101
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Zarei M, Sabetkasaei M, Moini-Zanjani T. Paradoxical effect of minocycline on established neuropathic pain in rat. EXCLI JOURNAL 2017; 16:229-235. [PMID: 28507468 PMCID: PMC5427462 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain occurs after peripheral nerve damage, inflammation or infection. In this situation, microglial cells become activated and play a key role in producing pain. Minocycline (microglia inhibitor), was reported to reduce pain when used preventively. However, it seems that, when used after nerve injury, results in its pain reducing effects are different. In this regard, to assess the pain reducing differences of minocycline, neuropathic pain was induced by the ligation of the sciatic nerve in the rat which is recognized as chronic constriction injury (CCI) and minocycline was administered before and after sciatic nerve injury. Wistar male rats (200-250 g, n=6) were used in these experiments. Rats were distributed in various groups: vehicle-treated CCI (control), sham-operated and minocycline-treated CCI groups. In the first part of the experiment (pre-injury study), minocycline (10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/kg,) was injected one hour before surgery and then daily for two weeks. In the second part (post injury study), minocycline was administered: 1: at day one after nerve damage once a day to day 14, 2: at day seven after surgery and continued daily until day 14. Analgesimeter for thermal hyperalgesia and von Frey hairs for mechanical allodynia were used to evaluate pain behavior. Thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia were attenuated significantly, when minocycline used before surgery, while it was not able to reduce pain behavior administered after surgery. It seems that, in spite of what some previous studies have reported, here, minocycline is not able to attenuate established neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Zarei
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Sabetkasaei
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taraneh Moini-Zanjani
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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102
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Tian Y, Wu X, Guo S, Ma L, Huang W, Zhao X. Minocycline attenuates sevoflurane-induced cell injury via activation of Nrf2. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:869-878. [PMID: 28260081 PMCID: PMC5360434 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Minocycline has been demonstrated to exert neuroprotective effects in various experimental models. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of minocycline on cell injury induced by the inhalation of the anesthetic, sevoflurane. In our in vivo experiments using rats, minocycline attenuated sevoflurane-induced neuronal degeneration and apoptosis in the rat hippocampus, and this effect was associated with the minocycline-mediated suppression of oxidative stress in the hippocampus. In in vitro experiments, minocycline inhibited sevoflurane-induced apoptosis and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in H4 human neuroglioma cells. In addition, minocycline suppressed the sevoflurane-induced upregulation of interleukin (IL)-6 and the activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway in H4 cells. Furthermore, we found that nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), an activator of the stress response, was upregulated and activated upon sevoflurane treatment both in the rat hippocampus and in H4 cells. In addition, minocycline further augmented the upregulation and activation of Nrf2 when used in conjunction with sevoflurane. Moreover, the knockdown of Nrf2 in H4 cells by small interfering RNA (siRNA) diminished the cytoprotective effect of minocycline, and attenuated the inhibitory effect of minocycline on ROS production, IL-6 upregulation and the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. On the whole, our findings indicate that minocycline may exert protective effects against sevoflurane-induced cell injury via the Nrf2-modulated antioxidant response and the inhibition of the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Xiuying Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Shanbin Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochun Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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103
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Shin KY, Kim KY, Suh YH. Dehydroevodiamine·HCl enhances cognitive function in memory-impaired rat models. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 21:55-64. [PMID: 28066141 PMCID: PMC5214911 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.1.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Progressive memory impairment such as that associated with depression, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) can interfere with daily life. In particular, AD, which is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, prominently features a memory and learning impairment that is related to changes in acetylcholine and abnormal β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition in the brain. In the present study, we investigated the effects of dehydroevodiamine·HCl (DHED) on cognitive improvement and the related mechanism in memory-impaired rat models, namely, a scopolamine-induced amnesia model and a Aβ1-42-infused model. The cognitive effects of DHED were measured using a water maze test and a passive avoidance test in the memory-impaired rat models. The results demonstrate that DHED (10 mg/kg, p.o.) and Donepezil (1 mg/kg, p.o.) ameliorated the spatial memory impairment in the scopolamine-induced amnestic rats. Moreover, DHED significantly improved learning and memory in the Aβ1-42-infused rat model. Furthermore, the mechanism of these behavioral effects of DHED was investigated using a cell viability assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement, and intracellular calcium measurement in primary cortical neurons. DHED reduced neurotoxicity and the production of Aβ-induced ROS in primary cortical neurons. In addition, similar to the effect of MK801, DHED decreased intracellular calcium levels in primary cortical neurons. Our results suggest that DHED has strong protective effects against cognitive impairments through its antioxidant activity and inhibition of neurotoxicity and intracellular calcium. Thus, DHED may be an important therapeutic agent for memory-impaired symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Young Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Ka Young Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
| | - Yoo-Hun Suh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute (NRI), Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
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104
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Topical Minocycline Effectively Decontaminates and Reduces Inflammation in Infected Porcine Wounds. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016; 138:856e-868e. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000002633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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105
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Jamal S, Goyal S, Shanker A, Grover A. Integrating network, sequence and functional features using machine learning approaches towards identification of novel Alzheimer genes. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:807. [PMID: 27756223 PMCID: PMC5070370 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex progressive neurodegenerative disorder commonly characterized by short term memory loss. Presently no effective therapeutic treatments exist that can completely cure this disease. The cause of Alzheimer’s is still unclear, however one of the other major factors involved in AD pathogenesis are the genetic factors and around 70 % risk of the disease is assumed to be due to the large number of genes involved. Although genetic association studies have revealed a number of potential AD susceptibility genes, there still exists a need for identification of unidentified AD-associated genes and therapeutic targets to have better understanding of the disease-causing mechanisms of Alzheimer’s towards development of effective AD therapeutics. Results In the present study, we have used machine learning approach to identify candidate AD associated genes by integrating topological properties of the genes from the protein-protein interaction networks, sequence features and functional annotations. We also used molecular docking approach and screened already known anti-Alzheimer drugs against the novel predicted probable targets of AD and observed that an investigational drug, AL-108, had high affinity for majority of the possible therapeutic targets. Furthermore, we performed molecular dynamics simulations and MM/GBSA calculations on the docked complexes to validate our preliminary findings. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study of its kind for identification of putative Alzheimer-associated genes using machine learning approaches and we propose that such computational studies can improve our understanding on the core etiology of AD which could lead to the development of effective anti-Alzheimer drugs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3108-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Jamal
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.,Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Tonk, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Sukriti Goyal
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.,Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Tonk, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Asheesh Shanker
- Bioinformatics Programme, Centre for Biological Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, BIT Campus, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Abhinav Grover
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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106
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de Oliveira CC, Gouveia FV, de Castro MC, Kuroki MA, Dos Santos LCT, Fonoff ET, Teixeira MJ, Otoch JP, Martinez RCR. A Window on the Study of Aversive Instrumental Learning: Strains, Performance, Neuroendocrine, and Immunologic Systems. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:162. [PMID: 27605910 PMCID: PMC4995215 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The avoidance response is present in pathological anxiety and interferes with normal daily functions. The aim of this article is to shed light on performance markers of active avoidance (AA) using two different rat strains, Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Wistar. Specifically, good and poor performers were evaluated regarding anxiety traits exhibited in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and corticosterone levels and motor activity in the open field test. In addition, the plasma levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-1Beta (IL-1beta), Nerve Growth Factor Beta (NGF-beta), Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-alpha) and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1 (CINC-1) were compared in the good and poor performers to better understand the role of the immunologic system in aversive learning. Behavioral criteria were employed to identify subpopulations of SD and Wistar rats based on their behavioral scores during a two-way AA test. The animals were tested for anxiety-like behavior in the EPM and motor activity in the open-field test. Plasma corticosterone levels were measured at the end of the avoidance test. Cytokine levels of IL-6, IL-1beta, NGF-beta, TNF-alpha, and CINC-1 were measured in the plasma of the Wistar rats. Sixty-six percent of the Wistar rats and 35% of the SD rats exhibited a poor performance. This feature was associated with a decrease in anxiety-like behavior in the EPM. The poor and good performers exhibited lower levels of corticosterone compared with the control animals, which suggests that training alters corticosterone levels, thereby leading to hypocortisolism, independent of the performance. The CINC-1 levels were increased in the poor performers, which reinforces the role of immunologic system activation in learning deficits. Our study provides a better understanding of the complex interactions that underlie neuroimmune consequences and their implications for performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation and Experimental Pain, Hospital Sirio-Libanes Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia V Gouveia
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation and Experimental Pain, Hospital Sirio-Libanes Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina C de Castro
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation and Experimental Pain, Hospital Sirio-Libanes Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayra A Kuroki
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation and Experimental Pain, Hospital Sirio-Libanes Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lennon C T Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation and Experimental Pain, Hospital Sirio-Libanes Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erich T Fonoff
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel J Teixeira
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José P Otoch
- Department of Surgery Techniques, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel C R Martinez
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo, Brazil
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107
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Minocycline ameliorates D-galactose-induced memory deficits and loss of Arc/Arg3.1 expression. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:1157-63. [PMID: 27497819 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of learning and memory is widely found in many neurological diseases. Understanding how to preserve the normal function of learning and memory will be extremely beneficial for the treatment of these diseases. However, the possible protective effect of minocycline in memory impairment is unknown. We used the well-established D-galactose rat amnesia model and two behavioral tasks, the Morris water maze and the step-down task, for memory evaluation. Western blot and PCR were used to examine the protein and mRNA levels of Arc/Arg3.1. We report that minocycline supplementation ameliorates both the spatial and fear memory deficits caused by D-galactose. We also found that Arc/Arg3.1, c-fos, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels are decreased in the D-galactose animal model, and that minocycline reverses the protein and mRNA levels of Arc in the hippocampus, suggesting the potential role of Arc/Arg3.1 in minocycline's neuroprotective mechanism. Our study strongly suggests that minocycline can be used as a novel treatment for memory impairment in neurological diseases.
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108
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Harris SA, Harris EA. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Other Pathogens are Key Causative Factors in Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:319-53. [PMID: 26401998 PMCID: PMC4923765 DOI: 10.3233/jad-142853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on research in epidemiology, neuropathology, molecular biology, and genetics regarding the hypothesis that pathogens interact with susceptibility genes and are causative in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Sporadic AD is a complex multifactorial neurodegenerative disease with evidence indicating coexisting multi-pathogen and inflammatory etiologies. There are significant associations between AD and various pathogens, including Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), Cytomegalovirus, and other Herpesviridae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, spirochetes, Helicobacter pylori, and various periodontal pathogens. These pathogens are able to evade destruction by the host immune system, leading to persistent infection. Bacterial and viral DNA and RNA and bacterial ligands increase the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules and activate the innate and adaptive immune systems. Evidence demonstrates that pathogens directly and indirectly induce AD pathology, including amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, phosphorylation of tau protein, neuronal injury, and apoptosis. Chronic brain infection with HSV-1, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and spirochetes results in complex processes that interact to cause a vicious cycle of uncontrolled neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Infections such as Cytomegalovirus, Helicobacter pylori, and periodontal pathogens induce production of systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines that may cross the blood-brain barrier to promote neurodegeneration. Pathogen-induced inflammation and central nervous system accumulation of Aβ damages the blood-brain barrier, which contributes to the pathophysiology of AD. Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) enhances brain infiltration by pathogens including HSV-1 and Chlamydophila pneumoniae. ApoE4 is also associated with an increased pro-inflammatory response by the immune system. Potential antimicrobial treatments for AD are discussed, including the rationale for antiviral and antibiotic clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Harris
- St. Vincent Medical Group, Northside Internal Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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109
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Jackson JW, Singh MV, Singh VB, Jones LD, Davidson GA, Ture S, Morrell CN, Schifitto G, Maggirwar SB. Novel Antiplatelet Activity of Minocycline Involves Inhibition of MLK3-p38 Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Axis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157115. [PMID: 27270236 PMCID: PMC4894566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets play an essential role in hemostasis and wound healing by facilitating thrombus formation at sites of injury. Platelets also mediate inflammation and contain several pro-inflammatory molecules including cytokines and chemokines that mediate leukocyte recruitment and activation. Not surprisingly, platelet dysfunction is known to contribute to several inflammatory disorders. Antiplatelet therapies, such as aspirin, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) antagonists, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) inhibitors, and anticoagulants such as warfarin, dampen platelet activity at the risk of unwarranted bleeding. Thus, the development of drugs that reduce platelet-mediated inflammation without interfering with thrombus formation is of importance to combat platelet-associated disorders. We have shown here for the first time that the tetracycline antibiotic, minocycline, administered to HIV-infected individuals reduces plasma levels of soluble CD40L and platelet factor 4 levels, host molecules predominately released by platelets. Minocycline reduced the activation of isolated platelets in the presence of the potent platelet activator, thrombin, as measured by ELISA and flow cytometry. Platelet degranulation was reduced upon exposure to minocycline as shown by mepacrine retention and flow cytometry. However, minocycline had no effect on spreading, aggregation, GPIIb/IIIa activation, or in vivo thrombus formation. Lastly, immunoblot analysis suggests that the antiplatelet activity of minocycline is likely mediated by inhibition of mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3)-p38 MAPK signaling axis and loss of p38 activity. Our findings provide a better understanding of platelet biology and a novel repurposing of an established antibiotic, minocycline, to specifically reduce platelet granule release without affecting thrombosis, which may yield insights in generating novel, specific antiplatelet therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W. Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Meera V. Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Vir B. Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Letitia D. Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Davidson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Sara Ture
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Craig N. Morrell
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Giovanni Schifitto
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Sanjay B. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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110
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Minocycline attenuates bone cancer pain in rats by inhibiting NF-κB in spinal astrocytes. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:753-62. [PMID: 27157092 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the mechanisms underlying the anti-nociceptive effect of minocycline on bone cancer pain (BCP) in rats. METHODS A rat model of BCP was established by inoculating Walker 256 mammary carcinoma cells into tibial medullary canal. Two weeks later, the rats were injected with minocycline (50, 100 μg, intrathecally; or 40, 80 mg/kg, ip) twice daily for 3 consecutive days. Mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) was used to assess pain behavior. After the rats were euthanized, spinal cords were harvested for immunoblotting analyses. The effects of minocycline on NF-κB activation were also examined in primary rat astrocytes stimulated with IL-1β in vitro. RESULTS BCP rats had marked bone destruction, and showed mechanical tactile allodynia on d 7 and d 14 after the operation. Intrathecal injection of minocycline (100 μg) or intraperitoneal injection of minocycline (80 mg/kg) reversed BCP-induced mechanical tactile allodynia. Furthermore, intraperitoneal injection of minocycline (80 mg/kg) reversed BCP-induced upregulation of GFAP (astrocyte marker) and PSD95 in spinal cord. Moreover, intraperitoneal injection of minocycline (80 mg/kg) reversed BCP-induced upregulation of NF-κB, p-IKKα and IκBα in spinal cord. In IL-1β-stimulated primary rat astrocytes, pretreatment with minocycline (75, 100 μmol/L) significantly inhibited the translocation of NF-κB to nucleus. CONCLUSION Minocycline effectively alleviates BCP by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway in spinal astrocytes.
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111
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Li XY, Wang F, Chen GH, Li XW, Yang QG, Cao L, Yan WW. Inflammatory insult during pregnancy accelerates age-related behavioral and neurobiochemical changes in CD-1 mice. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:59. [PMID: 27194408 PMCID: PMC5005951 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9920-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Data shows that inflammation during pregnancy significantly exerts a long-term influence on offspring, such as increasing the risk of adult cognition decline in animals. However, it is unclear whether gestational inflammation affects the neurobehavioral and neurobiochemical outcomes in the mother-self during aging. In this study, pregnant CD-1 mice intraperitoneally received lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in two doses (25 and 50 g/kg, respectively) or normal saline daily during gestational days 15-17. At the age of 15 months, a battery of behavioral tasks was employed to evaluate their species-typical behaviors, sensorimotor ability, anxiety levels, and spatial learning and memory abilities. An immunohistochemical method was utilized preliminarily to detect neurobiochemical indicators consisting of amyloid-β, phosphorylated tau, presynaptic proteins synaptotagmin-1 and syntaxin-1, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and histone-4 acetylation on the K8 site (H4K8ac). The behavioral results showed that LPS exposure during pregnancy exacerbated a decline in 15-month-old CD-1 mice's abilities to nest, their sensorimotor and spatial learning and memory capabilities, and increased their anxiety levels. The neurobiochemical results indicated that gestational LPS exposure also intensified age-related hippocampal changes, including increased amyloid-β42, phosphorylated tau, synaptotagmin-1 and GFAP, and decreased syntaxin-1 and H4K8ac. Our results suggested that the inflammatory insult during pregnancy could be an important risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease, and the H4K8 acetylation might play an important role in the underlying mechanism. This study offers a perspective for improving strategies that support healthy development and successful aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Hai Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University and the Center of Anhui Province in Psychologic Medicine, Chaohu, Hefei, 238000, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, 423000, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xue-Wei Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Gang Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Wen Yan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
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112
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Wang HL, Liu H, Xue ZG, Liao QW, Fang H. Minocycline attenuates post-operative cognitive impairment in aged mice by inhibiting microglia activation. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1632-9. [PMID: 27061744 PMCID: PMC4988280 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is known that isoflurane exposure or surgery leads to post‐operative cognitive dysfunction in aged rodents, there are few clinical interventions and treatments available to prevent this disorder. Minocycline (MINO) produces neuroprotection from several neurodegenerative diseases and various experimental animal models. Therefore, we set out to investigate the effects of MINO pre‐treatment on isoflurane or surgery induced cognitive impairment in aged mice by assessing the hippocampal‐dependent spatial memory performance using the Morris water maze task. Hippocampal tissues were isolated from mice and evaluated by Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence procedures and protein array system. Our results elucidate that MINO down‐regulated the isoflurane‐induced and surgery‐induced enhancement in the protein levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)‐1β, interferon‐γ and microglia marker Iba‐1, and up‐regulated protein levels of the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐4 and IL‐10. These findings suggest that pre‐treatment with MINO attenuated isoflurane or surgery induced cognitive impairment by inhibiting the overactivation of microglia in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Lin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhang-Gang Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Wu Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Suzuki K, Aimi T, Ishihara T, Mizushima T. Identification of approved drugs that inhibit the binding of amyloid β oligomers to ephrin type-B receptor 2. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:461-8. [PMID: 27419051 PMCID: PMC4856424 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ephrin type‐B receptor 2 (EphB2) is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family and plays an important role in learning and memory functions. In patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in mouse models of AD, a reduction in the hippocampal EphB2 level is observed. It was recently reported that normalization of the EphB2 level in the dentate gyrus rescues memory function in a mouse model of AD, suggesting that drugs that restore EphB2 levels may be beneficial in the treatment of AD. Amyloid β (Aβ) oligomers, which are believed to be key molecules involved in the pathogenesis of AD, induce EphB2 degradation through their direct binding to EphB2. Thus, compounds that inhibit the binding of Aβ oligomers to EphB2 may be beneficial. Here, we screened for such compounds from drugs already approved for clinical use in humans. Utilizing a cell‐free screening assay, we determined that dihydroergotamine mesilate, bromocriptine mesilate, cepharanthine, and levonorgestrel inhibited the binding of Aβ oligomers to EphB2 but not to cellular prion protein, another endogenous receptor for Aβ oligomers. Additionally, these four compounds did not affect the binding between EphB2 and ephrinB2, an endogenous ligand for EphB2, suggesting that the compounds selectively inhibited the binding of Aβ oligomers to EphB2. This is the first identification of compounds that selectively inhibit the binding of Aβ oligomers to EphB2. These results suggest that these four compounds may be safe and effective drugs for treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Suzuki
- Division of Drug Discovery and Development Faculty of Pharmacy Keio University Minato-ku Tokyo Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Chiyoda-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Takahiro Aimi
- Division of Drug Discovery and Development Faculty of Pharmacy Keio University Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ishihara
- Division of Drug Discovery and Development Faculty of Pharmacy Keio University Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
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Minocycline does not evoke anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects in C57BL/6 mice. Behav Brain Res 2016; 301:96-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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115
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Yi JH, Park HJ, Lee S, Jung JW, Kim BC, Lee YC, Ryu JH, Kim DH. Cassia obtusifolia seed ameliorates amyloid β-induced synaptic dysfunction through anti-inflammatory and Akt/GSK-3β pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 178:50-7. [PMID: 26674159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tea infused with the seed of Cassia obtusifolia has been traditionally used as an herbal remedy for liver, eye, and acute inflammatory diseases. Recent pharmacological reports have indicated that Cassiae semen has neuroprotective effects, attributable to its anti-inflammatory actions, in ischemic stroke and Parkinson's disease models. AIM OF THE STUDY Previously, the ethanol extract of C. obtusifolia seeds (COE) was reported to have memory enhancing properties. However, the effects of COE in an Alzheimer's disease (AD) model are currently unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect(s) of COE on aberrant synaptic plasticity and memory impairment induced by amyloid β (Aβ), a key toxic component found in the AD brain. MATERIALS AND METHODS To determine the effect of COE on Aβ-induced aberrant synaptic plasticity, we used acute mouse hippocampal slices and delivered theta burst stimulation to induce long-term potentiation (LTP). Western blots were used to detect Aβ- and/or COE-induced changes in signaling proteins. The novel object location recognition test was conducted to determine the effect of COE on Aβ-induced recognition memory impairment. RESULTS COE was found to ameliorate Aβ-induced LTP impairment in the acute hippocampal slices. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), a key molecule in LTP impairment, was activated by Aβ. However, this process was inhibited by COE via Akt signaling. Moreover, COE was found to attenuate Aβ-induced microglia, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase (COX) activation. In the in vivo studies performed, COE ameliorated the Aβ-induced object recognition memory impairment. CONCLUSION These results suggest that COE exhibits neuroprotective activities against Aβ-induced brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hyun Yi
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Hey Jin Park
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea; Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seungheon Lee
- Department of Aquatic Biomedical Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Science, College of Ocean Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Wook Jung
- Department of Herbal Medicinal Pharmacology, College of Herbal Bio-industry, Daegu Haany University, Kyungsan 712-715, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byeong C Kim
- Chonnam-Bristol Frontier Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonnam National University Hospital, Jebong-ro, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Choon Lee
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea; Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea; Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea.
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Russmann V, Goc J, Boes K, Ongerth T, Salvamoser JD, Siegl C, Potschka H. Minocycline fails to exert antiepileptogenic effects in a rat status epilepticus model. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 771:29-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Therapies negating neuroinflammation after brain trauma. Brain Res 2015; 1640:36-56. [PMID: 26740405 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) elicits a complex secondary injury response, with neuroinflammation as a crucial central component. Long thought to be solely a deleterious factor, the neuroinflammatory response has recently been shown to be far more intricate, with both beneficial and detrimental consequences depending on the timing, magnitude and specific immune composition of the response post-injury. Despite extensive preclinical and clinical research into mechanisms of secondary injury after TBI, no effective neuroprotective therapy has been identified, with potential candidates repeatedly proving disappointing in the clinic. The neuroinflammatory response offers a promising avenue for therapeutic targeting, aiming to quell the deleterious consequences without influencing its function in providing a neurotrophic environment supportive of repair. The present review firstly describes the findings of recent clinical trials that aimed to modulate inflammation as a means of neuroprotection. Secondly, we discuss promising multifunctional and single-target anti-inflammatory candidates either currently in trial, or with ample experimental evidence supporting clinical application. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:Brain injury and recovery.
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118
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Singh A, Kumar A. Microglial Inhibitory Mechanism of Coenzyme Q10 Against Aβ (1-42) Induced Cognitive Dysfunctions: Possible Behavioral, Biochemical, Cellular, and Histopathological Alterations. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:268. [PMID: 26617520 PMCID: PMC4637408 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a debilitating disease with complex pathophysiology. Amyloid beta (Aβ) (1-42) is a reliable model of AD that recapitulates many aspects of human AD. Objective: The intent of the present study was to investigate the neuroprotective potential of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and its modulation by minocycline (microglial inhibitor) against Aβ (1-42) induced cognitive dysfunction in rats. Method: Intrahippocampal (i.h.) Aβ (1-42) (1 μg/μl; 4μl/site) were administered followed by drug treatment with galantamine (2 mg/kg), CoQ10 (20 and 40 mg/kg), minocycline (50 and 100 mg/kg) and their combinations for a period of 21 days. Various neurobehavioral parameters followed by biochemical, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) level, proinflammatory markers (TNF-α), mitochondrial respiratory enzyme complexes (I-IV) and histopathological examinations were assessed. Results: Aβ (1-42) administration significantly impaired cognitive performance in Morris water maze (MWM) performance test, causes oxidative stress, raised AChE level, caused neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and histopathological alterations as compared to sham treatment. Treatment with CoQ10 (20 and 40 mg/kg) and minocycline (50 and 100 mg/kg) alone for 21 days significantly improved cognitive performance as evidenced by reduced transfer latency and increased time spent in target quadrant (TSTQ), reduced AChE activity, oxidative damage (reduced LPO, nitrite level and restored SOD, catalase and GHS levels), TNF-α level, restored mitochondrial respiratory enzyme complex (I, II, III, IV) activities and histopathological alterations as compared to Aβ (1-42) treated animals. Further, combinations of minocycline (50 and 100 mg/kg) with CoQ10 (20 and 40 mg/kg) significantly modulates the protective effect of CoQ10 dose dependently as compared to their effect alone. Conclusion: The present study suggests that the neuroprotective effect of CoQ10 could be due to its microglia inhibitory mechanism along with its mitochondrial restoring and anti-oxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Singh
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
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El-Shimy IA, Heikal OA, Hamdi N. Minocycline attenuates Aβ oligomers-induced pro-inflammatory phenotype in primary microglia while enhancing Aβ fibrils phagocytosis. Neurosci Lett 2015; 609:36-41. [PMID: 26472705 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the brain innate immune cells, are activated in response to amyloid beta (Aβ) resulting in neuroinflammation in AD brains. Recently, two phenotypes have been described for microglia: the pro-inflammatory classical and the anti-inflammatory alternative. Changes in microglia phenotype that control their phagocytic function are yet to be determined. The highly neurotoxic Aβ oligomers (oAβ) formed at an early disease stage induce pro-inflammatory microglia activation releasing neurotoxic mediators and contributing to neurodegeneration. A novel strategy for AD treatment is to attenuate microglia-induced inflammation while maintaining efficient Aβ clearance. Minocycline effectively crosses the blood-brain barrier and has widely reported neuroprotective effects. Yet, its exact mechanism of neuroprotection and its effects on microglia are still unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of minocycline on the phagocytic uptake of fAβ by primary microglia in relation to their activation state in an inflammatory milieu generated by oAβ or LPS. The study shows that minocycline is able to attenuate oAβ-induced neuroinflammatory response of microglia by inhibiting their pro-inflammatory phenotype activation. In addition, a significant enhancement of fAβ phagocytosis by minocycline- treated microglia is reported for the first time, providing novel insight into its neuroprotective role in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Amr El-Shimy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ola Ahmed Heikal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt; Narcotics, Ergogenics & Poisons Department, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nabila Hamdi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt.
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Ma J, Zhang J, Hou WW, Wu XH, Liao RJ, Chen Y, Wang Z, Zhang XN, Zhang LS, Zhou YD, Chen Z, Hu WW. Early treatment of minocycline alleviates white matter and cognitive impairments after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12079. [PMID: 26174710 PMCID: PMC4502604 DOI: 10.1038/srep12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcortical ischemic vascular dementia (SIVD) caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion develops with progressive white matter and cognitive impairments, yet no effective therapy is available. We investigated the temporal effects of minocycline on an experimental SIVD exerted by right unilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (rUCCAO). Minocycline treated at the early stage (day 0-3), but not the late stage after rUCCAO (day 4-32) alleviated the white matter and cognitive impairments, and promoted remyelination. The actions of minocycline may not involve the inhibition of microglia activation, based on the effects after the application of a microglial activation inhibitor, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, and co-treatment with lipopolysaccharides. Furthermore, minocycline treatment at the early stage promoted the proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in subventricular zone, increased OPC number and alleviated apoptosis of mature oligodendrocytes in white matter. In vitro, minocycline promoted OPC proliferation and increased the percentage of OPCs in S and G2/M phases. We provided direct evidence that early treatment is critical for minocycline to alleviate white matter and cognitive impairments after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, which may be due to its robust effects on OPC proliferation and mature oligodendrocyte loss. So, early therapeutic time window may be crucial for its application in SIVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Hua Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Ru Jia Liao
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Nan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
| | - Li San Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yu Dong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
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Li J, Chen J, Mo H, Chen J, Qian C, Yan F, Gu C, Hu Q, Wang L, Chen G. Minocycline Protects Against NLRP3 Inflammasome-Induced Inflammation and P53-Associated Apoptosis in Early Brain Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2668-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ceramides in Alzheimer's Disease: Key Mediators of Neuronal Apoptosis Induced by Oxidative Stress and Aβ Accumulation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:346783. [PMID: 26090071 PMCID: PMC4458271 DOI: 10.1155/2015/346783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by extracellular deposits of amyloid β-peptides (Aβ) and intracellular deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau (phospho-tau) protein. Ceramides, the major molecules of sphingolipid metabolism and lipid second messengers, have been associated with AD progression and pathology via Aβ generation. Enhanced levels of ceramides directly increase Aβ through stabilization of β-secretase, the key enzyme in the amyloidogenic processing of Aβ precursor protein (APP). As a positive feedback loop, the generated oligomeric and fibrillar Aβ induces a further increase in ceramide levels by activating sphingomyelinases that catalyze the catabolic breakdown of sphingomyelin to ceramide. Evidence also supports important role of ceramides in neuronal apoptosis. Ceramides may initiate a cascade of biochemical alterations, which ultimately leads to neuronal death by diverse mechanisms, including depolarization and permeabilization of mitochondria, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytochrome c release, Bcl-2 depletion, and caspase-3 activation, mainly by modulating intracellular signalling, particularly along the pathways related to Akt/PKB kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). This review summarizes recent findings related to the role of ceramides in oxidative stress-driven neuronal apoptosis and interplay with Aβ in the cascade of events ending in neuronal degeneration.
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123
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Minocycline reduces neuroinflammation but does not ameliorate neuron loss in a mouse model of neurodegeneration. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10535. [PMID: 26000566 PMCID: PMC4441131 DOI: 10.1038/srep10535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Minocycline is a broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic. A number of preclinical studies have shown that minocycline exhibits neuroprotective effects in various animal models of neurological diseases. However, it remained unknown whether minocycline is effective to prevent neuron loss. To systematically evaluate its effects, minocycline was used to treat Dicer conditional knockout (cKO) mice which display age-related neuron loss. The drug was given to mutant mice prior to the occurrence of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, and the treatment had lasted 2 months. Levels of inflammation markers, including glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule1 (Iba1) and interleukin6 (IL6), were significantly reduced in minocycline-treated Dicer cKO mice. In contrast, levels of neuronal markers and the total number of apoptotic cells in Dicer cKO mice were not affected by the drug. In summary, inhibition of neuroinflammation by minocycline is insufficient to prevent neuron loss and apoptosis.
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Jiang Y, Liu Y, Zhu C, Ma X, Ma L, Zhou L, Huang Q, Cen L, Pi R, Chen X. Minocycline enhances hippocampal memory, neuroplasticity and synapse-associated proteins in aged C57 BL/6 mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 121:20-9. [PMID: 25838119 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that minocycline can attenuate cognitive deficits in animal models of conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and cerebral ischemia through inhibiting microglia associated anti-inflammatory actions. However the pathway that minocycline targets to enhance cognitive performance is not fully defined. Here we examined the effects of minocycline on learning and memory in aged (22-month-old) C57 BL/6 mice. We treated one group of mice with minocycline (30 mg/kg/day), and another group of mice with donepezil (2 mg/kg/day) as a positive control. The Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests were used to evaluate the effects of minocycline on learning and memory deficits. We also used high-frequency stimulation-induced long-term potentiation and Golgi-Cox staining to assess the effect of minocycline on synaptic plasticity and synaptogenesis. The effects of minocycline on synapse-associated signaling proteins were determined by western blot. We found that minocycline ameliorates cognitive deficits, enhances neuroplasticity, activates brain-derived neurotrophic factor- extracellular signal-regulated kinases signaling and increases expression of Arc, EGR1 and PSD-95 in the CA1 and dentate gyrus regions of the hippocampus in aged mice. The effects of minocycline in aged mice were similar to those of donepezil. Our results suggest that minocycline could improve learning and memory through enhancing synaptic plasticity and synaptogenesis, modulating the expression of synapse-associated signaling proteins, which provide a rationale for exploring the viability of using minocycline treatment in cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Cansheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Xiaomeng Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Lili Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Linli Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Qiling Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Lei Cen
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Rongbiao Pi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China.
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PDE-4 inhibition rescues aberrant synaptic plasticity in Drosophila and mouse models of fragile X syndrome. J Neurosci 2015; 35:396-408. [PMID: 25568131 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1356-12.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the leading cause of both intellectual disability and autism resulting from a single gene mutation. Previously, we characterized cognitive impairments and brain structural defects in a Drosophila model of FXS and demonstrated that these impairments were rescued by treatment with metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonists or lithium. A well-documented biochemical defect observed in fly and mouse FXS models and FXS patients is low cAMP levels. cAMP levels can be regulated by mGluR signaling. Herein, we demonstrate PDE-4 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy to ameliorate memory impairments and brain structural defects in the Drosophila model of fragile X. Furthermore, we examine the effects of PDE-4 inhibition by pharmacologic treatment in the fragile X mouse model. We demonstrate that acute inhibition of PDE-4 by pharmacologic treatment in hippocampal slices rescues the enhanced mGluR-dependent LTD phenotype observed in FXS mice. Additionally, we find that chronic treatment of FXS model mice, in adulthood, also restores the level of mGluR-dependent LTD to that observed in wild-type animals. Translating the findings of successful pharmacologic intervention from the Drosophila model into the mouse model of FXS is an important advance, in that this identifies and validates PDE-4 inhibition as potential therapeutic intervention for the treatment of individuals afflicted with FXS.
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126
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Zhang Z, Wang Z, Nong J, Nix CA, Ji HF, Zhong Y. Metal ion-assisted self-assembly of complexes for controlled and sustained release of minocycline for biomedical applications. Biofabrication 2015; 7:015006. [PMID: 25599696 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/7/1/015006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the development of novel drug delivery complexes self-assembled by divalent metal ion-assisted coacervation for controlled and sustained release of a hydrophilic small drug molecule minocycline hydrochloride (MH). MH is a multifaceted agent that has demonstrated therapeutic effects in infection, inflammation, tumor, as well as cardiovascular, renal, and neurological disorders due to its anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties. However, the inability to translate the high doses used in experimental animals to tolerable doses in human patients limits its clinical application. Localized delivery can potentially expose the diseased tissue to high concentrations of MH that systemic delivery cannot achieve, while minimizing the side effects from systemic exposure. The strong metal ion binding-assisted interaction enabled high drug entrapment and loading efficiency, and stable long term release for more than 71 d. Released MH demonstrated potent anti-biofilm, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities. Furthermore, MH release from the complexes is pH-sensitive as the chelation between minocycline and metal ions decreases with pH, allowing 'smart' drug release in response to the severity of pathology-induced tissue acidosis. This novel metal ion binding-mediated drug delivery mechanism can potentially be applied to other drugs that have high binding affinity for metal ions and may lead to the development of new delivery systems for a variety of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Minocycline Alleviates Sevoflurane-Induced Cognitive Impairment in Aged Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 35:585-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive impairment in clinical presentation, and by β-amyloid (Aβ) production and the hyper-phosphorylation of tau in basic research. More highlights demonstrate that the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) enhances Aβ generation and deposition by modulating amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism and upregulating β- and γ-secretases. mTOR, an inhibitor of autophagy, decreases Aβ clearance by scissoring autophagy function. mTOR regulates Aβ generation or Aβ clearance by regulating several key signaling pathways, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K)/protein kinase B (Akt), glycogen synthase kinase 3 [GSK-3], AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). The activation of mTOR is also a contributor to aberrant hyperphosphorylated tau. Rapamycin, the inhibitor of mTOR, may mitigate cognitive impairment and inhibit the pathologies associated with amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles by promoting autophagy. Furthermore, the upstream and downstream components of mTOR signaling are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of AD. Hence, inhibiting the activation of mTOR may be an important therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo He
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Department of Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Jun Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Guo X, Jiang W, Li C, Zhu Z, Shen X. Aβ regulation-based multitarget strategy for drug discovery against Alzheimer’s disease. Rev Neurosci 2015; 26:13-30. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2014-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressively neurodegenerative disease that eventually leads to the irreversible loss of neurons and intellectual abilities, including cognition and memory. AD has become the most common cause of dementia in aged people, and the ill-defined pathogenesis of AD is seriously impeding the current drug discovery against this disease. To date, there is still a lack of etiologically therapeutic drugs for AD, although some symptomatic treatments have been successfully developed. The β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced neurodegeneration is determined as the main pathogenesis of AD, and by targeting the regulation of Aβ in production inhibition or clearance promotion, many active agents have been designed potentially for AD treatment, but no drug has yet been approved in clinical use. Actually, AD has a complex pathogenic mechanism that involves multiple aberrant signaling genes and pathways, and the idea of ‘single target’ for anti-AD drug research is thus full of challenges. Recently, with a deep understanding of AD pathogeneses and the development of advanced pharmacological techniques, ‘multiple target’-based strategy has been widely applied for the drug discovery against this disease, and many promising results have been achieved. Here, we review the recent multitarget strategies for the drug discovery in the treatment of AD by focusing on the involvement of Aβ regulation.
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Zhao Y, Xiao M, He W, Cai Z. Minocycline upregulates cyclic AMP response element binding protein and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus of cerebral ischemia rats and improves behavioral deficits. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11:507-16. [PMID: 25750531 PMCID: PMC4348135 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s73836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) plays an important role in the mechanism of cognitive impairment and is also pivotal in the switch from short-term to long-term memory. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) seems a promising avenue in the treatment of cerebral ischemia injury since this neurotrophin could stimulate structural plasticity and repair cognitive impairment. Several findings have displayed that the dysregulation of the CREB-BDNF cascade has been involved in cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cerebral ischemia on learning and memory as well as on the levels of CREB, phosphorylated CREB (pCREB), and BDNF, and to determine the effect of minocycline on CREB, pCREB, BDNF, and behavioral functional recovery after cerebral ischemia. METHODS The animal model was established by permanent bilateral occlusion of both common carotid arteries. Behavior was evaluated 5 days before decapitation with Morris water maze and open-field task. Four days after permanent bilateral occlusion of both common carotid arteries, minocycline was administered by douche via the stomach for 4 weeks. CREB and pCREB were examined by Western blotting, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. BDNF was measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. RESULTS The model rats after minocycline treatment swam shorter distances than control rats before finding the platform (P=0.0007). The number of times the platform position was crossed for sham-operation rats was more than that of the model groups in the corresponding platform location (P=0.0021). The number of times the platform position was crossed for minocycline treatment animals was significantly increased compared to the model groups in the corresponding platform position (P=0.0016). CREB, pCREB, and BDNF were downregulated after permanent bilateral occlusion of both common carotid arteries in the model group. Minocycline increased the expression of CREB, pCREB, and BDNF, and improved cognitive suffered from impairment of permanent bilateral occlusion of both common carotid arteries. CONCLUSION Minocycline improved cognitive impairment from cerebral ischemia via enhancing CREB, pCREB, and BDNF activity in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Department of Neurology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Department of Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo He
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
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Kim JY, Kim N, Yenari MA. Mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications of microglial activation after brain injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 21:309-19. [PMID: 25475659 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, microglia rapidly respond to brain insults, including stroke and traumatic brain injury. Microglial activation plays a major role in neuronal cell damage and death by releasing a variety of inflammatory and neurotoxic mediators. Their activation is an early response that may exacerbate brain injury and many other stressors, especially in the acute stages, but are also essential to brain recovery and repair. The full range of microglial activities is still not completely understood, but there is accumulating knowledge about their role following brain injury. We review recent progress related to the deleterious and beneficial effects of microglia in the setting of acute neurological insults and the current literature surrounding pharmacological interventions for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Youl Kim
- Department of Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Gullo F, Amadeo A, Donvito G, Lecchi M, Costa B, Constanti A, Wanke E. Atypical "seizure-like" activity in cortical reverberating networks in vitro can be caused by LPS-induced inflammation: a multi-electrode array study from a hundred neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:361. [PMID: 25404893 PMCID: PMC4217498 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We show here that a mild sterile inflammation induced by the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in a neuron/astrocyte/microglial cortical network, modulates neuronal excitability and can initiate long-duration burst events resembling epileptiform seizures, a recognized feature of various central nervous neurodegenerative, neurological and acute systemic diseases associated with neuroinflammation. To study this action, we simultaneously analyzed the reverberating bursting activity of a hundred neurons by using in vitro multi-electrode array methods. ∼5 h after LPS application, we observed a net increase in the average number of spikes elicited in engaged cells and within each burst, but no changes neither in spike waveforms nor in burst rate. This effect was characterized by a slow, twofold exponential increase of the burst duration and the appearance of rarely occurring long burst events that were never seen during control recordings. These changes and the time-course of microglia-released proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), were blocked by pre-treatment with 50 nM minocycline, an established anti-inflammatory agent which was inactive when applied alone. Assay experiments also revealed that application of 60 pM exogenous TNF-α after 12–15 h, produced non-washable changes of neuronal excitability, completely different from those induced by LPS, suggesting that TNF-α release alone was not responsible for our observed findings. Our results indicate that the link between neuroinflammation and hyperexcitability can be unveiled by studying the long-term activity of in vitro neuronal/astrocyte/microglial networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gullo
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan Italy
| | - Alida Amadeo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Milan, Milan Italy
| | - Giulia Donvito
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan Italy
| | - Marzia Lecchi
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan Italy
| | - Barbara Costa
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan Italy
| | | | - Enzo Wanke
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan Italy
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133
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Garrido-Mesa N, Zarzuelo A, Gálvez J. Minocycline: far beyond an antibiotic. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:337-52. [PMID: 23441623 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 627] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Minocycline is a second-generation, semi-synthetic tetracycline that has been in therapeutic use for over 30 years because of its antibiotic properties against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It is mainly used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and some sexually transmitted diseases. Recently, it has been reported that tetracyclines can exert a variety of biological actions that are independent of their anti-microbial activity, including anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities, and inhibition of proteolysis, angiogenesis and tumour metastasis. These findings specifically concern to minocycline as it has recently been found to have multiple non-antibiotic biological effects that are beneficial in experimental models of various diseases with an inflammatory basis, including dermatitis, periodontitis, atherosclerosis and autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Of note, minocycline has also emerged as the most effective tetracycline derivative at providing neuroprotection. This effect has been confirmed in experimental models of ischaemia, traumatic brain injury and neuropathic pain, and of several neurodegenerative conditions including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury. Moreover, other pre-clinical studies have shown its ability to inhibit malignant cell growth and activation and replication of human immunodeficiency virus, and to prevent bone resorption. Considering the above-mentioned findings, this review will cover the most important topics in the pharmacology of minocycline to date, supporting its evaluation as a new therapeutic approach for many of the diseases described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Garrido-Mesa
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red - Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER-EHD), Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, Granada, Spain.
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134
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Cheung C, Goh YT, Zhang J, Wu C, Guccione E. Modeling cerebrovascular pathophysiology in amyloid-β metabolism using neural-crest-derived smooth muscle cells. Cell Rep 2014; 9:391-401. [PMID: 25284792 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing recognition of cerebrovascular contributions to neurodegenerative diseases. In the walls of cerebral arteries, amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation is evident in a majority of aged people and patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Here, we leverage human pluripotent stem cells to generate vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from neural crest progenitors, recapitulating brain-vasculature-specific attributes of Aβ metabolism. We confirm that the lipoprotein receptor, LRP1, functions in our neural-crest-derived SMCs to mediate Aβ uptake and intracellular lysosomal degradation. Hypoxia significantly compromises the contribution of SMCs to Aβ clearance by suppressing LRP1 expression. This enabled us to develop an assay of Aβ uptake by using the neural crest-derived SMCs with hypoxia as a stress paradigm. We then tested several vascular protective compounds in a high-throughput format, demonstrating the value of stem-cell-based phenotypic screening for novel therapeutics and drug repurposing, aimed at alleviating amyloid burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Cheung
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
| | - Yeek Teck Goh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Jingxian Zhang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Chenghan Wu
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Ernesto Guccione
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
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Bonanomi M, Natalello A, Visentin C, Pastori V, Penco A, Cornelli G, Colombo G, Malabarba MG, Doglia SM, Relini A, Regonesi ME, Tortora P. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate and tetracycline differently affect ataxin-3 fibrillogenesis and reduce toxicity in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 model. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6542-52. [PMID: 25030034 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyglutamine (polyQ)-containing protein ataxin-3 (AT3) triggers the neurodegenerative disease spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) when its polyQ tract is expanded beyond a critical length. This results in protein aggregation and generation of toxic oligomers and fibrils. Currently, no effective treatment is available for such and other polyQ diseases. Therefore, plenty of investigations are being carried on to assess the mechanism of action and the therapeutic potential of anti-amyloid agents. The polyphenol compound epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and tetracycline have been shown to exert some effect in preventing fibrillogenesis of amyloidogenic proteins. Here, we have incubated an expanded AT3 variant with either compound to assess their effects on the aggregation pattern. The process was monitored by atomic force microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Whereas in the absence of any treatment, AT3 gives rise to amyloid β-rich fibrils, whose hallmark is the typical glutamine side-chain hydrogen bonding, when incubated in the presence of EGCG it generated soluble, SDS-resistant aggregates, much poorer in β-sheets and devoid of any ordered side-chain hydrogen bonding. These are off-pathway species that persist until the latest incubation time and are virtually absent in the control sample. In contrast, tetracycline did not produce major alterations in the structural features of the aggregated species compared with the control, but substantially increased their solubility. Both compounds significantly reduced toxicity, as shown by the MTT assay in COS-7 cell line and in a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans strain expressing in the nervous system an AT3 expanded variant in fusion with GFP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonino Natalello
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, Department of Physics G. Occhialini
| | | | | | - Amanda Penco
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria G Malabarba
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, 20139 Milan, Italy, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy and
| | - Silvia M Doglia
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, Department of Physics G. Occhialini
| | - Annalisa Relini
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, 16146 Genoa, Italy, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria E Regonesi
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy,
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136
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Pomorska-Mól M, Kwit K, Markowska-Daniel I, Pejsak Z. The effect of doxycycline treatment on the postvaccinal immune response in pigs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 278:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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137
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Silva T, Reis J, Teixeira J, Borges F. Alzheimer's disease, enzyme targets and drug discovery struggles: from natural products to drug prototypes. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 15:116-45. [PMID: 24726823 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incapacitating neurodegenerative disease that slowly destroys brain cells. This disease progressively compromises both memory and cognition, culminating in a state of full dependence and dementia. Currently, AD is the main cause of dementia in the elderly and its prevalence in the developed world is increasing rapidly. Classic drugs, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), fail to decline disease progression and display several side effects that reduce patient's adhesion to pharmacotherapy. The past decade has witnessed an increasing focus on the search for novel AChEIs and new putative enzymatic targets for AD, like β- and γ-secretases, sirtuins, caspase proteins and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). In addition, new mechanistic rationales for drug discovery in AD that include autophagy and synaptogenesis have been discovered. Herein, we describe the state-of-the-art of the development of recent enzymatic inhibitors and enhancers with therapeutic potential on the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Reis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Teixeira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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138
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Hawryluk GWJ, Spano S, Chew D, Wang S, Erwin M, Chamankhah M, Forgione N, Fehlings MG. An Examination of the Mechanisms by which Neural Precursors Augment Recovery following Spinal Cord Injury: A Key Role for Remyelination. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:365-80. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x662408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which neural precursor cells (NPCs) enhance functional recovery from spinal cord injury (SCI) remain unclear. Spinal cord injured rats were transplanted with wild-type mouse NPCs, shiverer NPCs unable to produce myelin, dead NPCs, or media. Most animals also received minocycline, cyclosporine, and perilesional infusion of trophins. Motor function was graded according to the BBB scale. H&E/LFB staining was used to assess gray and white matter, cyst, and lesional tissue. Mature oligodendrocytes and ED1+ inflammatory cells were quantitated. Confocal and electron microscopy were used to assess the relationship between the transplanted cells and axons. Pharmacotherapy and trophin infusion preserved gray matter, white matter, and oligodendrocytes. Trophin infusion also significantly increased cyst and lesional tissue volume as well as inflammatory infiltrate, and functional recovery was reduced. Animals transplanted with wild-type NPCs showed greatest functional recovery; animals transplanted with shiverer NPCs performed the worst. Wild-type NPCs remyelinated host axons. Shiverer NPCs ensheathed axons but did not produce MBP. These results suggest that remyelination by NPCs is an important contribution to functional recovery following SCI. Shiverer NPCs may prevent remyelination by endogenous cells capable of myelin formation. These findings suggest that remyelination is an important therapeutic target following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W. J. Hawryluk
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stefania Spano
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Derek Chew
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shelly Wang
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Erwin
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mahmood Chamankhah
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole Forgione
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Gerald and Tootsie Halbert Chair, Neural Repair and Regeneration, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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139
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Li C, Yuan K, Schluesener H. Impact of minocycline on neurodegenerative diseases in rodents: a meta-analysis. Rev Neurosci 2014; 24:553-62. [PMID: 24077620 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2013-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Minocycline is a semisynthetic second-generation tetracycline derivative, and many publications provide evidence of its successful neuroprotection in a variety of animal models. We searched PubMed and Chinese CNKI databases from January 1992 to May 2012 for studies on minocycline in neurodegenerative diseases in rodents. A meta-analysis that adopted weighted Cohen's d effect sizes, percent overlap, Fail-Safe N statistics, and confidence intervals was conducted. In total, 16 English and 3 Chinese articles with high or medium quality were included in this meta-analysis. The treatment benefits for rodents from low-dose (5 mg/kg/day), moderate-dose (45, 50, or 55 mg/kg/day), and high-dose (90 mg/kg/day) minocycline were larger in Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke mouse models, respectively. In rats, a moderate dose (45 mg/kg/day) of minocycline was most effective. In conclusion, minocycline exerts neuroprotective effects in rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases. Anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antioxidant activities are discussed as the basis of this effect. However, there is insufficient information from these animal models on side effects of minocycline therapy.
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140
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Doll CA, Broadie K. Impaired activity-dependent neural circuit assembly and refinement in autism spectrum disorder genetic models. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:30. [PMID: 24570656 PMCID: PMC3916725 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-use activity during circuit-specific critical periods refines brain circuitry by the coupled processes of eliminating inappropriate synapses and strengthening maintained synapses. We theorize these activity-dependent (A-D) developmental processes are specifically impaired in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). ASD genetic models in both mouse and Drosophila have pioneered our insights into normal A-D neural circuit assembly and consolidation, and how these developmental mechanisms go awry in specific genetic conditions. The monogenic fragile X syndrome (FXS), a common cause of heritable ASD and intellectual disability, has been particularly well linked to defects in A-D critical period processes. The fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is positively activity-regulated in expression and function, in turn regulates excitability and activity in a negative feedback loop, and appears to be required for the A-D remodeling of synaptic connectivity during early-use critical periods. The Drosophila FXS model has been shown to functionally conserve the roles of human FMRP in synaptogenesis, and has been centrally important in generating our current mechanistic understanding of the FXS disease state. Recent advances in Drosophila optogenetics, transgenic calcium reporters, highly-targeted transgenic drivers for individually-identified neurons, and a vastly improved connectome of the brain are now being combined to provide unparalleled opportunities to both manipulate and monitor A-D processes during critical period brain development in defined neural circuits. The field is now poised to exploit this new Drosophila transgenic toolbox for the systematic dissection of A-D mechanisms in normal versus ASD brain development, particularly utilizing the well-established Drosophila FXS disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb A Doll
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kendal Broadie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA ; Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA
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141
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Syngle A, Verma I, Krishan P, Garg N, Syngle V. Minocycline improves peripheral and autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes: MIND study. Neurol Sci 2014; 35:1067-73. [PMID: 24497205 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1647-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy and diabetic autonomic neuropathy are serious and common complications of diabetes associated with increased risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease. We sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of minocycline in type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic peripheral and autonomic neuropathy. In a randomized placebo controlled study, 50 outpatients were randomly assigned to receive 100 mg minocycline or placebo. Outcome measures included the vibration perception threshold (VPT), Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs (LANSS), Pain Disability Index (PDI), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), beck depression inventory (BDI), health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) and autonomic neuropathy, assessed by cardiovascular reflex tests according to Ewing and peripheral sympathetic autonomic function was assessed by FDA approved Sudoscan. At baseline there were no significant differences between demographic variables and the neuropathy variables in the minocycline and placebo groups. After treatment, VPT significantly improved in the minocycline group as compared to the placebo group. Mean posttreatment scores on the LANSS, PDI and HAQ were significantly lower in the minocycline group compared with the placebo group. However, BDI and VAS significantly (p = 0.01) improved in both minocycline and placebo groups (Table 2). After treatment with minocycline, heart rate (HR) response to standing significantly improved, while there was a borderline significance toward a reduction in HR response to deep breath. These finding indicate that 6-week oral treatment with minocycline is safe, well tolerated and significantly improves peripheral and autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashit Syngle
- Healing Touch City Clinic, Chandigarh and Senior Consultant Physician and Rheumatologist Fortis Multi Specialty Hospital, Mohali, India,
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Birch AM, Katsouri L, Sastre M. Modulation of inflammation in transgenic models of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:25. [PMID: 24490742 PMCID: PMC3922595 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade the process of inflammation has been a focus of increasing interest in the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) field, not only for its potential role in neuronal degeneration but also as a promising therapeutic target. However, recent research in this field has provided divergent outcomes, largely due to the use of different models and different stages of the disease when the investigations have been carried out. It is now accepted that microglia, and possibly astrocytes, change their activation phenotype during ageing and the stage of the disease, and therefore these are important factors to have in mind to define the function of different inflammatory components as well as potential therapies. Modulating inflammation using animal models of AD has offered the possibility to investigate inflammatory components individually and manipulate inflammatory genes in amyloid precursor protein and tau transgenics independently. This has also offered some hints on the mechanisms by which these factors may affect AD pathology. In this review we examine the different transgenic approaches and treatments that have been reported to modulate inflammation using animal models of AD. These studies have provided evidence that enhancing inflammation is linked with increases in amyloid-beta (Aβ) generation, Aβ aggregation and tau phosphorylation. However, the alterations on tau phosphorylation can be independent of changes in Aβ levels by these inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Magdalena Sastre
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
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143
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Arnoux I, Hoshiko M, Sanz Diez A, Audinat E. Paradoxical effects of minocycline in the developing mouse somatosensory cortex. Glia 2013; 62:399-410. [PMID: 24357027 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Minocycline, a tetracycline derivative, is known to exert neuroprotective effects unrelated to its antimicrobial action. In particular, minocycline prevents microglial activation in pathological conditions and consequently reduces the production of proinflammatory factors contributing to the propagation of diseases. Accumulative evidence indicates that microglial cells contribute to the maturation of neuronal and synaptic networks during the normal development of the central nervous system (CNS) and that perinatal inflammation is a known risk factor for brain lesions. Although minocycline has been used to infer microglia functions during development, mechanisms by which this tetracycline derivative affect the immature CNS have not been analyzed in detail. In this study, we demonstrate that minocycline administration during the first postnatal week of development has paradoxical effects on microglia phenotype and on neuronal survival in the mouse somatosensory cortex. Using a combination of immunohistochemistry and electrophysiology, we show that intraperitoneal injections of minocycline between postnatal days 6 and 8 affect distribution, morphology, and functional properties of microglia cells of the whisker-related barrel cortex, leading to the development of a phenotype resembling that of microglia activated in pathological conditions. Minocyline also induced a massive cell death that developed faster than changes in microglia phenotype, suggesting that the latter is a consequence of the former. Finally, cell death and microglial activation were not observed when minocycline treatment was postponed by only 2 days (i.e., between postnatal days 8 and 10). These observations call into question the use of tetracycline derivatives during CNS development to study microglia or to reduce perinatal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Arnoux
- INSERM U603, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8154, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
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144
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Monte AS, de Souza GC, McIntyre RS, Soczynska JK, dos Santos JV, Cordeiro RC, Ribeiro BMM, de Lucena DF, Vasconcelos SMM, de Sousa FCF, Carvalho AF, Macêdo DS. Prevention and reversal of ketamine-induced schizophrenia related behavior by minocycline in mice: Possible involvement of antioxidant and nitrergic pathways. J Psychopharmacol 2013; 27:1032-43. [PMID: 24045882 DOI: 10.1177/0269881113503506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that oxidative imbalance and alterations in nitrergic signaling play a role in the neurobiology of schizophrenia. Preliminary evidence suggests that adjunctive minocycline treatment is efficacious for cognitive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. This study investigated the effects of minocycline in the prevention and reversal of ketamine-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors in mice. In the reversal protocol, animals received ketamine (20 mg/kg per day intraperitoneally or saline for 14 days, and minocycline (25 or 50 mg/kg daily), risperidone or vehicle treatment from days 8 to 14. In the prevention protocol, mice were pretreated with minocycline, risperidone or vehicle prior to ketamine. Behaviors related to positive (locomotor activity and prepulse inhibition of startle), negative (social interaction) and cognitive (Y maze) symptoms of schizophrenia were also assessed. Glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and nitrite levels were measured in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum. Minocycline and risperidone prevented and reversed ketamine-induced alterations in behavioral paradigms, oxidative markers (i.e. ketamine-induced decrease and increase in GSH levels and TBARS content, respectively) as well as nitrite levels in the striatum. These data provide a rationale for evaluating minocycline as a novel psychotropic agent and suggest that its mechanism of action includes antioxidant and nitrergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Santos Monte
- 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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145
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Appleby BS, Nacopoulos D, Milano N, Zhong K, Cummings JL. A review: treatment of Alzheimer's disease discovered in repurposed agents. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2013; 35:1-22. [PMID: 23307039 DOI: 10.1159/000345791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Many compounds that have already been approved for alternate diagnoses have been studied in relation to Alzheimer's disease (AD). The purpose of this review is to summarize these studies and discuss the rationale and benefits of repurposing drugs for AD treatment. METHODS Studies of drugs related to AD treatment that were relevant to a disease-modifying mechanism of action (MOA) and are already approved by the Food and Drug Administration for non-AD diagnoses were collected from PubMed. RESULTS Many drugs already approved for the treatment of other diseases have been studied in relation to AD treatment. Numerous drugs with known toxicity profiles have the potential to be repurposed as a treatment for AD. CONCLUSION Known MOA, toxicology, and pharmacodynamic profiles would accelerate the process and increase the odds of finding a more timely disease-modifying treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Appleby
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland, OH, USA
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146
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Abstract
Biological functions of antibiotics are not limited to killing. The most likely function of antibiotics in natural microbial ecosystems is signaling. Does this signaling function of antibiotics also extend to the eukaryotic – in particular mammalian – cells? In this review, the host modulating properties of three classes of antibiotics (macrolides, tetracyclines, and β-lactams) will be briefly discussed. Antibiotics can be effective in treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases and pathological conditions other than those of infectious etiology and, in this capacity, may find widespread applications beyond the intended antimicrobial use. This use, however, should not compromise the primary function antibiotics are used for. The biological background for this inter-kingdom signaling is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustam I Aminov
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies Kingston, Jamaica
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147
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Dziembowska M, Pretto DI, Janusz A, Kaczmarek L, Leigh MJ, Gabriel N, Durbin-Johnson B, Hagerman RJ, Tassone F. High MMP-9 activity levels in fragile X syndrome are lowered by minocycline. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1897-903. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dalyir I. Pretto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine; University of California at Davis; Davis; California
| | | | | | | | - Nielsen Gabriel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine; University of California at Davis; Davis; California
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Department of Public Health Sciences; School of Medicine, University of California; Davis; California
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148
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Kong F, Chen S, Cheng Y, Ma L, Lu H, Zhang H, Hu W. Minocycline attenuates cognitive impairment induced by isoflurane anesthesia in aged rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61385. [PMID: 23613842 PMCID: PMC3629183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a clinical phenomenon characterized by cognitive deficits in patients after anesthesia and surgery, especially in geriatric surgical patients. Although it has been documented that isoflurane exposure impaired cognitive function in several aged animal models, there are few clinical interventions and treatments available to prevent this disorder. Minocycline has been well established to exert neuroprotective effects in various experimental animal models and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, we hypothesized that pretreatment with minocycline attenuates isoflurane-induced cognitive decline in aged rats. In the present study, twenty-month-old rats were administered minocycline or an equal volume of saline by intraperitoneal injection 12 h before exposure to isoflurane. Then the rats were exposed to 1.3% isoflurane for 4 h. Two weeks later, spatial learning and memory of the rats were examined using the Morris Water Maze. We found that pretreatment with minocycline mitigated isoflurane-induced cognitive deficits and suppressed the isoflurane-induced excessive release of IL-1β and caspase-3 in the hippocampal CA1 region at 4 h after isoflurane exposure, as well as the number of TUNEL-positive nuclei. In addition, minocycline treatment also prevented the changes of synaptic ultrastructure in the hippocampal CA1 region induced by isoflurane. In conclusion, pretreatment with minocycline attenuated isoflurane-induced cognitive impairment in aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feijuan Kong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (FJK); (LLM)
| | - Shuping Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Leilei Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (FJK); (LLM)
| | - Huishun Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Honghai Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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149
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Lazzarini M, Martin S, Mitkovski M, Vozari RR, Stühmer W, Bel ED. Doxycycline restrains glia and confers neuroprotection in a 6-OHDA Parkinson model. Glia 2013; 61:1084-100. [PMID: 23595698 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuron-glia interactions play a key role in maintaining and regulating the central nervous system. Glial cells are implicated in the function of dopamine neurons and regulate their survival and resistance to injury. Parkinson's disease is characterized by the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, decreased striatal dopamine levels and consequent onset of extrapyramidal motor dysfunction. Parkinson's disease is a common chronic, neurodegenerative disorder with no effective protective treatment. In the 6-OHDA mouse model of Parkinson's disease, doxycycline administered at a dose that both induces/represses conditional transgene expression in the tetracycline system, mitigates the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta and nerve terminals in the striatum. This protective effect was associated with: (1) a reduction of microglia in normal mice as a result of doxycycline administration per se; (2) a decrease in the astrocyte and microglia response to the neurotoxin 6-OHDA in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra compacta, and (3) the astrocyte reaction in the striatum. Our results suggest that doxycycline blocks 6-OHDA neurotoxicity in vivo by inhibiting microglial and astrocyte expression. This action of doxycycline in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron protection is consistent with a role of glial cells in Parkinson's disease neurodegeneration. The neuroprotective effect of doxycycline may be useful in preventing or slowing the progression of Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases linked to glia function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio Lazzarini
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Pathology, School of Odontology of Ribeirão Preto (FORP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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150
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Yagnik RM, Benzeroual KE. Tigecycline prevents LPS-induced release of pro-inflammatory and apoptotic mediators in neuronal cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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