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Convergence and Divergence in Direct and Indirect Life-History Traits of Closely Related Parasitoids (Braconidae: Microgastrinae). Evol Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-013-9253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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102
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Liljesthröm GG, Cingolani MF, Rabinovich JE. The functional and numerical responses of Trissolcus basalis (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) parasitizing Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) eggs in the field. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2013; 103:441-450. [PMID: 23506622 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485313000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Trissolcus basalis has been used as a biological control agent of its main host, Nezara viridula, in many countries. However, estimations of its functional and numerical responses in the field are lacking. We estimated the density of N. viridula eggs, the proportion of parasitized N. viridula eggs, and the number of T. basalis adults/trap in the field. We transformed relative parasitoid density to an absolute density, and estimated the parasitoid's attack rate, a, and the mutual interference parameter, m, in two ways: following Arditi & Akçakaya (1990) and using the Holling-Hassell-Varley model with two iterative techniques. The attack rate estimated by both methods were a=1.097 and a=0.767, respectively. Parameter m varied less between methods: m=0.563 and m=0.586, respectively, and when used to calculate the number of parasitized N. viridula eggs per m2, differences with the observed values were not significant. The numerical response of T. basalis was affected by the sex allocation of their progeny and the proportion of adult parasitoids trapped decreased with field parasitoid population density. Theoretical models show that 0<m<1 is a stabilizing factor and previous re-analysis of field data showed a mean m value of 0.8. The Holling-Hassell-Varley model leads to a flexible description of the functional response allowing to predict acceptable weekly host parasitism. The pre-imaginal parasitoid survival and the change in sex ratio as a function of parasitoid density adequately describe the numerical functional response of the parasitoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Liljesthröm
- Laboratory of Pest Ecology, CEPAVE (CONICET CCT La Plata - UNLP), Calle 2 # 584, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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103
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Mathur V, Wagenaar R, Caissard JC, Reddy AS, Vet LEM, Cortesero AM, Van Dam NM. A novel indirect defence in Brassicaceae: structure and function of extrafloral nectaries in Brassica juncea. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:528-41. [PMID: 22889298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
While nectaries are commonly found in flowers, some plants also form extrafloral nectaries on stems or leaves. For the first time in the family Brassicaceae, here we report extrafloral nectaries in Brassica juncea. The extrafloral nectar (EFN) was secreted from previously amorphic sites on stems, flowering stalks and leaf axils from the onset of flowering until silique formation. Transverse sections at the point of nectar secretion revealed a pocket-like structure whose opening was surrounded by modified stomatal guard cells. The EFN droplets were viscous and up to 50% of the total weight was sugars, 97% of which was sucrose in the five varieties of B. juncea examined. Threonine, glutamine, arginine and glutamate were the most abundant amino acids. EFN droplets also contained glucosinolates, mainly gluconapin and sinigrin. Nectar secretion was increased when the plants were damaged by chewing above- and belowground herbivores and sap-sucking aphids. Parasitoids of each herbivore species were tested for their preference, of which three parasitoids preferred EFN and sucrose solutions over water. Moreover, the survival and fecundity of parasitoids were positively affected by feeding on EFN. We conclude that EFN production in B. juncea may contribute to the indirect defence of this plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vartika Mathur
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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104
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Ingram KK, Pilko A, Heer J, Gordon DM. Colony life history and lifetime reproductive success of red harvester ant colonies. J Anim Ecol 2013; 82:540-50. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krista K. Ingram
- Department of Biology; Colgate University; Hamilton; NY; 13346; USA
| | - Anna Pilko
- Department of Biology; Stanford University; Stanford; CA; 94305-5020; USA
| | - Jeffrey Heer
- Department of Computer Science; Stanford University; Stanford; CA; 94305-5020; USA
| | - Deborah M. Gordon
- Department of Biology; Stanford University; Stanford; CA; 94305-5020; USA
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105
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Soyelu OJ. Suitability of a novel diet for a parasitic wasp, Cotesia plutellae. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2013; 13:86. [PMID: 24224737 PMCID: PMC3835042 DOI: 10.1673/031.013.8601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The braconid Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a major solitary, larval endoparasitoid of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). The impact of dietary protein was investigated in the laboratory by comparing performance of C. plutellae on honey, which is commonly used to rear the parasitoid, to that on a novel diet made of honey and protein-rich beebread. Cotesia plutellae was highly stimulated by honey and honey-beebread, with a feeding response exceeding 95%, a level that is comparable with its responses to fructose, glucose, and sucrose. The ability of honey-beebread to support host-parasitoid colonies was also comparable with that of honey. However, parasitoids raised on honey-beebread suppressed diamondback moths in rearing cages 3 weeks before the honey-fed wasps. The development time of C. plutellae reared on honey with or without beebread showed no significant difference, but adult wasps lived longer on honey-beebread. Mean developmental periods from oviposition to pupation and from pupation to adult emergence were 8 and 6 days, respectively. Adult wasps raised on honey-beebread outlived their conspecifics that were raised on honey by at least 4 days. Honey-beebread showed potential as a good food for rearing C. plutellae in the laboratory, and its benefit in parasitoid production is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalekan J. Soyelu
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Present address: Insect Physiology Laboratory, Department of Crop Production and Protection, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220005, Osun State, Nigeria
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106
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Sigsgaard L, Betzer C, Naulin C, Eilenberg J, Enkegaard A, Kristensen K. The effect of floral resources on parasitoid and host longevity: prospects for conservation biological control in strawberries. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2013; 13:104. [PMID: 24738921 PMCID: PMC4011335 DOI: 10.1673/031.013.10401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The strawberry tortricid, Acleris comariana Lienig and Zeller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is an important pest in Danish strawberry production. Its most common parasitoid is Copidosoma aretas (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae). To identify selective flowering plants that could be used to increase functional biodiversity, the longevity of C. aretas and its host A. comariana was assessed on 5 flowering species: buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (Caryophyllales: Polygonaceae); borage, Borago officinalis L. (Boraginaceae); strawberry, Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne (Rosales: Rosaceae); phacelia, Phacelia tanacetifolia Bentham (Boraginaceae); and dill, Anethum graveolens L. (Apiales: Apiaceae). Dill was only tested with C. aretas. Sucrose and pollen served as positive controls, and pure water as a negative control. In a subsequent field experiment, A. comariana larval density was assessed at 1, 6, and 11 m distances from buckwheat flower strips in 3 fields. The proportion of field-collected larvae that were parasitized by C. aretas or fungi was assessed. Among the tested floral diets, buckwheat was superior for C. aretas, increasing its longevity by 1.4 times compared to water. Although buckwheat also increased longevity of A. comariana, its longevity and survival on buckwheat, borage, and strawberry was not significantly different, so buckwheat was chosen for field experiments. A. comariana densities in the 3 fields with sown buckwheat flower strips were 0.5, 4.0, and 8.3 larvae per m per row of strawberry respectively. Of the collected larvae, a total of 1%, 39%, and 65% were parasitized by C. aretas, respectively. The density of A. comariana and the proportion parasitized by C. aretas were highly significantly correlated. Distance from floral strips had no significant effect on either A. comariana larval density or on the proportion of individuals parasitized by C. aretas. Few other parasitoids emerged from collected larvae, and no larvae were infected by entomopathogenic fungi. Still, total A. comariana mortality was significantly affected by distance to flower strips, with the highest mortality near the flower strips. As no effect of buckwheat flower strips on C. aretas parasitism was found, the positive effect they had on A. comariana control stems from unknown mortality factors. As literature indicates that buckwheat for flower strips can augment a more complex suite of natural enemies, one such mortality factor could be a non-consumptive predator and/or parasitoid effect, but this requires further study. If confirmed, buckwheat may be utilized together with a selective food plant, once identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Sigsgaard
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Zoology Group, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Cathrine Betzer
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Zoology Group, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Cyril Naulin
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Zoology Group, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Eilenberg
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Zoology Group, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Annie Enkegaard
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Agroecology, Research Centre Flakkebjerg, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Kristian Kristensen
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Agroecology, Research Centre Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, Postboks 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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107
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Harvey JA, Poelman EH, Tanaka T. Intrinsic inter- and intraspecific competition in parasitoid wasps. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 58:333-51. [PMID: 23092242 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Immature development of parasitoid wasps is restricted to resources found in a single host that is often similar in size to the adult parasitoid. When two or more parasitoids of the same or different species attack the same host, there is competition for monopolization of host resources. The success of intrinsic competition differs between parasitoids attacking growing hosts and parasitoids attacking paralyzed hosts. Furthermore, the evolution of gregarious development in parasitoids reflects differences in various developmental and behavioral traits, as these influence antagonistic encounters among immature parasitoids. Fitness-related costs (or benefits) of competition for the winning parasitoid reveal that time lags between successive attacks influence the outcome of competition. Physiological mechanisms used to exclude competitors include physical and biochemical factors that originate with the ovipositing female wasp or her progeny. In a broader multitrophic framework, indirect factors, such as plant quality, may affect parasitoids through effects on immunity and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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108
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Andrade GS, Sousa AH, Santos JC, Gama FC, Serrão JE, Zanuncio JC. Oogenesis pattern and type of ovariole of the parasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2012; 84:767-74. [PMID: 22886163 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652012000300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge on ovigeny in parasitoids is important for basic studies on physiology and applied biological control. The ovigeny pattern and type of ovariole of the parasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) were studied in newly-emerged females at seven, 14, 24 and 48 h intervals after their emergence from Tenebrio molitor L. pupae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Females of P. elaeisis presented ovaries composed by four ovarioles of the meroistic polytrophic type. The yolk accumulation and chorionogenesis in P. elaeisis were concluded 24 h after the female emergence. The 48 h-old females show a high quantity of egg ready for oviposition. These findings can help to improve the mass production of P. elaeisis and the augmentative biological control by using this natural enemy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto S Andrade
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rolim de Moura, Brasil.
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109
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Boivin G, Martel V. Size-induced reproductive constraints in an egg parasitoid. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:1694-1700. [PMID: 23103981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The size of adult parasitoids is influenced by the quantity and quality of resources available during immature development. Gregarious development of endoparasitoids results in scramble competition where the resources are shared among individuals developing into the same host. Individuals that developed gregariously are therefore smaller and that reduced size generally translates into lower fitness due to reductions in several life history traits including longevity, mobility and traits linked to reproduction. We measured the reproductive constraints induced by size in Anaphes listronoti (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), a facultative gregarious egg parasitoid of Curculionidae. Size decreased with number of immatures developing in a host egg for both male and female A. listronoti. This reduction in size induced a reproductive cost as both males and females produced fewer gametes when developing gregariously. Contrarily to other egg parasitoids, A. listronoti males are not prospermatogenic and produced some sperm during their adult life. Their spermatogeny index is estimated at 0.6-0.7 that places this species as moderately synspermatogenic. Female A. listronoti have an ovigeny index of 0.70 and are therefore moderately synovigenic. Large females that developed singly received a full sperm complement only when mated by a large male that also developed singly. When mating with a small triplet male, a large female received less than half her sperm complement. Large males were able to mate three females before the number of sperm transferred started to decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Boivin
- Horticultural Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 430 Boulevard Gouin, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Qc, Canada J3B 3E6.
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110
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Fischbein D, Bernstein C, Corley JC. Linking reproductive and feeding strategies in the parasitoid Ibalia leucospoides: does feeding always imply profit? Evol Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-012-9608-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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111
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Richard
- Institut de Recherches sur la Biologie de l'Insecte; Université de Tours; IRBI UMR CNRS 7261, Av. Monge 37200 Tours France
| | - Jérôme Casas
- Institut de Recherches sur la Biologie de l'Insecte; Université de Tours; IRBI UMR CNRS 7261, Av. Monge 37200 Tours France
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112
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Harvey JA, Cloutier J, Visser B, Ellers J, Wäckers FL, Gols R. The effect of different dietary sugars and honey on longevity and fecundity in two hyperparasitoid wasps. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:816-823. [PMID: 22469560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In nature adult insects, such as parasitic wasps or 'parasitoids' often depend on supplemental nutritional sources, such as sugars and other carbohydrates, to maximize their life-expectancy and reproductive potential. These food resources are commonly obtained from animal secretions or plant exudates, including honeydew, fruit juices and both floral and extra-floral nectar. In addition to exogenous sources of nutrition, adult parasitoids obtain endogenous sources from their hosts through 'host-feeding' behavior, whereby blood is imbibed from the host. Resources obtained from the host contain lipids, proteins and sugars that are assumed to enhance longevity and/or fecundity. Here we conducted an experiment exploring the effects of naturally occurring sugars on longevity and fecundity in the solitary hyperparasitoids, Lysibia nana and Gelis agilis. Although both species are closely related, L. nana does not host-feed whereas G. agilis does. In a separate experiment, we compared reproduction and longevity in G. agilis reared on either honey, a honey-sugar 'mimic', and glucose. Reproductive success and longevity in both hyperparasitoids varied significantly when fed on different sugars. However, only mannose- and water-fed wasps performed significantly more poorly than wasps fed on four other sugar types. G. agilis females fed honey produced twice as many progeny as those reared on the honey-sugar mimic or on glucose, whereas female longevity was only reduced on the mimic mixture. This result shows not only that host feeding influences reproductive success in G. agilis, but also that non-sugar constituents in honey do. The importance of non-sugar nutrients in honey on parasitoid reproduction is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendalsesteeg 10, 6708-PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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113
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VAYSSADE CHLOÉ, MARTEL VÉRONIQUE, MOIROUX JOFFREY, FAUVERGUE XAVIER, VAN ALPHEN JACQUESJM, VAN BAAREN JOAN. The response of life-history traits to a new species in the community: a story of Drosophila parasitoids from the Rhône and Saône valleys. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01918.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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114
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Jervis MA, Moe A, Heimpel GE. The evolution of parasitoid fecundity: a paradigm under scrutiny. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:357-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01745.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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115
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Savino V, Coviella CE, Luna MG. Reproductive biology and functional response of Dineulophus phtorimaeae, a natural enemy of the tomato moth, Tuta absoluta. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2012; 12:1-14. [PMID: 23464576 PMCID: PMC3646612 DOI: 10.1673/031.012.15301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The tomato moth, Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a major pest in South America and is at present an important invasive species in the Mediterranean Basin. The larval stadium mines leaves, stems, and fruits, and chemical control is the most used control method in both its original range and the invaded distribution regions. Since current T. absoluta control strategies seem limited, biological control is a prominent tool to be applied abroad. The naturally occurring larval ectoparasitoid in Argentina and Chile Dineulophus phtorimaeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) has been reported to have potential biocontrol efficiency. In this study, the ovigeny strategy of D. phtorimaeae was analyzed throughout the adult female lifetime, and the functional response of females offered a range of 2-15 T. absoluta larvae was measured over a 48-hour period. Mean D. phtorimaeae egg load was 4.15 eggs, and egg production resulted in extremely synovigenic behavior. Meanwhile, a decreasing number of eggs, due to resorption, was found. Proportions of attacked (host-fed and/or parasitized) and only host-fed hosts by the ectoparasitoid were density independent for the tested host range, exhibiting a type I functional response to T. absoluta, with an attack rate of 0.20 host larvae. Meanings of this reproductive strategy in evolutionary time as well as the consequences for augmentative biological control programs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivina Savino
- Programa de Ecología Terrestre, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas e Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES). Universidad Nacional de Luján, Argentina. Rutas 5 y 7, Luján (6700), Argentina
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE —CCT La Plata- CONICET-UNLP), Calle 2 Nro. 584 (1900) La Plata, Argentina
| | - Carlos E. Coviella
- Programa de Ecología Terrestre, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas e Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES). Universidad Nacional de Luján, Argentina. Rutas 5 y 7, Luján (6700), Argentina
| | - María G. Luna
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE —CCT La Plata- CONICET-UNLP), Calle 2 Nro. 584 (1900) La Plata, Argentina
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116
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Ellers J, Ruhe B, Visser B. Discriminating between energetic content and dietary composition as an explanation for dietary restriction effects. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:1670-1676. [PMID: 21914451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A reduction in dietary calories has been shown to prolong life span in a wide variety of taxa, but there has been much debate about confounding factors such as nutritional composition of the diet, or reallocation of nutrients from reduced reproduction. To disentangle the contribution of these different mechanisms to extension of life span, we study the effect of caloric restriction on longevity and fecundity in two species of sugar-feeding parasitoid wasps. They have a simple diet that consists of carbohydrates only, and they do not resorb eggs, which rules out the proposed alternative explanations for beneficial effects of caloric restriction. Two caloric restriction treatments were applied: first, dietary dilution to investigate the effect of carbohydrate concentration in the diet; and second, intermittent feeding to examine the effect of feeding frequency on longevity and fecundity. Only the dietary dilution treatment showed an effect of caloric restriction with the highest longevity recorded at 80% sucrose (w/v). No effect of dietary regime was found on fecundity. We also measured the weight increase of the parasitoids after feeding to obtain an estimate of consumption. A constant quantity of the sugar solution was consumed in all dietary dilution treatments, hence caloric intake was proportional to sucrose concentrations. Although the present study does not disqualify the relevance of nutrient composition in other species, our data unequivocally demonstrate that caloric restriction alone is sufficient to extend life span and invalidate alternative explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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117
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Cicero L, Sivinski J, Rull J, Aluja M. Effect of larval host food substrate on egg load dynamics, egg size and adult female size in four species of braconid fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:1471-1479. [PMID: 21819991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Life history theory predicts that individuals will allocate resources to different traits so as to maximize overall fitness. Because conditions experienced during early development can have strong downstream effects on adult phenotype and fitness, we investigated how four species of synovigenic, larval-pupal parasitoids that vary sharply in their degree of specialization (niche breadth) and life history (Diachasmimorpha longicaudata, Doryctobracon crawfordi, Opius hirtus and Utetes anastrephae), allocate resources acquired during the larval stage towards adult reproduction. Parasitoid larvae developed in a single host species reared on four different substrates that differed in quality. We measured parasitoid egg load at the moment of emergence and at 24 h, egg numbers over time, egg size, and also adult size. We predicted that across species the most specialized would have a lower capacity to respond to changes in host substrate quality than wasps with a broad host range, and that within species, females that emerged from hosts that developed in better quality substrates would have the most resources to invest in reproduction. Consistent with our predictions, the more specialized parasitoids were less plastic in some responses to host diet than the more generalist. However, patterns of egg load and size were variable across species. In general, there was a remarkable degree of reproductive effort-allocation constancy within parasitoid species. This may reflect more "time-limited" rather than "egg-limited" foraging strategies where the most expensive component of reproductive success is to locate and handle patchily-distributed and fruit-sequestered hosts. If so, egg costs, independent of degree of specialization, are relatively trivial and sufficient resources are available in fly larvae stemming from all of the substrates tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizette Cicero
- Instituto de Ecología A.C., Apartado Postal 63, C.P. 91000 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
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118
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Pélisson PF, Bel-Venner MC, Rey B, Burgevin L, Martineau F, Fourel F, Lecuyer C, Menu F, Venner S. Contrasted breeding strategies in four sympatric sibling insect species: when a proovigenic and capital breeder copes with a stochastic environment. Funct Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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119
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PELOSSE PERRINE, JERVIS MARKA, BERNSTEIN CARLOS, DESOUHANT EMMANUEL. Does synovigeny confer reproductive plasticity upon a parasitoid wasp that is faced with variability in habitat richness? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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120
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JERVIS MARK, FERNS PETER. Towards a general perspective on life-history evolution and diversification in parasitoid wasps. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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121
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Morag N, Harari AR, Bouskila A, Keasar T. Low maternal host-encounter rate enhances offspring proliferation in a polyembryonic parasitoid. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-011-1239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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122
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Zhang YB, Liu WX, Wang W, Wan FH, Li Q. Lifetime gains and patterns of accumulation and mobilization of nutrients in females of the synovigenic parasitoid, Diglyphus isaea Walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), as a function of diet. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:1045-1052. [PMID: 21641912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In nature, adult parasitoids feed to obtain and use nutrients for supplementing and/or replenishing some of their existing array of nutrient reserves. When adults feed on host or non-host food, they can enhance fitness, typically by increasing egg production or longevity. In the present study, ovigeny index (OI) and impact of female fitness, as well as physiological state on the reproductive strategies, were investigated in the synovigenic parasitoid, Diglyphus isaea, fed on host food (2-3rd instars of Liriomyza sativae larvae), non-host foods (10% honey solution) and starved (distilled water, control). The results showed that D. isaea was a strongly synovigenic parasitoid, of which OI value was 0.002. Both types of food enhanced the fecundity and prolonged the longevity of the females. D. isaea females fed on non-host food showed higher levels of gut sugar, body sugar and glycogen than those fed on host food, but the levels of lipid were higher in the host-fed females. D. isaea females seemed to show lipogenesis, with low rates of lipid catabolism sufficient to satisfy the requirement of egg maturation. Females might absorb lipids directly from the haemolymph of paralyzed hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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123
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Harvey JA, Wagenaar R, Gols R. Differing Host Exploitation Efficiencies in Two Hyperparasitoids: When is a 'Match Made in Heaven'? JOURNAL OF INSECT BEHAVIOR 2011; 24:282-292. [PMID: 21765598 PMCID: PMC3098977 DOI: 10.1007/s10905-010-9254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Host exploitation behavior in two hyperparasitoids, Lysibia nana and Gelis agilis, was compared in single cocoon clusters of their primary parasitoid host, Cotesia glomerata. L. nana reproduces sexually, is fully winged, does not host-feed and matures eggs quite rapidly after eclosion, whereas G. agilis possesses opposite traits. Cohorts of individual hyperparasitoid females of differing age and physiological state were given access to single cocoon clusters of C. glomerata that also varied in age. These results reveal that the reproductive biology of L. nana is well matched to exploit cocoon broods in C. glomerata, suggesting strong a co-evolutionary history with this host. By contrast, G. agilis is much less efficient at exploiting host cocoons and is probably a generalist species that attacks other hosts in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Wagenaar
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rieta Gols
- Department of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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124
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Foray V, Gibert P, Desouhant E. Differential thermal performance curves in response to different habitats in the parasitoid Venturia canescens. Naturwissenschaften 2011; 98:683-91. [PMID: 21713525 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-011-0818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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125
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Le Lann C, Visser B, van Baaren J, van Alphen JJM, Ellers J. Comparing resource exploitation and allocation of two closely related aphid parasitoids sharing the same host. Evol Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-011-9498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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126
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Molleman F, Javoiš J, Esperk T, Teder T, Davis RB, Tammaru T. Sexual differences in weight loss upon eclosion are related to life history strategy in Lepidoptera. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:712-722. [PMID: 21335008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Given that immature and adult insects have different life styles, different target body compositions can be expected. For adults, such targets will also differ depending on life history strategy, and thus vary among the sexes, and in females depend on the degree of capital versus income breeding and ovigeny. Since these targets may in part be approximated by loss of substances upon eclosion, comparing sexual differences in such losses upon eclosion among species that differ in life history would provide insights into insect functional ecology. We studied weight loss in eclosing insects using original data on pupal and adult live weights of 38 species of Lepidoptera (mainly Geometridae) and further literature data on 15 species of Lepidoptera and six representatives of other insect orders, and applied the phylogenetic independent contrasts approach. In addition, data on live and dry weights of pupae of four species of Lepidoptera are presented. We documented that Lepidoptera typically lose a large proportion (20-80%) of their pupal weight upon adult eclosion. Sexual differences in weight loss varied between absent and strongly male biased. Most of the weight loss was water loss, and sexual differences in adult water content correlate strongly with differences in weight loss. Using feeding habits (feeds or does not feed as an adult) and female biased sexual size dimorphism as measures of degree of capital breeding, we found that the difference among the sexes in weight loss tends to be more pronounced in capital breeding species. Additionally, females of more pro-ovigenic species (large proportion of eggs mature upon emergence) tend to have higher water contents. Our results suggests that metamorphosis is generally facilitated by a high water content, while adults excrete water upon eclosion to benefit flight unless water has been allocated to eggs, or is treated as a capital resource for adult survival or future allocation to eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freerk Molleman
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia.
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127
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Denis D, Pierre JS, van Baaren J, van Alphen JJ. How temperature and habitat quality affect parasitoid lifetime reproductive success—A simulation study. Ecol Modell 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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128
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SEYAHOOEI MAJEEDASKARI, VAN ALPHEN JACQUESJM, KRAAIJEVELD KEN. Metabolic rate affects adult life span independently of developmental rate in parasitoid wasps. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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129
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Snell-Rood EC, Davidowitz G, Papaj DR. Reproductive tradeoffs of learning in a butterfly. Behav Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arq169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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130
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131
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Gilbert JDJ, Manica A. Parental care trade-offs and life-history relationships in insects. Am Nat 2010; 176:212-26. [PMID: 20528469 DOI: 10.1086/653661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Insect parental care is extensive and varied, but its life-history implications have never been comparatively tested. Using original and literature data, we tested predictions about egg size, egg number (lifetime fecundity), and body size under different parental care modes across a phylogeny of 287 insect species. Life-history theory and both comparative and intraspecific evidence from ectotherms suggest parental care should select for bigger, fewer eggs, but that allometric scaling of egg size and lifetime fecundity may depend on whether care consists of provisioning (density-dependent offspring survival) or merely guarding (density-independent offspring survival). Against expectation, egg size was indistinguishable among parental care modes, covarying only with body size. This refutes most theory of egg size evolution under parental care. Lifetime fecundity scaled differently depending on parental investment-positively under no care and guarding, as in most ectotherms, but negatively under provisioning. Reproductive allocation in provisioning insects resembled that in mammals and birds, also groups with obligate provisioning. We propose that the metabolic demands of multiple offspring must scale with species body size more steeply than the parent's provisioning capacity, resulting in larger females laying fewer eggs. These patterns lay the groundwork for a more general understanding of parental care and life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D J Gilbert
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom.
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132
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Roux O, Le Lann C, van Alphen JJM, van Baaren J. How does heat shock affect the life history traits of adults and progeny of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius avenae (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae)? BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2010; 100:543-9. [PMID: 20102660 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485309990575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Because insects are ectotherms, their physiology, behaviour and fitness are influenced by the ambient temperature. Any changes in environmental temperatures may impact the fitness and life history traits of insects and, thus, affect population dynamics. Here, we experimentally tested the impact of heat shock on the fitness and life history traits of adults of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius avenae and on the later repercussions for their progeny. Our results show that short exposure (1 h) to an elevated temperature (36 degrees C), which is frequently experienced by parasitoids during the summer, resulted in high mortality rates in a parasitoid population and strongly affected the fitness of survivors by drastically reducing reproductive output and triggering a sex-dependent effect on lifespan. Heat stress resulted in greater longevity in surviving females and in shorter longevity in surviving males in comparison with untreated individuals. Viability and the developmental rates of progeny were also affected in a sex-dependent manner. These results underline the ecological importance of the thermal stress response of parasitoid species, not only for survival, but also for maintaining reproductive activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Roux
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle, UMR 5245 CNRS-UPS-INPT, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse cedex 04, France.
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133
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How to measure patch encounter rate: decision-making mechanisms in the parasitic wasp Asobara tabida. Anim Cogn 2010; 14:73-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s10071-010-0344-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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134
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Innocent TM, Abe J, West SA, Reece SE. Competition between relatives and the evolution of dispersal in a parasitoid wasp. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:1374-85. [PMID: 20492084 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary theory predicts that levels of dispersal vary in response to the extent of local competition for resources and the relatedness between potential competitors. Here, we test these predictions by making use of a female dispersal dimorphism in the parasitoid wasp Melittobia australica. We show that there are two distinct female morphs, which differ in morphology, pattern of egg production, and dispersal behaviour. As predicted by theory, we found that greater competition for resources resulted in increased production of dispersing females. In contrast, we did not find support for the prediction that high relatedness between competitors increases the production of dispersing females in Melittobia. Finally, we exploit the close links between the evolutionary processes leading to selection for dispersal and for biased sex ratios to examine whether the pattern of dispersal can help distinguish between competing hypotheses for the lack of sex ratio adjustment in Melittobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Innocent
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
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135
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Irvin N, Suarez-Espinoza J, Hoddle M. Functional response of Gonatocerus ashmeadi and the "new association" parasitoid G. tuberculifemur attacking eggs of Homalodisca vitripennis. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 38:1634-1641. [PMID: 20021759 DOI: 10.1603/022.038.0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The functional response of two egg parasitoids, Gonatocerus tuberculifemur (Ogloblin) and G. ashmeadi Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), to varying densities of Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) eggs was studied in the laboratory. G. tuberculifemur showed a type II functional response where parasitism increased at a decreasing rate as host egg density increased from 5 to 40, reaching an asymptote of an upper limit of 9.3 host eggs within the 1-h exposure period. The instantaneous attack rate and handling time as estimated by the random predator equation were 2.28/h and 0.10 h, respectively. In contrast, G. ashmeadi showed a type I functional response where the number of hosts attacked followed a constant linear increase regardless of host density to an upper limit of 11.5 host eggs within the 1-h exposure period. Female G. ashmeadi parasitized on average 4.3 and 3.5 more eggs per hour when presented with 10 and 20 H. vitripennis eggs, respectively, compared with G. tuberculifemur. When 5 or 40 H. vitripennis eggs were offered, there was no significant difference in parasitism rates between parasitoid species. Percentage of female offspring was significantly higher (5%) for G. ashmeadi compared with G. tuberculifemur. Under the experimental conditions used in these evaluations, results suggest that G. tuberculifemur is an inferior parasitoid to G. ashmeadi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Irvin
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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136
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Cox RM, Calsbeek R. Severe costs of reproduction persist in Anolis lizards despite the evolution of a single-egg clutch. Evolution 2009; 64:1321-30. [PMID: 19930451 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A central tenet of life-history theory is that investment in reproduction compromises survival. We tested for costs of reproduction in wild brown anoles (Anolis sagrei) by eliminating reproductive investment via surgical ovariectomy and/or removal of oviductal eggs. Anoles are unusual among lizards in that females lay single-egg clutches at frequent intervals throughout a lengthy reproductive season. This evolutionary reduction in clutch size is thought to decrease the physical burden of reproduction, but our results show that even a single egg significantly impairs stamina and sprint speed. Reproductive females also suffered a reduction in growth, suggesting that the cumulative energetic cost of successive clutches constrains the allocation of energy to other important functions. Finally, in each of two separate years, elimination of reproductive investment increased breeding-season survival by 56%, overwinter survival by 96%, and interannual survival by 200% relative to reproductive controls. This extreme fitness cost of reproduction may reflect a combination of intrinsic (i.e., reduced allocation of energy to maintenance) and extrinsic (i.e., increased susceptibility to predators) sources of mortality. Our results provide clear experimental support for a central tenet of life-history theory and show that costs of reproduction persist in anoles despite the evolution of a single-egg clutch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Cox
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 401 Gilman Hall, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
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137
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Gandon S, Varaldi J, Fleury F, Rivero A. EVOLUTION AND MANIPULATION OF PARASITOID EGG LOAD. Evolution 2009; 63:2974-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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138
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Richard R, Casas J. Stochasticity and controllability of nutrient sources in foraging: host-feeding and egg resorption in parasitoids. ECOL MONOGR 2009. [DOI: 10.1890/08-1566.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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139
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Bodin A, Jaloux B, Delbecque JP, Vannier F, Monge JP, Mondy N. Reproduction in a variable environment: How does Eupelmus vuilleti, a parasitoid wasp, adjust oogenesis to host availability? JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 55:643-648. [PMID: 19375429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Oogenesis of the parasitoid wasp Eupelmus vuilleti is known to be dependent on host availability. However, examination of ovarian dynamics by microscopy showed that oogenesis and vitellogenesis are initiated before female eclosion and proceed 1-2 days after, independent of host presence. Oogenesis continued beyond the 2nd day only in the presence of hosts, otherwise it was replaced by egg resorption. It is thus possible to distinguish between host-independent and host-dependent periods of oogenesis. In the presence of host, each ovariole (three per ovary) contained generally three oocytes: a fully mature oocyte, a nearly mature one and an immature one. However, host deprived-females resorbed their most mature and their smallest oocytes, but kept one almost mature oocyte per ovariole. Comparison of zero, short and long host deprivation periods showed that females always had the ability to quickly lay eggs to exploit any new host. However, increased deprivation led to a reduction in the number and the viability of eggs. Enzymo-immunological measurements of ecdysteroids were made in whole females, in dissected ovaries and in newly laid eggs. Our results indicated that ecdysteroids play a major role as circulating hormones involved in the regulation of oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Bodin
- Université de Tours, IRBI UMR CNRS 6035, Parc Grandmont, Tours 37200, France
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140
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Lopez-Vaamonde C, Raine NE, Koning JW, Brown RM, Pereboom JJM, Ings TC, Ramos-Rodriguez O, Jordan WC, Bourke AFG. Lifetime reproductive success and longevity of queens in an annual social insect. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:983-96. [PMID: 19298495 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although central to understanding life-history evolution, the relationship between lifetime reproductive success and longevity remains uncertain in many organisms. In social insects, no studies have reported estimates of queens' lifetime reproductive success and longevity within populations, despite the importance of understanding how sociality and associated within-group conflict affect life-history traits. To address this issue, we studied two samples of colonies of the annual bumblebee, Bombus terrestris audax, reared from wild-caught queens from a single population. In both samples, queens' lifetime reproductive success, measured as either queens' inclusive fitness or as total biomass of queen-produced sexuals (new queens and males), was significantly positively associated with queen longevity, measured from the day the first worker was produced. We suggest that a positive relationship between reproductive success and longevity was inherited from nonsocial ancestors showing parental care and maintained, at least in part, because the presence of workers buffers queens against extrinsic mortality.
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141
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Casas J, Vannier F, Mandon N, Delbecque JP, Giron D, Monge JP. Mitigation of egg limitation in parasitoids: immediate hormonal response and enhanced oogenesis after host use. Ecology 2009; 90:537-45. [DOI: 10.1890/08-0507.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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142
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Abstract
Homalodisca vitripennis, the glassy-winged sharpshooter, poses a serious threat to grape production because of its ability to vector Xylella fastidiosa, the causal agent of Pierce's disease. The glassy-winged sharpshooter is native to the southeastern United States, and over the last 20 yr has expanded its range into Texas and California and more distantly into French Polynesia. A better understanding of the reproductive dynamics of H. vitripennis will aid in assessment of the invasiveness of this insect and may aid in refinement of control strategies. First, females of known age were dissected to determine egg maturation schedules. Females did not produce mature eggs until at least 1 wk after adult emergence. Oviposition reduced the number of mature eggs carried by females, suggesting a continuous cycle of egg deposition followed by egg maturation where females may experience transient egg limitation. Second, males and females were monitored over their entire lifetimes to determine longevity and fecundity. Males and females were long lived with an average lifespan of 4 mo. Females displayed one of three temporal patterns of oviposition: (1) no oviposition, (2) oviposition began < 40 d after emergence, or (3) oviposition began > 40 d after emergence. In general, oviposition was independent of female age. Finally, egg maturation rates of field-collected females were determined. Egg maturation rates varied with time of year and maximum egg maturation rates coincided with periods when oviposition was expected to be high. The highest egg maturation rate observed was five eggs per female per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Sisterson
- USDA-ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648, USA.
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143
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Lee JC, Heimpel GE. Floral resources impact longevity and oviposition rate of a parasitoid in the field. J Anim Ecol 2008; 77:565-72. [PMID: 18248386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. The use of floral resource subsidies to improve herbivore suppression by parasitoids requires certain trophic interactions and physiological changes to occur. While the longevity and fecundity of parasitoids are positively affected by nectar subsidies in laboratory studies, the impacts of floral subsidies on the fecundity and longevity of freely foraging parasitoids have not been studied. 2. We studied the longevity and per capita fecundity of naturally occurring Diadegma insulare foraging in cabbage plots with and without borders of flowering buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum, as well as relationships between longevity, fecundity, sugar feeding and parasitism rates on larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. 3. Relative longevity was estimated by counting broken setae on the fringe of the forewing. Floral borders increased the longevity of males and females in adjacent cabbage plots. 4. The egg maturation rate of D. insulare was estimated by comparing egg loads of females collected early in the day with egg loads of females held without hosts in field cages throughout the day. Females in buckwheat cages matured 2.7 eggs per hour while females in control cages resorbed 0.27 eggs over the same time period. 5. The fecundity of females collected in the afternoon was estimated by comparing their actual egg load to the estimated egg load in the absence of oviposition for females in a given plot. Females foraging in buckwheat plots had marginally fewer eggs remaining in their ovaries, and laid marginally more eggs than females in control plots. Females from both treatments carried 30-60 eggs by the afternoon and therefore were time-limited rather than egg-limited. 6. Plots where a greater proportion of females had fed on sugar had longer-lived females. This suggests that feeding enhanced longevity of D. insulare. However, plots with longer-lived and more fecund females did not exhibit higher parasitism rates, although the power of these tests were low.
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144
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Jervis MA, Ellers J, Harvey JA. Resource acquisition, allocation, and utilization in parasitoid reproductive strategies. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2008; 53:361-85. [PMID: 17877453 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoids display remarkable inter- and intraspecific variation in their reproductive and associated traits. Adaptive explanations have been proposed for many of the between-trait relationships. We present an overview of the current knowledge of parasitoid reproductive biology, focusing on egg production strategies in females, by placing parasitoid reproduction within physiological and ecological contexts. Thus, we relate parasitoid reproduction both to inter- and intraspecific patterns of nutrient allocation, utilization, and acquisition, and to key aspects of host ecology, specifically abundance and dispersion pattern. We review the evidence that resource trade-offs underlie several key intertrait correlations and that reproductive and feeding strategies are closely integrated at both the physiological and the behavioral levels. The idea that parasitoids can be divided into capital-breeders or income-breeders is no longer tenable; such terminology is best restricted to the females' utilization of particular nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Jervis
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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145
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HEGAZI ESMATMOHAMED, EL-AZIZ GEHANMOHAMEDABD, EL-SHAZLY AHMEDYOUSEF, KHAFAGI WEDADEMAM. Influence of host age and host deprivation on longevity, egg load dynamics and oviposition rate in Microplitis rufiventris. INSECT SCIENCE 2007; 14:485-495. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2007.00177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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146
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Boivin T, Rouault G, Chalon A, Candau JN. Differences in life history strategies between an invasive and a competing resident seed predator. Biol Invasions 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-007-9180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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147
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Plaistow SJ, St Clair JJH, Grant J, Benton TG. How to Put All Your Eggs in One Basket: Empirical Patterns of Offspring Provisioning throughout a Mother’s Lifetime. Am Nat 2007; 170:520-9. [PMID: 17891731 DOI: 10.1086/521238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Maternal effects arise when a mother's phenotype or the environment she experiences influences the phenotype of her progeny. Most studies of adaptive maternal effects are a "snapshot" of a mother's lifetime offspring provisioning and do not generally consider the effects of earlier siblings on those produced later. Here we show that in soil mites, offspring provisioning strategies are dynamic, changing from an emphasis on egg number in young females to egg size in older females. This pattern may be adaptive if it increases the survival of younger offspring that must compete with older, larger siblings. The dynamic shift in egg provisioning was greater in high-food environments in which females lived longer, creating increasing asymmetry in offspring competitive abilities. Females reared in isolation and in the presence of a high-density colony had identical provisioning strategies, suggesting that, unlike males in this species, females do not use pheromones to assess colony size. Our findings suggest that the adaptive significance of maternal effects may be misinterpreted when studies consider only a snapshot of a female's offspring provisioning strategy or when components of the offspring provisioning strategy are studied in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart J Plaistow
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
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148
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Schreiber SJ. Periodicity, persistence, and collapse in host-parasitoid systems with egg limitation. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2007; 1:273-288. [PMID: 22876795 DOI: 10.1080/17513750701450235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
There is an emerging consensus that parasitoids are limited by the number of eggs which they can lay as well as the amount of time they can search for their hosts. Since egg limitation tends to destabilize host-parasitoid dynamics, successful control of insect pests by parasitoids requires additional stabilizing mechanisms such as heterogeneity in the distribution of parasitoid attacks and host density-dependence. To better understand how egg limitation, search limitation, heterogeneity in parasitoid attacks, and host density-dependence influence host-parasitoid dynamics, discrete time models accounting for these factors are analyzed. When parasitoids are purely egg-limited, a complete anaylsis of the host-parasitoid dynamics are possible. The analysis implies that the parasitoid can invade the host system only if the parasitoid's intrinsic fitness exceeds the host's intrinsic fitness. When the parasitoid can invade, there is a critical threshold, CV*>1, of the coefficient of variation (CV) of the distribution of parasitoid attacks that determines that outcome of the invasion. If parasitoid attacks sufficiently aggregated (i.e., CV>CV*), then the host and parasitoid coexist. Typically (in a topological sense), this coexistence is shown to occur about a periodic attractor or a stable equilibrium. If the parasitoid attacks are sufficiently random (i.e. CV<CV*), then the parasitoid drives the host to extinction. When parasitoids are weakly search-limited as well as egg-limited, coexistence about a global attractor occurs even if CV<CV*. However, numerical simulations suggest that the nature of this attractor depends critically on whether CV<1 or CV>1. When CV<1, the parasitoid exhibits highly oscillatory dynamics. Alternatively, when parasitoid attacks are sufficiently aggregated but not overly aggregated (i.e. CV>1 but close to 1), the host and parasitoid coexist about a stable equilibrium with low host densities. The implications of these results for classical biological control are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J Schreiber
- Department of Mathematics, The College ofWilliam and Mary,Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795, USA.
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149
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Comparing and contrasting development and reproductive strategies in the pupal hyperparasitoids Lysibia nana and Gelis agilis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Evol Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-007-9164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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150
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JERVIS MARKA, BOGGS CAROLL, FERNS PETERN. Egg maturation strategy and survival trade-offs in holometabolous insects: a comparative approach. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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