101
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Kimura N, Tsuchiya A, Oda C, Kimura A, Hosaka K, Tominaga K, Hayashi K, Yokoyama J, Terai S. Visceral Adipose Tissue Index and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Are Independent Predictors of Outcome in Patients with Cirrhosis Having Endoscopic Treatment for Esophageal Varices. Dig Dis 2020; 39:58-65. [PMID: 32450556 DOI: 10.1159/000508867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between the amount of adipose tissue and advanced-stage liver cirrhosis with esophageal varices (EV) is unknown. We aimed to reveal the prognostic significance of adipose tissues in patients with liver cirrhosis. METHODS We enrolled 87 patients with EV who received initial endoscopic treatment and underwent scheduled treatments in our hospital. Computed tomography (CT) images were obtained of a 5-mm slice at the umbilical level. We evaluated the effect of mortality based on the visceral adipose tissue index (VATI), subcutaneous adipose tissue index (SATI), and visceral to subcutaneous adipose tissue ratio (VSR). RESULTS Cox hazard multivariate analysis showed that the presence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; hazard ratio [HR]: 4.650, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.750-12.353, p = 0.002), γ-GTP (HR: 1.003, 95% CI: 1.001-1.006, p = 0.026), and VATI (HR: 1.057, 95% CI: 1.030-1.085, p < 0.001) significantly affected mortality. Cox hazard multivariate analysis for liver-related death was also significantly affected by HCC (HR: 1.057, 95% CI: 1.030-1.085, p < 0.001) and VATI (HR: 1.052, 95% CI: 1.019-1.086, p = 0.002). The difference between the Child-Pugh scores 12 months after treatment and that during initial treatment were significantly positively correlated with VATI (r = 0.326, p = 0.027). Patients with high VATI had a significantly higher frequency of HCC after EV treatment by Kaplan-Meier analysis (p = 0.044). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that VATI measured by CT could significantly predict mortality in cirrhosis patients through decreasing liver function and increasing HCC frequency, and appropriately controlling VATI could improve their prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naruhiro Kimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan,
| | - Atsunori Tsuchiya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Chiyumi Oda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazunori Hosaka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tominaga
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazunao Hayashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Junji Yokoyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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102
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Walker ME, Song RJ, Xu X, Gerszten RE, Ngo D, Clish CB, Corlin L, Ma J, Xanthakis V, Jacques PF, Vasan RS. Proteomic and Metabolomic Correlates of Healthy Dietary Patterns: The Framingham Heart Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1476. [PMID: 32438708 PMCID: PMC7284467 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Data on proteomic and metabolomic signatures of healthy dietary patterns are limited. We evaluated the cross-sectional association of serum proteomic and metabolomic markers with three dietary patterns: the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet; and a Mediterranean-style (MDS) diet. We examined participants from the Framingham Offspring Study (mean age; 55 years; 52% women) who had complete proteomic (n = 1713) and metabolomic (n = 2284) data; using food frequency questionnaires to derive dietary pattern indices. Proteins and metabolites were quantified using the SomaScan platform and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry; respectively. We used multivariable-adjusted linear regression models to relate each dietary pattern index (independent variables) to each proteomic and metabolomic marker (dependent variables). Of the 1373 proteins; 103 were associated with at least one dietary pattern (48 with AHEI; 83 with DASH; and 8 with MDS; all false discovery rate [FDR] ≤ 0.05). We identified unique associations between dietary patterns and proteins (17 with AHEI; 52 with DASH; and 3 with MDS; all FDR ≤ 0.05). Significant proteins enriched biological pathways involved in cellular metabolism/proliferation and immune response/inflammation. Of the 216 metabolites; 65 were associated with at least one dietary pattern (38 with AHEI; 43 with DASH; and 50 with MDS; all FDR ≤ 0.05). All three dietary patterns were associated with a common signature of 24 metabolites (63% lipids). Proteins and metabolites associated with dietary patterns may help characterize intermediate phenotypes that provide insights into the molecular mechanisms mediating diet-related disease. Our findings warrant replication in independent populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura E. Walker
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (L.C.); (V.X.); (R.S.V.)
| | - Rebecca J. Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University College of Arts and Sciences, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Robert E. Gerszten
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (R.E.G.); (D.N.)
| | - Debby Ngo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (R.E.G.); (D.N.)
| | - Clary B. Clish
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA;
| | - Laura Corlin
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (L.C.); (V.X.); (R.S.V.)
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Jiantao Ma
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA;
- Nutrition Epidemiology and Data Science, Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
| | - Vanessa Xanthakis
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (L.C.); (V.X.); (R.S.V.)
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA;
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Paul F. Jacques
- Nutrition Epidemiology and Data Science, Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
- Nutrition Epidemiology, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Ramachandran S. Vasan
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (L.C.); (V.X.); (R.S.V.)
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA;
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Center for Computing and Data Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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103
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Lonardo A, Ballestri S. Perspectives of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease research: a personal point of view. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2020.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rational government of patient fluxes from primary care to hepatology clinic is a priority of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) research. Estimating pre-test probability of disease, risk of fibrosis progression, and exclusion of competing causes of liver disease must be addressed. Here we propose a novel taxonomic classification of NAFLD based on hepatic, pathogenic and systemic features of disease in the individual patient. The variable course of disease in any given patient remains a clinical enigma. Therefore, future studies will have to better characterize the role of genetic polymorphisms, family and personal history, diet, alcohol, physical activity and drugs as modifiers of the course of disease and clues to the early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. A better understanding of these, together with a taxonomic diagnosis, may prompt a more accurate personalization of care. For example, understanding the putative role of psycho-depression in NAFLD promises to revolutionize disease management in a proportion of cases. Similarly, sex differences in outcome and response to treatment are insufficiently characterized. More studies are awaited regarding those forms of NAFLD which occur secondary to endocrine derangements. The intersections between NAFLD and the lung must better be defined. These include the bi-directional associations of NAFLD and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and sleep apnoea syndrome, as well as the totally unexplored chapter of NAFLD and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Finally, the therapeutic roles of intermittent fasting and anticoagulation must be assessed. In conclusion, over the last 20 years, NAFLD has taught us a lot regarding the pathogenic importance of insulin resistance, the limitations of correcting this in the treatment of NAFLD, the root causes of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, sex differences in disease and the role of nuclear receptors. However, the overwhelming COVID-19 pandemic is now expected to reset the priorities of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Lonardo
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, 41125 Modena, Italy
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104
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Lonardo A, Ballestri S. Perspectives of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease research: a personal point of view. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: doi.org/10.37349/emed.2020.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Rational government of patient fluxes from primary care to hepatology clinic is a priority of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) research. Estimating pre-test probability of disease, risk of fibrosis progression, and exclusion of competing causes of liver disease must be addressed. Here we propose a novel taxonomic classification of NAFLD based on hepatic, pathogenic and systemic features of disease in the individual patient. The variable course of disease in any given patient remains a clinical enigma. Therefore, future studies will have to better characterize the role of genetic polymorphisms, family and personal history, diet, alcohol, physical activity and drugs as modifiers of the course of disease and clues to the early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. A better understanding of these, together with a taxonomic diagnosis, may prompt a more accurate personalization of care. For example, understanding the putative role of psycho-depression in NAFLD promises to revolutionize disease management in a proportion of cases. Similarly, sex differences in outcome and response to treatment are insufficiently characterized. More studies are awaited regarding those forms of NAFLD which occur secondary to endocrine derangements. The intersections between NAFLD and the lung must better be defined. These include the bi-directional associations of NAFLD and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and sleep apnoea syndrome, as well as the totally unexplored chapter of NAFLD and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Finally, the therapeutic roles of intermittent fasting and anticoagulation must be assessed. In conclusion, over the last 20 years, NAFLD has taught us a lot regarding the pathogenic importance of insulin resistance, the limitations of correcting this in the treatment of NAFLD, the root causes of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, sex differences in disease and the role of nuclear receptors. However, the overwhelming COVID-19 pandemic is now expected to reset the priorities of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Lonardo
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, 41125 Modena, Italy
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105
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Perez-Diaz-del-Campo N, Abete I, Cantero I, Marin-Alejandre BA, Monreal JI, Elorz M, Herrero JI, Benito-Boillos A, Riezu-Boj JI, Milagro FI, Tur JA, Martinez JA, Zulet MA. Association of the SH2B1 rs7359397 Gene Polymorphism with Steatosis Severity in Subjects with Obesity and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051260. [PMID: 32365683 PMCID: PMC7282006 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major cause of liver disease worldwide. Some genetic variants might be involved in the progression of this disease. The study hypothesized that individuals with the rs7359397 T allele have a higher risk of developing severe stages of NAFLD compared with non-carriers where dietary intake according to genotypes could have a key role on the pathogenesis of the disease. SH2B1 genetic variant was genotyped in 110 overweight/obese subjects with NAFLD. Imaging techniques, lipidomic analysis and blood liver biomarkers were performed. Body composition, general biochemical and dietary variables were also determined. The SH2B1 risk genotype was associated with higher HOMA-IR p = 0.001; and Fatty Liver Index (FLI) p = 0.032. Higher protein consumption (p = 0.028), less mono-unsaturated fatty acid and fiber intake (p = 0.045 and p = 0.049, respectively), was also referred to in risk allele genotype. Lipidomic analysis showed that T allele carriers presented a higher frequency of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) (69.1% vs. 44.4%; p = 0.006). In the genotype risk group, adjusted logistic regression models indicated a higher risk of developing an advanced stage of NAFLD measured by FLI (OR 2.91) and ultrasonography (OR 4.15). Multinomial logistic regression models showed that risk allele carriers had higher liver fat accumulation risk (RRR 3.93) and an increased risk of NASH (RRR 7.88). Consequently, subjects carrying the T allele were associated with a higher risk of developing a severe stage of NAFLD. These results support the importance of considering genetic predisposition in combination with a healthy dietary pattern in the personalized evaluation and management of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Perez-Diaz-del-Campo
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (N.P-D.-d.-C.); (I.C.); (B.A.M.-A.); (J.I.R.-B.); (F.I.M.); (J.A.M.)
- Centre for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Itziar Abete
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (N.P-D.-d.-C.); (I.C.); (B.A.M.-A.); (J.I.R.-B.); (F.I.M.); (J.A.M.)
- Centre for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre Network in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.I.M.); (M.E.); (J.I.H.); (A.B.-B.)
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (M.A.Z.); Tel.: +34-948-25-60-00 (I.A.)
| | - Irene Cantero
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (N.P-D.-d.-C.); (I.C.); (B.A.M.-A.); (J.I.R.-B.); (F.I.M.); (J.A.M.)
- Centre for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Bertha Araceli Marin-Alejandre
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (N.P-D.-d.-C.); (I.C.); (B.A.M.-A.); (J.I.R.-B.); (F.I.M.); (J.A.M.)
- Centre for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - J. Ignacio Monreal
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.I.M.); (M.E.); (J.I.H.); (A.B.-B.)
- Clinical Chemistry Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mariana Elorz
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.I.M.); (M.E.); (J.I.H.); (A.B.-B.)
- Department of Radiology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Herrero
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.I.M.); (M.E.); (J.I.H.); (A.B.-B.)
- Liver Unit, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Benito-Boillos
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.I.M.); (M.E.); (J.I.H.); (A.B.-B.)
- Department of Radiology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose I. Riezu-Boj
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (N.P-D.-d.-C.); (I.C.); (B.A.M.-A.); (J.I.R.-B.); (F.I.M.); (J.A.M.)
- Centre for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.I.M.); (M.E.); (J.I.H.); (A.B.-B.)
| | - Fermín I. Milagro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (N.P-D.-d.-C.); (I.C.); (B.A.M.-A.); (J.I.R.-B.); (F.I.M.); (J.A.M.)
- Centre for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre Network in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.I.M.); (M.E.); (J.I.H.); (A.B.-B.)
| | - Josep A. Tur
- Biomedical Research Centre Network in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands & Balearic Islands Institute for Health Research (IDISBA), 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - J. Alfredo Martinez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (N.P-D.-d.-C.); (I.C.); (B.A.M.-A.); (J.I.R.-B.); (F.I.M.); (J.A.M.)
- Centre for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre Network in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.I.M.); (M.E.); (J.I.H.); (A.B.-B.)
| | - M. Angeles Zulet
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (N.P-D.-d.-C.); (I.C.); (B.A.M.-A.); (J.I.R.-B.); (F.I.M.); (J.A.M.)
- Centre for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre Network in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.I.M.); (M.E.); (J.I.H.); (A.B.-B.)
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (M.A.Z.); Tel.: +34-948-25-60-00 (I.A.)
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106
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Alferink LJM, Erler NS, de Knegt RJ, Janssen HLA, Metselaar HJ, Darwish Murad S, Kiefte-de Jong JC. Adherence to a plant-based, high-fibre dietary pattern is related to regression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in an elderly population. Eur J Epidemiol 2020; 35:1069-1085. [PMID: 32323115 PMCID: PMC7695656 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-020-00627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary lifestyle intervention is key in treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aimed to examine the longitudinal relation between well-established dietary patterns as well as population-specific dietary patterns and NAFLD. Participants from two subsequent visits of the Rotterdam Study were included. All underwent serial abdominal ultrasonography (median follow-up: 4.4 years) and filled in a food frequency questionnaire. Secondary causes of steatosis were excluded. Dietary data from 389 items were collapsed into 28 food groups and a posteriori dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis. Additionally, we scored three a priori dietary patterns (Mediterranean Diet Score, Dutch Dietary Guidelines and WHO-score). Logistic mixed regression models were used to examine the relation between dietary patterns and NAFLD. Analyses were adjusted for demographic, lifestyle and metabolic factors. We included 963 participants of whom 343 had NAFLD. Follow-up data was available in 737 participants. Incident NAFLD was 5% and regressed NAFLD was 30%. We identified five a posteriori dietary patterns (cumulative explained variation [R2] = 20%). The patterns were characterised as: vegetable and fish, red meat and alcohol, traditional, salty snacks and sauces, high fat dairy & refined grains pattern. Adherence to the traditional pattern (i.e. high intake of vegetable oils/stanols, margarines/butters, potatoes, whole grains and sweets/desserts) was associated with regression of NAFLD per SD increase in Z-score (0.40, 95% CI 0.15–1.00). Adherence to the three a priori patterns all showed regression of NAFLD, but only the WHO-score showed a distinct association (0.73, 95% CI 0.53–1.00). Hence, in this large elderly population, adherence to a plant-based, high-fibre and low-fat diet was related to regression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise J M Alferink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole S Erler
- Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J de Knegt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry L A Janssen
- Toronto Centre of Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Herold J Metselaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarwa Darwish Murad
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica C Kiefte-de Jong
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care/LUMC Campus The Hague, Leiden University Medical Center, Postzone VO-P, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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107
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Park SY, Noureddin M, Boushey C, Wilkens LR, Setiawan VW. Diet Quality Association with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Cirrhosis Status: The Multiethnic Cohort. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa024. [PMID: 32190810 PMCID: PMC7066377 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological data on the role of overall dietary patterns in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are limited, especially from population-based prospective studies. OBJECTIVES We investigated the associations between dietary patterns assessed by predefined diet quality indexes (DQIs) and NAFLD risk by cirrhosis status in African Americans, Japanese Americans, Latinos, Native Hawaiians, and whites from the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC). METHODS A nested case-control analysis was conducted within the MEC. NAFLD cases were identified by linkage to 1999-2016 Medicare claims. Four DQIs-Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015, Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010, alternate Mediterranean diet score, and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) score-were calculated from a validated FFQ administered at baseline. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the ORs and 95% CIs with adjustment for multiple covariates. RESULTS Analyses included 2959 NAFLD cases (509 with cirrhosis; 2450 without cirrhosis) and 29,292 matched controls. Higher scores for HEI-2015 (i.e., highest compared with lowest quintile OR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.73, 0.94; P for trend = 0.002) and DASH (OR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.89; P for trend < 0.001), reflecting favorable adherence to a healthful diet, were inversely associated with NAFLD risk. Whereas there were no differences by sex or race/ethnicity, the inverse association was stronger for NAFLD with cirrhosis than for NAFLD without cirrhosis (P for heterogeneity = 0.03 for HEI-2015 and 0.05 for DASH). CONCLUSIONS Higher HEI-2015 and DASH scores were inversely associated with NAFLD risk in this ethnically diverse population. The findings suggest that having better diet quality may reduce NAFLD risk with more benefit to NAFLD with cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Yi Park
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Mazen Noureddin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, and Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carol Boushey
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Veronica W Setiawan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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108
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Akhlaghi M, Ghasemi-Nasab M, Riasatian M. Mediterranean diet for patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational and clinical investigations. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:575-584. [PMID: 32550210 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-019-00475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aim Mediterranean diet (MD) is a healthful dietary pattern with benefits for prevention of metabolic diseases including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In the current meta-analysis, we assessed the association between MD and liver steatosis and cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with NAFLD. Methods PubMed, Scopus, and Embase were searched to find observational and clinical studies on the issue. No restriction on date and language was made. Outcomes included body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides (TG), cholesterol fractions, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, and liver transaminases. Results Seven observational reports and 6 trials met our inclusion criteria and entered in the meta-analysis. In observational studies, there was an inverse association between MD and NAFLD (effect size (ES) = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.90, 1.00; P = 0.05). In trials, subgroup analysis based on the method of liver examination showed effectiveness of MD on steatosis examined by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (P < 0.002; n = 2) but not by ultrasound (P = 0.08; n = 2). MD also showed a significant decreasing effect on BMI (ES = -1.23 kg/m2; 95% CI: -2.38, -0.09), plasma triglycerides (ES = -33.01 mg/dL; 95% CI: -52.84, -13.18), and HOMA-IR (ES = -0.94; 95% CI: -1.29, -0.58) but no significant effect was observed in waist circumference, cholesterol fractions, glucose and insulin, and liver transferases. Conclusion Overall, available data from observational and clinical studies indicated a trend for the relationship between MD and hepatic steatosis. Improvement in the most important risk factors of NAFLD, i.e. BMI, serum triglycerides, and insulin resistance, may be involved in such relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Akhlaghi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Razi Blvd, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghasemi-Nasab
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Razi Blvd, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryamsadat Riasatian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Razi Blvd, Shiraz, Iran
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109
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Salomone F, Ivancovsky-Wajcman D, Fliss-Isakov N, Webb M, Grosso G, Godos J, Galvano F, Shibolet O, Kariv R, Zelber-Sagi S. Higher phenolic acid intake independently associates with lower prevalence of insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. JHEP Rep 2020; 2:100069. [PMID: 32195455 PMCID: PMC7078532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims The inverse association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diets rich in fruit and vegetables has been demonstrated, but the specific compounds that may be responsible for this association need to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to test the association between phenolic acid consumption, NAFLD, and insulin resistance (IR). Methods A cross-sectional cohort of individuals included in a metabolic screening program was studied. Liver steatosis was evaluated by ultrasonography and quantified by the hepatorenal index (HRI); fibrosis was assessed by FibroTest; IR by the sample upper quartile of the homeostatic model assessment score. Dietary intake was measured by a food frequency questionnaire. The phenolic acid content of food was calculated according to Phenol-Explorer. Results A total of 789 individuals were included (52.6% men, age 58.83 ± 6.58 years). Higher (above the upper median) phenolic acid intake was inversely associated with the presence of NAFLD (odds ratio [OR] 0.69; 95% CI 0.49–0.98; p = 0.036), higher HRI (OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.45–0.91; p = 0.013) and higher IR (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.42–0.87; p = 0.007), when adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, and lifestyle factors. Considering specific classes of phenolic acids, higher hydroxybenzoic acid intake was independently associated with lower odds of NAFLD, higher HRI and fibrosis. Higher hydroxycinnamic acid intake was independently associated with lower odds of IR. Conclusion A higher intake of phenolic acids is associated with a lower prevalence of liver steatosis and IR in a cross-sectional study, suggesting a possible protective effect that requires confirmation in prospective studies. Lay summary High dietary intake of total phenolic acids is associated with a lower prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance. A high intake of hydroxybenzoic acids, a class of phenolic acids, is associated with a lower prevalence of steatosis and clinically significant fibrosis, while a high intake of hydroxycinnamic acids, another class of phenolic acids, is associated with a lower prevalence of insulin resistance. High intake of total phenolic acids is associated with a lower prevalence of NAFLD and insulin resistance. High intake of hydroxybenzoic acids is associated with a lower prevalence of steatosis and fibrosis. High intake of hydroxycinnamic acids is associated with lower prevalence of insulin resistance.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- AUS, abdominal ultrasonography
- BMI, body mass index
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- FFQ, food frequency questionnaire
- HOMA, homeostatic model assessment
- HRI, hepatorenal index
- Hb1Ac, glycated hemoglobin
- IR, Insulin resistance
- NAFLD
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- OR, odds ratio
- SFAs, saturated fatty acids
- diet
- fibrosis
- insulin resistance
- metabolic syndrome
- phenolic acids
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Salomone
- Division of Gastroenterology, Ospedale di Acireale, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Naomi Fliss-Isakov
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Muriel Webb
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Giuseppe Grosso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Galvano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Oren Shibolet
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Revital Kariv
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Shira Zelber-Sagi
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Gastroenterology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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110
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Lin YC, Wu CC, Ni YH. New Perspectives on Genetic Prediction for Pediatric Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:603654. [PMID: 33363067 PMCID: PMC7755886 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.603654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic or recently re-defined metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), a spectrum of progressive hepatic disease, has become a public health issue in obese children and adolescents. MAFLD is a complex metabolic disease strongly associated with obesity and insulin resistance. It is not known why not every obese subject will develop MAFLD. Different ethnic/racial groups display differences in MAFLD prevalence, indicating genetic factor plays a role. In the past two decades, sequence variations in genetic loci, including PNPLA3, TM6SF2, GCKR, MBOAT7, HSD17B13, etc. have been shown to confer susceptibility to MAFLD in children and adults. This review article provides an updated viewpoint of genetic predictors related to pediatric MAFLD. We discuss whether these susceptible genes can be clinically used for risk stratification and personalized care. Understanding human genetics and molecular mechanisms can give important information not only for prediction of risk but also on how to design drugs. In view of current epidemic of MAFLD worldwide, it is necessary to identify which children with MAFLD progress rapidly and need earlier intervention. In the future, a comprehensive analysis of individualized genetic and environmental factors may help assess the risk of children with MAFLD and personalize their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Healthcare Administration, Oriental Institute of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chien Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsuan Ni
- Departments of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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111
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Effects of XIAP on high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis: a mechanism involving NLRP3 inflammasome and oxidative stress. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:12177-12201. [PMID: 31841118 PMCID: PMC6949096 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that prolonged fat-rich diet (HFD) ingestion is a predisposing factor for metabolic disorder-associated system inflammation and oxidative stress injury, which contributes to the occurrence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3)-mediated inflammatory infiltration was determined to participate in NAFLD. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) was recently confirmed as an essential regulator for apoptosis in cells. However, the role of XIAP in HFD-induced NAFLD is still not understood. Here, XIAP was characterized with respect to HFD-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in vivo and palmitate (PA)-treated cells in vitro. After HFD administration, hepatic injury was confirmed via histological assessment (grading and staging of NAFLD) and biochemical parameters, oxidative stress, and reduced antioxidant activity. Up-regulated hepatic dysfunction were further indicated by elevated dyslipidemia, lipid accumulation, and decreased fatty acid β-oxidation associated gene expression. Moreover, in the absence of XIAP, NLRP3 signaling activated by HFD-triggered oxidative stress was up-regulated, accompanied by reduction in antioxidants including HO-1, NQO-1, GST, SOD and Nrf2 activity. The detrimental effects of XIAP blocking on hepatic steatosis and related pathologies were also confirmed in PA-treated mouse liver cells. In contrast, overexpression of XIAP by transfection in vitro restrained PA-stimulated hepatic steatosis by suppression of oxidative stress, NLRP3 related inflammatory response, and impairment of Nrf2 activity, further alleviating abnormal metabolic disorder associated NAFLD. Taken together, the present study helped to elucidate how HFD-induced hepatic steatosis was regulated by XIAP, possibly via the inhibition of NLRP3 signaling and oxidative stress injury.
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112
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Taliento AE, Dallio M, Federico A, Prati D, Valenti L. Novel Insights into the Genetic Landscape of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2755. [PMID: 31375010 PMCID: PMC6695718 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common liver disorder worldwide, is epidemiologically associated with overweight, insulin resistance features and type 2 diabetes, and can progress to advanced liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Genetic factors play an important role in the development of NAFLD, which is a multifactorial disease. Several common naturally occurring variants modulating lipid and retinol metabolism in hepatocytes predispose to NAFLD development and progression, in particular those in PNPLA3, TM6SF2, MBOAT7, and HSD17B13. In addition, genetic variants that protect hepatic cells from oxidative stress modulate the susceptibility to progressive NAFLD. Although the molecular mechanisms linking these genetic variants with liver disease are not yet fully understood, hepatic fat has emerged as a major driver of the disease, while altered retinol metabolism and mitochondrial oxidative stress play a role in determining the development of advanced NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Emma Taliento
- Translational Medicine, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico IRCCS, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Dallio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Federico
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniele Prati
- Translational Medicine, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico IRCCS, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Valenti
- Translational Medicine, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico IRCCS, 20122 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy.
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113
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Ryan MC, Zelber-Sagi S. Hepatic fat: Pathogenic trigger or passenger? J Hepatol 2019; 71:249-251. [PMID: 31227258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marno C Ryan
- University of Melbourne St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia.
| | - Shira Zelber-Sagi
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Department of Gastroenterology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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114
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Gene-Environment Interactions on Body Fat Distribution. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153690. [PMID: 31357654 PMCID: PMC6696304 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has been increasing markedly in the U.S. and worldwide in the past decades; and notably, the obese populations are signified by not only the overall elevated adiposity but also particularly harmful accumulation of body fat in the central region of the body, namely, abdominal obesity. The profound shift from “traditional” to “obesogenic” environments, principally featured by the abundance of palatable, energy-dense diet, reduced physical activity, and prolonged sedentary time, promotes the obesity epidemics and detrimental body fat distribution. Recent advances in genomics studies shed light on the genetic basis of obesity and body fat distribution. In addition, growing evidence from investigations in large cohorts and clinical trials has lent support to interactions between genetic variations and environmental factors, e.g., diet and lifestyle factors, in relation to obesity and body fat distribution. This review summarizes the recent discoveries from observational studies and randomized clinical trials on the gene–environment interactions on obesity and body fat distribution.
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115
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Tyrovolas S, Panagiotakos DB, Georgousopoulou EN, Chrysohoou C, Skoumas J, Pan W, Tousoulis D, Pitsavos C. The anti-inflammatory potential of diet and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the ATTICA study. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2019; 12:1756284819858039. [PMID: 31258620 PMCID: PMC6591656 DOI: 10.1177/1756284819858039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is correlated with low-grade inflammation and dietary habits. Until today, there have been limited epidemiologic data assessing the role of diet's inflammatory potential on NAFLD. The aim was to evaluate the relationship between an anti-inflammatory diet, as reflected by the Dietary Anti-Inflammation Index (D-AII), and NAFLD among cardiovascular disease (CVD)-free adults. METHODS ATTICA is a prospective, population-based study that recruited 3042 adults without pre-existing CVD from the Greek population (Whites; age ⩾18 years; 1514 men and 1528 women). D-AII was calculated using a standard procedure. The baseline study captured various sociodemographic, lifestyle and clinical characteristics as well as hepatic markers. These were used to calculate four NAFLD assessment indices: triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, fatty liver index (FLI), hepatic steatosis index (HSI), and NAFLD Fatty Liver Score (NAFLD-FLS). Specific cutoffs were applied to capture NAFLD. RESULTS D-AII showed a significant inverse association with NAFLD, applying the four indices with NAFLD cutoffs [odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI); TyG (0.95, 0.93-0.98); HSI (0.89, 0.86-0.92); FLI (0.88, 0.85-0.91); NAFLD-FLS (0.89, 0.86-0.92)], after adjusting for various confounders. Participants in the highest D-AII tertile had lower odds of having NAFLD, compared with those in the lowest D-AII tertile [(OR, 95% CI); TyG (0.33, 0.24-0.47); HSI (0.13, 0.08-0.23); FLI (0.05, 0.02-0.11); NAFLD-FLS (0.13, 0.07-0.23)]. Anti-inflammatory nutrition was related to lower odds of NAFLD among daily alcohol drinkers and individuals with metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Anti-inflammatory diet is an important predictor of NAFLD among adults without pre-existing CVD. Adherence to a high anti-inflammatory diet seems to contribute to NAFLD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Tyrovolas
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de
Barcelona. Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Dr Antoni Pujades, Barcelona,
Spain,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de
Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid,Department of Science of Dietetics and
Nutrition, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University,
Athens, Greece
| | | | - Ekavi N. Georgousopoulou
- Department of Science of Dietetics and
Nutrition, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University,
Athens, Greece,Faculty of Health, University of Canberra,
Canberra, Australia,Medical School, The Australian National
University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Christina Chrysohoou
- First Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine,
University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - John Skoumas
- First Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine,
University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - William Pan
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke
University, Durham, NC, USA,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University,
Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dimitrios Tousoulis
- First Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine,
University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Pitsavos
- First Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine,
University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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116
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Zelber-Sagi S. Minding the Gap Between Clinical Trials and Treatment With the Mediterranean Dietary Pattern for Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17:1248-1250. [PMID: 30648604 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shira Zelber-Sagi
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Liver Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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117
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Trovato FM, Castrogiovanni P, Malatino L, Musumeci G. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) prevention: role of Mediterranean diet and physical activity. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2019; 8:167-169. [PMID: 31098370 DOI: 10.21037/hbsn.2018.12.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Maria Trovato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Castrogiovanni
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Malatino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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118
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Hennein R, Liu C, McKeown NM, Hoffmann U, Long MT, Levy D, Ma J. Increased Diet Quality is Associated with Long-Term Reduction of Abdominal and Pericardial Fat. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:670-677. [PMID: 30825267 PMCID: PMC6430652 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the longitudinal associations between genetic risk, change in diet quality, and change in visceral adipose tissue (ΔVAT), abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ΔSAT), and pericardial adipose tissue (ΔPAT). METHODS A total of 1,677 Framingham Heart Study participants who had ectopic fat depots measured using computed tomography were analyzed. Diet quality was quantified using a Mediterranean-style diet score (MDS) and genetic risk by depot-specific genetic risk scores (GRSs). RESULTS Per SD improvement in MDS, there was 50 cm3 (95% CI: 14-86; P = 0.007) less fat accumulation in VAT, 52 cm3 (95% CI: 12-92; P = 0.01) less fat accumulation in SAT, and 1.3 cm3 (95% CI: 0.1-2.4; P = 0.04) less fat accumulation in PAT. No association was observed between GRSs and ΔVAT or ΔSAT. Each 1-SD increase in the PAT GRS was associated with a 1.2-cm3 (95% CI: 0.1-2.3; P = 0.03) increase in ΔPAT. In participants with higher PAT GRS, those with ΔMDS ≥ 0 had a favorable change in PAT compared with the counterparts with ΔMDS < 0 (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal improvements in diet quality are associated with less ectopic fat accumulation. This study suggests that diet quality may play a critical role in improving ectopic adiposity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hennein
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD & Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA (R.H., C.L., D.L., J.M.)
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD & Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA (R.H., C.L., D.L., J.M.)
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (C.L.)
| | - Nicola M. McKeown
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (N.M.M.)
| | - Udo Hoffmann
- Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (U.H.)
| | - Michelle T. Long
- Section of Gastroenterology, Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (M.T.L.)
| | - Daniel Levy
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD & Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA (R.H., C.L., D.L., J.M.)
| | - Jiantao Ma
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD & Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA (R.H., C.L., D.L., J.M.)
- Nutrition Data Science, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University
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119
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Long MT, Gurary EB, Massaro JM, Ma J, Hoffmann U, Chung RT, Benjamin EJ, Loomba R. Parental non-alcoholic fatty liver disease increases risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in offspring. Liver Int 2019; 39:740-747. [PMID: 30179294 PMCID: PMC6758911 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Little is known regarding the risk of hepatic steatosis (HS) among adult children of affected parents. We examined the association between parental and offspring HS in the multigenerational Framingham Heart Study, which characterized HS using computed tomography. METHODS We performed multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, alcohol use, and body mass index to generate the odds of HS according to parental HS. We determined the proportion of participants with HS according to parental HS and the presence or absence of hypertension, diabetes, or obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2 ). After excluding heavy alcohol use (n = 126) and missing covariates (n = 1), 785 offspring with at least one parent were included. RESULTS Approximately 23% (183/785) had at least one parent with HS and 1.1% had two affected parents (9/785). In adjusted models, participants with at least one parent with HS had a nearly two-fold increased odds of HS compared to participants without a parental history of HS (OR 1.86, 95% confidence interval 1.15-3.03). Among participants without hypertension, diabetes, or obesity, a higher proportion had HS if they had a parental history of HS compared to those without (16.1% vs 5.2%, P < 0.001). However, for participants with cardiometabolic risk factors, we did not observe a difference in HS among those with and without parental HS (30.3% vs 28.5%, P = 0.78). CONCLUSIONS Individuals with a parental history of HS are at increased risk for HS. Specifically, a parental history of HS may be an important factor among those that are otherwise metabolically healthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle T. Long
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ellen B. Gurary
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph M. Massaro
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jiantao Ma
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Udo Hoffmann
- Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raymond T. Chung
- Liver Center, Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emelia J. Benjamin
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts,Evans Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute and Cardiology Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family and Preventive, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
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120
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly dominant cause of liver disease worldwide. The progressive subtype, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, is a leading indication for liver transplantation and a noteworthy cause of hepatocellular carcinoma. The overall prevalence of NAFLD is on the rise, and even more concerning data modeling predicts that an increasing percentage of those with NAFLD will develop advanced disease. This increased volume of patients with advanced liver disease will impose a significant health care burden in terms of resources and cost. Thus, the identification of patients with established fibrosis or at high risk of developing advanced liver disease is critical to effectively intervene and prevent overall and liver-related morbidity and mortality. Herein, we provide a framework to consider for the identification of patients with NAFLD at high risk of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with advanced fibrosis and provide a critical assessment of currently accessible diagnostic and treatment modalities.
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Understanding susceptibility and targeting treatment in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children; moving the fulcrum. Proc Nutr Soc 2019; 78:362-371. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665118002914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of paediatric liver disease, affecting 10% of school-aged children and 44–70% of obese children and young people (CYP) in the western world. Encompassing a spectrum from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis and progressive fibrosis, the disease is rapidly becoming the most common indication for liver transplantation. The molecular pathogenesis of NAFLD remains only partially understood. Development and progression of NAFLD is influenced by genetic and nutritional factors, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, gut microbiome, bile acid metabolism and lipid/glucose handling and is closely associated with overweight and obesity. Lifestyle change is the only proven effective treatment for paediatric NAFLD, however this is difficult to achieve in many. Given that moderate or severe fibrosis is already present in 30–50% of children with NAFLD at the time of presentation, progression in CYP may be more rapid, though adequate outcome data do not yet exist in this cohort. CYP with NAFLD are an excellent population in which to study underlying mechanisms and interventions to correct disease progression as they are largely unaffected by other environmental influences such as alcohol and may represent the more severe end of the spectrum in terms of early onset. Undoubtedly genetic and epigenetic mechanisms determine a large proportion of susceptibility to the disease and potentially, identification of individuals at risk may allow for targeted therapy. This review with give a clinical perspective of paediatric NAFLD focused on identifying those at risk of progressive disease and what to consider in attempting to modify risk.
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Khalatbari-Soltani S, Imamura F, Brage S, De Lucia Rolfe E, Griffin SJ, Wareham NJ, Marques-Vidal P, Forouhi NG. The association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and hepatic steatosis: cross-sectional analysis of two independent studies, the UK Fenland Study and the Swiss CoLaus Study. BMC Med 2019; 17:19. [PMID: 30674308 PMCID: PMC6345041 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The risk of hepatic steatosis may be reduced through changes to dietary intakes, but evidence is sparse, especially for dietary patterns including the Mediterranean diet. We investigated the association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and prevalence of hepatic steatosis. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of data from two population-based adult cohorts: the Fenland Study (England, n = 9645, 2005-2015) and CoLaus Study (Switzerland, n = 3957, 2009-2013). Habitual diet was assessed using cohort-specific food frequency questionnaires. Mediterranean diet scores (MDSs) were calculated in three ways based on adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pyramid, dietary cut-points derived from a published review, and cohort-specific tertiles of dietary consumption. Hepatic steatosis was assessed by abdominal ultrasound and fatty liver index (FLI) in Fenland and by FLI and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) score in CoLaus. FLI includes body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and triglyceride; NAFLD includes diabetes, fasting insulin level, fasting aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), and AST/alanine transaminase ratio. Associations were assessed using Poisson regression. RESULTS In Fenland, the prevalence of hepatic steatosis was 23.9% and 27.1% based on ultrasound and FLI, respectively, and in CoLaus, 25.3% and 25.7% based on FLI and NAFLD score, respectively. In Fenland, higher adherence to pyramid-based MDS was associated with lower prevalence of hepatic steatosis assessed by ultrasound (prevalence ratio (95% confidence interval), 0.86 (0.81, 0.90) per one standard deviation of MDS). This association was attenuated [0.95 (0.90, 1.00)] after adjustment for body mass index (BMI). Associations of similar magnitude were found for hepatic steatosis assessed by FLI in Fenland [0.82 (0.78, 0.86)] and in CoLaus [0.85 (0.80, 0.91)], and these were also attenuated after adjustment for BMI. Findings were similar when the other two MDS definitions were used. CONCLUSIONS Greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with lower prevalence of hepatic steatosis, largely explained by adiposity. These findings suggest that an intervention promoting a Mediterranean diet may reduce the risk of hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Khalatbari-Soltani
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), rue du Bugnon 46, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Soren Brage
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Emanuella De Lucia Rolfe
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Simon J Griffin
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), rue du Bugnon 46, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Plauth M, Bernal W, Dasarathy S, Merli M, Plank LD, Schütz T, Bischoff SC. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in liver disease. Clin Nutr 2019; 38:485-521. [PMID: 30712783 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This update of evidence-based guidelines (GL) aims to translate current evidence and expert opinion into recommendations for multidisciplinary teams responsible for the optimal nutritional and metabolic management of adult patients with liver disease. The GL was commissioned and financially supported by ESPEN. Members of the guideline group were selected by ESPEN. We searched for meta-analyses, systematic reviews and single clinical trials based on clinical questions according to the PICO format. The evidence was evaluated and used to develop clinical recommendations implementing the SIGN method. A total of 85 recommendations were made for the nutritional and metabolic management of patients with acute liver failure, severe alcoholic steatohepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver cirrhosis, liver surgery and transplantation as well as nutrition associated liver injury distinct from fatty liver disease. The recommendations are preceded by statements covering current knowledge of the underlying pathophysiology and pathobiochemistry as well as pertinent methods for the assessment of nutritional status and body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Plauth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Municipal Hospital of Dessau, Dessau, Germany.
| | - William Bernal
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Srinivasan Dasarathy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Manuela Merli
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lindsay D Plank
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tatjana Schütz
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan C Bischoff
- Department for Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Nutraceutical Approach to Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): The Available Clinical Evidence. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091153. [PMID: 30142943 PMCID: PMC6163782 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a clinical condition characterized by lipid infiltration of the liver, highly prevalent in the general population affecting 25% of adults, with a doubled prevalence in diabetic and obese patients. Almost 1/3 of NAFLD evolves in Non-Alcoholic SteatoHepatitis (NASH), and this can lead to fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver. However, the main causes of mortality of patients with NAFLD are cardiovascular diseases. At present, there are no specific drugs approved on the market for the treatment of NAFLD, and the treatment is essentially based on optimization of lifestyle. However, some nutraceuticals could contribute to the improvement of lipid infiltration of the liver and of the related anthropometric, haemodynamic, and/or biochemical parameters. The aim of this paper is to review the available clinical data on the effect of nutraceuticals on NAFLD and NAFLD-related parameters. Relatively few nutraceutical molecules have been adequately studied for their effects on NAFLD. Among these, we have analysed in detail the effects of silymarin, vitamin E, vitamin D, polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 series, astaxanthin, coenzyme Q10, berberine, curcumin, resveratrol, extracts of Salvia milthiorriza, and probiotics. In conclusion, Silymarin, vitamin E and vitamin D, polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 series, coenzyme Q10, berberine and curcumin, if well dosed and administered for medium–long periods, and associated to lifestyle changes, could exert positive effects on NAFLD and NAFLD-related parameters.
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