101
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Yakimov BP, Venets AV, Schleusener J, Fadeev VV, Lademann J, Shirshin EA, Darvin ME. Blind source separation of molecular components of the human skin in vivo: non-negative matrix factorization of Raman microspectroscopy data. Analyst 2021; 146:3185-3196. [PMID: 33999054 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02480e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Determination of the molecular composition of the skin is crucial for numerous tasks in medicine, pharmacology, dermatology and cosmetology. Confocal Raman microspectroscopy is a sensitive method for the evaluation of molecular depth profiles in the skin in vivo. Since the Raman spectra of most of the skin constituents significantly superimpose, a spectral decomposition by a set of predefined library components is usually performed to disentangle their contributions. However, the incorrect choice of the number and type of components or differences between the spectra of the basic components measured in vitro and in vivo can lead to incorrect results of the decomposition procedure. Here, we investigate an alternative data-driven approach based on a non-negative matrix factorization (NNMF) algorithm of depth-resolved Raman spectra of skin that does not require a priori information of spectral data for the analysis. Using the model and experimentally measured depth-resolved Raman spectra of the upper epidermis in vivo, we show that NNMF provides depth profiles of endogenous molecular components and exogenous agents penetrating through the upper epidermis for the spectra and concentration. Moreover, we demonstrate that this approach is capable of providing new information on the molecular profiles of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Yakimov
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of physics, 1-2 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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102
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Zhang Y, Kung CP, Iliopoulos F, Sil BC, Hadgraft J, Lane ME. Dermal Delivery of Niacinamide-In Vivo Studies. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050726. [PMID: 34069268 PMCID: PMC8156363 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo human studies are considered to be the “gold standard” when investigating (trans)dermal delivery of actives. Previously, we reported the effects of a range of vehicles on the delivery of niacinamide (NIA) using conventional Franz cell studies. In the present work, dermal delivery of NIA was investigated in vivo in human subjects using confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS) and tape stripping (TS). The vehicles investigated included propylene glycol (PG), Transcutol® P (TC), binary combinations of PG with oleic acid (OA) or linolenic acid (LA) and a ternary system comprising of TC, caprylic/capric triglyceride (CCT) and dimethyl isosorbide (DMI). For the CRS studies, higher area under curve (AUC) values for NIA were observed for the PG:LA binary system compared with PG, TC and TC:CCT:DMI (p < 0.05). A very good correlation was found between the in vitro cumulative permeation of NIA and the AUC values from Raman intensity depth profiles, with a Pearson correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.84. In addition, an excellent correlation (R2 = 0.97) was evident for the signal of the solvent PG and the active. CRS was also shown to discriminate between NIA in solution versus crystalline NIA. The findings confirm that CRS is emerging as a powerful approach for dermatopharmacokinetic studies of both actives and excipients in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University College London School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (C.-P.K.); (F.I.); (J.H.); (M.E.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Chin-Ping Kung
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University College London School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (C.-P.K.); (F.I.); (J.H.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Fotis Iliopoulos
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University College London School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (C.-P.K.); (F.I.); (J.H.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Bruno C. Sil
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK;
| | - Jonathan Hadgraft
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University College London School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (C.-P.K.); (F.I.); (J.H.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Majella E. Lane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University College London School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (C.-P.K.); (F.I.); (J.H.); (M.E.L.)
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103
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Zago G, Saavedra PHV, Keshari KR, Perry JSA. Immunometabolism of Tissue-Resident Macrophages - An Appraisal of the Current Knowledge and Cutting-Edge Methods and Technologies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:665782. [PMID: 34025667 PMCID: PMC8138590 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.665782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages exist in unique environments, or niches, that inform their identity and function. There is an emerging body of literature suggesting that the qualities of this environment, such as the types of cells and debris they eat, the intercellular interactions they form, and the length of time spent in residence, collectively what we call habitare, directly inform their metabolic state. In turn, a tissue-resident macrophage’s metabolic state can inform their function, including whether they resolve inflammation and protect the host from excessive perturbations of homeostasis. In this review, we summarize recent work that seeks to understand the metabolic requirements for tissue-resident macrophage identity and maintenance, for how they respond to inflammatory challenges, and for how they perform homeostatic functions or resolve inflammatory insults. We end with a discussion of the emerging technologies that are enabling, or will enable, in situ study of tissue-resident macrophage metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Zago
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pedro H V Saavedra
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.,Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Justin S A Perry
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.,Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
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104
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Akagi Y, Mori N, Kawamura T, Takayama Y, Kida YS. Non-invasive cell classification using the Paint Raman Express Spectroscopy System (PRESS). Sci Rep 2021; 11:8818. [PMID: 33893362 PMCID: PMC8065115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman scattering represents the distribution and abundance of intracellular molecules, including proteins and lipids, facilitating distinction between cellular states non-invasively and without staining. However, the scattered light obtained from cells is faint and cells have complex structures, making it difficult to obtain a Raman spectrum covering the entire cell in a short time using conventional methods. This also prevents efficient label-free cell classification. In the present study, we developed the Paint Raman Express Spectroscopy System, which uses two fast-rotating galvano mirrors to obtain spectra from a wide area of a cell. By using this system and applying machine learning, we were able to acquire broad spectra of a variety of human and mouse cell types, including pluripotent stem cells and confirmed that each cell type can be classified with high accuracy. Moreover, we classified different activation states of human T cells, despite their similar morphology. This system could be used for rapid and low-cost drug evaluation and quality management for drug screening in cell-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Akagi
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
- Tsukuba Life Science Innovation Program (T-LSI), School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Mori
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Teruhisa Kawamura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yuzo Takayama
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki S Kida
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
- School of Integrative & Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
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105
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In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation in Dermal Delivery: The Role of Excipients. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040542. [PMID: 33924434 PMCID: PMC8069833 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of topical and transdermal formulations is known to determine the rate and the extent of drug delivery to and through the skin. However, to date, the role of excipients in these formulations on skin delivery of actives has received little attention from scientists in the field. Monitoring skin absorption of both drug and vehicle may provide insights into the mechanism by which excipients promote permeation and may facilitate the design of effective and safer products. Previously, we have investigated the use of quantitative Confocal Raman Spectroscopy (CRS) to investigate the delivery of an active to the skin, and we also reported the first fully quantitative study that compared this method with the well-established in vitro permeation test (IVPT) model. To further explore the potential of quantitative CRS in assessing topical delivery, the present work investigated the effects of commonly used excipients on the percutaneous absorption of a model drug, ibuprofen (IBU). Permeation of IBU and selected solvents following finite dose applications to human skin was determined in vitro and in vivo by Franz diffusion studies and quantitative CRS, respectively. The solvents used were propylene glycol (PG), dipropylene glycol (DPG), tripropylene glycol (TPG), and polyethylene glycol 300 (PEG 300). Overall, the cumulative amounts of IBU that permeated at 24 h in vitro were similar for PG, DPG, and TPG (p > 0.05). These three vehicles outperformed PEG 300 (p < 0.05) in terms of drug delivery. Concerning the vehicles, the rank order for in vitro skin permeation was DPG ≥ PG > TPG, while PEG 300 did not permeate the skin. A linear relationship between maximum vehicle and IBU flux in vitro was found, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.95. When comparing in vitro with in vivo data, a positive in vitro–in vivo (IVIV) correlation between the cumulative permeation of IBU in vitro and the total amount of IBU that penetrated the stratum corneum (SC) in vivo was observed, with a Pearson correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.90. A strong IVIV correlation, R2 = 0.82, was found following the linear regression of the cumulative number of solvents permeated in vitro and the corresponding skin uptake in vivo measured with CRS. This is the first study to correlate in vivo permeation of solvents measured by CRS with data obtained by in vitro diffusion studies. The IVIV correlations suggest that CRS is a powerful tool for profiling drug and vehicle delivery from dermal formulations. Future studies will examine additional excipients with varying physicochemical properties. Ultimately, these findings are expected to lead to new approaches for the design, evaluation, and optimization of formulations that target actives to and through the skin.
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106
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Changes in Skin Barrier Function after Repeated Exposition to Phospholipid-Based Surfactants and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate In Vivo and Corneocyte Surface Analysis by Atomic Force Microscopy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040436. [PMID: 33804924 PMCID: PMC8063842 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of pure lecithins in comparison to a conventional surfactant on skin in vivo. (2) Methods: Physiological skin parameters were evaluated at the beginning and the end of the study (day 1 and day 4) (n = 8, healthy forearm skin) with an Aquaflux®, skin-pH-Meter, Corneometer® and an Epsilon® sensor. Confocal Raman spectroscopy was employed to monitor natural moisturizing factor, urea and water content of the participants' skin. Tape strips of treated skin sites were taken and the collected corneocytes were subjected to atomic force microscopy. Circular nano objects were counted, and dermal texture indices were determined. (3) Results: Transepidermal water loss was increased, and skin hydration was decreased after treatment with SDS and LPC80. Natural moisturizing factor and urea concentrations within the outermost 10 µm of the stratum corneum were lower than after treatment with S75 or water. Dermal texture indices of skin treated with SDS were higher than skin treated with water (control). (4) Conclusions: Results suggest very good (S75) or good (LPC80) skin-tolerability of lecithin-based surfactants in comparison to SDS and encourage further investigation.
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107
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Schleusener J, Salazar A, von Hagen J, Lademann J, Darvin ME. Retaining Skin Barrier Function Properties of the Stratum Corneum with Components of the Natural Moisturizing Factor-A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind In Vivo Study. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061649. [PMID: 33809557 PMCID: PMC8000920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of a topically applied formulation containing components of natural moisturizing factor (NMF) on barrier-related parameters of the stratum corneum (SC) was investigated in vivo using confocal Raman microspectroscopy in a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind study on 12 volunteers for 14 days. This method allowed for the elucidation of subtle differences between the verum and the placebo even though the components of the verum naturally occur in the SC. This differentiation is not possible non-invasively by conventional methods. In this study, we found that the applied verum and placebo formulations disrupted the equilibrium of water, NMF and lipids in the SC. The adverse effects of the formulation could be mitigated by incorporating it into a simplified supplementation of NMF molecules. As a long-term effect, the amount of strongly bound water increases at 30–40% SC depth (p < 0.05) and the amount of weakly bound water decreases at 30–40% SC depth (p < 0.05) for the verum. This supplement was also unexpectedly able to prevent intercellular lipids (ICL) disorganization in selected depths. In the long term, the verum treatment limited the lateral disorganization of the ICL to the upper 20% SC depth. Further research is required to elucidate the interplay of these factors in the SC, to better understand their contribution to the equilibrium and barrier function of the skin. This understanding of the interaction of these naturally occurring components could help in the future to develop and optimize topical treatments for diseases like psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, ichthyosis where the skin barrier is disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schleusener
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Andrew Salazar
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurterstr. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.S.); (J.v.H.)
| | - Jörg von Hagen
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurterstr. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.S.); (J.v.H.)
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Maxim E. Darvin
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.S.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence:
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108
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Otsuka M, Tamane T, Tokudome Y. Effect of Lactic Fermentation Products on Human Epidermal Cell Differentiation, Ceramide Content, and Amino Acid Production. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 34:103-114. [PMID: 33721861 DOI: 10.1159/000514119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lactic fermentation products (LFPs) are thought to affect "good" bacteria in the gut. We previously reported that oral administration of LFPs has beneficial therapeutic effects in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis. However, it is unclear how LFPs affect human epidermal cell differentiation, ceramide (Cer), and amino acid production. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the effects of LFPs on epidermal cell differentiation, by assessing amino acid and Cer production. METHODS A 3-dimensional cultured human epidermis model and normal human epidermal keratinocytes were used. Cytotoxicity tests were performed using alamar Blue. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was used as an index to assess barrier function. Keratin 1 (K1), keratin 5 (K5), keratin 10 (K10), involucrin (INV), calpain 1, and transglutaminase (TGase) (markers of differentiation) and profilaggrin (proFLG) and bleomycin hydrolase (amino acid synthesis-related genes) expression levels were quantified by RT-PCR. In addition, TGase protein levels were measured by Western blotting. The intercellular lipid content of the stratum corneum was measured by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Amino acids were quantified using an amino acid analyzer. Finally, bound water content in the stratum corneum was measured by differential scanning calorimetry. RESULTS Cell viability did not change, but TEWL was significantly decreased in the cells treated with LFPs compared with the control cells. Treatment with LFPs significantly increased expression of the late-differentiation markers INV and TGase at the RNA level. Furthermore, TGase protein expression was significantly increased by treatment with LFPs. Treating a 3-dimensional cultured epidermis model with LFPs significantly increased the intercellular lipid content of the stratum corneum and production of the amino acid arginine (Arg). The amount of bound water in the stratum corneum was increased significantly in the LFP application group. CONCLUSION Treatment with LFPs promotes human epidermal cell differentiation and increases the intercellular content of the free fatty acid, Chol, Cer [NS], Cer [AS], and Cer [AP]. This may result in improved skin barrier function. The increased amount of Arg observed in keratinocytes may help improve water retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Otsuka
- Laboratory of Dermatological Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tamane
- Laboratory of Dermatological Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan.,Koei Science Laboratory Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tokudome
- Laboratory of Dermatological Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan,
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109
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Bielfeldt S, Wilhelm D, Neumeister C, Schwantes U, Wilhelm KP. Effect of a newly developed pastille on the salivary flow rate in subjects with dry mouth symptoms: a randomized, controlled, monocentric clinical study. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:117. [PMID: 33711986 PMCID: PMC7953607 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01471-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xerostomia is associated with several diseases and is a side effect of certain drugs, resulting from reduced saliva secretion. Often, aged and sometimes younger people suffer from (idiopathic) xerostomia. Chewing gum and sucking pastilles may relieve symptoms of xerostomia by increasing the salivary flow rate due to the mechanical effect of sucking and gustatory stimulation. Swallowing problems and the urge to cough or experiencing a tickling sensation in the throat might be alleviated through a reduction in dry mouth symptoms. We investigated whether a pastille containing four polysaccharides increased the salivary flow rate and relieved the symptoms of dry mouth. Methods Participating subjects with xerostomia were randomized into two equally balanced treatment groups. Subjects received the pastille on Day 1 and a control product (Parafilm®) on Day 3, or vice versa. Unstimulated saliva was collected every 2.5 min for 0–10 min. Stimulated saliva was collected after subjects sucked the pastille or the control product. The salivary flow rate was determined gravimetrically, and, in parallel, the feeling of dry mouth was assessed using a visual analog scale. Saliva surface tension was measured in pooled saliva samples (0–5 min of sampling). Additionally, in stimulated saliva from six subjects who sucked the pastille, the presence of the main ingredient—gum arabic—was examined by Raman spectroscopy. Results Chewing the pastille significantly increased the mean salivary flow rate by 8.03 g/10 min compared to the mean changes after chewing the control product (+ 3.71 g/10 min; p < 0.0001). The mean score of dry mouth was significantly alleviated by the pastille (− 19.9 ± 17.9 mm) compared to the control product (− 3.3 ± 18.1 mm). No difference between the two products was seen regarding the saliva surface tension. Gum arabic was present in the saliva of all investigated subjects for up to 10 min after sucking the pastille. Conclusions The pastille was well tolerated and effective in increasing the salivary flow rate and reducing mouth dryness after sucking. These results were in line with the detection of the main ingredient, gum arabic, in saliva for up to 10 min after sucking the pastille. Trial registration German Register Clinical Trials (Deutsches Register Klinische Studien, DRKS) DRKS-ID: DRKS00017393, Registered 29 May 2019, https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial. HTML&TRIAL_ID = DRKS00017393.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bielfeldt
- proDERM Institute for Applied Dermatological Research, Kiebitzweg 2, 22869, Schenefeld, Hamburg, Germany
| | - D Wilhelm
- proDERM Institute for Applied Dermatological Research, Kiebitzweg 2, 22869, Schenefeld, Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Neumeister
- Dr. Pfleger Arzneimittel GmbH, Dr.-Robert-Pfleger-Str. 12, 96052, Bamberg, Germany.
| | - U Schwantes
- Dr. Pfleger Arzneimittel GmbH, Dr.-Robert-Pfleger-Str. 12, 96052, Bamberg, Germany
| | - K-P Wilhelm
- proDERM Institute for Applied Dermatological Research, Kiebitzweg 2, 22869, Schenefeld, Hamburg, Germany
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110
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Lohan SB, Kröger M, Schleusener J, Darvin ME, Lademann J, Streit I, Meinke MC. Characterization of radical types, penetration profile and distribution pattern of the topically applied photosensitizer THPTS in porcine skin ex vivo. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 162:50-58. [PMID: 33691169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) is mainly used in the treatment of dermato-oncological diseases. The distribution and functionality of the photosensitizer Tetrahydroporphyrin-Tetratosylat (THPTS) was investigated using microscopic and spectroscopic methods after topical application to excised porcine skin followed by irradiation. The distribution of THPTS was determined by two-photon tomography combined with fluorescence lifetime imaging (TPT/FLIM) and confocal Raman microspectroscopy (CRM). The radicals were quantified and characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Results show a penetration depth of THPTS into the skin down to around 12 ± 5 µm. A penetration of THPTS through the stratum corneum was not clearly observable after 1 h penetration time, but cannot be excluded. The irradiation within the phototherapeutic window (spectral range of visible and near infrared light in the range ≈ 650-850 nm) is needed to activate THPTS. An incubation time of 10 min showed the highest radical production. A longer incubation time affected the functionality of THPTS, whereby significant less radicals were detectable. During PDT mainly reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid oxygen species (LOS) are produced. Overall, the irradiation dose per se influences the radical types formed in skin. While ROS are always prominent at low doses, LOS increase at high doses, independent of previous skin treatment and the irradiation wavelength used.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Lohan
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Berlin, Germany.
| | - M Kröger
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Schleusener
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - M E Darvin
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Lademann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - I Streit
- Asclepion Laser Technologies GmbH, Jena, Germany
| | - M C Meinke
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Berlin, Germany
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111
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Meng H, Yin Y, Wu W, Liu Y, Li L, Dong Y, Fan Y, Li Y, He Y. Raman spectroscopic analysis of skin penetration and moisturizing effects of Bionics vernix caseosa cream compared with Vaseline. Technol Health Care 2021; 29:327-334. [PMID: 33682769 PMCID: PMC8150656 DOI: 10.3233/thc-218030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The stratum corneum (SC) is the outermost layer of human skin and deemed as barrier against chemical exposure and water loss. Moisturizers have beneficial effects in treating dry skin, especially the SC. Confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS) was used to evaluate the efficacy of moisturizers on skin hydration and penetration, with such agents posing inherent characteristics of being noninvasive, nondestructive, timesaving, and cost effective. Bionics vernix caseosa (BVC) cream mimics the composition of vernix caseosa (VC), which could protect the newborn skin. METHODS: This research applied CRS to evaluate the penetration depth and water content variation during the intervention with two moisturizers, BVC cream and Vaseline. Volunteers received the 2 h application of BVC cream and Vaseline on the forearms. The evaluations on 0 h, 2 h, 4 h and 6 h were performed clinical assessment. Experimental data was processed by least square method and analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: The penetration depth of Vaseline was deeper than that of Bionics vernix caseosa cream. Specifically, BVC cream penetrated 18 μm into human skin, while Vaseline penetrated at least 20 μm. Compared with Vaseline, only BVC cream increased skin hydration, with a moisturizing effect lasting for 4 h. At 6 h, the Vaseline moisturizing effect decreased significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Meng
- Institute of Regulatory Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yating Yin
- Institute of Regulatory Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wenhai Wu
- Beijing Academy of TCM Beauty Supplements, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- Nutri-Woods Bio-Tech (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100048, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Regulatory Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yinmao Dong
- Institute of Regulatory Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Institute of Regulatory Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yue Li
- Beijing International Studies University, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Yifan He
- Institute of Regulatory Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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112
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Abstract
Many dermatological studies have had limited success in revealing skin function because conventional histological methods are known to affect skin components. Recent progress in non-invasive optical imaging has enabled non-invasive visualization of the structure of each skin layer. However, it remains difficult to identify individual skin components. Alternatively, it is possible to obtain molecular vibrational signatures using spontaneous Raman scattering microscopy. Spontaneous Raman scattering microscopy requires long acquisition times and is rarely applied to skin imaging, especially because skin components, such as water and transepidermal agents, undergo relatively rapid changes. Consequently, non-linear Raman microscopies, such as coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and stimulated Raman scattering, have gradually been applied to acquire molecular imaging of skin tissue. In this review, the applications of Raman microscopies used to evaluate skin and research trends are presented. The applications of spontaneous Raman microscopy to in vivo human skin evaluation are first demonstrated with typical applications. Finally, the latest application of coherent Raman scattering microscopy to visualize 3D intracellular morphologies in the human epidermis during differentiation is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Egawa
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, 1-2-11, Takashima, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 220-0011, Japan.
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113
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Boireau-Adamezyk E, Baillet-Guffroy A, Stamatas GN. The stratum corneum water content and natural moisturization factor composition evolve with age and depend on body site. Int J Dermatol 2021; 60:834-839. [PMID: 33565637 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study objective was to examine if age and chronic environmental exposure affect the water content and the composition of the natural moisturizing factors (NMFs) of the stratum corneum (SC). METHODS Forty healthy Caucasian women 18-70 years of age were recruited. Measurements were done on the cheek and on two skin sites on the arm (one relatively protected and one exposed to environmental factors). SC water content and NMF composition were measured by Raman confocal microspectroscopy. RESULTS The SC water content was gradually reduced with age, reaching statistically significant levels only on the exposed arm site. The SC water content remained higher on the face than on the two arm sites throughout the ages tested. The age-dependent concentration changes of various amino acids were species-specific, potentially indicating different protein sources. Interestingly, on the arm sites, the sum of decreasing amino acid concentrations is compensated by the sum of those increasing, resulting in constant total amino acid content. However, on the face, the total amino acid content statistically increased with age potentially relating to the declining cell turnover rates. The lactate content was higher on the face for all ages and statistically decreased on both arm sites. CONCLUSION Both chronological aging and chronic exposure to environmental factors mildly affect SC hydration, while they have variable effects in the concentrations of NMF components. The dynamics of NMF composition may at least partially explain the age-related changes in SC hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Boireau-Adamezyk
- Johnson & Johnson Santé Beauté France, 1 rue Camille Desmoulins, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Arlette Baillet-Guffroy
- U-PSud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Lip(Sys)2 Chimie Analytique Pharmaceutique, EA7357, UFR-Pharmacy, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Georgios N Stamatas
- Johnson & Johnson Santé Beauté France, 1 rue Camille Desmoulins, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
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114
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Bratchenko LA, Bratchenko IA, Khristoforova YA, Artemyev DN, Konovalova DY, Lebedev PA, Zakharov VP. Raman spectroscopy of human skin for kidney failure detection. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202000360. [PMID: 33131189 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The object of this paper is in vivo study of skin spectral-characteristics in patients with kidney failure by conventional Raman spectroscopy in near infrared region. The experimental dataset was subjected to discriminant analysis with the projection on latent structures (PLS-DA). Application of Raman spectroscopy to investigate the forearm skin in 85 adult patients with kidney failure (90 spectra) and 40 healthy adult volunteers (80 spectra) has yielded the accuracy of 0.96, sensitivity of 0.94 and specificity of 0.99 in terms of identifying the target subjects with kidney failure. The autofluorescence analysis in the near infrared region identified the patients with kidney failure among healthy volunteers of the same age group with specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of 0.91, 0.84, and 0.88, respectively. When classifying subjects by the presence of kidney failure using the PLS-DA method, the most informative Raman spectral bands are 1315 to 1330, 1450 to 1460, 1700 to 1800 cm-1 . In general, the performed study demonstrates that for in vivo skin analysis, the conventional Raman spectroscopy can provide the basis for cost-effective and accurate detection of kidney failure and associated metabolic changes in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan A Bratchenko
- Department of Laser and Biotechnical Systems, Samara University, Samara, Russia
| | | | - Dmitry N Artemyev
- Department of Laser and Biotechnical Systems, Samara University, Samara, Russia
| | - Daria Y Konovalova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
| | - Peter A Lebedev
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
| | - Valery P Zakharov
- Department of Laser and Biotechnical Systems, Samara University, Samara, Russia
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115
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Schleusener J, Guo S, Darvin ME, Thiede G, Chernavskaia O, Knorr F, Lademann J, Popp J, Bocklitz TW. Fiber-based SORS-SERDS system and chemometrics for the diagnostics and therapy monitoring of psoriasis inflammatory disease in vivo. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:1123-1135. [PMID: 33680562 PMCID: PMC7901339 DOI: 10.1364/boe.413922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is considered a widespread dermatological disease that can strongly affect the quality of life. Currently, the treatment is continued until the skin surface appears clinically healed. However, lesions appearing normal may contain modifications in deeper layers. To terminate the treatment too early can highly increase the risk of relapses. Therefore, techniques are needed for a better knowledge of the treatment process, especially to detect the lesion modifications in deeper layers. In this study, we developed a fiber-based SORS-SERDS system in combination with machine learning algorithms to non-invasively determine the treatment efficiency of psoriasis. The system was designed to acquire Raman spectra from three different depths into the skin, which provide rich information about the skin modifications in deeper layers. This way, it is expected to prevent the occurrence of relapses in case of a too short treatment. The method was verified with a study of 24 patients upon their two visits: the data is acquired at the beginning of a standard treatment (visit 1) and four months afterwards (visit 2). A mean sensitivity of ≥85% was achieved to distinguish psoriasis from normal skin at visit 1. At visit 2, where the patients were healed according to the clinical appearance, the mean sensitivity was ≈65%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schleusener
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Both authors contributed equally to this work
- Correspondence regarding medical questions should be sent to
| | - Shuxia Guo
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Both authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Maxim E Darvin
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gisela Thiede
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olga Chernavskaia
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Florian Knorr
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas W Bocklitz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence for technical issues should be sent to
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116
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In-Line and Off-Line Monitoring of Skin Penetration Profiles Using Confocal Raman Spectroscopy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13010067. [PMID: 33430237 PMCID: PMC7825688 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex-vivo and in-vivo skin analysis has been extensively evaluated by confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS). The off-line measurement with a CRS-suited skin-mounted device after Franz-cell incubations is the most popular choice. However, real-time monitoring of in-line measurement has clear advantages for obtaining dynamic and more timely results. In our study, a custom-built setup suitable for in-line measurements was implemented, which ensures constant skin incubation and in-situ skin detections. We aim to compare the differences between using in-line and off-line devices for monitoring skin drug penetrations. A well-assessed formulation gel with procaine-HCl as the active ingredient was used as reference. The PEG-23 lauryl ether was added to the formulation as a penetration enhancer to evaluate the enhancement effects of procaine on skin. After incubation times of 14, 20, and 24 h, skin penetration profiles were assessed. Comparable results between off-line and in-line measurements were obtained. Remarkable improvements in penetrated procaine amount and depth were observed. Based on the significant differences of their enhanced penetration amounts, fairly similar estimations were achieved from both methods. A slight difference of 14 h incubation between these two setups can still be found, which may be due to the different detection conditions and affected skin properties. Overall, in-line measurements could provide a more time- and labor-saving alternative for off-line measurements in ex-vivo study.
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117
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Pany A, Wohlgenannt M, Klopprogge S, Wolzt M, Heuser T, Kotisch H, Valenta C, Klang V. Effect of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin in fluid and semi-solid submicron emulsions on physiological skin parameters during regular in vivo application. Int J Cosmet Sci 2021; 43:263-268. [PMID: 33236374 PMCID: PMC8246995 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Objective The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CD) in cosmetic submicron emulsions and submicron emulsion gels on physiological skin parameters during regular application in a clinical set‐up. Methods Formulation morphology was investigated using cryo‐transmission electron microscopy. Stability of the employed formulations was determined by photon correlation spectroscopy, measurement of pH and rheological properties. Effect on physiological skin parameters was evaluated during regular application over four weeks in a parallel group study (n = 15, healthy forearm skin) with a Corneometer, Sebumeter, skin‐pH‐Meter, Aquaflux and an Epsilon sensor. Confocal Raman spectroscopy was employed to monitor urea and NMF levels. Results Both submicron emulsions and gels showed satisfying storage stability irrespective of cyclodextrin incorporation. No statistically significant effects on skin barrier function and any of the observed parameters were obtained, indicating good skin tolerability of all tested formulations. Conclusion Results suggest good skin tolerability of the developed cosmetic submicron emulsions and gels with HP‐β‐CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Pany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marie Wohlgenannt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Safoura Klopprogge
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Wolzt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Heuser
- Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities GmbH, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Kotisch
- Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities GmbH, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Valenta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Research Platform "Characterisation of Drug Delivery Systems on Skin and Investigation of Involved Mechanisms", University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victoria Klang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Research Platform "Characterisation of Drug Delivery Systems on Skin and Investigation of Involved Mechanisms", University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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118
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Mercuri M, Fernandez Rivas D. Challenges and opportunities for small volumes delivery into the skin. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:011301. [PMID: 33532017 PMCID: PMC7826167 DOI: 10.1063/5.0030163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Each individual's skin has its own features, such as strength, elasticity, or permeability to drugs, which limits the effectiveness of one-size-fits-all approaches typically found in medical treatments. Therefore, understanding the transport mechanisms of substances across the skin is instrumental for the development of novel minimal invasive transdermal therapies. However, the large difference between transport timescales and length scales of disparate molecules needed for medical therapies makes it difficult to address fundamental questions. Thus, this lack of fundamental knowledge has limited the efficacy of bioengineering equipment and medical treatments. In this article, we provide an overview of the most important microfluidics-related transport phenomena through the skin and versatile tools to study them. Moreover, we provide a summary of challenges and opportunities faced by advanced transdermal delivery methods, such as needle-free jet injectors, microneedles, and tattooing, which could pave the way to the implementation of better therapies and new methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magalí Mercuri
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (CNEA-CONICET), Av. Gral. Paz 1499, 1650 San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David Fernandez Rivas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute, TechMed Centre and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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119
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Tarnowska M, Briançon S, Resende de Azevedo J, Chevalier Y, Bolzinger MA. Inorganic ions in the skin: Allies or enemies? Int J Pharm 2020; 591:119991. [PMID: 33091552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skin constitutes a barrier protecting the organism against physical and chemical factors. Therefore, it is constantly exposed to the xenobiotics, including inorganic ions that are ubiquitous in the environment. Some of them play important roles in homeostasis and regulatory functions of the body, also in the skin, while others can be considered dangerous. Many authors have shown that inorganic ions could penetrate inside the skin and possibly induce local effects. In this review, we give an account of the current knowledge on the effects of skin exposure to inorganic ions. Beneficial effects on skin conditions related to the use of thermal spring waters are discussed together with the application of aluminium in underarm hygiene products and silver salts in treatment of difficult wounds. Finally, the potential consequences of dermal exposure to topical sensitizers and harmful heavy ions including radionuclides are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Tarnowska
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Stéphanie Briançon
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jacqueline Resende de Azevedo
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yves Chevalier
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marie-Alexandrine Bolzinger
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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120
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A Novel Microfiber Wipe for Delivery of Active Substances to Human Skin: Clinical Proof of Concept. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112715. [PMID: 33212837 PMCID: PMC7697972 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel technology for the delivery of active substances to the skin based on microfibers loaded with dried active substances was developed. The objective of this work was to demonstrate deposition of the active substances on the skin including concurrent cleansing properties of the wipe. As model active substance to measure deposition capacity Niacinamide was used and as parameter to measure cleansing capacities of the wipe squalene uptake was measured. Wipes loaded with niacinamide were used in the face and the forearm of 25 subjects. By means of Raman spectrometry the deposited niacinamide was analyzed before and after application. Wipes used on the face were analyzed for squalene to assess skin cleansing properties and for residual niacinamide. Forearm analysis including placebo and verum on left and right arm respectively was performed to rule out changes of the skin through application of the tissue. Measured amounts of niacinamide from face application demonstrate statistically significant results in the study population. Analysis of the wipes used show a liberation of 28.3% of niacinamide from the wipes and an uptake of 1.7 mg squalene per wipe. Results from forearm application show statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between placebo and active for the complete study population. Sub group analyses are significant for both gender and ethnicity for face and forearm analysis respectively. Results clearly demonstrate deposition of niacinamide on the skin and the cleansing properties of the wipe. The institutional review board approved this prospective study.
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121
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Yamada T, Habuka A, Hatta I. Moisturizing mechanism of glycerol and diglycerol on human stratum corneum studied by synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Int J Cosmet Sci 2020; 43:38-47. [PMID: 32969048 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polyols are moisturizers used in cosmetics. Using X-ray diffraction, we studied the moisturizingmechanism of polyol solutions in the stratum corneum (SC). We examined whether glycerol disrupts the ordered hydrocarbon chain packing structure in isolated SC, as previously proposed in an SC lipid model. METHODS The SC samples were prepared by treatment with water and aqueous solutions of glycerol, diglycerol and glycerol/diglycerol. To examine the differences in the water-retention efficiency of polyols, using a solution cell, we performed dynamic X-ray diffraction to analyse the structural changes that occurred during water removal from the hydrated samples by a stream of dry nitrogen gas. We focused on two structures, the orthorhombic hydrocarbon chain packing structure in the intercellular lipids and the soft keratin in the corneocytes where most of the water is stored. RESULTS The spacing formed by the soft keratin in the corneocytes immersed in a solution of water and diglycerol solution decreased rapidly by water removal. In contrast, it decreased gradually in the corneocytes immersed in a solution of glycerol and glycerol/diglycerol, indicating that the glycerol-containing solutions maintained the hydrated state of the corneocytes for longer. Furthermore, the characteristic change of the spacing in the orthorhombic hydrocarbon chain packing structure over time was observed during the drying process. The hydrated state was maintained longer, in water, followed by glycerol, diglycerol and glycerol/diglycerol, in increasing order. This is the first study to report such characteristic properties that could be indicators of the capacity of the SC to regulate water. CONCLUSION The dynamic X-ray diffraction experiment on the structure of the soft keratin and the orthorhombic hydrocarbon chain packing structure during the drying of the hydrated SC provides an insight into the moisturizing mechanism of the polyol solutions in the SC. The results show that the glycerol/diglycerol solution functions as an effective SC moisturizer at the molecular level. Further, it was confirmed that the behaviour of glycerol in the isolated SC varies from that proposed in the SC lipid model, wherein glycerol was proposed to prevent the formation of a regular hydrocarbon chain packing structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamada
- Sakamoto Yakuhin Kogyo Co., Ltd., 3-1-62 Ayumino, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1157, Japan
| | - A Habuka
- Sakamoto Yakuhin Kogyo Co., Ltd., 3-1-62 Ayumino, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1157, Japan
| | - I Hatta
- Nagoya Industrial Science Research Institute, 2-10-19 Yotsuyadori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-0819, Japan
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122
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Lima FV, Martins TEA, Morocho-Jácome AL, Almeida IF, Rosado CF, Velasco MVR, Baby AR. Analytical tools for urocanic acid determination in human samples: A review. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:438-447. [PMID: 33090611 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Urocanic acid is a chromophore found in the skin that has been identified as an important immunosuppressant and carcinogenesis mediator through its photoisomerization from trans to cis form induced by ultraviolet radiation. Research on analytical methods that explore urocanic acid isomerization is indispensable to fully understand the deleterious effects mediated by this biomarker. In this context, the current relevant analytical methods for determination of these isomers in human samples are summarized in this review. The methods presented here are applicable to human samples collected by noninvasive methods (or minimally invasive), encompassing an array of analytical techniques, including high-performance capillary electrophoresis, confocal Raman spectroscopy, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry, among others. Developed high-performance liquid chromatography methods have proven to be advantageous, allowing noninvasive collections for in vivo analysis and the confocal Raman, specially, for real-time analysis. Among all these methods, high-performance liquid chromatography is the most investigated one with mass spectrometry or ultraviolet detector, and the mass spectrometry detector being the most studied in the last years, demonstrating high sensitivity, very low detection limits, and accurate identification, especially for clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Vieira Lima
- Division to Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Healthy Science, University of Espírito Santo, São Mateus, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Health Sciences Institute, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Morocho-Jácome
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabel Filipa Almeida
- Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, MedTech-Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Fialho Rosado
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - André Rolim Baby
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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123
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Supe S, Takudage P. Methods for evaluating penetration of drug into the skin: A review. Skin Res Technol 2020; 27:299-308. [PMID: 33095948 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin being the largest organ of the human body plays a very important role in the permeation and penetration of the drug. In addition, the transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) plays a major role in managing dermal infections and attaining sustained plasma drug concentration. Thus, evaluation of percutaneous penetration of the drug through the skin is important in developing TDDS for human use. MATERIAL AND METHODS Various techniques are used for getting the desired drug penetration, permeation, and absorption through the skin in managing these dermal disorders. The development of novel pharmaceutical dosage forms for dermal use is much explored in the current era. However, it is very important to evaluate these methods to determine the bioequivalence and risk of these topically applied drugs, which ultimately penetrate and are absorbed through the skin. RESULTS Currently, numerous skin permeation models are being developed and persuasively used in studying dermatopharmacokinetic (DPK) profile and various models have been developed, to evaluate the TDD which include ex vivo human skin, ex vivo animal skin, and artificial or reconstructed skin models. CONCLUSION This review discusses the general physiology of the skin, the physiochemical characteristics affecting particle penetration, understand the models used for human skin permeation studies and understanding their advantages, and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibani Supe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Chemical technology, Mumbai, India
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124
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Ding X, Fu Y, Zhang J, Hu Y, Fu S. An Approach to Measuring the Point Spread Function of the Confocal Raman Microscope. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:1230-1237. [PMID: 32597684 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820942599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The confocal Raman microscope (CRM) is a powerful tool in analytical science. Image quality is the most important performance indicator of CRM systems. The point spread function (PSF) is one of the most useful tools to evaluate the image quality of microscopic systems. A method based on a point-like object is proposed to measure the PSF of CRM, and the size effect of spherical objects is discussed. A series of phantoms are fabricated by embedding different sizes of polystyrene microspheres into polydimethylsiloxane matrix. The diameters of microspheres are from 0.2 µm to 5 µm. The phantoms are tested by measuring the PSF of a commercial CRM whose nominal lateral resolution is about 1 µm. Results of the PSF are obtained and the accuracy of resolution is used to evaluate the size effect of the microspheres. Experimental results are well consistent with theoretical analysis. The error of the PSF can be decreased by reducing the diameter of the microsphere but meanwhile the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) will be lowered as well. The proper diameter of microspheres is proposed in consideration of the trade-off between the S/N and the measurement error of the PSF. Results indicate that the method provides a useful approach to measurement of the PSF and the resolution of the CRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ding
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Yanzhe Fu
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyan Zhang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precision Optoelectronic Measurement Instrument and Technology, School of Optoelectronics, 47833Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shihang Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precision Optoelectronic Measurement Instrument and Technology, School of Optoelectronics, 47833Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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Investigation of the discrimination and characterization of blood serum structure in patients with opioid use disorder using IR spectroscopy and PCA-LDA analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 190:113553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Iliopoulos F, Caspers PJ, Puppels GJ, Lane ME. Franz Cell Diffusion Testing and Quantitative Confocal Raman Spectroscopy: In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090887. [PMID: 32961857 PMCID: PMC7558152 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported the use of Confocal Raman Spectroscopy (CRS) to investigate the topical delivery of actives and excipients. We have also correlated the results from CRS with findings from in vitro diffusion studies in human skin. However, until now CRS has only been used as a semi-quantitative method of determining the skin uptake of molecules, with results expressed as arbitrary units of signal intensity. Clearly, this posed challenges for using CRS to determine skin delivery and to assess the drug bioavailability and bioequivalence of topical formulations. In the present work, the permeation of niacinamide (NIA) from various formulations in human skin was studied in vitro using conventional Franz cells and in vivo using a quantitative CRS method under finite dose conditions. The selection of NIA was based on its wide use in pharmaceutical and personal care formulations for many years. This is the first fully quantitative study to compare these methods. The vehicles investigated were neat Transcutol® P (TC); binary combinations of propylene glycol (PG) with propylene glycol monolaurate (PGML); and ternary mixtures of PG, PGML, and isopropyl myristate (IPM). These solvents were selected to encompass a range of physicochemical properties. NIA permeation was evident from all formulations in vitro and in vivo. The vehicles PG:PGML and PG:PGML:IPM delivered comparable amounts across the skin in vitro at 24 h (100.3–106.7 µg/cm2, p > 0.05) that were significantly higher compared with those of TC (1.3 µg/cm2, p < 0.05). An excellent in vitro in vivo correlation (R2 = 0.98) was found following the linear regression of the cumulative amounts of NIA permeated in vitro and the amounts of NIA at 2 μm in the skin measured with CRS. A very good correlation between the cumulative permeation of NIA in vitro and the total amount of NIA that penetrated the stratum corneum (SC) per unit of surface area (μg/cm2) in vivo was also observed, with a Pearson correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.94. The findings support the use of CRS for the quantitative measurement of actives delivered to the skin in vivo. Future studies will focus on exploring the reproducibility and reliability of the method by investigating the delivery of different actives from a wider range of vehicles. Additionally, quantitative CRS will be evaluated further as a method for assessing the bioequivalence of topical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotis Iliopoulos
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Peter J. Caspers
- RiverD International B.V., Marconistraat 16, 3029 AK Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (P.J.C.); (G.J.P.)
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerwin J. Puppels
- RiverD International B.V., Marconistraat 16, 3029 AK Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (P.J.C.); (G.J.P.)
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Majella E. Lane
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
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Design of Chitosan Nanocapsules with Compritol 888 ATO® for Imiquimod Transdermal Administration. Evaluation of Their Skin Absorption by Raman Microscopy. Pharm Res 2020; 37:195. [PMID: 32944793 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02925-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Design imiquimod-loaded chitosan nanocapsules for transdermal delivery and evaluate the depth of imiquimod transdermal absorption as well as the kinetics of this absorption using Raman Microscopy, an innovative strategy to evaluate transdermal absorption. This nanovehicle included Compritol 888ATO®, a novel excipient for formulating nanosystems whose administration through the skin has not been studied until now. METHODS Nanocapsules were made by solvent displacement method and their physicochemical properties was measured by DLS and laser-Doppler. For transdermal experiments, newborn pig skin was used. The Raman spectra were obtained using a laser excitation source at 532 nm and a 20/50X oil immersion objective. RESULTS The designed nanocapsules, presented nanometric size (180 nm), a polydispersity index <0.2 and a zeta potential +17. The controlled release effect of Compritol was observed, with the finding that half of the drug was released at 24 h in comparison with control (p < 0.05). It was verified through Raman microscopy that imiquimod transdermal penetration is dynamic, the nanocapsules take around 50 min to penetrate the stratum corneum and 24 h after transdermal administration, the drug was in the inner layers of the skin. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the utility of Raman Microscopy to evaluate the drugs transdermal penetration of in the different layers of the skin. Graphical Abstract New imiquimod nanocapsules: evaluation of their skin absorption by Raman Microscopy and effect of the compritol 888ATO® in the imiquimod release profile.
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128
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Machine Learning Approach to Raman Spectrum Analysis of MIA PaCa-2 Pancreatic Cancer Tumor Repopulating Cells for Classification and Feature Analysis. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10090181. [PMID: 32899572 PMCID: PMC7554784 DOI: 10.3390/life10090181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A machine learning approach is applied to Raman spectra of cells from the MIA PaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer cell line to distinguish between tumor repopulating cells (TRCs) and parental control cells, and to aid in the identification of molecular signatures. Fifty-one Raman spectra from the two types of cells are analyzed to determine the best combination of data type, dimension size, and classification technique to differentiate the cell types. An accuracy of 0.98 is obtained from support vector machine (SVM) and k-nearest neighbor (kNN) classifiers with various dimension reduction and feature selection tools. We also identify some possible biomolecules that cause the spectral peaks that led to the best results.
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129
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Yakimov BP, Shirshin EA, Schleusener J, Allenova AS, Fadeev VV, Darvin ME. Melanin distribution from the dermal-epidermal junction to the stratum corneum: non-invasive in vivo assessment by fluorescence and Raman microspectroscopy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14374. [PMID: 32873804 PMCID: PMC7463016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The fate of melanin in the epidermis is of great interest due to its involvement in numerous physiological and pathological processes in the skin. Melanin localization can be assessed ex vivo and in vivo using its distinctive optical properties. Melanin exhibits a characteristic Raman spectrum band shape and discernible near-infrared excited (NIR) fluorescence. However, a detailed analysis of the capabilities of depth-resolved confocal Raman and fluorescence microspectroscopy in the evaluation of melanin distribution in the human skin is lacking. Here we demonstrate how the fraction of melanin at different depths in the human skin in vivo can be estimated from its Raman spectra (bands at 1,380 and 1,570 cm-1) using several procedures including a simple ratiometric approach, spectral decomposition and non-negative matrix factorization. The depth profiles of matrix factorization components specific to melanin, collagen and natural moisturizing factor provide information about their localization in the skin. The depth profile of the collagen-related matrix factorization component allows for precise determination of the dermal-epidermal junction, i.e. the epidermal thickness. Spectral features of fluorescence background originating from melanin were found to correlate with relative intensities of the melanin Raman bands. We also hypothesized that NIR fluorescence in the skin is not originated solely from melanin, and the possible impact of oxidized species should be taken into account. The ratio of melanin-related Raman bands at 1,380 and 1,570 cm-1 could be related to melanin molecular organization. The proposed combined analysis of the Raman scattering signal and NIR fluorescence could be a useful tool for rapid non-invasive in vivo diagnostics of melanin-related processes in the human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Yakimov
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-2 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia, 119991
- Medical Research and Education Center, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky Prospect 27/10, Moscow, Russia, 119991
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8-2, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - E A Shirshin
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-2 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8-2, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
- Institute of Spectroscopy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Fizicheskaya Str., 5, 108840, Troitsk, Moscow, Russia.
| | - J Schleusener
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - A S Allenova
- Medical Research and Education Center, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky Prospect 27/10, Moscow, Russia, 119991
- Division of Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8-2, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - V V Fadeev
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-2 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - M E Darvin
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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130
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Choe C, Schleusener J, Choe S, Ri J, Lademann J, Darvin ME. Stratum corneum occlusion induces water transformation towards lower bonding state: a molecular level in vivo study by confocal Raman microspectroscopy. Int J Cosmet Sci 2020; 42:482-493. [PMID: 32692411 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is conventionally understood that occlusive effects are the retention of excessive water in the stratum corneum (SC), the increase of SC thickness (swelling) and a decrease of the transepidermal water loss. However, the influence of occlusion on water binding properties in the SC is unknown. METHODS The action of plant-derived jojoba and almond oils, as well as mineral-derived paraffin oil and petrolatum topically applied on human skin, is investigated in vivo using confocal Raman microspectroscopy. To understand the oils' influence on the SC on the molecular level, the depth-dependent hydrogen bonding states of water in the SC and their relationship to the conformation of keratin, concentration of natural moisturizing factor (NMF) molecules and lipid organization were investigated. RESULTS A significant SC swelling was observed only in petrolatum-treated skin. The water concentration was increased in oil-treated skin in the intermediate SC region (40-70% SC depth). Meanwhile, the amount of free, weakly and tightly bound water increased, and strongly bound water decreased in the uppermost SC region (0-30% SC depth). The NMF concentration of oil-treated skin was significantly lower at 50-70% SC depth. The lateral organization of lipids in oil-treated skin was lower at 0-30% SC depth. The secondary structure of keratin was changed towards an increase of β-sheet content in mineral-derived oil-treated skin and changed towards an increase of α-helix content in plant-derived oil-treated skin. CONCLUSION The occlusive properties can be summarized as the increase of free water and the transformation of water from a more strongly to a more weakly hydrogen bonding state in the uppermost SC, although some oils cause insignificant changes of the SC thickness. The accompanied changes in the keratin conformation at the intermediate swelling region of the SC also emphasize the role of keratin in the SC's water-transporting system, that is the water in the SC transports intercellularly and intracellularly in the intermediate swelling region and only intercellularly in the uppermost non-swelling region. Bearing this in mind, almond, jojoba and paraffin oils, which are not occlusive from the conventional viewpoint, have an occlusion effect similar to petrolatum on the SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Choe
- Kim Il Sung University, Taesong District, Ryongnam-Dong, Pyongyang, DPR Korea
| | - J Schleusener
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - S Choe
- Kim Il Sung University, Taesong District, Ryongnam-Dong, Pyongyang, DPR Korea
| | - J Ri
- Kim Il Sung University, Taesong District, Ryongnam-Dong, Pyongyang, DPR Korea
| | - J Lademann
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - M E Darvin
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany
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131
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Hama T, Kouchi A, Watanabe N, Shioya N, Shimoaka T, Hasegawa T. In vivo characterization of the structures of films of a fatty acid and an alcohol adsorbed on the skin surface. Biophys Chem 2020; 266:106459. [PMID: 32835910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2020.106459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An in vivo analysis of stearyl alcohol and stearic acid films on the skin surface using polarized infrared-external reflection spectroscopy revealed that whether the sample molecules adopt an energetically stable conformation and orientation strongly depends on the molecular functionalities and sample preparation conditions. For stearic acid, even the difference in solute concentration between 0.1 and 0.5 wt% results in a different molecular conformation and orientation. This illustrates that the molecular organization of the adsorbate on the skin surface is sensitively determined by the kinetics of the sample film growth, not by the simple thermodynamic equilibrium with the skin temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hama
- Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; Department of Basic Science, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Akira Kouchi
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Naoki Watanabe
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Shioya
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimoaka
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hasegawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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132
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Attia ABE, Bi R, Dev K, Du Y, Olivo M. Clinical noninvasive imaging and spectroscopic tools for dermatological applications: Review of recent progress. TRANSLATIONAL BIOPHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tbio.202000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amalina Binte Ebrahim Attia
- Lab of Bio‐Optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC) Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore Singapore
| | - Renzhe Bi
- Lab of Bio‐Optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC) Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore Singapore
| | - Kapil Dev
- Lab of Bio‐Optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC) Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore Singapore
| | | | - Malini Olivo
- Lab of Bio‐Optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium (SBIC) Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore Singapore
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133
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug crystallization following application of transdermal and topical formulations may potentially compromise the delivery of drugs to the skin. This phenomenon was found to be limited to the superficial layers of the stratum corneum (~7 µm) in our recent reports and tape stripping of the skin samples was necessary. It remains a significant challenge to profile drug crystallization in situ without damaging the skin samples. METHODS This work reports the application of an X-ray microbeam via synchrotron SAXS/WAXS analysis to monitor drug crystallization in the skin, especially in the deeper skin layers. Confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS) was employed to examine drug distribution in the skin to complement the detection of drug crystallization using SAXS/WAXS analysis. RESULTS Following application of saturated drug solutions (ibuprofen, diclofenac acid, and salts), CRS depth profiles confirmed that the drugs generally were delivered to a depth of ~15 - 20 µm in the skin. This was compared with the WAXS profiles that measured drug crystal diffraction at a depth of up to ~25 µm of the skin. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the potential of synchrotron SAXS/WAXS analysis for profiling of drug crystallization in situ in the deeper skin layers without pre-treatment for the skin samples. [Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Fu Goh
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Minden, Malaysia.,Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy , London, UK
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, Australia
| | - Duncan Q M Craig
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy , London, UK
| | - Majella E Lane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy , London, UK
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134
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Ghita A, Hubbard T, Matousek P, Stone N. Noninvasive Detection of Differential Water Content Inside Biological Samples Using Deep Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9449-9453. [PMID: 32603089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we conceptually demonstrate the capability of deep Raman spectroscopy to noninvasively monitor changes in the water content within biological tissues. Water was added by injection into an isolated tissue volume (a 20 mm diameter disk of 5 mm thickness) representing a 20% increase in the overall mass, which was equivalent to a 5% increase in the water/tissue content. The elevated water content was detected through a larger volume of tissue with a total thickness of approximately 12 mm and a spiked tissue segment located in its center using transmission Raman spectroscopy (TRS) by monitoring the change of the OH (∼3390 cm-1) Raman band area (3350-3550 cm-1 spectral region) after being normalized to the neighboring CH stretching band. The tissue sample was raster scanned with TRS to yield a spatial map of the water concentration within the sample encompassing the spiked tissue zone. The mapping revealed the presence and location of the spiked region. The results provide the first conceptual demonstration using a deep Raman-based architecture, which can be used noninvasively for the detection of an elevated water content deep within biological tissues. It is envisaged that this concept could play a role in rapid in vivo detection and localization of cancerous lesions (generally exhibiting a higher water content) beneath the tissue surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Ghita
- Biomedical Spectroscopy Lab, School of Physics and Astronomy, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Stoker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, U.K
| | - Thomas Hubbard
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, EX1 2LU, U.K.,Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, U.K
| | - Pavel Matousek
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UKRI, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Nicholas Stone
- Biomedical Spectroscopy Lab, School of Physics and Astronomy, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Stoker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, U.K.,Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, EX1 2LU, U.K.,Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, U.K
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135
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Gerner T, Halling AS, Rasmussen Rinnov M, Haarup Ravn N, Hjorslev Knudgaard M, Menné Bonefeld C, Ewertsen C, Trautner S, Jakaša I, Kezic S, Skov L, Thyssen JP. 'Barrier dysfunction in Atopic newBorns studY' (BABY): protocol of a Danish prospective birth cohort study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e033801. [PMID: 32660946 PMCID: PMC7359193 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skin barrier development and dysfunction in premature and mature newborns is important for the risk of atopic dermatitis (AD). METHODS AND ANALYSIS The Barrier dysfunction in Atopic newBorns studY (BABY) Cohort is a prospective birth cohort study of 150 preterm children (gestational age (GA) below 37+0) and 300 term children (GA 37+0 to 41+6). Skin barrier is assessed through transepidermal water loss, tape stripping, Raman-spectroscopy and microbiome sampling. Clinical examinations are done and DNA from buccal swabs is collected for genetic analyses. Thymus size is assessed by ultrasound examination. Information on pregnancy, delivery, parental exposures and diseases are collected, and structured telephone interviews are conducted at 18 and 24 months to assess exogenous exposures in the child and onset of AD. Hanifin and Rajka criteria as well as The UK Working Party's Diagnostic Criteria for Atopic Dermatitis are used to diagnose AD. Severity of AD is assessed using the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) and Patient Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study is approved by the scientific Ethical Committee of the Capital Region (H-16042289 and H-16042294).Outcomes will be presented at national and international conferences and in peer-reviewed publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Gerner
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Copenhagen Research Group for Inflammatory Skin (CORGIS), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anne-Sofie Halling
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Copenhagen Research Group for Inflammatory Skin (CORGIS), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Maria Rasmussen Rinnov
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Copenhagen Research Group for Inflammatory Skin (CORGIS), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Nina Haarup Ravn
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Copenhagen Research Group for Inflammatory Skin (CORGIS), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Mette Hjorslev Knudgaard
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Copenhagen Research Group for Inflammatory Skin (CORGIS), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Menné Bonefeld
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Skin Immunology Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline Ewertsen
- Department of Radiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Trautner
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivone Jakaša
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Kezic
- Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lone Skov
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Copenhagen Research Group for Inflammatory Skin (CORGIS), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Copenhagen Research Group for Inflammatory Skin (CORGIS), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
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136
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Nazaroff WW, Weschler CJ. Indoor acids and bases. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:559-644. [PMID: 32233033 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous acids and bases influence indoor air quality. The most abundant of these species are CO2 (acidic) and NH3 (basic), both emitted by building occupants. Other prominent inorganic acids are HNO3 , HONO, SO2 , H2 SO4 , HCl, and HOCl. Prominent organic acids include formic, acetic, and lactic; nicotine is a noteworthy organic base. Sources of N-, S-, and Cl-containing acids can include ventilation from outdoors, indoor combustion, consumer product use, and chemical reactions. Organic acids are commonly more abundant indoors than outdoors, with indoor sources including occupants, wood, and cooking. Beyond NH3 and nicotine, other noteworthy bases include inorganic and organic amines. Acids and bases partition indoors among the gas-phase, airborne particles, bulk water, and surfaces; relevant thermodynamic parameters governing the partitioning are the acid-dissociation constant (Ka ), Henry's law constant (KH ), and the octanol-air partition coefficient (Koa ). Condensed-phase water strongly influences the fate of indoor acids and bases and is also a medium for chemical interactions. Indoor surfaces can be large reservoirs of acids and bases. This extensive review of the state of knowledge establishes a foundation for future inquiry to better understand how acids and bases influence the suitability of indoor environments for occupants, cultural artifacts, and sensitive equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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137
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Mizukoshi K. Effects of lactic acid on the flexibility of the stratum corneum. Skin Res Technol 2020; 26:599-607. [PMID: 32052527 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactic acid increases the flexibility of the stratum corneum by linking directly to keratin without water. However, another study reported the involvement of water. This study aimed to clarify how lactic acid contributes to the flexibility of the stratum corneum (SC) of the face. MATERIALS AND METHODS A tactile sensor was used to measure the change in shared frequency (Δf) in the cheeks of 88 women of various ages. Amounts of water and lactic acid in the SC were measured during all four seasons, and correlations with Δf evaluated. RESULTS Lactic acid and water levels in the SC were not correlated in any season. In the younger subjects only, the lactic acid content correlated with Δf in spring (when at its highest level in the SC), whereas the water content correlated with Δf in summer and autumn (when the water content was high). CONCLUSIONS The overall lack of correlations between lactic acid and water content across all ages and seasons suggested that each contributes independently to the flexibility of the SC and that lactic acid softens the SC without water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Mizukoshi
- POLA Chemical Industries, INC., Yokohama, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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138
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Mizukoshi K, Arakawa T, Mitsubayashi K. Convenience biosensing approach of lactic acid in stratum corneum for skin care assessment. Skin Res Technol 2020; 26:455-464. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Mizukoshi
- POLA Chemical Industries, Inc. Yokohama Japan
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan
| | - Takahiro Arakawa
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan
| | - Kohji Mitsubayashi
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan
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139
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Correia MH, Sato F, Baesso ML, Bento AC, Gibin MS, de Moraes GR, Melo KS, Svidzinski TIE, Almeida GHDR, Amado CAB, Hernandes L. Immune response and Raman scattering assessment in rats skin after contact with Fusarium oxysporum metabolites. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 234:118246. [PMID: 32179464 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The secondary metabolites produced by Fusarium can cause disease and death when consumed and produce biological responses even in the absence of the microorganism. The IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β1 cytokines immune reactivity was associated with histopathological and physico-chemical changes in skin of immune competent rats after administration of Fusarium oxysporum crude extract. Rats were intradermally injected with 50 μl of 0.5 mg/ml crude extract and were euthanized at 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after injection. The inflammatory response was quantified by enzyme myeloperoxidase activity and by immunohistochemical method to detect the IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β1. Physico-chemical analysis was performed using FT-Raman Spectroscopy. The inflammatory response was most intense at 6 and 12 h after crude extract administration and the most significant histopathological changes were observed in the dermis. Myeloperoxidase activity was intense from 3 to 24 h after injection. The immunostaining of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α peaked at 6 h. Immunostaining for TGF-β1 was highest at 12 and 24 h. FT-Raman spectral analysis showed both, the most intense Fusarium interaction with the skin at 6 h, as revealed by the changes in the stretching of -CH bands (3100-2800 cm-1) in the dermis, and skin recovery trending after 12 h after crude extract injection. The results showed that secondary metabolites stimulated histopathologic changes and inflammatory responses even in the absence of the fungus, increasing myeloperoxidase activity and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression besides promoting physico-chemical changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francielle Sato
- Physics Department, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Kátia Sibin Melo
- Morphological Sciences Department, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luzmarina Hernandes
- Morphological Sciences Department, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Brazil.
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140
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Darvin ME, Choe C, Schleusener J, Choe S, Lademann J. Response to comment by Puppels et al. on "A modification for the calculation of water depth profiles in oil-treated skin by in vivo Raman microscopy". JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e2460. [PMID: 32185843 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The presence of penetrated oils in the stratum corneum (SC), oil-induced occlusion of the SC and formation of occluding homogeneous film on the skin surface are discussed in relation to their influence on results of water profile calculations using conventional and newly proposed extended methods. It is shown that the conventional method does not determine the water profiles in treated skin correctly due to the superposition of Raman bands of SC's proteins and penetrated and remnant oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim E Darvin
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chunsik Choe
- Biomedical Materials Division, Faculty of Material Science, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, Korea
| | - Johannes Schleusener
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sehyok Choe
- Biomedical Materials Division, Faculty of Material Science, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, Korea
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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141
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What is the fate of multi-lamellar liposomes of controlled size, charge and elasticity in artificial and animal skin? Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 151:18-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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142
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Schiavoni R, Monti G, Piuzzi E, Tarricone L, Tedesco A, De Benedetto E, Cataldo A. Feasibility of a Wearable Reflectometric System for Sensing Skin Hydration. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20102833. [PMID: 32429375 PMCID: PMC7284366 DOI: 10.3390/s20102833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the major goals of Health 4.0 is to offer personalized care to patients, also through real-time, remote monitoring of their biomedical parameters. In this regard, wearable monitoring systems are crucial to deliver continuous appropriate care. For some biomedical parameters, there are a number of well established systems that offer adequate solutions for real-time, continuous patient monitoring. On the other hand, monitoring skin hydration still remains a challenging task. The continuous monitoring of this physiological parameter is extremely important in several contexts, for example for athletes, sick people, workers in hostile environments or for the elderly. State-of-the-art systems, however, exhibit some limitations, especially related with the possibility of continuous, real-time monitoring. Starting from these considerations, in this work, the feasibility of an innovative time-domain reflectometry (TDR)-based wearable, skin hydration sensing system for real-time, continuous monitoring of skin hydration level was investigated. The applicability of the proposed system was demonstrated, first, through experimental tests on reference substances, then, directly on human skin. The obtained results demonstrate the TDR technique and the proposed system holds unexplored potential for the aforementioned purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Schiavoni
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (R.S.); (G.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Giuseppina Monti
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (R.S.); (G.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Emanuele Piuzzi
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications (DIET), Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy;
| | - Luciano Tarricone
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (R.S.); (G.M.); (L.T.)
| | | | - Egidio De Benedetto
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (DIETI), University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Andrea Cataldo
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (R.S.); (G.M.); (L.T.)
- Correspondence:
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143
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MacDermaid CM, Hall KW, DeVane RH, Klein ML, Fiorin G. Coexistence of Lipid Phases Stabilizes Interstitial Water in the Outer Layer of Mammalian Skin. Biophys J 2020; 118:1588-1601. [PMID: 32101711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid matrix in the outer layer of mammalian skin, the stratum corneum, has been previously investigated by multiple biophysical techniques aimed at identifying hydrophilic and lipophilic pathways of permeation. Although consensus is developing over the microscopic structure of the lipid matrix, no molecular-resolution model describes the permeability of all chemical species simultaneously. Using molecular dynamics simulations of a model mixture of skin lipids, the self-assembly of the lipid matrix lamellae has been studied. At higher humidity, the resulting lamellar phase is maintained by partitioning excess water into isolated droplets of controlled size and spatial distribution. The droplets may fuse together to form intralamellar water channels, thereby providing a pathway for the permeation of hydrophilic species. These results reconcile competing data on the outer skin's structure and broaden the scope of molecular-based methods to improve the safety of topical products and to advance transdermal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M MacDermaid
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science and Temple Materials Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kyle Wm Hall
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science and Temple Materials Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Michael L Klein
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science and Temple Materials Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Giacomo Fiorin
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science and Temple Materials Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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144
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Yang S, Sen C, Thompson R, Zhou JG, Akkus O. An in vitro Raman study on compositional correlations of lipids and protein with animal tissue hydration. VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 107:10.1016/j.vibspec.2020.103022. [PMID: 32038073 PMCID: PMC7006528 DOI: 10.1016/j.vibspec.2020.103022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a powerful non-invasive tool for detection and classification of chemical composition of materials including biological tissues. In this work, we report an in vitro Raman study on animal skin samples with a focus on high-frequency vibrations such as symmetric CH3 stretching mode at 2934 cm-1, and the symmetric CH2 vibration mode at 2854 cm-1, OH stretching modes near 3412 cm-1, and bounded OH mode near 3284 cm-1. Raman data was acquired with a customized InGaAs based Raman spectrometer that consolidates the NIR (866 nm) light and the InGaAs detector and is particularly suitable for probing high-frequency vibrations. The Raman spectra of fat, tendon, and muscle tissues are also analyzed to determine the spectroscopic identities of CH and OH groups in skin. Our results suggest that the protein is beneficial for the maintenance of skin hydration, as it has higher water capacity and greater capability to retain water than lipids. This conclusion is consistent with the additional discovery that water exists in fat mainly as unbound type, while part of water exists as bound type in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Science, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217
| | - Chirantan Sen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, 39762
| | - Raven Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Science, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217
| | - Jian-Ge Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Science, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217
| | - Ozan Akkus
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Center for Applied Raman Spectroscopy, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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145
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In vivo Raman spectroscopy discriminates between FLG loss-of-function carriers vs wild-type in day 1-4 neonates. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2020; 124:500-504. [PMID: 32035937 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carriers of loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene (LoF FLG) have less natural moisturizing factor (NMF) in their stratum corneum (SC) and an increased risk of atopic dermatitis (AD). Natural moisturizing factor can be measured noninvasively by Raman spectroscopy. The use of Raman-derived NMF at birth to screen for FLG genotype could inform targeted AD prevention, but values in neonatal populations are largely unexplored. OBJECTIVE To examine the associations between Raman-derived neonatal NMF measurements and FLG genotype. METHODS Natural moisturizing factor was measured by Raman spectroscopy in the SC of the thenar eminence within 4 days of birth in 139 term neonates. Filaggrin genotyping was performed for 117 neonates (84%). RESULTS The mean (SD) NMF was 0.37 (0.11) g/g protein, with values increasing across the first 3 days (day 1 vs 3: 0.29 [0.09] vs 0.43 [0.08, P < .001]). Twelve infants (10.3%) were carriers of LoF FLG, all heterozygous. Natural moisturizing factor was lower in LoF FLG carriers compared with wild-type (0.27 [0.08] vs 0.38 [0.11] g/g protein, P ≤ .001). Natural moisturizing factor had good discriminatory power for FLG genotype (area under the receiver operating curve [AUROC]: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.91; P ≤ .001). This improved after correcting day 1 and 2 measurements to day 3 (AUROC: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.75, 0.92; P < .001). CONCLUSION This study suggests that Raman-derived NMF measured in the early postnatal period may have the potential to classify by FLG genotype. The full translational value of this needs to be determined.
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146
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Pena AM, Chen X, Pence IJ, Bornschlögl T, Jeong S, Grégoire S, Luengo GS, Hallegot P, Obeidy P, Feizpour A, Chan KF, Evans CL. Imaging and quantifying drug delivery in skin - Part 2: Fluorescence andvibrational spectroscopic imaging methods. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 153:147-168. [PMID: 32217069 PMCID: PMC7483684 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the delivery and diffusion of topically-applied drugs on human skin is of paramount importance in both pharmaceutical and cosmetics research. This information is critical in early stages of drug development and allows the identification of the most promising ingredients delivered at optimal concentrations to their target skin compartments. Different skin imaging methods, invasive and non-invasive, are available to characterize and quantify the spatiotemporal distribution of a drug within ex vivo and in vivo human skin. The first part of this review detailed invasive imaging methods (autoradiography, MALDI and SIMS). This second part reviews non-invasive imaging methods that can be applied in vivo: i) fluorescence (conventional, confocal, and multiphoton) and second harmonic generation microscopies and ii) vibrational spectroscopic imaging methods (infrared, confocal Raman, and coherent Raman scattering microscopies). Finally, a flow chart for the selection of imaging methods is presented to guide human skin ex vivo and in vivo drug delivery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Pena
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Xueqin Chen
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Isaac J Pence
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CNY149-3, 13(th) St, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States of America
| | - Thomas Bornschlögl
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Sinyoung Jeong
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CNY149-3, 13(th) St, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States of America
| | - Sébastien Grégoire
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
| | - Gustavo S Luengo
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Philippe Hallegot
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Peyman Obeidy
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CNY149-3, 13(th) St, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States of America
| | - Amin Feizpour
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CNY149-3, 13(th) St, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States of America
| | - Kin F Chan
- Simpson Interventions, Inc., Woodside, CA 94062, United States of America
| | - Conor L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CNY149-3, 13(th) St, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States of America.
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147
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Choe C, Schleusener J, Choe S, Lademann J, Darvin ME. A modification for the calculation of water depth profiles in oil-treated skin by in vivo confocal Raman microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960106. [PMID: 31602797 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an extended calculation method for the determination of the water profiles in oil-treated skin is proposed, which is based on the calculation of the ratio between the Raman band intensities of water (3350-3550 cm-1 ) and keratin Amide I at 1650 cm-1 . The proposed method is compared with the conventional method based on the ratio of the Raman band intensities of water (3350-3550 cm-1 ) and keratin at 2930 cm-1 . The conventional method creates artifacts in the depth profiles of the water concentration in oil-treated skin, showing a lower amount of water in the upper and intermediate layers of the stratum corneum, which is due to the superposition of oil- and keratin-related Raman bands at 2930 cm-1 . The proposed extended method shows no artifacts and has the potential to determine the water depth profiles after topical application of formulations on the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsik Choe
- Biomedical Materials Division, Faculty of Material Science, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, DPR Korea
| | - Johannes Schleusener
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sehyok Choe
- Biomedical Materials Division, Faculty of Material Science, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, DPR Korea
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maxim E Darvin
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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148
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Caspers PJ, Nico C, Bakker Schut TC, Sterke J, Pudney PDA, Curto PR, Illand A, Puppels GJ. Method to quantify the in vivo skin penetration of topically applied materials based on confocal
Raman
spectroscopy. TRANSLATIONAL BIOPHOTONICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/tbio.201900004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Caspers
- RiverD International B.V. Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of DermatologyErasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Claudio Nico
- RiverD International B.V. Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Tom C. Bakker Schut
- RiverD International B.V. Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of DermatologyErasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul D. A. Pudney
- Beauty and Personnel Care Science and TechnologyUnilever R&D Port Sunlight Wirral UK
| | | | | | - Gerwin J. Puppels
- RiverD International B.V. Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of DermatologyErasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
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149
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Silveira L, Pasqualucci CA, Bodanese B, Pacheco MTT, Zângaro RA. Normal-subtracted preprocessing of Raman spectra aiming to discriminate skin actinic keratosis and neoplasias from benign lesions and normal skin tissues. Lasers Med Sci 2019; 35:1141-1151. [PMID: 31853808 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-019-02935-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The differences in the biochemistry of normal and cancerous tissue could be better exploited by Raman spectroscopy when the spectral information from normal tissue is subtracted from the abnormal tissues. In this study, we evaluated the use of the normal-subtracted spectra to evidence the biochemical differences in the pre-cancerous and cancerous skin tissues compared with normal skin, and to discriminate the groups with altered tissues with respect to the normal sites. Raman spectra from skin tissues [normal (Normal), benign (dermatitis-BEN), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and actinic keratosis (KER)] were obtained in vivo (Silveira et al., 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.22318) and used to develop the spectral model. The mean spectrum of the normal sites (circumjacent to each lesion) from each subject was calculated and subtracted from each individual spectrum of that particular subject independently of the group (Normal, BEN, BCC, SCC, KERAT). The mean spectra of each altered group and the mean spectra of the differences were firstly evaluated in terms of biochemical contribution or differentiation comparing the normal site. Then, the normal-subtracted spectra were submitted to discriminant models based on partial least squares and principal components regression (PLS-DA and PCR-DA), and the discrimination were compared with the model using non-subtracted spectra. Results showed that the peaks of nucleic acids, lipids (triolein) and proteins (elastin and collagens I, III, and IV) were significantly different in the lesions, higher for the pre- and neoplastic lesions compared with normal and benign. The PLS-DA showed that the groups could be discriminated with 90.3% accuracy when the mean-subtracted spectra were used, contrasting with 75.1% accuracy when the non-subtracted spectra were used. Also, when discriminating non-neoplastic tissue (Normal + BEN) from pre- and neoplastic sites (BCC + SCC + KERAT), the accuracy increases to 92.5% for the normal-subtracted compared with 85.3% for the non-subtracted. The subtraction of the mean normal spectrum from the subject obtained circumjacent to each lesion could significantly increase the diagnostic capability of the Raman-based discrimination algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landulfo Silveira
- Center for Innovation, Technology and Education - CITE, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi - UAM, Estr. Dr. Altino Bondensan, 500, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, 12247-016, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Augusto Pasqualucci
- Department of Cardiovascular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César, Sao Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Benito Bodanese
- Department of Oncology, Hospital Regional do Oeste - HRO, R. Florianópolis, 1448-E, Chapecó, SC, 89812-021, Brazil
| | - Marcos Tadeu Tavares Pacheco
- Center for Innovation, Technology and Education - CITE, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi - UAM, Estr. Dr. Altino Bondensan, 500, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, 12247-016, Brazil
| | - Renato Amaro Zângaro
- Center for Innovation, Technology and Education - CITE, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi - UAM, Estr. Dr. Altino Bondensan, 500, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, 12247-016, Brazil
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Bielfeldt S, Laing S, Sadowski T, Gunt H, Wilhelm KP. Characterization and validation of an in vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy led tri-method approach in the evaluation of the lip barrier. Skin Res Technol 2019; 26:390-397. [PMID: 31820504 PMCID: PMC7317720 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background/Aim It was the aim to establish and validate in vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy for characterization of the lip barrier in conjunction with transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin capacitance assessments. For the first time in vivo, barrier‐relevant components of the lip (derived, natural moisturizing factors (NMFs) and ceramides are described. Methods In 32 healthy volunteers, a dental tongue fixation device was inserted to prevent both voluntary and involuntary lip moisturization during measurements. Seventeen individual parameters relating to water, ceramide, and NMF content were assessed via Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, corneometry and TEWL were measured. To give a guidance for the required volunteer group size of future lip barrier studies for all test parameters, coefficients of variation (CV) were calculated and plots showing the required sample size for a given percentage treatment effect. Results Raman spectroscopy assessed parameters on the lower lip comprehensively characterized the state of the lip barrier. Parameter variability was sufficiently low to corroborate changes in most parameters using relatively small study populations. Conclusions Lip skin is comparatively well hydrated. Biophysical measurement of the lip barrier function is a challenge, as unconscious licking of the lower lip has to be prevented. In vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy provides insightful parameters for the characterization of the lip barrier and sufficiently low inter‐individual variability to assess relatively small parameter changes employing relatively few study subjects. Differences at the molecular level and at a high spatial resolution are detectable, and these insights might provide a breakthrough in the evaluation of lip barrier function and developing solutions for lip care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Bielfeldt
- proDERM Institute of Applied Dermatological Research GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Laing
- proDERM Institute of Applied Dermatological Research GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tomasz Sadowski
- proDERM Institute of Applied Dermatological Research GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
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