory and cognitive impairment in a mouse model of orthopedic surgery, and the activation of CB2R may effectively ameliorate the hippocampal-dependent memory loss of mice in the early postoperative stage. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0913-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169, Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169, Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169, Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169, Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Mian Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169, Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
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Abstract
Clinical studies suggest that diets rich in ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) provide beneficial anti-inflammatory effects, in part through their conversion to bioactive metabolites. Here we report on the endogenous production of a previously unknown class of ω-3 PUFA-derived lipid metabolites that originate from the crosstalk between endocannabinoid and cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenase metabolic pathways. The ω-3 endocannabinoid epoxides are derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to form epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid-ethanolamide (EEQ-EA) and epoxydocosapentaenoic acid-ethanolamide (EDP-EA), respectively. Both EEQ-EAs and EDP-EAs are endogenously present in rat brain and peripheral organs as determined via targeted lipidomics methods. These metabolites were directly produced by direct epoxygenation of the ω-3 endocannabinoids, docosahexanoyl ethanolamide (DHEA) and eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide (EPEA) by activated BV-2 microglial cells, and by human CYP2J2. Neuroinflammation studies revealed that the terminal epoxides 17,18-EEQ-EA and 19,20-EDP-EA dose-dependently abated proinflammatory IL-6 cytokines while increasing anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokines, in part through cannabinoid receptor-2 activation. Furthermore the ω-3 endocannabinoid epoxides 17,18-EEQ-EA and 19,20-EDP-EA exerted antiangiogenic effects in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC) and vasodilatory actions on bovine coronary arteries and reciprocally regulated platelet aggregation in washed human platelets. Taken together, the ω-3 endocannabinoid epoxides' physiological effects are mediated through both endocannabinoid and epoxyeicosanoid signaling pathways. In summary, the ω-3 endocannabinoid epoxides are found at concentrations comparable to those of other endocannabinoids and are expected to play critical roles during inflammation in vivo; thus their identification may aid in the development of therapeutics for neuroinflammatory and cerebrovascular diseases.
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Zhang HY, Gao M, Shen H, Bi GH, Yang HJ, Liu QR, Wu J, Gardner EL, Bonci A, Xi ZX. Expression of functional cannabinoid CB 2 receptor in VTA dopamine neurons in rats. Addict Biol 2017; 22:752-765. [PMID: 26833913 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported the expression of functional cannabinoid CB2 receptors (CB2 Rs) in midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons in mice. However, little is known whether CB2 Rs are similarly expressed in rat brain because significant species differences in CB2 R structures and expression are found. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical assays detected CB2 gene and receptors in DA neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which was up-regulated in cocaine self-administration rats. Electrophysiological studies demonstrated that activation of CB2 Rs by JWH133 inhibited VTA DA neuronal firing in single dissociated neurons. Systemic administration of JWH133 failed to alter, while local administration of JWH133 into the nucleus accumbens inhibited cocaine-enhanced extracellular DA and i.v. cocaine self-administration. This effect was blocked by AM630, a selective CB2 R antagonist. These data suggest that CB2 Rs are expressed in VTA DA neurons and functionally modulate DA neuronal activities and cocaine self-administration behavior in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ying Zhang
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse; Intramural Research Program; Baltimore MD 21224 USA
- Synaptic Plasticity Section; National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program; Baltimore MD 21224 USA
| | - Ming Gao
- Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology; Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center; Phoenix AZ 85013 USA
| | - Hui Shen
- Synaptic Plasticity Section; National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program; Baltimore MD 21224 USA
| | - Guo-Hua Bi
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse; Intramural Research Program; Baltimore MD 21224 USA
| | - Hong-Ju Yang
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse; Intramural Research Program; Baltimore MD 21224 USA
| | - Qing-Rong Liu
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse; Intramural Research Program; Baltimore MD 21224 USA
| | - Jie Wu
- Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology; Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center; Phoenix AZ 85013 USA
| | - Eliot L. Gardner
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse; Intramural Research Program; Baltimore MD 21224 USA
| | - Antonello Bonci
- Synaptic Plasticity Section; National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program; Baltimore MD 21224 USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Neuroscience Institute; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MD 21205 USA
- Department of Psychiatry; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse; Intramural Research Program; Baltimore MD 21224 USA
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Tronel C, Largeau B, Santiago Ribeiro MJ, Guilloteau D, Dupont AC, Arlicot N. Molecular Targets for PET Imaging of Activated Microglia: The Current Situation and Future Expectations. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040802. [PMID: 28398245 PMCID: PMC5412386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, as cellular mediators of neuroinflammation, are implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of microglia has matured over the last 20 years, through the development of radiopharmaceuticals targeting several molecular biomarkers of microglial activation and, among these, mainly the translocator protein-18 kDa (TSPO). Nevertheless, current limitations of TSPO as a PET microglial biomarker exist, such as low brain density, even in a neurodegenerative setting, expression by other cells than the microglia (astrocytes, peripheral macrophages in the case of blood brain barrier breakdown), genetic polymorphism, inducing a variation for most of TSPO PET radiopharmaceuticals’ binding affinity, or similar expression in activated microglia regardless of its polarization (pro- or anti-inflammatory state), and these limitations narrow its potential interest. We overview alternative molecular targets, for which dedicated radiopharmaceuticals have been proposed, including receptors (purinergic receptors P2X7, cannabinoid receptors, α7 and α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, adenosine 2A receptor, folate receptor β) and enzymes (cyclooxygenase, nitric oxide synthase, matrix metalloproteinase, β-glucuronidase, and enzymes of the kynurenine pathway), with a particular focus on their respective contribution for the understanding of microglial involvement in neurodegenerative diseases. We discuss opportunities for these potential molecular targets for PET imaging regarding their selectivity for microglia expression and polarization, in relation to the mechanisms by which microglia actively participate in both toxic and neuroprotective actions in brain diseases, and then take into account current clinicians’ expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Tronel
- INSERM U930, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 10 boulevard Tonnelé, 37032 Tours, France.
| | | | - Maria Joao Santiago Ribeiro
- INSERM U930, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 10 boulevard Tonnelé, 37032 Tours, France.
- CHRU de Tours, 37044 Tours, France.
| | - Denis Guilloteau
- INSERM U930, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 10 boulevard Tonnelé, 37032 Tours, France.
- CHRU de Tours, 37044 Tours, France.
| | - Anne-Claire Dupont
- INSERM U930, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 10 boulevard Tonnelé, 37032 Tours, France.
- CHRU de Tours, 37044 Tours, France.
| | - Nicolas Arlicot
- INSERM U930, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 10 boulevard Tonnelé, 37032 Tours, France.
- CHRU de Tours, 37044 Tours, France.
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Hosoya T, Fukumoto D, Kakiuchi T, Nishiyama S, Yamamoto S, Ohba H, Tsukada H, Ueki T, Sato K, Ouchi Y. In vivo TSPO and cannabinoid receptor type 2 availability early in post-stroke neuroinflammation in rats: a positron emission tomography study. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:69. [PMID: 28356120 PMCID: PMC5372312 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0851-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Upregulated levels of 18-kDa translocator proteins (TSPO) and type 2 endocannabinoid receptors (CB2) are considered to reflect different aspects of microglia-related neuroinflammatory responses in the brain. Relative to the increase in the TSPO expression that occurs slightly later during neuroinflammation in a proinflammatory fashion, CB2 activation is considered to relate to the neuroprotective responses that occurs predominantly at an early stage of brain disorders. These findings, however, were deduced from studies with different animal samples under different experimental settings. Here, we aimed to examined the differences in TSPO binding and CB2 availability at an early stage of stroke in the same animal using positron emission tomography (PET). Methods We used a total of eight Sprague-Dawley rats that underwent photothrombotic stroke surgery. The binding levels of a TSPO tracer [11C](R)PK11195 and a CB2 tracer [11C]NE40 were measured at 24 h after the surgery in the same animal using PET in combination with immunohistochemistry for CB2 and several other markers. A morphological inspection was also performed with X-ray computed tomography for small animals. Results The levels of [11C]NE40 binding potential (BPND) were significantly higher in the cerebral cortical region on the lesion side than those on the non-lesion side, whereas no difference was found in the levels of [11C](R)PK11195 BPND between hemispheres. The tracer influx index (R1) data were all reduced on the lesion side irrespective of tracers. This increase in [11C]NE40 BPND was concomitant with an elevation in CB2 expression mainly within the microglia in the peri-infarct area, as shown by immunohistochemical examinations with Iba-1, CD11b/c+, and NG2+ staining. Conclusions The present results provide in vivo evidence of different responses of microglia occurring in the acute state of stroke. The use of the CB2 tracer [11C]NE40 allows us to evaluate the roles played by the neuroprotective aspect of microglia in acute neuroinflammatory processes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0851-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyo Hosoya
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Dai Fukumoto
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics KK, 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu, 434-8601, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kakiuchi
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics KK, 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu, 434-8601, Japan
| | - Shingo Nishiyama
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics KK, 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu, 434-8601, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yamamoto
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics KK, 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu, 434-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohba
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics KK, 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu, 434-8601, Japan
| | - Hideo Tsukada
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics KK, 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu, 434-8601, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Ueki
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kohji Sato
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Ouchi
- Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan.
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Cassano T, Calcagnini S, Pace L, De Marco F, Romano A, Gaetani S. Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Signaling in Neurodegenerative Disorders: From Pathogenesis to a Promising Therapeutic Target. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:30. [PMID: 28210207 PMCID: PMC5288380 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As a consequence of an increasingly aging population, the number of people affected by neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, is rapidly increasing. Although the etiology of these diseases has not been completely defined, common molecular mechanisms including neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction have been confirmed and can be targeted therapeutically. Moreover, recent studies have shown that endogenous cannabinoid signaling plays a number of modulatory roles throughout the central nervous system (CNS), including the neuroinflammation and neurogenesis. In particular, the up-regulation of type-2 cannabinoid (CB2) receptors has been found in a number of neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, the modulation of CB2 receptor signaling may represent a promising therapeutic target with minimal psychotropic effects that can be used to modulate endocannabinoid-based therapeutic approaches and to reduce neuronal degeneration. For these reasons this review will focus on the CB2 receptor as a promising pharmacological target in a number of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Silvio Calcagnini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Federico De Marco
- Laboratory of Virology, The Regina Elena National Cancer Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
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The Impact of CB2 Receptor Ligands on the MK-801-Induced Hyperactivity in Mice. Neurotox Res 2017; 31:410-420. [PMID: 28138895 PMCID: PMC5360834 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9702-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been known that there is a relationship between cannabis use and schizophrenia-related symptoms; however, it can be a subject of controversy. The involvement of CB1 receptor ligands in the schizophrenia has already been revealed and confirmed. However, there is still lack of information concerning the role of CB2 receptors in the psychosis-like effects in mice and the further studies are needed.The aim of the present research was to study the role of the CB2 receptor ligands in the symptoms typical for schizophrenia. We provoked hyperlocomotion in mice which is analogous to positive psychosis-like effects in humans, by an acute administration of a NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801 (0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg), a pharmacological model of schizophrenia. An acute administration of MK-801 induced the increase in locomotor activity (hyperactivity) in rodents, measured in actimeters.We revealed that an acute injection of CB2 receptor agonist JWH 133 at the dose range (0.05-1.0 mg/kg) and CB2 receptor antagonist, AM 630 at the dose range (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) decreased locomotion of mice. An acute injection of JWH 133 (2.0 mg/kg) and AM 630 (2.0 mg/kg) had no statistical significant influence on the locomotor activity of mice. However, an acute injection of both CB2 receptor ligands (agonist and antagonist), JWH 133, at the non-effective dose of 2.0 mg/kg and AM 630 at the non-effective dose of 2.0 mg/kg, potentiated the MK-801-induced hyperactivity.The present findings have confirmed that endocannabinoid system, not only via CB1, but also via CB2 receptors, may be involved in the schizophrenia-like responses, including hyperlocomotion in mice.
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Quartu M, Poddighe L, Melis T, Serra MP, Boi M, Lisai S, Carta G, Murru E, Muredda L, Collu M, Banni S. Involvement of the endocannabinoid system in the physiological response to transient common carotid artery occlusion and reperfusion. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:14. [PMID: 28103941 PMCID: PMC5248520 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0389-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transient global cerebral hypoperfusion/reperfusion achieved by induction of Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion followed by Reperfusion (BCCAO/R) may trigger a physiological response in an attempt to preserve tissue and function integrity. There are several candidate molecules among which the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and/or peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) may play a role in modulating oxidative stress and inflammation. The aims of the present study are to evaluate whether the ECS, the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and PPAR-alpha are involved during BCCAO/R in rat brain, and to identify possible markers of the ongoing BCCAO/R-induced challenge in plasma. Methods Adult Wistar rats underwent BCCAO/R with 30 min hypoperfusion followed by 60 min reperfusion. The frontal and temporal-occipital cortices and plasma were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) to determine concentrations of endocannabinoids (eCBs) and related molecules behaving as ligands of PPAR-alpha, and of oxidative-stress markers such as lipoperoxides, while Western Blot and immunohistochemistry were used to study protein expression of cannabinoid receptors, COX-2 and PPAR-alpha. Unpaired Student’s t-test was used to evaluate statistical differences between groups. Results The acute BCCAO/R procedure is followed by increased brain tissue levels of the eCBs 2-arachidonoylglycerol and anandamide, palmitoylethanolamide, an avid ligand of PPAR-alpha, lipoperoxides, type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2) cannabinoid receptors, and COX-2, and decreased brain tissue concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), one of the major targets of lipid peroxidation. In plasma, increased levels of anandamide and lipoperoxides were observed. Conclusions The BCCAO/R stimulated early molecular changes that can be easily traced in brain tissue and plasma, and that are indicative of the tissue physiological response to the reperfusion-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. The observed variations suggest that the positive modulation of the ECS and the increase of proinflammatory substances are directly correlated events. Increase of plasmatic levels of anandamide and lipoperoxides further suggests that dysregulation of these molecules may be taken as an indicator of an ongoing hypoperfusion/reperfusion challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Quartu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy.
| | - Laura Poddighe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Tiziana Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Marianna Boi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Sara Lisai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Gianfranca Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Murru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Laura Muredda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Maria Collu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Banni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
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Lou J, Teng Z, Zhang L, Yang J, Ma L, Wang F, Tian X, An R, Yang M, Zhang Q, Xu L, Dong Z. β-Caryophyllene/Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex Improves Cognitive Deficits in Rats with Vascular Dementia through the Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 -Mediated Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:2. [PMID: 28154534 PMCID: PMC5243824 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This work was conducted to prepare β-caryophyllene-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex (HPβCD/BCP) and investigate its effects and mechanisms on cognitive deficits in vascular dementia (VD) rats. First, HPβCD/BCP was prepared, optimized, characterized, and evaluated. HPβCD/BCP and AM630 were then administered to VD rats to upregulate and downregulate the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2). Results showed that HPβCD/BCP can significantly increase the bioavailability of BCP. Through the Morris water maze test, HPβCD/BCP can attenuate learning and memory deficits in rats. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) monitoring results indicated that HPβCD/BCP can promote the recovery of CBF. Moreover, molecular biology experiments showed that HPβCD/BCP can increase the expression levels of CB2 in brain tissues, particularly the hippocampus and white matter tissues, as well as the expression levels of PI3K and Akt. Overall, the findings demonstrated the protective effects of HPβCD/BCP against cognitive deficits induced by chronic cerebral ischemia and suggested the potential of HPβCD/BCP in the therapy of vascular dementia in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Zhipeng Teng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Chongqing, China
| | - Liangke Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Jiadan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Lianju Ma
- The Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaocui Tian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Ruidi An
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Dong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
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Miller BJ, Goldsmith DR. Towards an Immunophenotype of Schizophrenia: Progress, Potential Mechanisms, and Future Directions. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:299-317. [PMID: 27654215 PMCID: PMC5143505 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The evidence to date, coupled with advances in immunology and genetics has afforded the field an unparalleled opportunity to investigate the hypothesis that a subset of patients with schizophrenia may manifest an immunophenotype, toward new potential diagnostics and therapeutics to reduce risk, alleviate symptoms, and improve quality of life in both at-risk populations and patients with established schizophrenia. In this paper, we will first summarize the findings on immune dysfunction in schizophrenia, including (1) genetic, prenatal, and premorbid immune risk factors and (2) immune markers across the clinical course of the disorder, including cytokines; C-reactive protein; immune cells; antibodies, autoantibodies and comorbid autoimmune disorders; complement; oxidative stress; imaging of neuroinflammation; infections; and clinical trials of anti-inflammatory agents and immunotherapy. We will then discuss a potential mechanistic framework toward increased understanding of a potential schizophrenia immunophenotype. We will then critically appraise the existing literature, and discuss suggestions for the future research agenda in this area that are needed to rigorously evaluate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - David R Goldsmith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Kho DT, Glass M, Graham ES. Is the Cannabinoid CB 2 Receptor a Major Regulator of the Neuroinflammatory Axis of the Neurovascular Unit in Humans? CANNABINOID PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 80:367-396. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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120
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Argue KJ, VanRyzin JW, Falvo DJ, Whitaker AR, Yu SJ, McCarthy MM. Activation of Both CB1 and CB2 Endocannabinoid Receptors Is Critical for Masculinization of the Developing Medial Amygdala and Juvenile Social Play Behavior. eNeuro 2017; 4:ENEURO.0344-16.2017. [PMID: 28144625 PMCID: PMC5272923 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0344-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile social play behavior is a shared trait across a wide variety of mammalian species. When play is characterized by the frequency or duration of physical contact, males usually display more play relative to females. The endocannabinoid system contributes to the development of the sex difference in social play behavior in rats. Treating newborn pups with a nonspecific endocannabinoid agonist, WIN55,212-2, masculinizes subsequent juvenile rough-and-tumble play behavior by females. Here we use specific drugs to target signaling through either the CB1 or CB2 endocannabinoid receptor (CB1R or CB2R) to determine which modulates the development of sex differences in play. Our data reveal that signaling through both CB1R and CB2R must be altered neonatally to modify development of neural circuitry regulating sex differences in play. Neonatal co-agonism of CB1R and CB2R masculinized play by females, whereas co-antagonism of these receptors feminized rates of male play. Because of a known role for the medial amygdala in the sexual differentiation of play, we reconstructed Golgi-impregnated neurons in the juvenile medial amygdala and used factor analysis to identify morphological parameters that were sexually differentiated and responsive to dual agonism of CB1R and CB2R during the early postnatal period. Our results suggest that sex differences in the medial amygdala are modulated by the endocannabinoid system during early development. Sex differences in play behavior are loosely correlated with differences in neuronal morphology.
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MESH Headings
- Amygdala/cytology
- Amygdala/drug effects
- Amygdala/growth & development
- Amygdala/metabolism
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/pharmacology
- Female
- Male
- Neural Pathways/cytology
- Neural Pathways/drug effects
- Neural Pathways/growth & development
- Neural Pathways/metabolism
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Sex Characteristics
- Social Behavior
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Argue
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Jonathan W VanRyzin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - David J Falvo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Allison R Whitaker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Stacey J Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Margaret M McCarthy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD 21201
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121
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Annunziata P, Cioni C, Mugnaini C, Corelli F. Potent immunomodulatory activity of a highly selective cannabinoid CB2 agonist on immune cells from healthy subjects and patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 303:66-74. [PMID: 28041663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
COR167, a novel CB2-selective high affinity agonist, was found to significantly inhibit, in a dose-dependent manner, the proliferation of both peripheral blood mononuclear cells and myelin basic protein-reactive T cell lines from normal healthy subjects and patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). In MS, a significantly higher inhibition was observed in patients on treatment with disease modifying drugs compared to those naive to treatment. The inhibitory activity of COR167 was exerted through a mixed mechanism involving atypical and incomplete shift of Th1 phenotype towards Th2 phenotype associated with slight reduction of IL-4 and IL-5 as well as strongly reduced levels of Th17-related cytokines. COR167 was also able to reduce in vitro migration of stimulated immunocompetent cells through human brain endothelium associated with a significant reduction of levels of several chemokines. These findings demonstrate that COR167 exerts potent immunomodulatory effects and confirm the cannabinoid CB2 receptor as a novel pharmacological target to counteract neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Annunziata
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Chiara Cioni
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Mugnaini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Federico Corelli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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122
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Barbado MV, Medrano M, Caballero-Velázquez T, Álvarez-Laderas I, Sánchez-Abarca LI, García-Guerrero E, Martín-Sánchez J, Rosado IV, Piruat JI, Gonzalez-Naranjo P, Campillo NE, Páez JA, Pérez-Simón JA. Cannabinoid derivatives exert a potent anti-myeloma activity both in vitro and in vivo. Int J Cancer 2016; 140:674-685. [PMID: 27778331 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although hematopoietic and immune system show high levels of the cannabinoid receptor CB2, the potential effect of cannabinoids on hematologic malignancies has been poorly determined. Here we have investigated their anti-tumor effect in multiple myeloma (MM). We demonstrate that cannabinoids induce a selective apoptosis in MM cell lines and in primary plasma cells of MM patients, while sparing normal cells from healthy donors, including hematopoietic stem cells. This effect was mediated by caspase activation, mainly caspase-2, and was partially prevented by a pan-caspase inhibitor. Their pro-apoptotic effect was correlated with an increased expression of Bax and Bak, a decrease of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1, a biphasic response of Akt/PKB and an increase in the levels of ceramide in MM cells. Inhibition of ceramide synthesis partially prevented apoptosis, indicating that these sphingolipids play a key role in the pro-apoptotic effect of cannabinoids in MM cells. Remarkably, blockage of the CB2 receptor also inhibited cannabinoid-induced apoptosis. Cannabinoid derivative WIN-55 enhanced the anti-myeloma activity of dexamethasone and melphalan overcoming resistance to melphalan in vitro. Finally, administration of cannabinoid WIN-55 to plasmacytoma-bearing mice significantly suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Together, our data suggest that cannabinoids may be considered as potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria Barbado
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Biomedicine of Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mayte Medrano
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Biomedicine of Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Teresa Caballero-Velázquez
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Biomedicine of Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Isabel Álvarez-Laderas
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Biomedicine of Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis Ignacio Sánchez-Abarca
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Biomedicine of Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Estefania García-Guerrero
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Biomedicine of Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jesús Martín-Sánchez
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Biomedicine of Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Iván Valle Rosado
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Biomedicine of Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Piruat
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Biomedicine of Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | | | - José Antonio Pérez-Simón
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Biomedicine of Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
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123
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de Carvalho CR, Hoeller AA, Franco PLC, Martini APS, Soares FMS, Lin K, Prediger RD, Whalley BJ, Walz R. The cannabinoid CB2 receptor-specific agonist AM1241 increases pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure severity in Wistar rats. Epilepsy Res 2016; 127:160-167. [PMID: 27608434 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The potential efficacy of cannabinoid receptor ligands for the treatment of epilepsy remains controversial; cannabis components that act via cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors produce anticonvulsant effects in animal models despite treatment with the CB receptor agonist reliably inducing convulsions in various species. Moreover, the potential role of cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) to modulate seizures remains under-investigated. This study assessed the effects of the selective CB2 receptor agonist, AM1241, on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in rats. A stereotactically placed guide cannula was surgically implanted into the right lateral ventricle in adult Wistar rats which, 5-6days later, received an acute intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) microinfusion of AM1241 (0.01, 1 or 10μg/2μl or vehicle) 5min before intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of PTZ (70mg/kg). Rats were observed for 30min and the seizure severity behavior measured using a modified Racine's scale. Additional groups of rats were pretreated with a single low dose of the selective CB2 receptor antagonist, AM630 (dose 1mg/kg; i.p.), or vehicle, 30min prior to i.c.v. microinfusion of AM1241 (1μg/2μl). AM1241 administration significantly increased tonic-clonic seizure incidence and severity while also decreasing the onset of generalized seizures (AM1241 1 and 10μg/2μl). Pretreatment with AM630 prevented the proconvulsant effects of AM1241. This study shows, for the first time, that selective activation of CB2 receptors can increase generalized seizure susceptibility and suggests that pathological hyperexcitability phenomena can be differentially regulated by targeting CB1 and CB2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane R de Carvalho
- Programa de Pós- graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre A Hoeller
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Programa de Pós- graduação em Ciências Médicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Pedro L C Franco
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Athos P S Martini
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Flávia M S Soares
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Programa de Pós- graduação em Ciências Médicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Katia Lin
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Programa de Pós- graduação em Ciências Médicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Serviço de Neurologia, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rui D Prediger
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Benjamin J Whalley
- School of Chemistry, Food and Nutritional Sciences, and Pharmacy, The University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Roger Walz
- Programa de Pós- graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Programa de Pós- graduação em Ciências Médicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Serviço de Neurologia, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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124
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Zhou J, Burkovskiy I, Yang H, Sardinha J, Lehmann C. CB2 and GPR55 Receptors as Therapeutic Targets for Systemic Immune Dysregulation. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:264. [PMID: 27597829 PMCID: PMC4992728 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is involved in many physiological processes and has been suggested to play a critical role in the immune response and the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, ECS modulation has potential therapeutic effects on immune dysfunctional disorders, such as sepsis and CNS injury-induced immunodeficiency syndrome (CIDS). In sepsis, excessive release of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators results in multi-organ dysfunction, failure, and death. In CIDS, an acute CNS injury dysregulates a normally well-balanced interplay between CNS and the immune system, leading to increased patients' susceptibility to infections. In this review, we will discuss potential therapeutic modulation of the immune response in sepsis and CNS injury by manipulation of the ECS representing a novel target for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
| | - Ian Burkovskiy
- Department of Anesthesia, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
| | - Hyewon Yang
- Department of Anesthesia, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
| | - Joel Sardinha
- Department of Anesthesia, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
| | - Christian Lehmann
- Department of Anesthesia, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
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125
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Slavik R, Müller Herde A, Haider A, Krämer SD, Weber M, Schibli R, Ametamey SM, Mu L. Discovery of a fluorinated 4-oxo-quinoline derivative as a potential positron emission tomography radiotracer for imaging cannabinoid receptor type 2. J Neurochem 2016; 138:874-86. [PMID: 27385045 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) is part of the endocannabinoid system and has gained growing attention in recent years because of its important role in neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, we reported on a carbon-11 labeled 4-oxo-quinoline derivative, designated RS-016, as a promising radiotracer for imaging CB2 using PET. In this study, three novel fluorinated analogs of RS-016 were designed, synthesized, and pharmacologically evaluated. The results of our efforts led to the identification of N-(1-adamantyl)-1-(2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethyl)-8-methoxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide (RS-126) as the most potent candidate for evaluation as a CB2 PET ligand. [(18) F]RS-126 was obtained in ≥ 99% radiochemical purity with an average specific radioactivity of 98 GBq/μmol at the end of the radiosynthesis. [(18) F]RS-126 showed a logD7.4 value of 1.99 and is stable in vitro in rat and human plasma over 120 min, whereas 55% intact parent compound was found in vivo in rat blood plasma at 10 min post injection. In vitro autoradiographic studies with CB2-positive rat spleen tissue revealed high and blockable binding which was confirmed in in vivo displacement experiments with rats by dynamic PET imaging. Ex vivo biodistribution studies confirmed accumulation of [(18) F]RS-126 in rat spleen with a specificity of 79% under blocking conditions. The moderate elevated CB2 levels in LPS-treated mice brain did not permit the detection of CB2 by [(18) F]RS-126 using PET imaging. In summary, [(18) F]RS-126 demonstrated high specificity toward CB2 receptor in vitro and in vivo and is a promising radioligand for imaging CB2 receptor expression. Cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) is an interesting target for PET imaging. Specific binding of [(18) F]RS-126 in CB2-positive spleen tissue (white arrow head) was confirmed in in vivo displacement experiments with rats. Time activity curve of [(18) F]RS-126 in the spleen after the addition of GW405833 (CB2 specific ligand, green) demonstrates faster radiotracer elimination (blue) compared to the tracer only (red).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Slavik
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ahmed Haider
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie D Krämer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Weber
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon M Ametamey
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Linjing Mu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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126
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Haider A, Müller Herde A, Slavik R, Weber M, Mugnaini C, Ligresti A, Schibli R, Mu L, Mensah Ametamey S. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Thiophene-Based Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 Radiotracers for PET Imaging. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:350. [PMID: 27512365 PMCID: PMC4961704 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, our understanding of the endocannabinoid system has greatly improved due to the wealth of results obtained from exploratory studies. Currently, two cannabinoid receptor subtypes have been well-characterized. The cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) is widely expressed in the central nervous system, while the levels of the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) in the brain and spinal cord of healthy individuals are relatively low. However, recent studies demonstrated a CB2 upregulation on activated microglia upon neuroinflammation, an indicator of neurodegeneration. Our research group aims to develop a suitable positron emission tomography (PET) tracer to visualize the CB2 receptor in patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases. Herein we report two novel thiophene-based (11)C-labeled PET ligands designated [(11)C]AAT-015 and [(11)C]AAT-778. The reference compounds were synthesized using Gewald reaction conditions to obtain the aminothiophene intermediates, followed by amide formation. Saponification of the esters provided their corresponding precursors. Binding affinity studies revealed Ki-values of 3.3 ± 0.5 nM (CB2) and 1.0 ± 0.2 μM (CB1) for AAT-015. AAT-778 showed similar Ki-values of 4.3 ± 0.7 nM (CB2) and 1.1 ± 0.1 μM (CB1). Radiosynthesis was carried out under basic conditions using [(11)C]iodomethane as methylating agent. After semi-preparative HPLC purification both radiolabeled compounds were obtained in 99% radiochemical purity and the radiochemical yields ranged from 12 to 37%. Specific activity was between 96 and 449 GBq/μmol for both tracers. In order to demonstrate CB2 specificity of [(11)C]AAT-015 and [(11)C]AAT-778, we carried out autoradiography studies using CB2-positive mouse/rat spleen tissues. The obtained results revealed unspecific binding in spleen tissue that was not blocked by an excess of CB2-specific ligand GW402833. For in vivo analysis, [(11)C]AAT-015 was administered to healthy rats via tail-vein injection. Evaluation of the CB2-positive spleen, however, showed no accumulation of the radiotracer. Despite the promising in vitro binding affinities, specific binding of [(11)C]AAT-015, and [(11)C]AAT-778 could not be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Haider
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adrienne Müller Herde
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Slavik
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Markus Weber
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic, Kantonsspital St. Gallen St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Mugnaini
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Counsil of Italy Naples, Italy
| | - Roger Schibli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linjing Mu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Mensah Ametamey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland
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127
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Schilling LP, Zimmer ER, Shin M, Leuzy A, Pascoal TA, Benedet AL, Borelli WV, Palmini A, Gauthier S, Rosa-Neto P. Imaging Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology with PET. Dement Neuropsychol 2016; 10:79-90. [PMID: 29213438 PMCID: PMC5642398 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-5764-2016dn1002003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been reconceptualised as a dynamic pathophysiological process characterized by preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia stages. Positron emission tomography (PET) associated with various molecular imaging agents reveals numerous aspects of dementia pathophysiology, such as brain amyloidosis, tau accumulation, neuroreceptor changes, metabolism abnormalities and neuroinflammation in dementia patients. In the context of a growing shift toward presymptomatic early diagnosis and disease-modifying interventions, PET molecular imaging agents provide an unprecedented means of quantifying the AD pathophysiological process, monitoring disease progression, ascertaining whether therapies engage their respective brain molecular targets, as well as quantifying pharmacological responses. In the present study, we highlight the most important contributions of PET in describing brain molecular abnormalities in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Porcello Schilling
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging (MCSA), Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, MCSA, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging (MCSA), Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, MCSA, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre RS, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| | - Monica Shin
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging (MCSA), Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, MCSA, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Antoine Leuzy
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging (MCSA), Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, MCSA, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Department NVS, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tharick A Pascoal
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging (MCSA), Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, MCSA, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andréa L Benedet
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging (MCSA), Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, MCSA, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Wyllians Vendramini Borelli
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| | - André Palmini
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| | - Serge Gauthier
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, MCSA, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging (MCSA), Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, MCSA, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
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128
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Aso E, Andrés-Benito P, Carmona M, Maldonado R, Ferrer I. Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Participates in Amyloid-β Processing in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease but Plays a Minor Role in the Therapeutic Properties of a Cannabis-Based Medicine. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:489-500. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ester Aso
- Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei d’Anatomia Patològica, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Carlos III, Spain
| | - Pol Andrés-Benito
- Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei d’Anatomia Patològica, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Carlos III, Spain
| | - Margarita Carmona
- Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei d’Anatomia Patològica, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Carlos III, Spain
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei d’Anatomia Patològica, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Carlos III, Spain
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129
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Köfalvi A, Lemos C, Martín-Moreno AM, Pinheiro BS, García-García L, Pozo MA, Valério-Fernandes Â, Beleza RO, Agostinho P, Rodrigues RJ, Pasquaré SJ, Cunha RA, de Ceballos ML. Stimulation of brain glucose uptake by cannabinoid CB2 receptors and its therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2016; 110:519-529. [PMID: 26976670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid CB2 receptors (CB2Rs) are emerging as important therapeutic targets in brain disorders that typically involve neurometabolic alterations. We here addressed the possible role of CB2Rs in the regulation of glucose uptake in the mouse brain. To that aim, we have undertaken 1) measurement of (3)H-deoxyglucose uptake in cultured cortical astrocytes and neurons and in acute hippocampal slices; 2) real-time visualization of fluorescently labeled deoxyglucose uptake in superfused hippocampal slices; and 3) in vivo PET imaging of cerebral (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake. We now show that both selective (JWH133 and GP1a) as well as non-selective (WIN55212-2) CB2R agonists, but not the CB1R-selective agonist, ACEA, stimulate glucose uptake, in a manner that is sensitive to the CB2R-selective antagonist, AM630. Glucose uptake is stimulated in astrocytes and neurons in culture, in acute hippocampal slices, in different brain areas of young adult male C57Bl/6j and CD-1 mice, as well as in middle-aged C57Bl/6j mice. Among the endocannabinoid metabolizing enzymes, the selective inhibition of COX-2, rather than that of FAAH, MAGL or α,βDH6/12, also stimulates the uptake of glucose in hippocampal slices of middle-aged mice, an effect that was again prevented by AM630. However, we found the levels of the endocannabinoid, anandamide reduced in the hippocampus of TgAPP-2576 mice (a model of β-amyloidosis), and likely as a consequence, COX-2 inhibition failed to stimulate glucose uptake in these mice. Together, these results reveal a novel general glucoregulatory role for CB2Rs in the brain, raising therapeutic interest in CB2R agonists as nootropic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Köfalvi
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Lemos
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana M Martín-Moreno
- Neurodegeneration Group, Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain; CIBERNED; Centre for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spain
| | - Bárbara S Pinheiro
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luis García-García
- CAI de Cartografía Cerebral, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Pozo
- CAI de Cartografía Cerebral, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, UCM, Madrid, Spain; PET Technology Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ângela Valério-Fernandes
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui O Beleza
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Agostinho
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J Rodrigues
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana J Pasquaré
- Neurodegeneration Group, Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), CONICET-Bahía Blanca and Universidad Nacional del Sur, Edificio E1, Camino La Carrindanga km 7, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - María L de Ceballos
- Neurodegeneration Group, Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain; CIBERNED; Centre for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spain.
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Aghazadeh Tabrizi M, Baraldi PG, Borea PA, Varani K. Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Potential Therapeutic Benefits of Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor Agonists. Chem Rev 2016; 116:519-60. [PMID: 26741146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Aghazadeh Tabrizi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Medical Science, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara , Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Medical Science, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara , Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Medical Science, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara , Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Medical Science, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara , Ferrara 44121, Italy
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Moreira FP, Medeiros JRC, Lhullier AC, Souza LDDM, Jansen K, Portela LV, Lara DR, da Silva RA, Wiener CD, Oses JP. Cocaine abuse and effects in the serum levels of cytokines IL-6 and IL-10. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 158:181-5. [PMID: 26679059 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine abuse is capable of activating the innate immune system in the CNS resulting in deregulation of homeostasis between pro and antiinflammatory cytokines. The aim of this study was to investigate serum levels of pro and antiinflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and IL-10 respectively, in cocaine users from a young population-based sample. METHODS This is a case-control study nested in a cross-sectional population-based survey, with individuals of 18 and 35 years old. Two groups were selected: 24 healthy controls and 12 subjects who reported cocaine use. Serum IL-6 and IL-10 were measured by ELISA using a commercial kit. RESULTS There was a statistically significant increase in IL-6 (p=0.037) and decrease in IL-10 (p=0.007) serum levels, between cocaine users and the control group. There was also an increase in the ratio IL-6/IL-10 (p=0.013) among cocaine users individuals, when compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that cocaine users showed an activation of the immune system when compared a control group, demonstrating a disruption in the balance of pro and antiinflammatory cytokines. Thus, peripheral cytokines may represent a putative biomarkers for cocaine users, contributing to the development of diagnosis and effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Pedrotti Moreira
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Department of Health and Behavior, Center of Life and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - João Ricardo Carvalho Medeiros
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Department of Health and Behavior, Center of Life and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Cardoso Lhullier
- Psychology School, Center of Life and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Luciano Dias de Mattos Souza
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Department of Health and Behavior, Center of Life and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Karen Jansen
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Department of Health and Behavior, Center of Life and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) Medical School, Houston, TX, USA; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luis Valmor Portela
- Neurotrauma Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diogo R Lara
- Neurochemistry and Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Bioscience, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Azevedo da Silva
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Department of Health and Behavior, Center of Life and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Carolina David Wiener
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Department of Health and Behavior, Center of Life and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
| | - Jean Pierre Oses
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Department of Health and Behavior, Center of Life and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) Medical School, Houston, TX, USA; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
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Trautmann SM, Sharkey KA. The Endocannabinoid System and Its Role in Regulating the Intrinsic Neural Circuitry of the Gastrointestinal Tract. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 125:85-126. [PMID: 26638765 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are important neuromodulators in the central nervous system. They regulate central transmission through pre- and postsynaptic actions on neurons and indirectly through effects on glial cells. Cannabinoids (CBs) also regulate neurotransmission in the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The ENS consists of intrinsic primary afferent neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons arranged in two ganglionated plexuses which control all the functions of the gut. Increasing evidence suggests that endocannabinoids are potent neuromodulators in the ENS. In this review, we will highlight key observations on the localization of CB receptors and molecules involved in the synthesis and degradation of endocannabinoids in the ENS. We will discuss endocannabinoid signaling mechanisms, endocannabinoid tone and concepts of CB receptor metaplasticity in the ENS. We will also touch on some examples of enteric neural signaling in relation neuromuscular, secretomotor, and enteroendocrine transmission in the ENS. Finally, we will briefly discuss some key future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Trautmann
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Abstract
Cannabis has been used for centuries to treat seizures. Recent anecdotal reports, accumulating animal model data, and mechanistic insights have raised interest in cannabis-based antiepileptic therapies. In this study, we review current understanding of the endocannabinoid system, characterize the pro- and anticonvulsive effects of cannabinoids [e.g., Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol (CBD)], and highlight scientific evidence from pre-clinical and clinical trials of cannabinoids in epilepsy. These studies suggest that CBD avoids the psychoactive effects of the endocannabinoid system to provide a well-tolerated, promising therapeutic for the treatment of seizures, while whole-plant cannabis can both contribute to and reduce seizures. Finally, we discuss results from a new multicenter, open-label study using CBD in a population with treatment-resistant epilepsy. In all, we seek to evaluate our current understanding of cannabinoids in epilepsy and guide future basic science and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan C Rosenberg
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Richard W Tsien
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Benjamin J Whalley
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, UK.
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135
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Schmöle AC, Lundt R, Gennequin B, Schrage H, Beins E, Krämer A, Zimmer T, Limmer A, Zimmer A, Otte DM. Expression Analysis of CB2-GFP BAC Transgenic Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138986. [PMID: 26406232 PMCID: PMC4583291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a retrograde messenger system, consisting of lipid signaling molecules that bind to at least two G-protein-coupled receptors, Cannabinoid receptor 1 and 2 (CB1 and 2). As CB2 is primarily expressed on immune cells such as B cells, T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and microglia, it is of great interest how CB2 contributes to immune cell development and function in health and disease. Here, understanding the mechanisms of CB2 involvement in immune-cell function as well as the trafficking and regulation of CB2 expressing cells are crucial issues. Up to now, CB2 antibodies produce unclear results, especially those targeting the murine protein. Therefore, we have generated BAC transgenic GFP reporter mice (CB2-GFPTg) to trace CB2 expression in vitro and in situ. Those mice express GFP under the CB2 promoter and display GFP expression paralleling CB2 expression on the transcript level in spleen, thymus and brain tissue. Furthermore, by using fluorescence techniques we show that the major sources for GFP-CB2 expression are B cells in spleen and blood and microglia in the brain. This novel CB2-GFP transgenic reporter mouse line represents a powerful resource to study CB2 expression in different cell types. Furthermore, it could be used for analyzing CB2-mediated mobilization and trafficking of immune cells as well as studying the fate of recruited immune cells in models of acute and chronic inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Brain/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/blood
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/blood
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Spleen/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Caroline Schmöle
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail: (ACS); (DMO)
| | - Ramona Lundt
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Hanna Schrage
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva Beins
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Krämer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Till Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Limmer
- Clinic for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - David-Marian Otte
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail: (ACS); (DMO)
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Savonenko AV, Melnikova T, Wang Y, Ravert H, Gao Y, Koppel J, Lee D, Pletnikova O, Cho E, Sayyida N, Hiatt A, Troncoso J, Davies P, Dannals RF, Pomper MG, Horti AG. Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors in a Mouse Model of Aβ Amyloidosis: Immunohistochemical Analysis and Suitability as a PET Biomarker of Neuroinflammation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129618. [PMID: 26086915 PMCID: PMC4472959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the early responses to Aβ amyloidosis is recruitment of microglia to areas of new plaque. Microglial receptors such as cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) might be a suitable target for development of PET radiotracers that could serve as imaging biomarkers of Aβ-induced neuroinflammation. Mouse models of amyloidosis (J20APPswe/ind and APPswe/PS1ΔE9) were used to investigate the cellular distribution of CB2 receptors. Specificity of CB2 antibody (H60) was confirmed using J20APPswe/ind mice lacking CB2 receptors. APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice were used in small animal PET with a CB2-targeting radiotracer, [11C]A836339. These studies revealed increased binding of [11C]A836339 in amyloid-bearing mice. Specificity of the PET signal was confirmed in a blockade study with a specific CB2 antagonist, AM630. Confocal microscopy revealed that CB2-receptor immunoreactivity was associated with astroglial (GFAP) and, predominantly, microglial (CD68) markers. CB2 receptors were observed, in particular, in microglial processes forming engulfment synapses with Aβ plaques. In contrast to glial cells, neuron (NeuN)-derived CB2 signal was equal between amyloid-bearing and control mice. The pattern of neuronal CB2 staining in amyloid-bearing mice was similar to that in human cases of AD. The data collected in this study indicate that Aβ amyloidosis without concomitant tau pathology is sufficient to activate CB2 receptors that are suitable as an imaging biomarker of neuroinflammation. The main source of enhanced CB2 PET binding in amyloid-bearing mice is increased CB2 immunoreactivity in activated microglia. The presence of CB2 immunoreactivity in neurons does not likely contribute to the enhanced CB2 PET signal in amyloid-bearing mice due to a lack of significant neuronal loss in this model. However, significant loss of neurons as seen at late stages of AD might decrease the CB2 PET signal due to loss of neuronally-derived CB2. Thus this study in mouse models of AD indicates that a CB2-specific radiotracer can be used as a biomarker of neuroinflammation in the early preclinical stages of AD, when no significant neuronal loss has yet developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena V. Savonenko
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Departments of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AGH); (AS)
| | - Tatiana Melnikova
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Hayden Ravert
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Yongjun Gao
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Koppel
- Litwin-Zucker Research Center, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North-Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
| | - Deidre Lee
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Olga Pletnikova
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Eugenia Cho
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Nuzhat Sayyida
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Andrew Hiatt
- MAPP Biopharmaceutical Inc, San-Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Juan Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Departments of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Peter Davies
- Litwin-Zucker Research Center, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North-Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Dannals
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Martin G. Pomper
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Andrew G. Horti
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AGH); (AS)
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137
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Manera C, Malfitano AM, Parkkari T, Lucchesi V, Carpi S, Fogli S, Bertini S, Laezza C, Ligresti A, Saccomanni G, Savinainen JR, Ciaglia E, Pisanti S, Gazzerro P, Di Marzo V, Nieri P, Macchia M, Bifulco M. New quinolone- and 1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxamides as selective CB2 receptor agonists with anticancer and immuno–modulatory activity. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 97:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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138
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Slavik R, Grether U, Müller Herde A, Gobbi L, Fingerle J, Ullmer C, Krämer SD, Schibli R, Mu L, Ametamey SM. Discovery of a high affinity and selective pyridine analog as a potential positron emission tomography imaging agent for cannabinoid type 2 receptor. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4266-77. [PMID: 25950914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As part of our efforts to develop CB2 PET imaging agents, we investigated 2,5,6-substituted pyridines as a novel class of potential CB2 PET ligands. A total of 21 novel compounds were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their potency and binding properties toward human and rodent CB1 and CB2. The most promising ligand 6a was radiolabeled with carbon-11 to yield 16 ([(11)C]RSR-056). Specific binding of 16 to CB2-positive spleen tissue of rats and mice was demonstrated by in vitro autogadiography and verified in vivo in PET and biodistribution experiments. Furthermore, 16 was evaluated in a lipopolysaccharid (LPS) induced murine model of neuroinflammation. Brain radioactivity was strikingly higher in the LPS-treated mice than the control mice. Compound 16 is a promising radiotracer for imaging CB2 in rodents. It might serve as a tool for the investigation of CB2 receptor expression levels in healthy tissues and different neuroinflammatory disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Slavik
- †Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH, PSI and USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Grether
- ‡Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrienne Müller Herde
- †Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH, PSI and USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Gobbi
- ‡Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Fingerle
- ‡Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Ullmer
- ‡Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie D Krämer
- †Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH, PSI and USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- †Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH, PSI and USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.,§Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linjing Mu
- †Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH, PSI and USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.,§Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon M Ametamey
- †Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH, PSI and USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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139
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Vázquez C, Tolón RM, Pazos MR, Moreno M, Koester EC, Cravatt BF, Hillard CJ, Romero J. Endocannabinoids regulate the activity of astrocytic hemichannels and the microglial response against an injury: In vivo studies. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 79:41-50. [PMID: 25917763 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anandamide (AEA) is an endocannabinoid (EC) that modulates multiple functions in the CNS and that is released in areas of injury, exerting putative neuroprotective actions. In the present study, we have used intravital microscopy to analyze the role of the EC system in the glial response against an acute insult. Our data show that AEA modulates astroglial function in vivo by increasing connexin-43 hemichannel (HC) activity. Furthermore, the genetic inactivation of the AEA-degrading enzyme, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), also increased HC activity and enhanced the microglial response against an acute injury to the brain parenchyma, effects that were mediated by cannabinoid CB1 receptors. The contribution of ATP released through an astrocytic HC was critical for the microglial response, as this was prevented by the use of the HC blocker flufenamic acid and by apyrase. As could be expected, brain concentrations of AEA, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA) were elevated in FAAH-null mice, while 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) concentrations remained unaltered. In summary, these findings demonstrate that AEA modifies glial functions by promoting an enhanced pro-inflammatory glial response in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa María Tolón
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ruth Pazos
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Moreno
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Erin C Koester
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Julián Romero
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; School of Biosciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
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140
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Differential upregulation of the cannabinoid CB₂ receptor in neurotoxic and inflammation-driven rat models of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2015; 269:133-41. [PMID: 25895887 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid CB2 receptor has recently emerged as a potential anti-inflammatory target to break the self-sustaining cycle of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration that is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. However, in order to facilitate the development of cannabinoid drugs for neurodegenerative disease, the changes that occur in the endocannabinoid system in response to different neurodegenerative triggers needs to be elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate and compare the changes that occur in the endocannabinoid system in neurotoxic and inflammation-driven models of Parkinson's disease. To do so, male Sprague Dawley rats were given unilateral, intra-striatal injections of the dopaminergic neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine, or the bacterial inflammagen, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Animals underwent behavioural testing for motor dysfunction on Days 7, 14 and 28 post-surgery, and were sacrificed on Days 1, 4, 14 and 28. Changes in the endocannabinoid system were investigated by qRT-PCR, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry. After injection of 6-hydroxydopamine or LPS into the rat striatum, we found that expression of the CB2 receptor was significantly elevated in both models, and that this increase correlated significantly with an increase in microglial activation. Interestingly, the increase in CB2 receptor expression in the inflammation-driven model was significantly more pronounced than that in the neurotoxic model. Moreover, endocannabinoid levels were also elevated in the LPS model but not the 6-hydroxydopamine model. Thus, this study has shown that the endocannabinoid system is dysregulated in animal models of Parkinson's disease, and has also revealed significant differences in the level of dysregulation between the models themselves. This study indicates that targeting the CB2 receptor may represent a viable target for anti-inflammatory disease modification in Parkinson's disease.
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141
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Slavik R, Herde AM, Bieri D, Weber M, Schibli R, Krämer SD, Ametamey SM, Mu L. Synthesis, radiolabeling and evaluation of novel 4-oxo-quinoline derivatives as PET tracers for imaging cannabinoid type 2 receptor. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 92:554-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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142
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Tao Y, Tang J, Chen Q, Guo J, Li L, Yang L, Feng H, Zhu G, Chen Z. Cannabinoid CB2 receptor stimulation attenuates brain edema and neurological deficits in a germinal matrix hemorrhage rat model. Brain Res 2015; 1602:127-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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143
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Cannabinoid receptor 2 deficiency results in reduced neuroinflammation in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:710-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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144
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Ma L, Jia J, Liu X, Bai F, Wang Q, Xiong L. Activation of murine microglial N9 cells is attenuated through cannabinoid receptor CB2 signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 458:92-7. [PMID: 25637536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of microglial activation is effective in treating various neurological disorders. Activation of microglial cannabinoid CB2 receptor induces anti-inflammatory effects, and the mechanism, however, is still elusive. Microglia could be activated into the classic activated state (M1 state) or the alternative activated state (M2 state), the former is cytotoxic, and the latter is neurotrophic. In this study, we used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon-γ (IFNγ) to activate N9 microglia and hypothesized the pretreatment with cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonist AM1241 attenuates microglial activation by shifting microglial M1 to M2 state. We found that pretreatment with 5 μM AM1241 at 1 h before microglia were exposed to LPS plus IFNγ decreased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the release of pro-inflammatory factors, increased the expression of arginase 1 (Arg-1) and the release of anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic factors in microglia. However, these effects induced by AM1241 pretreatment were significantly reversed in the presence of 10 μM cannabinoid CB2 receptor antagonist AM630 or 10 μM protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor chelerythrine. These findings indicated that AM1241 pretreatment attenuates microglial activation by shifting M1 to M2 activated state via CB2 receptor, and the AM1241-induced anti-inflammatory effects may be mediated by PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Ji Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Fuhai Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Lize Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
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145
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Bertini S, Parkkari T, Savinainen JR, Arena C, Saccomanni G, Saguto S, Ligresti A, Allarà M, Bruno A, Marinelli L, Di Marzo V, Novellino E, Manera C, Macchia M. Synthesis, biological activity and molecular modeling of new biphenylic carboxamides as potent and selective CB2 receptor ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 90:526-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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146
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Cannabinoids: new promising agents in the treatment of neurological diseases. Molecules 2014; 19:18781-816. [PMID: 25407719 PMCID: PMC6271458 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191118781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, Cannabis sativa is considered the most extensively used narcotic. Nevertheless, this fame obscures its traditional employ in native medicine of South Africa, South America, Turkey, Egypt and in many regions of Asia as a therapeutic drug. In fact, the use of compounds containing Cannabis and their introduction in clinical practice is still controversial and strongly limited by unavoidable psychotropic effects. So, overcoming these adverse effects represents the main open question on the utilization of cannabinoids as new drugs for treatment of several pathologies. To date, therapeutic use of cannabinoid extracts is prescribed in patients with glaucoma, in the control of chemotherapy-related vomiting and nausea, for appetite stimulation in patients with anorexia-cachexia syndrome by HIV, and for the treatment of multiple sclerosis symptoms. Recently, researcher efforts are aimed to employ the therapeutic potentials of Cannabis sativa in the modulation of cannabinoid receptor activity within the central nervous system, particularly for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, as well as psychiatric and non-psychiatric disorders. This review evaluates the most recent available data on cannabinoids utilization in experimental and clinical studies, and highlights their beneficial effects in the prevention of the main neurological diseases and for the clinical treatment of symptoms with them correlated.
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147
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Schilling LP, Leuzy A, Zimmer ER, Gauthier S, Rosa-Neto P. Nonamyloid PET biomarkers and Alzheimer's disease: current and future perspectives. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.14.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Recent advances in neurobiology and PET have helped redefine Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a dynamic pathophysiological process, clinically characterized by preclinical, mild cognitive impairment due to AD and dementia stages. Though a majority of PET studies conducted within these populations have to date focused on β-amyloid, various ‘nonamyloid’ radiopharmaceuticals exist for evaluating neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation and perturbations in neurotransmission across the spectrum of AD. Importantly, findings using such tracers have been shown to correlate with various clinical, cognitive and behavioral measures. In the context of a growing shift toward early diagnosis and symptomatic and disease-modifying clinical trials, nonamyloid PET radiotracers will prove of use, and, potentially, contribute to improved therapeutic prospects for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Porcello Schilling
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging (MCSA), Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, McGill Center for Studies in Aging (MCSA), Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Antoine Leuzy
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging (MCSA), Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, McGill Center for Studies in Aging (MCSA), Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Eduardo Rigon Zimmer
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging (MCSA), Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, McGill Center for Studies in Aging (MCSA), Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Serge Gauthier
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, McGill Center for Studies in Aging (MCSA), Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging (MCSA), Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, McGill Center for Studies in Aging (MCSA), Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
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148
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Zimmer ER, Parent MJ, Cuello AC, Gauthier S, Rosa-Neto P. MicroPET imaging and transgenic models: a blueprint for Alzheimer's disease clinical research. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:629-41. [PMID: 25151336 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, developments in neuroimaging have significantly contributed to the understanding of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. Specifically, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents targeting amyloid deposition have provided unprecedented opportunities for refining in vivo diagnosis, monitoring disease propagation, and advancing AD clinical trials. Furthermore, the use of a miniaturized version of PET (microPET) in transgenic (Tg) animals has been a successful strategy for accelerating the development of novel radiopharmaceuticals. However, advanced applications of microPET focusing on the longitudinal propagation of AD pathophysiology or therapeutic strategies remain in their infancy. This review highlights what we have learned from microPET imaging in Tg models displaying amyloid and tau pathology, and anticipates cutting-edge applications with high translational value to clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Zimmer
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; PET unit, Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maxime J Parent
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; PET unit, Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - A Claudio Cuello
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Serge Gauthier
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; PET unit, Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (TNL), McGill Center for Studies in Aging, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; PET unit, Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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149
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Han L, Yang L, Liu B, Cheng X. Trans-caryophyllene suppresses tumor necrosis factor (TNFα)-induced inflammation in human chondrocytes. Eur Food Res Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-014-2302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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150
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Tracking neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: the role of positron emission tomography imaging. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:120. [PMID: 25005532 PMCID: PMC4099095 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been reconceptualized as a dynamic pathophysiological process, where the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) is thought to trigger a cascade of neurodegenerative events resulting in cognitive impairment and, eventually, dementia. In addition to Aβ pathology, various lines of research have implicated neuroinflammation as an important participant in AD pathophysiology. Currently, neuroinflammation can be measured in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET) with ligands targeting diverse biological processes such as microglial activation, reactive astrocytes and phospholipase A2 activity. In terms of therapeutic strategies, despite a strong rationale and epidemiological studies suggesting that the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the prevalence of AD, clinical trials conducted to date have proven inconclusive. In this respect, it has been hypothesized that NSAIDs may only prove protective if administered early on in the disease course, prior to the accumulation of significant AD pathology. In order to test various hypotheses pertaining to the exact role of neuroinflammation in AD, studies in asymptomatic carriers of mutations deterministic for early-onset familial AD may prove of use. In this respect, PET ligands for neuroinflammation may act as surrogate markers of disease progression, allowing for the development of more integrative models of AD, as well as for the measuring of target engagement in the context of clinical trials using NSAIDs. In this review, we address the biological basis of neuroinflammatory changes in AD, underscore therapeutic strategies using anti-inflammatory compounds, and shed light on the possibility of tracking neuroinflammation in vivo using PET imaging ligands.
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