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Beamish CA, Mehta S, Strutt BJ, Chakrabarti S, Hara M, Hill DJ. Decrease in Ins +Glut2 LO β-cells with advancing age in mouse and human pancreas. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:229-241. [PMID: 28348115 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The presence and location of resident pancreatic β-cell progenitors is controversial. A subpopulation of insulin-expressing but glucose transporter-2-low (Ins+Glut2LO) cells may represent multipotent pancreatic progenitors in adult mouse and in human islets, and they are enriched in small, extra-islet β-cell clusters (<5 β cells) in mice. Here, we sought to identify and compare the ontogeny of these cells in mouse and human pancreata throughout life. Mouse pancreata were collected at postnatal days 7, 14, 21, 28, and at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months of age, and in the first 28 days after β-cell mass depletion following streptozotocin (STZ) administration. Samples of human pancreas were examined during fetal life (22-30 weeks gestation), infancy (0-1 year), childhood (2-9), adolescence (10-17), and adulthood (18-80). Tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for the expression and location of insulin, GLUT2 and Ki67. The proportion of β cells within clusters relative to that in islets was higher in pancreas of human than of mouse at all ages examined, and decreased significantly at adolescence. In mice, the total number of Ins+Glut2LO cells decreased after 7 days concurrent with the proportion of clusters. These cells were more abundant in clusters than in islets in both species. A positive association existed between the appearance of new β cells after the STZ treatment of young mice, particularly in clusters and smaller islets, and an increased proportional presence of Ins+Glut2LO cells during early β-cell regeneration. These data suggest that Ins+Glut2LO cells are preferentially located within β-cell clusters throughout life in pancreas of mouse and human, and may represent a source of β-cell plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Beamish
- Lawson Health Research InstituteSt Joseph Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology & PharmacologyWestern University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sofia Mehta
- Lawson Health Research InstituteSt Joseph Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brenda J Strutt
- Lawson Health Research InstituteSt Joseph Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Subrata Chakrabarti
- Lawson Health Research InstituteSt Joseph Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineWestern University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manami Hara
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David J Hill
- Lawson Health Research InstituteSt Joseph Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology & PharmacologyWestern University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of MedicineWestern University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Bhartiya D. Stem cells to replace or regenerate the diabetic pancreas: Huge potential & existing hurdles. Indian J Med Res 2017; 143:267-74. [PMID: 27241638 PMCID: PMC4892071 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.182615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Various stem cell sources are being explored to treat diabetes since the proof-of-concept for cell therapy was laid down by transplanting cadaveric islets as a part of Edmonton protocol in 2000. Human embryonic stem (hES) cells derived pancreatic progenitors have got US-FDA approval to be used in clinical trials to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, these progenitors more closely resemble their foetal counterparts and thus whether they will provide long-term regeneration of adult human pancreas remains to be demonstrated. In addition to lifestyle changes and administration of insulin sensitizers, regeneration of islets from endogenous pancreatic stem cells may benefit T2DM patients. The true identity of pancreatic stem cells, whether these exist or not, whether regeneration involves reduplication of existing islets or ductal epithelial cells transdifferentiate, remains a highly controversial area. We have recently demonstrated that a novel population of very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) is involved during regeneration of adult mouse pancreas after partial-pancreatectomy. VSELs (pluripotent stem cells in adult organs) should be appreciated as an alternative for regenerative medicine as these are autologous (thus immune rejection issues do not exist) with no associated risk of teratoma formation. T2DM is a result of VSELs dysfunction with age and uncontrolled proliferation of VSELs possibly results in pancreatic cancer. Extensive brainstorming and financial support are required to exploit the potential of endogenous VSELs to regenerate the pancreas in a patient with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Bhartiya
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, India
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103
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Afelik S, Rovira M. Pancreatic β-cell regeneration: Facultative or dedicated progenitors? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 445:85-94. [PMID: 27838399 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The adult pancreas is only capable of limited regeneration. Unlike highly regenerative tissues such as the skin, intestinal crypts and hematopoietic system, no dedicated adult stem cells or stem cell niche have so far been identified within the adult pancreas. New β cells have been shown to form in the adult pancreas, in response to high physiological demand or experimental β-cell ablation, mostly by replication of existing β cells. The possibility that new β cells are formed from other sources is currently a point of major controversy. Under particular injury conditions, fully differentiated pancreatic duct and acinar cells have been shown to dedifferentiate into a progenitor-like state, however the extent, to which ductal, acinar or other endocrine cells contribute to restoring pancreatic β-cell mass remains to be resolved. In this review we focus on regenerative events in the pancreas with emphasis on the restoration of β-cell mass. We present an overview of regenerative responses noted within the different pancreatic lineages, following injury. We also highlight the intrinsic plasticity of the adult pancreas that allows for inter-conversion of fully differentiated pancreatic lineages through manipulation of few genes or growth factors. Taken together, evidence from a number of studies suggest that differentiated pancreatic lineages could act as facultative progenitor cells, but the extent to which these contribute to β-cell regeneration in vivo is still a matter of contention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Afelik
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 South Wood Street, CSB 920 (Rm 502), Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Meritxell Rovira
- Genomic Programming of Beta-Cells Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain.
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104
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Moin ASM, Butler PC, Butler AE. Increased Proliferation of the Pancreatic Duct Gland Compartment in Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:200-209. [PMID: 27813705 PMCID: PMC5413103 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-3001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pancreatic duct glands (PDGs) have been proposed as a source of regeneration in response to exocrine pancreas injury, and thus may serve as an organ stem cell niche. There is evidence to suggest ongoing β-cell formation in longstanding type 1 diabetes (T1D), but the source is unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the PDG compartment of the pancreas in humans with T1D for evidence of an active regenerative signature (presence of progenitor cells and increased proliferation) and, in particular, as a potential source of β-cells. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Pancreases from 46 brain dead organ donors (22 with T1D, 24 nondiabetic controls) were investigated for activation (increased proliferation) and markers of pancreatic exocrine and endocrine progenitors. RESULTS PDG cell replication was increased in T1D (6.3% ± 1.6% vs 0.6% ± 0.1%, P < 0.001, T1D vs nondiabetic), most prominently in association with pancreatic inflammation. There were increased progenitor-like cells in PDGs of T1D, but predominantly with an exocrine fate. CONCLUSION The PDG compartment is activated in T1D consistent with a response to ongoing inflammation, and via resulting ductal hyperplasia may contribute to local obstructive pancreatitis and eventual pancreatic atrophy characteristic of T1D. However, there is no evidence of effective endocrine cell formation from PDGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Saleh Md Moin
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Peter C Butler
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Alexandra E Butler
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095
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Abstract
The zebrafish pancreas shares its basic organization and cell types with the mammalian pancreas. In addition, the developmental pathways that lead to the establishment of the pancreatic islets of Langherhans are generally conserved from fish to mammals. Zebrafish provides a powerful tool to probe the mechanisms controlling establishment of the pancreatic endocrine cell types from early embryonic progenitor cells, as well as the regeneration of endocrine cells after damage. This knowledge is, in turn, applicable to refining protocols to generate renewable sources of human pancreatic islet cells that are critical for regulation of blood sugar levels. Here, we review how previous and ongoing studies in zebrafish and beyond are influencing the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying various forms of diabetes and efforts to develop cell-based approaches to cure this increasingly widespread disease.
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106
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Ota S, Nishimura M, Murakami Y, Birukawa NK, Yoneda A, Nishita H, Fujita R, Sato Y, Minomi K, Kajiwara K, Miyazaki M, Uchiumi M, Mikuni S, Tamura Y, Mizuguchi T, Imamura M, Meguro M, Kimura Y, Hirata K, Niitsu Y. Involvement of Pancreatic Stellate Cells in Regeneration of Remnant Pancreas after Partial Pancreatectomy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165747. [PMID: 27935983 PMCID: PMC5147817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Mechanism of regeneration of remnant pancreas after partial pancreatectomy (PX) is still unknown. In this study, effect of siRNA against the collagen specific chaperone, HSP47, which inhibits collagen secretion from activated pancreas stellate cells (aPSCs), and induces their apoptosis, on regeneration of remnant pancreas was determined. Methods Pancreatectomy was performed according to established methods. Proliferation of cells was assessed by BrdU incorporation. Immunostaining of HSP47 was employed to identify PSCs. Progenitor cells were identified by SOX9 staining. Acinar cells were immunostained for amylase. Co-culture of acinar cells with aPSCs were carried out in a double chamber with a cell culture insert. siRNA HSP47 encapsulated in vitamin A-coupled liposome (VA-lip siRNA HSP47) was delivered to aPSCs by iv injection. Results In remnant pancreas of 90% PX rat, new areas of foci were located separately from duodenal areas with normal pancreatic features. After PX, BrdU uptake of acinar cells and islet cells significantly increased, but was suppressed by treatment with VA-lip siRNA HSP47. BrdU uptake by acinar cells was augmented by co-culturing with aPSCs and the augmentation was nullified by siRNA HSP47. BrdU uptake by progenitor cells in foci area was slightly enhanced by the same treatment. New area which exhibited intermediate features between those of duodenal and area of foci, emerged after the treatment. Conclusion aPSCs play a crucial role in regeneration of remnant pancreas, proliferation of acinar and islet cells after PX through the activity of secreted collagen. Characterization of new area emerged by siRNA HSP47 treatment as to its origin is a future task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenori Ota
- Department of Molecular Target Exploration, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology & Science, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Nishimura
- Department of Molecular Target Exploration, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuya Murakami
- Department of Molecular Target Exploration, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoko Kubo Birukawa
- Department of Molecular Target Exploration, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yoneda
- Department of Molecular Target Exploration, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Center for Food & Medical Innovation Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nishita
- Department of Molecular Target Exploration, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
- Hokkaido Laboratory of Molecular Therapeutics, Corporate Business Development Division, Nitto Denko Corporation, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Fujita
- Department of Molecular Target Exploration, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sato
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Minomi
- Department of Molecular Target Exploration, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
- Hokkaido Laboratory of Molecular Therapeutics, Corporate Business Development Division, Nitto Denko Corporation, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Keiko Kajiwara
- Department of Molecular Target Exploration, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
- Hokkaido Laboratory of Molecular Therapeutics, Corporate Business Development Division, Nitto Denko Corporation, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Miyono Miyazaki
- Department of Molecular Target Exploration, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
- Hokkaido Laboratory of Molecular Therapeutics, Corporate Business Development Division, Nitto Denko Corporation, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Maki Uchiumi
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Center for Food & Medical Innovation Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Shintaro Mikuni
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Center for Food & Medical Innovation Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Tamura
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Center for Food & Medical Innovation Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Toru Mizuguchi
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology & Science, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Imamura
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology & Science, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makoto Meguro
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology & Science, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Kimura
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology & Science, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koichi Hirata
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology & Science, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Niitsu
- Department of Molecular Target Exploration, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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107
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108
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Stereological analyses of the whole human pancreas. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34049. [PMID: 27658965 PMCID: PMC5034323 DOI: 10.1038/srep34049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The large size of human tissues requires a practical stereological approach to perform a comprehensive analysis of the whole organ. We have developed a method to quantitatively analyze the whole human pancreas, as one of the challenging organs to study, in which endocrine cells form various sizes of islets that are scattered unevenly throughout the exocrine pancreas. Furthermore, the human pancreas possesses intrinsic characteristics of intra-individual variability, i.e. regional differences in endocrine cell/islet distribution, and marked inter-individual heterogeneity regardless of age, sex and disease conditions including obesity and diabetes. The method is built based on large-scale image capture, computer-assisted unbiased image analysis and quantification, and further mathematical analyses, using widely-used software such as Fiji/ImageJ and MATLAB. The present study includes detailed protocols of every procedure as well as all the custom-written computer scripts, which can be modified according to specific experimental plans and specimens of interest.
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109
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Vieira A, Courtney M, Druelle N, Avolio F, Napolitano T, Hadzic B, Navarro-Sanz S, Ben-Othman N, Collombat P. β-Cell replacement as a treatment for type 1 diabetes: an overview of possible cell sources and current axes of research. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18 Suppl 1:137-43. [PMID: 27615143 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To efficiently treat type 1 diabetes, exogenous insulin injections currently represent the main approach to counter chronic hyperglycaemia. Unfortunately, such a therapeutic approach does not allow for perfectly maintained glucose homeostasis and, in time, cardiovascular complications may arise. Therefore, seeking alternative/improved treatments has become a major health concern as an increasing proportion of type 2 diabetes patients also require insulin supplementation. Towards this goal, numerous laboratories have focused their research on β-cell replacement therapies. Herein, we will review the current state of this research area and describe the cell sources that could potentially be used to replenish the depleted β-cell mass in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vieira
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, France
| | - M Courtney
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, France
| | - N Druelle
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, France
| | - F Avolio
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, France
| | - T Napolitano
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, France
| | - B Hadzic
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, France
| | | | - N Ben-Othman
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, France
| | - P Collombat
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, France.
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110
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Grapin-Botton A. Three-dimensional pancreas organogenesis models. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18 Suppl 1:33-40. [PMID: 27615129 PMCID: PMC5021194 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A rediscovery of three-dimensional culture has led to the development of organ biogenesis, homeostasis and disease models applicable to human tissues. The so-called organoids that have recently flourished serve as valuable models bridging between cell lines or primary cells grown on the bottom of culture plates and experiments performed in vivo. Though not recapitulating all aspects of organ physiology, the miniature organs generated in a dish are useful models emerging for the pancreas, starting from embryonic progenitors, adult cells, tumour cells and stem cells. This review focusses on the currently available systems and their relevance to the study of the pancreas, of β-cells and of several pancreatic diseases including diabetes. We discuss the expected future developments for studying human pancreas development and function, for developing diabetes models and for producing therapeutic cells.
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111
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Cigliola V, Thorel F, Chera S, Herrera PL. Stress-induced adaptive islet cell identity changes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18 Suppl 1:87-96. [PMID: 27615136 PMCID: PMC5021189 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The different forms of diabetes mellitus differ in their pathogenesis but, ultimately, they are all characterized by progressive islet β-cell loss. Restoring the β-cell mass is therefore a major goal for future therapeutic approaches. The number of β-cells found at birth is determined by proliferation and differentiation of pancreatic progenitor cells, and it has been considered to remain mostly unchanged throughout adult life. Recent studies in mice have revealed an unexpected plasticity in islet endocrine cells in response to stress; under certain conditions, islet non-β-cells have the potential to reprogram into insulin producers, thus contributing to restore the β-cell mass. Here, we discuss the latest findings on pancreas and islet cell plasticity upon physiological, pathological and experimental conditions of stress. Understanding the mechanisms involved in cell reprogramming in these models will allow the development of new strategies for the treatment of diabetes, by exploiting the intrinsic regeneration capacity of the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cigliola
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), and Centre facultaire du diabète, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F Thorel
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), and Centre facultaire du diabète, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Chera
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - P L Herrera
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), and Centre facultaire du diabète, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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112
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Yin C. Molecular mechanisms of Sox transcription factors during the development of liver, bile duct, and pancreas. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 63:68-78. [PMID: 27552918 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The liver and pancreas are the prime digestive and metabolic organs in the body. After emerging from the neighboring domains of the foregut endoderm, they turn on distinct differentiation and morphogenesis programs that are regulated by hierarchies of transcription factors. Members of SOX family of transcription factors are expressed in the liver and pancreas throughout development and act upstream of other organ-specific transcription factors. They play key roles in maintaining stem cells and progenitors. They are also master regulators of cell fate determination and tissue morphogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of SOX transcription factors in mediating liver and pancreas development. We discuss their contribution to adult organ function, homeostasis and injury responses. We also speculate how the knowledge of SOX transcription factors can be applied to improve therapies for liver diseases and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyue Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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113
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Miyazaki S, Tashiro F, Miyazaki JI. Transgenic Expression of a Single Transcription Factor Pdx1 Induces Transdifferentiation of Pancreatic Acinar Cells to Endocrine Cells in Adult Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161190. [PMID: 27526291 PMCID: PMC4985130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A promising approach to new diabetes therapies is to generate β cells from other differentiated pancreatic cells in vivo. Because the acinar cells represent the most abundant cell type in the pancreas, an attractive possibility is to reprogram acinar cells into β cells. The transcription factor Pdx1 (Pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1) is essential for pancreatic development and cell lineage determination. Our objective is to examine whether exogenous expression of Pdx1 in acinar cells of adult mice might induce reprogramming of acinar cells into β cells. We established a transgenic mouse line in which Pdx1 and EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) could be inducibly expressed in the acinar cells. After induction of Pdx1, we followed the acinar cells for their expression of exocrine and endocrine markers using cell-lineage tracing with EGFP. The acinar cell-specific expression of Pdx1 in adult mice reprogrammed the acinar cells as endocrine precursor cells, which migrated into the pancreatic islets and differentiated into insulin-, somatostatin-, or PP (pancreatic polypeptide)-producing endocrine cells, but not into glucagon-producing cells. When the mice undergoing such pancreatic reprogramming were treated with streptozotocin (STZ), the newly generated insulin-producing cells were able to ameliorate STZ-induced diabetes. This paradigm of in vivo reprogramming indicates that acinar cells hold promise as a source for new islet cells in regenerative therapies for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satsuki Miyazaki
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fumi Tashiro
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Miyazaki
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- * E-mail:
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114
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Kopp JL, Grompe M, Sander M. Stem cells versus plasticity in liver and pancreas regeneration. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:238-45. [PMID: 26911907 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell replacement in adult organs can be achieved through stem cell differentiation or the replication or transdifferentiation of existing cells. In the adult liver and pancreas, stem cells have been proposed to replace tissue cells, particularly following injury. Here we review how specialized cell types are produced in the adult liver and pancreas. Based on current evidence, we propose that the plasticity of differentiated cells, rather than stem cells, accounts for tissue repair in both organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janel L Kopp
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Maike Sander
- Department of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, USA
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115
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Saisho Y. Pancreas Volume and Fat Deposition in Diabetes and Normal Physiology: Consideration of the Interplay Between Endocrine and Exocrine Pancreas. Rev Diabet Stud 2016; 13:132-147. [PMID: 28012279 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2016.13.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreas is comprised of exocrine and endocrine components. Despite the fact that they are derived from a common origin in utero, these two compartments are often studied individually because of the different roles and functions of the exocrine and endocrine pancreas. Recent studies have shown that not only type 1 diabetes (T1D), but also type 2 diabetes (T2D), is characterized by a deficit in beta-cell mass, suggesting that pathological changes in the pancreas are critical events in the natural history of diabetes. In both patients with T1D and those with T2D, pancreas mass and exocrine function have been reported to be reduced. On the other hand, pancreas volume and pancreatic fat increase with obesity. Increased beta-cell mass with increasing obesity has also been observed in humans, and ectopic fat deposits in the pancreas have been reported to cause beta-cell dysfunction. Moreover, neogenesis and transdifferentiation from the exocrine to the endocrine compartment in the postnatal period are regarded as a source of newly formed beta-cells. These findings suggest that there is important interplay between the endocrine and exocrine pancreas throughout life. This review summarizes the current knowledge on physiological and pathological changes in the exocrine and endocrine pancreas (i.e., beta-cell mass), and discusses the potential mechanisms of the interplay between the two compartments in humans to understand the pathophysiology of diabetes better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Saisho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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116
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Corritore E, Lee YS, Sokal EM, Lysy PA. β-cell replacement sources for type 1 diabetes: a focus on pancreatic ductal cells. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2016; 7:182-99. [PMID: 27540464 PMCID: PMC4973405 DOI: 10.1177/2042018816652059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thorough research on the capacity of human islet transplantation to cure type 1 diabetes led to the achievement of 3- to 5-year-long insulin independence in nearly half of transplanted patients. Yet, translation of this technique to clinical routine is limited by organ shortage and the need for long-term immunosuppression, restricting its use to adults with unstable disease. The production of new bona fide β cells in vitro was thus investigated and finally achieved with human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Besides ethical concerns about the use of human embryos, studies are now evaluating the possibility of circumventing the spontaneous tumor formation associated with transplantation of PSCs. These issues fueled the search for cell candidates for β-cell engineering with safe profiles for clinical translation. In vivo studies revealed the regeneration capacity of the exocrine pancreas after injury that depends at least partially on facultative progenitors in the ductal compartment. These stimulated subpopulations of pancreatic ductal cells (PDCs) underwent β-cell transdifferentiation through reactivation of embryonic signaling pathways. In vitro models for expansion and differentiation of purified PDCs toward insulin-producing cells were described using cocktails of growth factors, extracellular-matrix proteins and transcription factor overexpression. In this review, we will describe the latest findings in pancreatic β-cell mass regeneration due to adult ductal progenitor cells. We will further describe recent advances in human PDC transdifferentiation to insulin-producing cells with potential for clinical translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Corritore
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pediatric Research Laboratory, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yong-Syu Lee
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pediatric Research Laboratory, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne M. Sokal
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pediatric Research Laboratory, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Corritore E, Lee YS, Pasquale V, Liberati D, Hsu MJ, Lombard CA, Van Der Smissen P, Vetere A, Bonner-Weir S, Piemonti L, Sokal E, Lysy PA. V-Maf Musculoaponeurotic Fibrosarcoma Oncogene Homolog A Synthetic Modified mRNA Drives Reprogramming of Human Pancreatic Duct-Derived Cells Into Insulin-Secreting Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1525-1537. [PMID: 27405779 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
: β-Cell replacement therapy represents the most promising approach to restore β-cell mass and glucose homeostasis in patients with type 1 diabetes. Safety and ethical issues associated with pluripotent stem cells stimulated the search for adult progenitor cells with endocrine differentiation capacities. We have already described a model for expansion and differentiation of human pancreatic duct-derived cells (HDDCs) into insulin-producing cells. Here we show an innovative and robust in vitro system for large-scale production of β-like cells from HDDCs using a nonintegrative RNA-based reprogramming technique. Synthetic modified RNAs for pancreatic transcription factors (pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1, neurogenin3, and V-Maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A [MAFA]) were manufactured and daily transfected in HDDCs without strongly affecting immune response and cell viability. MAFA overexpression was efficient and sufficient to induce β-cell differentiation of HDDCs, which acquired a broad repertoire of mature β-cell markers while downregulating characteristic epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers. Within 7 days, MAFA-reprogrammed HDDC populations contained 37% insulin-positive cells and a proportion of endocrine cells expressing somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide. Ultrastructure analysis of differentiated HDDCs showed both immature and mature insulin granules with light-backscattering properties. Furthermore, in vitro HDDC-derived β cells (called β-HDDCs) secreted human insulin and C-peptide in response to glucose, KCl, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, and tolbutamide stimulation. Transplantation of β-HDDCs into diabetic SCID-beige mice confirmed their functional glucose-responsive insulin secretion and their capacity to mitigate hyperglycemia. Our data describe a new, reliable, and fast procedure in adult human pancreatic cells to generate clinically relevant amounts of new β cells with potential to reverse diabetes. SIGNIFICANCE β-Cell replacement therapy represents the most promising approach to restore glucose homeostasis in patients with type 1 diabetes. This study shows an innovative and robust in vitro system for large-scale production of β-like cells from human pancreatic duct-derived cells (HDDCs) using a nonintegrative RNA-based reprogramming technique. V-Maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A overexpression was efficient and sufficient to induce β-cell differentiation and insulin secretion from HDDCs in response to glucose stimulation, allowing the cells to mitigate hyperglycemia in diabetic SCID-beige mice. The data describe a new, reliable, and fast procedure in adult human pancreatic cells to generate clinically relevant amounts of new β cells with the potential to reverse diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Corritore
- Pediatric Research Laboratory, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yong-Syu Lee
- Pediatric Research Laboratory, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valentina Pasquale
- Diabetes Research Institute, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Liberati
- Diabetes Research Institute, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mei-Ju Hsu
- Pediatric Research Laboratory, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Anne Lombard
- Pediatric Research Laboratory, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Amedeo Vetere
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susan Bonner-Weir
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research Institute, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Etienne Sokal
- Pediatric Research Laboratory, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe A Lysy
- Pediatric Research Laboratory, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Lanzoni G, Cardinale V, Carpino G. The hepatic, biliary, and pancreatic network of stem/progenitor cell niches in humans: A new reference frame for disease and regeneration. Hepatology 2016; 64:277-86. [PMID: 26524612 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Stem/progenitors for liver, biliary tree, and pancreas exist at early stages of development in the definitive ventral endoderm forming the foregut. In humans, they persist postnatally as part of a network, with evidence supporting their contributions to hepatic and pancreatic organogenesis throughout life. Multiple stem cell niches persist in specific anatomical locations within the human biliary tree and pancreatic ducts. In liver and pancreas, replication of mature parenchymal cells ensures the physiological turnover and the restoration of parenchyma after minor injuries. Although actively debated, multiple observations indicate that stem/progenitor cells contribute to repair pervasive, chronic injuries. The most primitive of the stem/progenitor cells, biliary tree stem cells, are found in peribiliary glands within extrahepatic and large intrahepatic bile ducts. Biliary tree stem cells are comprised of multiple subpopulations with traits suggestive of maturational lineage stages and yet capable of self-replication and multipotent differentiation, being able to differentiate to mature liver cells (hepatocytes, cholangiocytes) and mature pancreatic cells (including functional islet endocrine cells). Hepatic stem cells are located within canals of Hering and bile ductules and are capable of differentiating to hepatocyte and cholangiocyte lineages. The existence, phenotype, and anatomical location of stem/progenitors in the adult pancreas are actively debated. Ongoing studies suggest that pancreatic stem cells reside within the biliary tree, primarily the hepatopancreatic common duct, and are rare in the pancreas proper. Pancreatic ducts and pancreatic duct glands harbor committed pancreatic progenitors. CONCLUSION The hepatic, biliary, and pancreatic network of stem/progenitor cell niches should be considered as a framework for understanding liver and pancreatic regeneration after extensive or chronic injuries and for the study of human chronic diseases affecting these organs. (Hepatology 2016;64:277-286).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico,", Rome, Italy
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Hindley CJ, Cordero-Espinoza L, Huch M. Organoids from adult liver and pancreas: Stem cell biology and biomedical utility. Dev Biol 2016; 420:251-261. [PMID: 27364469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The liver and pancreas are critical organs maintaining whole body metabolism. Historically, the expansion of adult-derived cells from these organs in vitro has proven challenging and this in turn has hampered studies of liver and pancreas stem cell biology, as well as being a roadblock to disease modelling and cell replacement therapies for pathologies in these organs. Recently, defined culture conditions have been described which allow the in vitro culture and manipulation of adult-derived liver and pancreatic material. Here we review these systems and assess their physiological relevance, as well as their potential utility in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Hindley
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; The Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Lucía Cordero-Espinoza
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Meritxell Huch
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
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Tremblay JR, LeBon JM, Luo A, Quijano JC, Wedeken L, Jou K, Riggs AD, Tirrell DA, Ku HT. In Vitro Colony Assays for Characterizing Tri-potent Progenitor Cells Isolated from the Adult Murine Pancreas. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27340914 DOI: 10.3791/54016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem and progenitor cells from the adult pancreas could be a potential source of therapeutic beta-like cells for treating patients with type 1 diabetes. However, it is still unknown whether stem and progenitor cells exist in the adult pancreas. Research strategies using cre-lox lineage-tracing in adult mice have yielded results that either support or refute the idea that beta cells can be generated from the ducts, the presumed location where adult pancreatic progenitors may reside. These in vivo cre-lox lineage-tracing methods, however, cannot answer the questions of self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation-two criteria necessary to define a stem cell. To begin addressing this technical gap, we devised 3-dimensional colony assays for pancreatic progenitors. Soon after our initial publication, other laboratories independently developed a similar, but not identical, method called the organoid assay. Compared to the organoid assay, our method employs methylcellulose, which forms viscous solutions that allow the inclusion of extracellular matrix proteins at low concentrations. The methylcellulose-containing assays permit easier detection and analyses of progenitor cells at the single-cell level, which are critical when progenitors constitute a small sub-population, as is the case for many adult organ stem cells. Together, results from several laboratories demonstrate in vitro self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation of pancreatic progenitor-like cells from mice. The current protocols describe two methylcellulose-based colony assays to characterize mouse pancreatic progenitors; one contains a commercial preparation of murine extracellular matrix proteins and the other an artificial extracellular matrix protein known as a laminin hydrogel. The techniques shown here are 1) dissociation of the pancreas and sorting of CD133(+)Sox9/EGFP(+) ductal cells from adult mice, 2) single cell manipulation of the sorted cells, 3) single colony analyses using microfluidic qRT-PCR and whole-mount immunostaining, and 4) dissociation of primary colonies into single-cell suspensions and re-plating into secondary colony assays to assess self-renewal or differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Tremblay
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope; Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope
| | - Jeanne M LeBon
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope
| | - Angela Luo
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope
| | - Janine C Quijano
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope
| | - Lena Wedeken
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope
| | - Kevin Jou
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope
| | - Arthur D Riggs
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope
| | - David A Tirrell
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology
| | - H Teresa Ku
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope;
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121
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Ye R, Wang M, Wang QA, Spurgin SB, Wang ZV, Sun K, Scherer PE. Autonomous interconversion between adult pancreatic α-cells and β-cells after differential metabolic challenges. Mol Metab 2016; 5:437-448. [PMID: 27408770 PMCID: PMC4921793 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence hints at the ability of β-cells to emerge from non-β-cells upon genetic or pharmacological interventions. However, their quantitative contributions to the process of autonomous β-cell regeneration without genetic or pharmacological manipulations remain to be determined. Methods & results Using PANIC-ATTAC mice, a model of titratable, acute β-cell apoptosis capable of autonomous, and effective islet mass regeneration, we demonstrate that an extended washout of residual tamoxifen activity is crucial for β-cell lineage tracing studies using the tamoxifen-inducible Cre/loxP systems. We further establish a doxycycline-inducible system to label different cell types in the mouse pancreas and pursued a highly quantitative assessment to trace adult β-cells after various metabolic challenges. Beyond proliferation of pre-existing β-cells, non-β-cells contribute significantly to the post-challenge regenerated β-cell pool. α-cell trans-differentiation is the predominant mechanism upon post-apoptosis regeneration and multiparity. No contributions from exocrine acinar cells were observed. During diet-induced obesity, about 25% of α-cells arise de novo from β-cells. Ectopic expression of Nkx6.1 promotes α-to-β conversion and insulin production. Conclusions We identify the origins and fates of adult β-cells upon post-challenge upon autonomous regeneration of islet mass and establish the quantitative contributions of the different cell types using a lineage tracing system with high temporal resolution. Insufficient washout for tamoxifen leads to β-cell lineage tracing artifacts. Inter-conversion between α- and β-cells after differential metabolic challenges. Developmental distance and precursor population determine conversion efficiency. Nkx6.1 promotes α-to-β conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risheng Ye
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Miao Wang
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Qiong A Wang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Stephen B Spurgin
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zhao V Wang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kai Sun
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Cell Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Abstract
After birth the endocrine pancreas continues its development, a complex process that involves both the maturation of islet cells and a marked expansion of their numbers. New beta cells are formed both by duplication of pre-existing cells and by new differentiation (neogenesis) across the first postnatal weeks, with the result of beta cells of different stages of maturation even after weaning. Improving our understanding of this period of beta cell expansion could provide valuable therapeutic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Bonner-Weir
- CONTACT Susan Bonner-Weir Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Preadipocyte factor 1 induces pancreatic ductal cell differentiation into insulin-producing cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23960. [PMID: 27044861 PMCID: PMC4820710 DOI: 10.1038/srep23960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The preadipocyte factor 1 (Pref-1) is involved in the proliferation and differentiation of various precursor cells. However, the intracellular signaling pathways that control these processes and the role of Pref-1 in the pancreas remain poorly understood. Here, we showed that Pref-1 induces insulin synthesis and secretion via two independent pathways. The overexpression of Pref-1 activated MAPK signaling, which induced nucleocytoplasmic translocation of FOXO1 and PDX1 and led to the differentiation of human pancreatic ductal cells into β-like cells and an increase in insulin synthesis. Concurrently, Pref-1 activated Akt signaling and facilitated insulin secretion. A proteomics analysis identified the Rab43 GTPase-activating protein as a downstream target of Akt. A serial activation of both proteins induced various granular protein syntheses which led to enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In a pancreatectomised diabetic animal model, exogenous Pref-1 improved glucose homeostasis by accelerating pancreatic ductal and β-cell regeneration after injury. These data establish a novel role for Pref-1, opening the possibility of applying this molecule to the treatment of diabetes.
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Beer RL, Parsons MJ, Rovira M. Centroacinar cells: At the center of pancreas regeneration. Dev Biol 2016; 413:8-15. [PMID: 26963675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The process of regeneration serves to heal injury by replacing missing cells. Understanding regeneration can help us replace cell populations lost during disease, such as the insulin-producing β cells lost in diabetic patients. Centroacinar cells (CACs) are a specialized ductal pancreatic cell type that act as progenitors to replace β cells in the zebrafish. However, whether CACs contribute to β-cell regeneration in adult mammals remains controversial. Here we review the current understanding of the role of CACs as endocrine progenitors during regeneration in zebrafish and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Beer
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Michael J Parsons
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Meritxell Rovira
- Genomic Programming of Beta-Cells Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain.
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125
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Wei R, Hong T. Lineage Reprogramming: A Promising Road for Pancreatic β Cell Regeneration. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:163-176. [PMID: 26811208 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell replacement therapy is a promising method to restore pancreatic β cell function and cure diabetes. Distantly related cells (fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and muscle cells) and developmentally related cells (hepatocytes, gastrointestinal, and pancreatic exocrine cells) have been successfully reprogrammed into β cells in vitro and in vivo. However, while some reprogrammed β cells bear similarities to bona fide β cells, others do not develop into fully functional β cells. Here we review various strategies currently used for β cell reprogramming, including ectopic expression of specific transcription factors associated with islet development, repression of maintenance factors of host cells, regulation of epigenetic modifications, and microenvironmental changes. Development of simple and efficient reprogramming methods is a key priority for developing fully functional β cells suitable for cell replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tianpei Hong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
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Domínguez-Bendala J, Lanzoni G, Klein D, Álvarez-Cubela S, Pastori RL. The Human Endocrine Pancreas: New Insights on Replacement and Regeneration. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:153-162. [PMID: 26774512 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Islet transplantation is an effective cell therapy for type 1 diabetes (T1D) but its clinical application is limited due to shortage of donors. After a decade-long period of exploration of potential alternative cell sources, the field has only recently zeroed in on two of them as the most likely to replace islets. These are pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) (through directed differentiation) and pancreatic non-endocrine cells (through directed differentiation or reprogramming). Here we review progress in both areas, including the initiation of Phase I/II clinical trials using human embryonic stem cell (hESc)-derived progenitors, advances in hESc differentiation in vitro, novel insights on the developmental plasticity of the pancreas, and groundbreaking new approaches to induce β cell conversion from the non-endocrine compartment without genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Domínguez-Bendala
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Giacomo Lanzoni
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dagmar Klein
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Silvia Álvarez-Cubela
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ricardo L Pastori
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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Cavelti-Weder C, Li W, Zumsteg A, Stemann-Andersen M, Zhang Y, Yamada T, Wang M, Lu J, Jermendy A, Bee YM, Bonner-Weir S, Weir GC, Zhou Q. Hyperglycaemia attenuates in vivo reprogramming of pancreatic exocrine cells to beta cells in mice. Diabetologia 2016; 59:522-32. [PMID: 26693711 PMCID: PMC4744133 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3838-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Reprogramming of pancreatic exocrine to insulin-producing cells by viral delivery of the genes encoding transcription factors neurogenin-3 (Ngn3), pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1 (Pdx1) and MafA is an efficient method for reversing diabetes in murine models. The variables that modulate reprogramming success are currently ill-defined. METHODS Here, we assess the impact of glycaemia on in vivo reprogramming in a mouse model of streptozotocin-induced beta cell ablation, using subsequent islet transplantation or insulin pellet implantation for creation of groups with differing levels of glycaemia before viral delivery of transcription factors. RESULTS We observed that hyperglycaemia significantly impaired reprogramming of exocrine to insulin-producing cells in their quantity, differentiation status and function. With hyperglycaemia, the reprogramming of acinar towards beta cells was less complete. Moreover, inflammatory tissue changes within the exocrine pancreas including macrophage accumulation were found, which may represent the tissue's response to clear the pancreas from insufficiently reprogrammed cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our findings shed light on normoglycaemia as a prerequisite for optimal reprogramming success in a diabetes model, which might be important in other tissue engineering approaches and disease models, potentially facilitating their translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cavelti-Weder
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weida Li
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai, The People's Republic of China
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Sherman Fairchild 258C, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Adrian Zumsteg
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Sherman Fairchild 258C, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Marianne Stemann-Andersen
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuemei Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Sherman Fairchild 258C, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Takatsugu Yamada
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Max Wang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Sherman Fairchild 258C, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jiaqi Lu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Sherman Fairchild 258C, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Agnes Jermendy
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yong Mong Bee
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan Bonner-Weir
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gordon C Weir
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Sherman Fairchild 258C, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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Kim HS, Lee MK. β-Cell regeneration through the transdifferentiation of pancreatic cells: Pancreatic progenitor cells in the pancreas. J Diabetes Investig 2016; 7:286-96. [PMID: 27330712 PMCID: PMC4847880 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic progenitor cell research has been in the spotlight, as these cells have the potential to replace pancreatic β‐cells for the treatment of type 1 and 2 diabetic patients with the absence or reduction of pancreatic β‐cells. During the past few decades, the successful treatment of diabetes through transplantation of the whole pancreas or isolated islets has nearly been achieved. However, novel sources of pancreatic islets or insulin‐producing cells are required to provide sufficient amounts of donor tissues. To overcome this limitation, the use of pancreatic progenitor cells is gaining more attention. In particular, pancreatic exocrine cells, such as duct epithelial cells and acinar cells, are attractive candidates for β‐cell regeneration because of their differentiation potential and pancreatic lineage characteristics. It has been assumed that β‐cell neogenesis from pancreatic progenitor cells could occur in pancreatic ducts in the postnatal stage. Several studies have shown that insulin‐producing cells can arise in the duct tissue of the adult pancreas. Acinar cells also might have the potential to differentiate into insulin‐producing cells. The present review summarizes recent progress in research on the transdifferentiation of pancreatic exocrine cells into insulin‐producing cells, especially duct and acinar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Sup Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Samsung Biomedical Research Institute Samsung Medical Center Seoul Korea
| | - Moon-Kyu Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Samsung Biomedical Research Institute Samsung Medical Center Seoul Korea
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129
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Growth factors and medium hyperglycemia induce Sox9+ ductal cell differentiation into β cells in mice with reversal of diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:650-5. [PMID: 26733677 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524200113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that long-term administration of a low dose of gastrin and epidermal growth factor (GE) augments β-cell neogenesis in late-stage diabetic autoimmune mice after eliminating insulitis by induction of mixed chimerism. However, the source of β-cell neogenesis is still unknown. SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 9(+) (Sox9(+)) ductal cells in the adult pancreas are clonogenic and can give rise to insulin-producing β cells in an in vitro culture. Whether Sox9(+) ductal cells in the adult pancreas can give rise to β cells in vivo remains controversial. Here, using lineage-tracing with genetic labeling of Insulin- or Sox9-expressing cells, we show that hyperglycemia (>300 mg/dL) is required for inducing Sox9(+) ductal cell differentiation into insulin-producing β cells, and medium hyperglycemia (300-450 mg/dL) in combination with long-term administration of low-dose GE synergistically augments differentiation and is associated with normalization of blood glucose in nonautoimmune diabetic C57BL/6 mice. Short-term administration of high-dose GE cannot augment differentiation, although it can augment preexisting β-cell replication. These results indicate that medium hyperglycemia combined with long-term administration of low-dose GE represents one way to induce Sox9(+) ductal cell differentiation into β cells in adult mice.
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El-Gohary Y, Wiersch J, Tulachan S, Xiao X, Guo P, Rymer C, Fischbach S, Prasadan K, Shiota C, Gaffar I, Song Z, Galambos C, Esni F, Gittes GK. Intraislet Pancreatic Ducts Can Give Rise to Insulin-Positive Cells. Endocrinology 2016; 157:166-75. [PMID: 26505114 PMCID: PMC4701882 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A key question in diabetes research is whether new β-cells can be derived from endogenous, nonendocrine cells. The potential for pancreatic ductal cells to convert into β-cells is a highly debated issue. To date, it remains unclear what anatomical process would result in duct-derived cells coming to exist within preexisting islets. We used a whole-mount technique to directly visualize the pancreatic ductal network in young wild-type mice, young humans, and wild-type and transgenic mice after partial pancreatectomy. Pancreatic ductal networks, originating from the main ductal tree, were found to reside deep within islets in young mice and humans but not in mature mice or humans. These networks were also not present in normal adult mice after partial pancreatectomy, but TGF-β receptor mutant mice demonstrated formation of these intraislet duct structures after partial pancreatectomy. Genetic and viral lineage tracings were used to determine whether endocrine cells were derived from pancreatic ducts. Lineage tracing confirmed that pancreatic ductal cells can typically convert into new β-cells in normal young developing mice as well as in adult TGF-β signaling mutant mice after partial pancreatectomy. Here the direct visual evidence of ducts growing into islets, along with lineage tracing, not only represents strong evidence for duct cells giving rise to β-cells in the postnatal pancreas but also importantly implicates TGF-β signaling in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef El-Gohary
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - John Wiersch
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Sidhartha Tulachan
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Xiangwei Xiao
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Ping Guo
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Christopher Rymer
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Shane Fischbach
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Krishna Prasadan
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Chiyo Shiota
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Iljana Gaffar
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Zewen Song
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Csaba Galambos
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Farzad Esni
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - George K Gittes
- Departments of Surgery (Y.E.-G., J.W., X.X., P.G., K.P., C.S., I.G., Z.S., F.E., G.K.G.) and Pediatrics (C.R.), Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Department of Surgery (Y.E.-G.), Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794; Department of Surgery (J.W.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology (S.T.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Division of Biology and Medicine (S.F.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; Department of General Surgery (Z.S.), The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Yuelu, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.G.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
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Hyslop CM, Tsai S, Shrivastava V, Santamaria P, Huang C. Prolactin as an Adjunct for Type 1 Diabetes Immunotherapy. Endocrinology 2016; 157:150-65. [PMID: 26512750 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is caused by autoimmune destruction of β-cells. Although immunotherapy can restore self-tolerance thereby halting continued immune-mediated β-cell loss, residual β-cell mass and function is often insufficient for normoglycemia. Using a growth factor to boost β-cell mass can potentially overcome this barrier and prolactin (PRL) may fill this role. Previous studies have shown that PRL can stimulate β-cell proliferation and up-regulate insulin synthesis and secretion while reducing lymphocytic infiltration of islets, suggesting that it may restore normoglycemia through complementary mechanisms. Here, we test the hypothesis that PRL can improve the efficacy of an immune modulator, the anticluster of differentiation 3 monoclonal antibody (aCD3), in inducing diabetes remission by up-regulating β-cell mass and function. Diabetic nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice were treated with a 5-day course of aCD3 with or without a concurrent 3-week course of PRL. We found that a higher proportion of diabetic mice treated with the aCD3 and PRL combined therapy achieved diabetes reversal than those treated with aCD3 alone. The aCD3 and PRL combined group had a higher β-cell proliferation rate, an increased β-cell fraction, larger islets, higher pancreatic insulin content, and greater glucose-stimulated insulin release. Lineage-tracing analysis found minimal contribution of β-cell neogenesis to the formation of new β-cells. Although we did not detect a significant difference in the number or proliferative capacity of T cells, we observed a higher proportion of insulitis-free islets in the aCD3 and PRL group. These results suggest that combining a growth factor with an immunotherapy may be an effective treatment paradigm for autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M Hyslop
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (C.M.H., V.S., C.H.), Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.T., P.S.), Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (P.S.), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Pediatrics (C.H.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Sue Tsai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (C.M.H., V.S., C.H.), Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.T., P.S.), Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (P.S.), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Pediatrics (C.H.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Vipul Shrivastava
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (C.M.H., V.S., C.H.), Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.T., P.S.), Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (P.S.), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Pediatrics (C.H.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (C.M.H., V.S., C.H.), Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.T., P.S.), Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (P.S.), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Pediatrics (C.H.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Carol Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (C.M.H., V.S., C.H.), Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.T., P.S.), Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (P.S.), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Pediatrics (C.H.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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Verchere CB, Lynn FC. Reawakening the Duct Cell Progenitor? Endocrinology 2016; 157:52-3. [PMID: 26717475 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Bruce Verchere
- Departments of Surgery (C.B.V., F.C.L.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.V.), Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z4H4
| | - Francis C Lynn
- Departments of Surgery (C.B.V., F.C.L.) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.V.), Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z4H4
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133
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Jiang FX, Morahan G. Multipotent pancreas progenitors: Inconclusive but pivotal topic. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:1251-1261. [PMID: 26730269 PMCID: PMC4691693 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i11.1251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of multipotent pancreas progenitors (MPP) should have a significant impact not only on the ontology of the pancreas, but also for the translational research of glucose-responding endocrine β-cells. Deficiency of the latter may lead to the pandemic type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder. An ideal treatment of which would potentially be the replacement of destroyed or failed β-cells, by restoring function of endogenous pancreatic endocrine cells or by transplantation of donor islets or in vitro generated insulin-secreting cells. Thus, considerable research efforts have been devoted to identify MPP candidates in the pre- and post-natal pancreas for the endogenous neogenesis or regeneration of endocrine insulin-secreting cells. In order to advance this inconclusive but critical field, we here review the emerging concepts, recent literature and newest developments of potential MPP and propose measures that would assist its forward progression.
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134
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Jin L, Gao D, Feng T, Tremblay JR, Ghazalli N, Luo A, Rawson J, Quijano JC, Chai J, Wedeken L, Hsu J, LeBon J, Walker S, Shih HP, Mahdavi A, Tirrell DA, Riggs AD, Ku HT. Cells with surface expression of CD133highCD71low are enriched for tripotent colony-forming progenitor cells in the adult murine pancreas. Stem Cell Res 2015; 16:40-53. [PMID: 26691820 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Progenitor cells in the adult pancreas are potential sources of endocrine beta cells for treating type 1 diabetes. Previously, we identified tri-potent progenitor cells in the adult (2-4month-old) murine pancreas that were capable of self-renewal and differentiation into duct, acinar, and endocrine cells in vitro. These progenitor cells were named pancreatic colony-forming units (PCFUs). However, because PCFUs are a minor population in the pancreas (~1%) they are difficult to study. To enrich PCFUs, strategies using cell-surface marker analyses and fluorescence-activated cell sorting were developed. We found that CD133(high)CD71(low) cells, but not other cell populations, enriched PCFUs by up to 30 fold compared to the unsorted cells. CD133(high)CD71(low) cells generated primary, secondary, and subsequent colonies when serially re-plated in Matrigel-containing cultures, suggesting self-renewal abilities. In the presence of a laminin hydrogel, CD133(high)CD71(low) cells gave rise to colonies that contained duct, acinar, and Insulin(+)Glucagon(+) double-hormonal endocrine cells. Colonies from the laminin hydrogel culture were implanted into diabetic mice, and five weeks later duct, acinar, and Insulin(+)Glucagon(-) cells were detected in the grafts, demonstrating tri-lineage differentiation potential of CD133(high)CD71(low) cells. These CD133(high)CD71(low) cells will enable future studies of putative adult pancreas stem cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Jin
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, United States; Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Biopharmaceutical College, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjia Xiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Gao
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, United States; Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Tao Feng
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, United States; Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Jacob R Tremblay
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, United States; Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Duarte, CA 91010, United States; Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Nadiah Ghazalli
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, United States; Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Duarte, CA 91010, United States; Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Angela Luo
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, United States; Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Jeffrey Rawson
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, United States; Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Janine C Quijano
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, United States; Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Jing Chai
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, United States; Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Lena Wedeken
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, United States; Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Jasper Hsu
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, United States; Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Jeanne LeBon
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, United States; Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Stephanie Walker
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, United States; Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Hung-Ping Shih
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, United States; Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Duarte, CA 91010, United States; Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Alborz Mahdavi
- Department of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States
| | - David A Tirrell
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States
| | - Arthur D Riggs
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, United States; Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Duarte, CA 91010, United States; Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - H Teresa Ku
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, United States; Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Duarte, CA 91010, United States; Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States.
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135
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Carpino G, Renzi A, Cardinale V, Franchitto A, Onori P, Overi D, Rossi M, Berloco PB, Alvaro D, Reid LM, Gaudio E. Progenitor cell niches in the human pancreatic duct system and associated pancreatic duct glands: an anatomical and immunophenotyping study. J Anat 2015; 228:474-86. [PMID: 26610370 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic duct glands (PDGs) are tubule-alveolar glands associated with the pancreatic duct system and can be considered the anatomical counterpart of peribiliary glands (PBGs) found within the biliary tree. Recently, we demonstrated that endodermal precursor niches exist fetally and postnatally and are composed functionally of stem cells and progenitors within PBGs and of committed progenitors within PDGs. Here we have characterized more extensively the anatomy of human PDGs as novel niches containing cells with multiple phenotypes of committed progenitors. Human pancreata (n = 15) were obtained from cadaveric adult donors. Specimens were processed for histology, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. PDGs were found in the walls of larger pancreatic ducts (diameters > 300 μm) and constituted nearly 4% of the duct wall area. All of the cells identified were negative for nuclear expression of Oct4, a pluripotency gene, and so are presumably committed progenitors and not stem cells. In the main pancreatic duct and in large interlobular ducts, Sox9(+) cells represented 5-30% of the cells within PDGs and were located primarily at the bottom of PDGs, whereas rare and scattered Sox9(+) cells were present within the surface epithelium. The expression of PCNA, a marker of cell proliferation, paralleled the distribution of Sox9 expression. Sox9(+) PDG cells proved to be Pdx1(+) /Ngn3(+/-) /Oct4A(-) . Nearly 10% of PDG cells were positive for insulin or glucagon. Intercalated ducts contained Sox9(+) /Pdx1(+) /Ngn3(+) cells, a phenotype that is presumptive of committed endocrine progenitors. Some intercalated ducts appeared in continuity with clusters of insulin-positive cells organized in small pancreatic islet-like structures. In summary, PDGs represent niches of a population of Sox9(+) cells exhibiting a pattern of phenotypic traits implicating a radial axis of maturation from the bottoms of the PDGs to the surface of pancreatic ducts. Our results complete the anatomical background that links biliary and pancreatic tracts and could have important implications for the common patho-physiology of biliary tract and pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Carpino
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy
| | - Anastasia Renzi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Diletta Overi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Rossi
- Department of General Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lola M Reid
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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136
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Kryvalap Y, Lo CW, Manuylova E, Baldzizhar R, Jospe N, Czyzyk J. Antibody Response to Serpin B13 Induces Adaptive Changes in Mouse Pancreatic Islets and Slows Down the Decline in the Residual Beta Cell Function in Children with Recent Onset of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:266-78. [PMID: 26578518 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.687848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is characterized by a heightened antibody (Ab) response to pancreatic islet self-antigens, which is a biomarker of progressive islet pathology. We recently identified a novel antibody to clade B serpin that reduces islet-associated T cell accumulation and is linked to the delayed onset of T1D. As natural immunity to clade B arises early in life, we hypothesized that it may influence islet development during that time. To test this possibility healthy young Balb/c male mice were injected with serpin B13 mAb or IgG control and examined for the number and cellularity of pancreatic islets by immunofluorescence and FACS. Beta cell proliferation was assessed by measuring nucleotide analog 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (5-EdU) incorporation into the DNA and islet Reg gene expression was measured by real time PCR. Human studies involved measuring anti-serpin B13 autoantibodies by Luminex. We found that injecting anti-serpin B13 monoclonal Ab enhanced beta cell proliferation and Reg gene expression, induced the generation of ∼80 pancreatic islets per animal, and ultimately led to increase in the beta cell mass. These findings are relevant to human T1D because our analysis of subjects just diagnosed with T1D revealed an association between baseline anti-serpin activity and slower residual beta cell function decline in the first year after the onset of diabetes. Our findings reveal a new role for the anti-serpin immunological response in promoting adaptive changes in the endocrine pancreas and suggests that enhancement of this response could potentially help impede the progression of T1D in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Kryvalap
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Chi-Wen Lo
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | | | | | - Nicholas Jospe
- Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Jan Czyzyk
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,
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137
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Morvaridi S, Dhall D, Greene MI, Pandol SJ, Wang Q. Role of YAP and TAZ in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and in stellate cells associated with cancer and chronic pancreatitis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16759. [PMID: 26567630 PMCID: PMC4645184 DOI: 10.1038/srep16759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by a fibrotic and inflammatory microenvironment that is formed primarily by activated, myofibroblast-like, stellate cells. Although the stellate cells are thought to contribute to tumorigenesis, metastasis and drug resistance of PDAC, the signaling events involved in activation of the stellate cells are not well defined. Functioning as transcription co-factors, Yes-associated protein (YAP) and its homolog transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) modulate the expression of genes involved in various aspects of cellular functions, such as proliferation and mobility. Using human tissues we show that YAP and TAZ expression is restricted to the centroacinar and ductal cells of normal pancreas, but is elevated in cancer cells. In particular, YAP and TAZ are expressed at high levels in the activated stellate cells of both chronic pancreatitis and PDAC patients as well as in the islets of Langerhans in chronic pancreatitis tissues. Of note, YAP is up regulated in both acinar and ductal cells following induction of acute and chronic pancreatitis in mice. These findings indicate that YAP and TAZ may play a critical role in modulating pancreatic tissue regeneration, neoplastic transformation, and stellate cell functions in both PDAC and pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Morvaridi
- Department of Medicine; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Pancreatic Research Program; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Deepti Dhall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Mark I. Greene
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Department of Medicine; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Pancreatic Research Program; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Medicine; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Pancreatic Research Program; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
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138
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Nishimura W, Kapoor A, El Khattabi I, Jin W, Yasuda K, Bonner-Weir S, Sharma A. Compensatory Response by Late Embryonic Tubular Epithelium to the Reduction in Pancreatic Progenitors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142286. [PMID: 26540252 PMCID: PMC4635002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Early in pancreatic development, epithelial cells of pancreatic buds function as primary multipotent progenitor cells (1°MPC) that specify all three pancreatic cell lineages, i.e., endocrine, acinar and duct. Bipotent "Trunk" progenitors derived from 1°MPC are implicated in directly regulating the specification of endocrine progenitors. It is unclear if this specification process is initiated in the 1°MPC where some 1°MPC become competent for later specification of endocrine progenitors. Previously we reported that in Pdx1tTA/+;tetOMafA (bigenic) mice inducing expression of transcription factor MafA in Pdx1-expressing (Pdx1+) cells throughout embryonic development inhibited the proliferation and differentiation of 1°MPC cells, resulting in reduced pancreatic mass and endocrine cells by embryonic day (E) 17.5. Induction of the transgene only until E12.5 in Pdx1+ 1°MPC was sufficient for this inhibition of endocrine cells and pancreatic mass at E17.5. However, by birth (P0), as we now report, such bigenic pups had significantly increased pancreatic and endocrine volumes with endocrine clusters containing all pancreatic endocrine cell types. The increase in endocrine cells resulted from a higher proliferation of tubular epithelial cells expressing the progenitor marker Glut2 in E17.5 bigenic embryos and increased number of Neurog3-expressing cells at E19.5. A BrdU-labeling study demonstrated that inhibiting proliferation of 1°MPC by forced MafA-expression did not lead to retention of those progenitors in E17.5 tubular epithelium. Our data suggest that the forced MafA expression in the 1°MPC inhibits their competency to specify endocrine progenitors only until E17.5, and after that compensatory proliferation of tubular epithelium gives rise to a distinct pool of endocrine progenitors. Thus, these bigenic mice provide a novel way to characterize the competency of 1°MPC for their ability to specify endocrine progenitors, a critical limitation in our understanding of endocrine differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nishimura
- Section of Islet Cell & Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Anatomy, Bio-imaging and Neuro-cell Science, Jichi Univerisity, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Archana Kapoor
- Section of Islet Cell & Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ilham El Khattabi
- Section of Islet Cell & Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wanzhu Jin
- Section of Islet Cell & Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kazuki Yasuda
- Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susan Bonner-Weir
- Section of Islet Cell & Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Arun Sharma
- Section of Islet Cell & Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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139
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Islet Neogenesis Associated Protein (INGAP) induces the differentiation of an adult human pancreatic ductal cell line into insulin-expressing cells through stepwise activation of key transcription factors for embryonic beta cell development. Differentiation 2015; 90:77-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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140
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Abstract
Controversy has long surrounded research on pancreatic beta cell regeneration. Some groups have used nonphysiological experimental methodologies to build support for the existence of pancreatic progenitor cells within the adult pancreas that constantly replenish the beta cell pool; others argue strongly against this mode of regeneration. Recent research has reinvigorated enthusiasm for the harnessing of pancreatic plasticity for therapeutic application--for example, the transdifferentiation of human pancreatic exocrine cells into insulin-secreting beta-like cells in vitro; the conversion of mouse pancreatic acinar cells to beta-like cells in vivo via cytokine treatment; and the potential redifferentiation of dedifferentiated mouse beta cells in vivo. Here, we highlight key findings in this provocative field and provide a perspective on possible exploitation of human pancreatic plasticity for therapeutic beta cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Valdez
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Department of Cell Biology, Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Adrian K K Teo
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Present address: Discovery Research Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore. Present affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore. Present affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore.
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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141
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Roy N, Malik S, Villanueva KE, Urano A, Lu X, Von Figura G, Seeley ES, Dawson DW, Collisson EA, Hebrok M. Brg1 promotes both tumor-suppressive and oncogenic activities at distinct stages of pancreatic cancer formation. Genes Dev 2015; 29:658-71. [PMID: 25792600 PMCID: PMC4378197 DOI: 10.1101/gad.256628.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDA) develops predominantly through pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) precursor lesions. Roy et al. identify critical antagonistic roles for Brg1, a catalytic subunit of the SWI/SNF complexes, during IPMN-PDA development. In mature duct cells Brg1 inhibits the dedifferentiation that precedes neoplastic transformation. In contrast, Brg1 promotes tumorigenesis in full-blown PDA by supporting a mesenchymal-like transcriptional landscape. JQ1 impairs PDA tumorigenesis by both mimicking some and inhibiting other Brg1-mediated functions. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) develops predominantly through pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) precursor lesions. Pancreatic acinar cells are reprogrammed to a “ductal-like” state during PanIN-PDA formation. Here, we demonstrate a parallel mechanism operative in mature duct cells during which functional cells undergo “ductal retrogression” to form IPMN-PDA. We further identify critical antagonistic roles for Brahma-related gene 1 (Brg1), a catalytic subunit of the SWI/SNF complexes, during IPMN-PDA development. In mature duct cells, Brg1 inhibits the dedifferentiation that precedes neoplastic transformation, thus attenuating tumor initiation. In contrast, Brg1 promotes tumorigenesis in full-blown PDA by supporting a mesenchymal-like transcriptional landscape. We further show that JQ1, a drug that is currently being tested in clinical trials for hematological malignancies, impairs PDA tumorigenesis by both mimicking some and inhibiting other Brg1-mediated functions. In summary, our study demonstrates the context-dependent roles of Brg1 and points to potential therapeutic treatment options based on epigenetic regulation in PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilotpal Roy
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Shivani Malik
- Department of Medicine/Hematology and Oncology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Karina E Villanueva
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Atsushi Urano
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Xinyuan Lu
- Department of Medicine/Hematology and Oncology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Guido Von Figura
- II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - E Scott Seeley
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - David W Dawson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Eric A Collisson
- Department of Medicine/Hematology and Oncology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA;
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142
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Delaspre F, Beer RL, Rovira M, Huang W, Wang G, Gee S, Vitery MDC, Wheelan SJ, Parsons MJ. Centroacinar Cells Are Progenitors That Contribute to Endocrine Pancreas Regeneration. Diabetes 2015; 64:3499-509. [PMID: 26153247 PMCID: PMC4587647 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with a paucity of insulin-producing β-cells. With the goal of finding therapeutic routes to treat diabetes, we aim to find molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in β-cell neogenesis and regeneration. To facilitate discovery of such mechanisms, we use a vertebrate organism where pancreatic cells readily regenerate. The larval zebrafish pancreas contains Notch-responsive progenitors that during development give rise to adult ductal, endocrine, and centroacinar cells (CACs). Adult CACs are also Notch responsive and are morphologically similar to their larval predecessors. To test our hypothesis that adult CACs are also progenitors, we took two complementary approaches: 1) We established the transcriptome for adult CACs. Using gene ontology, transgenic lines, and in situ hybridization, we found that the CAC transcriptome is enriched for progenitor markers. 2) Using lineage tracing, we demonstrated that CACs do form new endocrine cells after β-cell ablation or partial pancreatectomy. We concluded that CACs and their larval predecessors are the same cell type and represent an opportune model to study both β-cell neogenesis and β-cell regeneration. Furthermore, we show that in cftr loss-of-function mutants, there is a deficiency of larval CACs, providing a possible explanation for pancreatic complications associated with cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Delaspre
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rebecca L Beer
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Meritxell Rovira
- Genomic Programming of Beta-Cells Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wei Huang
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Guangliang Wang
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Stephen Gee
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Sarah J Wheelan
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michael J Parsons
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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143
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Greggio C, De Franceschi F, Grapin-Botton A. Concise reviews: In vitro-produced pancreas organogenesis models in three dimensions: self-organization from few stem cells or progenitors. Stem Cells 2015; 33:8-14. [PMID: 25185771 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional models of organ biogenesis have recently flourished. They promote a balance between stem/progenitor cell expansion and differentiation without the constraints of flat tissue culture vessels, allowing for autonomous self-organization of cells. Such models allow the formation of miniature organs in a dish and are emerging for the pancreas, starting from embryonic progenitors and adult cells. This review focuses on the currently available systems and how these allow new types of questions to be addressed. We discuss the expected advancements including their potential to study human pancreas development and function as well as to develop diabetes models and therapeutic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Greggio
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Life Sciences, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland; Département de Physiologie, Université de Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, Lausanne, Switzerland
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144
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Ellis C, Lyon JG, Korbutt GS. Optimization and Scale-up Isolation and Culture of Neonatal Porcine Islets: Potential for Clinical Application. Cell Transplant 2015; 25:539-47. [PMID: 26377964 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x689451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One challenge that must be overcome to allow transplantation of neonatal porcine islets (NPIs) to become a clinical reality is defining a reproducible and scalable protocol for the efficient preparation of therapeutic quantities of clinical grade NPIs. In our standard protocol, we routinely isolate NPIs from a maximum of four pancreases, requiring tissue culture in 16 Petri dishes (four per pancreas) in Ham's F10 and bovine serum albumin (BSA). We have now developed a scalable and technically simpler protocol that allows us to isolate NPIs from a minimum of 12 pancreases at a time by employing automated tissue chopping, collagenase digestion in a single vessel, and tissue culture/media changes in 75% fewer Petri dishes. For culture, BSA is replaced with human serum albumin and supplemented with Z-VAD-FMK general caspase inhibitor and a protease inhibitor cocktail. The caspase inhibitor was added to the media for only the first 90 min of culture. NPIs isolated using the scalable protocol had significantly more cellular insulin recovered (56.9 ± 1.4 µg) when compared to the standard protocol (15.0 ± 0.5 µg; p < 0.05). Compared to our standard protocol, recovery of β-cells (6.0 × 10(6) ± 0.2 vs. 10.0 × 10(6) ± 0.4; p < 0.05) and islet equivalents (35,135 ± 186 vs. 41,810 ± 226; p < 0.05) was significantly higher using the scalable protocol. During a static glucose stimulation assay, the SI of islets isolated by the standard protocol were significantly lower than the scale-up protocol (4.3 ± 0.2 vs. 5.5 ± 0.1; p < 0.05). Mice transplanted with NPIs using the scalable protocol had significantly lower blood glucose levels than the mice that receiving NPIs from the standard protocol (p < 0.01) and responded significantly better to a glucose tolerance test. Based on the above findings, this improved simpler scalable protocol is a significantly more efficient means for preparing therapeutic quantities of clinical grade NPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Ellis
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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145
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Shamsi F, Parlato R, Collombat P, Mansouri A. A genetic mouse model for progressive ablation and regeneration of insulin producing beta-cells. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3948-57. [PMID: 25558832 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.952176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The putative induction of adult β-cell regeneration represents a promising approach for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Toward this ultimate goal, it is essential to develop an inducible model mimicking the long-lasting disease progression. In the current study, we have established a novel β-cell ablation mouse model, in which the β-cell mass progressively declines, as seen in type 1 diabetes. The model is based on the β-cell specific genetic ablation of the transcription initiation factor 1A, TIF-IA, essential for RNA Polymerase I activity (TIF-IA(Δ/Δ)). Using this approach, we induced a slow apoptotic response that eventually leads to a protracted β-cell death. In this model, we observed β-cell regeneration that resulted in a complete recovery of the β-cell mass and normoglycemia. In addition, we showed that adaptive proliferation of remaining β-cells is the prominent mechanism acting to compensate for the massive β-cell loss in young but also aged mice. Interestingly, at any age, we also detected β-like cells expressing the glucagon hormone, suggesting a transition between α- and β-cell identities or vice versa. Taken together, the TIF-IA(Δ/Δ) mouse model can be used to investigate the potential therapeutic approaches for type 1 diabetes targeting β-cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Shamsi
- a Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry ; Department of Molecular Cell Biology ; RG Molecular Cell Differentiation ; Goettingen , Germany
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146
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Mastracci TL, Robertson MA, Mirmira RG, Anderson RM. Polyamine biosynthesis is critical for growth and differentiation of the pancreas. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13269. [PMID: 26299433 PMCID: PMC4547391 DOI: 10.1038/srep13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The pancreas, in most studied vertebrates, is a compound organ with both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine compartment makes and secretes digestive enzymes, while the endocrine compartment, organized into islets of Langerhans, produces hormones that regulate blood glucose. High concentrations of polyamines, which are aliphatic amines, are reported in exocrine and endocrine cells, with insulin-producing β cells showing the highest concentrations. We utilized zebrafish as a model organism, together with pharmacological inhibition or genetic manipulation, to determine how polyamine biosynthesis functions in pancreatic organogenesis. We identified that inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis reduces exocrine pancreas and β cell mass, and that these reductions are at the level of differentiation. Moreover, we demonstrate that inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, phenocopies inhibition or knockdown of the enzyme deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS). These data identify that the pancreatic requirement for polyamine biosynthesis is largely mediated through a requirement for spermidine for the downstream posttranslational modification of eIF5A by its enzymatic activator DHS, which in turn impacts mRNA translation. Altogether, we have uncovered a role for polyamine biosynthesis in pancreatic organogenesis and identified that it may be possible to exploit polyamine biosynthesis to manipulate pancreatic cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Mastracci
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA.,Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Morgan A Robertson
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA.,Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA.,Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Ryan M Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA.,Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA.,Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
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147
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Comparisons of Differentiation Potential in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Wharton's Jelly, Bone Marrow, and Pancreatic Tissues. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:306158. [PMID: 26294917 PMCID: PMC4532960 DOI: 10.1155/2015/306158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Type 1 diabetes mellitus results from autoimmune destruction of β-cells. Insulin-producing cells (IPCs) differentiated from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in human tissues decrease blood glucose levels and improve survival in diabetic rats. We compared the differential ability and the curative effect of IPCs from three types of human tissue to determine the ideal source of cell therapy for diabetes. Methods. We induced MSCs from Wharton's jelly (WJ), bone marrow (BM), and surgically resected pancreatic tissue to differentiate into IPCs. The in vitro differential function of these IPCs was compared by insulin-to-DNA ratios and C-peptide levels after glucose challenge. In vivo curative effects of IPCs transplanted into diabetic rats were monitored by weekly blood glucose measurement. Results. WJ-MSCs showed better proliferation and differentiation potential than pancreatic MSCs and BM-MSCs. In vivo, WJ-IPCs significantly reduced blood glucose levels at first week after transplantation and maintained significant decrease till week 8. BM-IPCs reduced blood glucose levels at first week but gradually increased since week 3. In resected pancreas-IPCs group, blood glucose levels were significantly reduced till two weeks after transplantation and gradually increased since week 4. Conclusion. WJ-MSCs are the most promising stem cell source for β-cell regeneration in diabetes treatment.
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148
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Corritore E, Dugnani E, Pasquale V, Misawa R, Witkowski P, Lei J, Markmann J, Piemonti L, Sokal EM, Bonner-Weir S, Lysy PA. β-Cell differentiation of human pancreatic duct-derived cells after in vitro expansion. Cell Reprogram 2015; 16:456-66. [PMID: 25437872 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2014.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Cell replacement therapy is a promising field of research that is currently evaluating new sources of cells for clinical use. Pancreatic epithelial cells are potent candidates for β-cell engineering, but their large-scale expansion has not been evidenced yet. Here we describe the efficient expansion and β-cell differentiation of purified human pancreatic duct cells (DCs). When cultured in endothelial growth-promoting media, purified CA19-9(+) cells proliferated extensively and achieved up to 22 population doublings over nine passages. While proliferating, human pancreatic duct-derived cells (HDDCs) downregulated most DC markers, but they retained low CK19 and SOX9 gene expression. HDDCs acquired mesenchymal features but differed from fibroblasts or pancreatic stromal cells. Coexpression of duct and mesenchymal markers suggested that HDDCs were derived from DCs via a partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This was supported by the blockade of HDDC appearance in CA19-9(+) cell cultures after incubation with the EMT inhibitor A83-01. After a differentiation protocol mimicking pancreatic development, HDDC populations contained about 2% of immature insulin-producing cells and showed glucose-unresponsive insulin secretion. Downregulation of the mesenchymal phenotype improved β-cell gene expression profile of differentiated HDDCs without affecting insulin protein expression and secretion. We show that pancreatic ducts represent a new source for engineering large amounts of β-like-cells with potential for treating diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Corritore
- 1 Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pediatric Research Laboratory, Université Catholique de Louvain , B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
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149
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Márquez-Aguirre AL, Canales-Aguirre AA, Padilla-Camberos E, Esquivel-Solis H, Díaz-Martínez NE. Development of the endocrine pancreas and novel strategies for β-cell mass restoration and diabetes therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 48:765-76. [PMID: 26176316 PMCID: PMC4568803 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20154363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus represents a serious public health problem owing to its global
prevalence in the last decade. The causes of this metabolic disease include
dysfunction and/or insufficient number of β cells. Existing diabetes mellitus
treatments do not reverse or control the disease. Therefore, β-cell mass restoration
might be a promising treatment. Several restoration approaches have been developed:
inducing the proliferation of remaining insulin-producing cells, de
novo islet formation from pancreatic progenitor cells (neogenesis), and
converting non-β cells within the pancreas to β cells (transdifferentiation) are the
most direct, simple, and least invasive ways to increase β-cell mass. However, their
clinical significance is yet to be determined. Hypothetically, β cells or islet
transplantation methods might be curative strategies for diabetes mellitus; however,
the scarcity of donors limits the clinical application of these approaches. Thus,
alternative cell sources for β-cell replacement could include embryonic stem cells,
induced pluripotent stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. However, most
differentiated cells obtained using these techniques are functionally immature and
show poor glucose-stimulated insulin secretion compared with native β cells.
Currently, their clinical use is still hampered by ethical issues and the risk of
tumor development post transplantation. In this review, we briefly summarize the
current knowledge of mouse pancreas organogenesis, morphogenesis, and maturation,
including the molecular mechanisms involved. We then discuss two possible approaches
of β-cell mass restoration for diabetes mellitus therapy: β-cell regeneration and
β-cell replacement. We critically analyze each strategy with respect to the
accessibility of the cells, potential risk to patients, and possible clinical
outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Márquez-Aguirre
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara, Jalisco, MX
| | - A A Canales-Aguirre
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara, Jalisco, MX
| | - E Padilla-Camberos
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara, Jalisco, MX
| | - H Esquivel-Solis
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara, Jalisco, MX
| | - N E Díaz-Martínez
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara, Jalisco, MX
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150
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Soria B, Gauthier BR, Martín F, Tejedo JR, Bedoya FJ, Rojas A, Hmadcha A. Using stem cells to produce insulin. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:1469-89. [PMID: 26156425 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1066330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tremendous progress has been made in generating insulin-producing cells from pluripotent stem cells. The best outcome of the refined protocols became apparent in the first clinical trial announced by ViaCyte, based on the implantation of pancreatic progenitors that would further mature into functional insulin-producing cells inside the patient's body. AREAS COVERED Several groups, including ours, have contributed to improve strategies to generate insulin-producing cells. Of note, the latest results have gained a substantial amount of interest as a method to create a potentially functional and limitless supply of β-cell to revert diabetes mellitus. This review analyzes the accomplishments that have taken place over the last few decades, summarizes the state-of-art methods for β-cell replacement therapies based on the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into glucose-responsive and insulin-producing cells in a dish and discusses alternative approaches to obtain new sources of insulin-producing cells. EXPERT OPINION Undoubtedly, recent events preface the beginning of a new era in diabetes therapy. However, in our opinion, a number of significant hurdles still stand in the way of clinical application. We believe that the combination of the private and public sectors will accelerate the process of obtaining the desired safe and functional β-cell surrogates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat Soria
- a 1 CABIMER, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain ; .,b 2 CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders , 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benoit R Gauthier
- a 1 CABIMER, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain ;
| | - Franz Martín
- a 1 CABIMER, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain ; .,b 2 CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders , 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan R Tejedo
- a 1 CABIMER, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain ; .,b 2 CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders , 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Bedoya
- a 1 CABIMER, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain ; .,b 2 CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders , 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anabel Rojas
- a 1 CABIMER, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain ; .,b 2 CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders , 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abdelkrim Hmadcha
- a 1 CABIMER, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain ; .,b 2 CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders , 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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