101
|
Guan Y, Abdelwahab S, Kamin-Lewis R, DeVico AL, Lewis GK. Self-protection of individual CD4+ T cells against R5 HIV-1 infection by the synthesis of anti-viral CCR5 ligands. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3481. [PMID: 18941536 PMCID: PMC2567041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that paracrine secretion of anti-viral CCR5 ligands by CD8+ and CD4+ T cells can block the infection of activated CD4+ T cells by R5 and dual-tropic isolates of HIV-1. By contrast, because CD4+ T cells can be infected by HIV-1 and at least some subsets secrete anti-viral CCR5 ligands, it is possible that these ligands protect against HIV-1 via autocrine as well as paracrine pathways. Here we use a model primary CD4+ T cell response in vitro to show that individual CD4+ T cells that secrete anti-viral CCR5 ligands are 'self-protected' against infection with R5 but not X4 strains of HIV-1. This protection is selective for CD4+ T cells that secrete anti-viral CCR5 ligands in that activated CD4+ T cells in the same cultures remain infectable with R5 HIV-1. These data are most consistent with an autocrine pathway of protection in this system and indicate a previously unappreciated selective pressure on the emergence of viral variants and CD4+ T cell phenotypes during HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Guan
- Division of Basic Science and Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sayed Abdelwahab
- Division of Basic Science and Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Roberta Kamin-Lewis
- Division of Basic Science and Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anthony L. DeVico
- Division of Basic Science and Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George K. Lewis
- Division of Basic Science and Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Guthery SL, Salisbury BA, Pungliya MS, Stephens JC, Bamshad M. The structure of common genetic variation in United States populations. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 81:1221-31. [PMID: 17999361 DOI: 10.1086/522239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The common-variant/common-disease model predicts that most risk alleles underlying complex health-related traits are common and, therefore, old and found in multiple populations, rather than being rare or population specific. Accordingly, there is widespread interest in assessing the population structure of common alleles. However, such assessments have been confounded by analysis of data sets with bias toward ascertainment of common alleles (e.g., HapMap and Perlegen) or in which a relatively small number of genes and/or populations were sampled. The aim of this study was to examine the structure of common variation ascertained in major U.S. populations, by resequencing the exons and flanking regions of 3,873 genes in 154 chromosomes from European, Latino/Hispanic, Asian, and African Americans generated by the Genaissance Resequencing Project. The frequency distributions of private and common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were measured, and the extent to which common SNPs were shared across populations was analyzed using several different estimators of population structure. Most SNPs that were common in one population were present in multiple populations, but SNPs common in one population were frequently not common in other populations. Moreover, SNPs that were common in two or more populations often differed significantly in frequency from one population to another, particularly in comparisons of African Americans versus other U.S. populations. These findings indicate that, even if the bulk of alleles underlying complex health-related traits are common SNPs, geographic ancestry might well be an important predictor of whether a person carries a risk allele.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Guthery
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
103
|
Colobran R, Pujol-Borrell R, Armengol MP, Juan M. The chemokine network. II. On how polymorphisms and alternative splicing increase the number of molecular species and configure intricate patterns of disease susceptibility. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 150:1-12. [PMID: 17848170 PMCID: PMC2219280 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this second review on chemokines, we focus on the polymorphisms and alternative splicings and on their consequences in disease. Because chemokines are key mediators in the pathogenesis of inflammatory, autoimmune, vascular and neoplastic disorders, a large number of studies attempting to relate particular polymorphisms of chemokines to given diseases have already been conducted, sometimes with contradictory results. Reviewing the published data, it becomes evident that some chemokine genes that are polymorphic have alleles that are found repeatedly, associated with disease of different aetiologies but sharing some aspects of pathogenesis. Among CXC chemokines, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CXCL8 and CXCL12 genes stand out, as they have alleles associated with many diseases such as asthma and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), respectively. Of CC chemokines, the stronger associations occur among alleles from SNPs in CCL2 and CCL5 genes and a number of inflammatory conditions. To understand how chemokines contribute to disease it is also necessary to take into account all the isoforms resulting from differential splicing. The first part of this review deals with polymorphisms and the second with the diversity of molecular species derived from each chemokine gene due to alternative splicing phenomena. The number of molecular species and the level of expression of each of them for every chemokine and for each functionally related group of chemokines reaches a complexity that requires new modelling algorithms akin to those proposed in systems biology approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Colobran
- Laboratory of Immunobiology for Research and Application to Diagnosis, Tissue and Blood Bank (BST), Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans, Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
104
|
|
105
|
Chu SF, Tam CM, Wong HS, Kam KM, Lau YL, Chiang AKS. Association between RANTES functional polymorphisms and tuberculosis in Hong Kong Chinese. Genes Immun 2007; 8:475-9. [PMID: 17625600 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines play a major role in leukocyte recruitment during the formation of tuberculous granulomas. We studied the association between genetic polymorphisms of three chemokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), and tuberculosis (TB). The distribution of five functionally significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), MCP-1 -2518A/G, RANTES -403G/A, -28C/G and In1.1T/C as well as MIP-1alpha +459C/T was not found to be different between patients with TB and healthy control subjects of the Hong Kong Chinese population. However, differences in linkage disequilibrium (LD) of the SNPs of RANTES and in distribution of the haplotypes of RANTES between patients with TB and healthy controls (P<0.0001) were found. Two risk haplotypes of RANTES, A-C-T and G-C-C, at positions -403, -28 and In1.1, respectively, were identified. Furthermore, combining the genotypes of RANTES -403 and In1.1, two diplotypes GA/TT (P<0.001) and GG/TC (P<0.0001) showed strong association with TB. Our findings support the association between RANTES functional polymorphisms and TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S-F Chu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
106
|
Koizumi Y, Kageyama S, Fujiyama Y, Miyashita M, Lwembe R, Ogino K, Shioda T, Ichimura H. RANTES -28G delays and DC-SIGN - 139C enhances AIDS progression in HIV type 1-infected Japanese hemophiliacs. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2007; 23:713-9. [PMID: 17530998 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationships between host immune factors and HIV-1 disease progression are still in dispute. Unlike CCR5Delta32, which has been found to delay disease progression of HIV-1, there still remain several factors whose effect on the clinical course is unconfirmed. To clarify the relationships, we selected seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) out of the previously reported factors, namely, RANTES promoter -28G/-403A, RANTES In1.1C, SDF-1 3'A, IL-4 promoter -589T, and DC-SIGN promoter -139C/-336C, and examined these in Japanese HIV-1-infected hemophiliacs (n = 102). The genotypes were examined by the direct sequencing method, and the distributions of genotype and allelic frequencies were compared between two groups, slow progressors (n = 54) who did not develop AIDS more than 10 years after intravenous infection and others (progressors) (n = 48). The allelic frequency of RANTES -28G was significantly higher in slow progressors (0.185) than in the progressor group (0.074) [p = 0.023, OR = 0.35, 95% CI (0.142, 0.880)]. DC-SIGN promoter -139C, and appeared in progressors with significantly higher allelic frequency (0.333) than slow progressors [0.204, p = 0.040, OR = 1.95, 95% CI (1.039, 3.677)]. With RANTES -403A, RANTES In1.1C, SDF-1 3' A, IL-4 -589T, and DC-SIGN -336C, no significant difference was observed in allelic frequencies between the two groups. These results suggest that RANTES -28G was associated with delayed AIDS progression, while DC-SIGN -139C was associated with accelerated AIDS progression in HIV-1-infected Japanese hemophiliacs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Koizumi
- Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
107
|
Savarrio L, Donati M, Carr C, Kinane DF, Berglundh T. Interleukin-24, RANTES and CCR5 gene polymorphisms are not associated with chronic adult periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2007; 42:152-8. [PMID: 17305874 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cytokines, such as interleukin-10, and related genetic polymorphisms, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis. The aim of this study was to investigate a possible correlation between chronic periodontitis and genetic polymorphisms coding for two interleukin-10 related chemokines [interleukin-24 and regulated on activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted (RANTES)] as well as a RANTES receptor [CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5)]. MATERIAL AND METHODS A single-blind, two-centre, case-controlled study was carried out with test patients from the Clinic of Periodontics, Göteborg University, and from the Department of Periodontology, Glasgow University, and control subjects from the undergraduate clinics of both schools. Blood samples were collected from 106 patients (56 women and 50 men, mean age 51.7 yr) with generalized, severe chronic periodontitis and from 69 periodontally healthy subjects (37 women and 32 men, mean age 53.3 yr). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify the genetic coding for interleukin-24, RANTES and CCR5. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared between the test and control groups using Fischer's exact test at the 5% level of significance. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences between patients with chronic periodontitis and control subjects, regarding genotype distribution or allele frequency, irrespective of smoking status, in the combined Glasgow and Gothenburg cohort or in the specific location cohorts. The allele frequencies for healthy and control subjects for RANTES gave a p-value of 0.80 (allele G was 58.8% in healthy subjects and and 54.4% in subjects with periodontitis), for interleukin-24 the p-value was 0.90 (allele T was 56.2% in healthy subjects and and 54.9% in subjects with periodontitis) and for CCR5 the p-value was 0.90 (the wild-type allele was 85% in healthy subjects and and 82.7% in subjects with periodontitis). CONCLUSION The interleukin-24, RANTES and CCR5 polymorphisms investigated are not associated with chronic periodontitis.
Collapse
|
108
|
Ketas TJ, Kuhmann SE, Palmer A, Zurita J, He W, Ahuja SK, Klasse PJ, Moore JP. Cell surface expression of CCR5 and other host factors influence the inhibition of HIV-1 infection of human lymphocytes by CCR5 ligands. Virology 2007; 364:281-90. [PMID: 17428518 PMCID: PMC2151978 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Several CCR5 ligands, including small molecules and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), are being developed as therapies for infection with strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) that use CCR5 for entry (R5 viruses). The efficacy of such therapies could be influenced by inter-individual differences in host factors, such as CCR5 expression levels. To study this, we used peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from humans and rhesus macaques. The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) of the small-molecule CCR5 ligands CMPD167, UK427,857 and SCH-D, and of the PRO 140 MAb, differ by >2 logs in a donor-dependent manner. We studied this variation by using flow cytometry to measure CCR5 expression on PBMCs from six of the human donors: the IC(50) values of both SCH-D and PRO 140 correlated with CCR5 expression (R(2)=0.64 and 0.99, respectively). We also determined the efficacy of the CCR5 ligands against HIV-1 infection of HeLa-derived cell lines that express CD4 at the same level but vary 2-fold in CCR5 expression (JC.48 and JC.53 cells). The moderately greater CCR5 expression on the JC.53 than the JC.48 cells was associated with proportionately higher median IC(50) values for all four CCR5 ligands but not for a soluble CD4-based inhibitor or a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. We conclude that differences in CCR5 expression on human PBMCs, which can be affected by CCL3L1 gene dose, may influence the antiviral potency of CCR5 ligands in vitro, but other host factors are also likely to be involved. These host factors may affect the clinical activity of CCR5 inhibitors, including their use as topical microbicides to prevent HIV-1 transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Ketas
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shawn E. Kuhmann
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashley Palmer
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Juan Zurita
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Weijing He
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, and Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Sunil K. Ahuja
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, and Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Per Johan Klasse
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - John P. Moore
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
- Address correspondence to John P. Moore, Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, Box 62, New York, New York 10021, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Shao W, Tang J, Song W, Wang C, Li Y, Wilson CM, Kaslow RA. CCL3L1 and CCL4L1: variable gene copy number in adolescents with and without human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Genes Immun 2007; 8:224-31. [PMID: 17330138 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
As members of the chemokine family, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1alpha) and MIP-1beta are unique in that they both consist of non-allelic isoforms encoded by different genes, namely chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3), CCL4, CCL3-like 1 (CCL3L1) and CCL4L1. The products of these genes and of CCL5 (encoding RANTES, i.e., regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted) can block or interfere with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection through competitive binding to chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5). Our analyses of 411 adolescents confirmed that CCL3 and CCL4 genes occurred invariably as single copies (two per diploid genome), whereas the copy numbers of CCL3L1 and CCL4L1 varied extensively (0-11 and 1-6 copies, respectively). Neither CCL3L1 nor CCL4L1 gene copy number variation showed appreciable impact on susceptibility to or control of HIV-1 infection. Within individuals, linear correlation between CCL3L1 and CCL4L1 copy numbers was moderate regardless of ethnicity (Pearson correlation coefficients=0.63-0.65, P<0.0001), suggesting that the two loci are not always within the same segmental duplication unit. Persistently low serum MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta (in the pg/ml range) compared with high CCL5 concentration (ng/ml range) implied that multi-copy genes CCL3L1 and CCL4L1 conferred little advantage in the intensity of expression among uninfected or infected adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Shao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
110
|
Telenti A, Egger M. Identifying Safety Concerns from Genetic Data: Lessons from the Development of CCR5 Inhibitors. Antivir Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350701200207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amalio Telenti
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Egger
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Abstract
During the rapid spread of HIV-1 in humans, the main (M) group of HIV-1 has evolved into ten distinct subtypes, undergone countless recombination events and diversified extensively. The impact of this extreme genetic diversity on the phenotype of HIV-1 has only recently become a research focus, but early findings indicate that the dominance of HIV-1 subtype C in the current epidemic might be related to the lower virulence of this subtype compared with other subtypes. Here, we explore whether HIV-1 has reached peak virulence or has already started the slow path to attenuation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K. Ariën
- the Department of Microbiology, HIV and Retrovirology Research Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, B2000 Belgium
- Present Address: the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent, B-9000 Belgium
| | - Guido Vanham
- the Department of Microbiology, HIV and Retrovirology Research Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, B2000 Belgium
| | - Eric J. Arts
- the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2109, Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, 44195 Ohio USA
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Lee EB, Zhao J, Kim JY, Xiong M, Song YW. Evidence of potential interaction of chemokine genes in susceptibility to systemic sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:2443-8. [PMID: 17599774 DOI: 10.1002/art.22742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine genetic polymorphisms in the chemokine pathway, and to assess their interactions in relation to susceptibility to systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS To identify the risk of SSc conferred by genetic polymorphisms in the chemokine pathway, 10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 8 candidate genes were studied in 99 patients with SSc and 198 age- and sex-matched controls in a Korean population. SNPs were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism or sequence-specific primer methods. Genetic associations between each SNP and SSc risk, calculated as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals, were estimated using chi-square tests. Haplotypes for the 2 polymorphisms in the gene CCL5 (RANTES) were constructed, and their associations with SSc were tested. Gene-gene interactions were investigated using a recently described novel method, and the results were confirmed by conditional logistic regression. Adjustment for multiple testing was based on Bonferroni correction. RESULTS There was significant evidence of gene-gene interaction between polymorphisms in the genes CXCL8 (interleukin-8) and CCL5, and both of these were associated with an increased risk of SSc. This SNP-SNP interaction was confirmed by 2 independent statistical methods. The associations remained significant after Bonferroni adjustment for multiple testing. No significant association between each individual SNP or haplotype and the risk of SSc was found. CONCLUSION Crosstalk between the 2 chemokines CXCL8 and CCL5 may contribute to the susceptibility to SSc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Bong Lee
- Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
113
|
Navratilova Z. Polymorphisms in CCL2&CCL5 chemokines/chemokine receptors genes and their association with diseases. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2006; 150:191-204. [PMID: 17426779 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2006.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokines and chemokine receptors are major mediators of leukocyte trafficking into the sites of the immune response. They participate in defence against microbial infection, in Th1/Th2 polarization of the immune response, allograft rejection and angiogenesis/angiostasis as well as in tumorigenesis and metastasis. To date, several functional polymorphisms of chemokine and chemokine receptor genes have been discovered that are able to deregulate chemokine system and, therefore, they may interfere with the pathogenesis of a large number of inflammatory and other diseases. In this review we focus on the known polymorphisms of two chemokines: CCL2, CCL5 and their corresponding receptors (CCR2, CCR5) and we also discuss their associations with susceptibility and progression to selected immune-mediated diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS Based on relevant literature this article gives a short overview of case-control and family studies regarding effect of the genetic factors on diseases such as coronary artery disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes mellitus, lung diseases and others. CONCLUSION Recent advance in the identification of chemokine genetic background of the diseases could provide opportunity for pharmacological treatment. However, we need more information about posttranscriptional events to understand functional relevance of polymorphisms and to discovery new avenues to blocking disease development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Navratilova
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is generally characterized by a long-term, chronic disease course that gradually progresses to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, a small fraction of HIV-1-infected individuals remain both clinically and immunologically healthy for 10 years or more after seroconversion. Conversely, the disease of another significant fraction is characterized by an extremely rapid progression to AIDS within 1 year. There are also individuals not infected with HIV-1 who have had repetitive sexual exposure to HIV-1 in extremely high-risk situations. Determining the host factors involved in these different susceptibility and disease courses would be helpful for better understanding AIDS and its control. Today, a worldwide scientific endeavor called the Human Genome Project has completed the production of a full-length sequence of the 3 billion base pairs that make up the human genome. The Human Genome Project has also revealed the presence of variation in human genomes. Relating these genetic differences to human phenotypes offers a very attractive prospect for a genetic understanding of the different sensitivities to various human diseases, including cancer, brain and heart diseases, allergy, and infectious diseases. In this review, we present examples of human genetic variation that can affect HIV-1 infection and disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Shioda
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Parmentier M. Genetics of resistance to HIV infection: Role of co-receptors and co-receptor ligands. Semin Immunol 2006; 18:387-403. [PMID: 16978874 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to HIV infection and AIDS progression is variable among individuals and populations, and in part genetically determined. Genetic variants of genes encoding HIV co-receptors and their chemokine ligands have been described, and some of these variants were associated with resistance to HIV infection and/or disease progression. We review here the reported data regarding the variants of the CCR5, CCR2, CX3CR1, MIP-1alpha/CCL3, MIP-1beta/CCL4, RANTES/CCL5 and SDF-1/CXCL12 genes. The Delta32 deletion mutant of CCR5, resulting in a non-functional receptor not reaching the cell surface, is unambiguously associated with strong, although incomplete, resistance to HIV infection for homozygotes, and retarded progression for heterozygotes. Specific haplotypes encompassing the CCR5 and CCR2 loci, and the copy number of the CCL3L1 gene, have also been convincingly correlated with delayed progression. For other gene variants, involving CXCL12/SDF-1 and CX3CR1, conclusive evidence for their relevance in the frame of HIV susceptibility is still lacking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Arenzana-Seisdedos
- Unité de Pathogénie Virale Moléculaire, Département de Virologie, INSERM, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
Meddows-Taylor S, Donninger SL, Paximadis M, Schramm DB, Anthony FS, Gray GE, Kuhn L, Tiemessen CT. Reduced ability of newborns to produce CCL3 is associated with increased susceptibility to perinatal human immunodeficiency virus 1 transmission. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:2055-2065. [PMID: 16760409 PMCID: PMC2365885 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81709-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of CC chemokines in protection against mother-to-child human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission is not well understood. It was observed that mitogen-induced production of CCL3 and CCL4 by cord-blood mononuclear cells was increased among infants born to HIV-positive compared with HIV-negative mothers, and that a deficiency in production of CCL3 was associated with increased susceptibility to intrapartum HIV-1 infection. CCL3-L1 gene copy number was associated with CCL3 production and with vertical transmission. However, at equivalent CCL3-L1 gene copy numbers, infants who acquired HIV-1 infection relative to their exposed but uninfected counterparts had lower production of CCL3, suggesting that they may harbour some non-functional copies of this gene. Nucleotide changes that may influence CCL3 production were evident in the CCL3 and CCL3-L1 genes upstream of exon 2. Our findings suggest that infants who display a deficient-production phenotype of CCL3 are at increased risk of acquiring HIV-1, indicating that this chemokine in particular plays an essential role in protective immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Meddows-Taylor
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, and Department of Virology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X4, Sandringham, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Samantha L. Donninger
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, and Department of Virology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X4, Sandringham, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Maria Paximadis
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, and Department of Virology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X4, Sandringham, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Diana B. Schramm
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, and Department of Virology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X4, Sandringham, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Fiona S. Anthony
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, and Department of Virology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X4, Sandringham, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Glenda E. Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Soweto, South Africa
| | - Louise Kuhn
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Centre, College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Caroline T. Tiemessen
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, and Department of Virology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X4, Sandringham, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Nolan D, Gaudieri S, Mallal S. Host genetics and viral infections: immunology taught by viruses, virology taught by the immune system. Curr Opin Immunol 2006; 18:413-21. [PMID: 16777398 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2006.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are prototypic obligate intracellular pathogens, and are therefore, by necessity, highly pre-adapted to surviving the host immune response. Nevertheless, host genetic factors remain an important determinant of disease outcome, particularly in the case of viruses that have encountered humans in the more recent past (e.g. human immunodeficiency virus). Recent studies have identified an increasingly rich network of functionally relevant polymorphic immune factors, including major MHC alleles, killer immunoglobulin-like receptors and functional chemokine receptor polymorphisms. Moreover, genetic variation is increasingly appreciated beyond the single genotype level, incorporating extended haplotypes as well as regions of segmental genetic duplication. These issues can be considered within an evolutionary perspective that acknowledges the crucial role of adaptive host-viral relationships in shaping both host and pathogen genetic diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Nolan
- Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital and Murdoch University, Level 2, North Block, Perth, Western Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
Silverberg MJ, Wegner SA, Milazzo MJ, McKaig RG, Williams CF, Agan BK, Armstrong AW, Gange SJ, Hawkes C, O'Connell RJ, Ahuja SK, Dolan MJ. Effectiveness of highly-active antiretroviral therapy by race/ethnicity. AIDS 2006; 20:1531-8. [PMID: 16847408 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000237369.41617.0f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of HAART by race/ethnicity. DESIGN Prospective multicenter cohort study. METHODS We studied 991 African-Americans and 911 European-Americans enrolled in the United States Military's Tri-Service AIDS Clinical Consortium Natural History Study who had dates of HIV seroconversion known within 5 years and followed between 1990 and 2002. We determined the rate of disease progression to AIDS and death for subjects in this cohort. Multivariable models evaluated race, pre-HAART (1990-1995) and HAART (1996-2002) eras, age, gender and military service. RESULTS In the pre-HAART era, African-Americans had a statistically nonsignificant trend towards better outcomes: the relative hazards (RH) of AIDS and death for African-Americans compared to European-Americans were 0.85 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.68-1.05] and 0.77 (95% CI, 0.55-1.08), respectively. In the HAART era, outcomes were similar by race: 1.17 (95% CI, 0.86-1.61) for AIDS and 1.11 (95% CI, 0.81-1.53) for death with overlapping Kaplan-Meier curves. Relative to the pre-HAART era, the adjusted RH of AIDS in the HAART era was 0.41 (95% CI, 0.31-0.54) and 0.30 (95% CI, 0.22-0.40) for African-American and European-American participants, respectively. Analogous RH for death were 0.55 (95% CI, 0.38-0.80) and 0.38 (95% CI, 0.27-0.54). The precipitous declines in AIDS and death in the HAART era were not statistically different by race. CONCLUSIONS : In a large multi-racial cohort with equal access to health care, HIV treatment outcomes by race/ethnicity were similar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Silverberg
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
119
|
Modi WS, Lautenberger J, An P, Scott K, Goedert JJ, Kirk GD, Buchbinder S, Phair J, Donfield S, O'Brien SJ, Winkler C. Genetic variation in the CCL18-CCL3-CCL4 chemokine gene cluster influences HIV Type 1 transmission and AIDS disease progression. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 79:120-8. [PMID: 16773571 PMCID: PMC1474130 DOI: 10.1086/505331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CCL3 (MIP-1 alpha), CCL4 (MIP-1 beta), and CCL18 (DC-CK1/PARC/AMAC-1) are potent chemoattractants produced by macrophages, natural killer cells, fibroblasts, mast cells, CD4(+) T cells, and CD8(+) T cells. CCL3 and CCL4 are natural ligands for the primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coreceptor CCR5 and are also known to activate and enhance the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells. Genomic DNAs from >3,000 participants enrolled in five United States-based natural-history cohorts with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were genotyped for 21 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a 47-kb interval on chromosome 17q12 containing the genes CCL3, CCL4, and CCL18. All 21 SNPs were polymorphic in African Americans (AAs), whereas 7 of the 21 had minor-allele frequencies <0.01 in European Americans (EAs). Substantial linkage disequilibrium was observed in a 37-kb interval containing 17 SNPs where many pairwise D' values exceeded 0.70 in both racial groups, but particularly in EAs. Four and three haplotype blocks were observed in AAs and EAs, respectively. Blocks were strongly correlated with each other, and common haplotype diversity within blocks was limited. Two significant associations are reported that replicate an earlier study. First, among AA members of the AIDS Link to the Intravenous Experience cohort of injection drug users, frequencies of three correlated SNPs covering 2,231 bp in CCL3 were significantly elevated among highly exposed, persistently HIV-1-uninfected individuals compared with HIV-1-infected seroconvertors (P = .02-.03). Second, seven highly correlated SNPs spanning 36 kb and containing all three genes were significantly associated with more-rapid disease progression among EAs enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study cohort (P = .01-.02). These results reiterate the importance of chemokine gene variation in HIV-1/AIDS pathogenesis and emphasize that localized linkage disequilibrium makes the identification of causal mutations difficult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William S Modi
- SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Basic Research Program, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
120
|
Ahlenstiel G, Iwan A, Nattermann J, Bueren K, Rockstroh JK, Brackmann HH, Kupfer B, Landt O, Peled A, Sauerbruch T, Spengler U, Woitas RP. Distribution and effects of polymorphic RANTES gene alleles in HIV/HCV coinfection -- a prospective cross-sectional study. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 11:7631-8. [PMID: 16437690 PMCID: PMC4727229 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i48.7631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Chemokines and their receptors are crucial for immune responses in HCV and HIV infection. RANTES gene polymorphisms lead to altered gene expression and influence the natural course of HIV infection. Therefore, these mutations may also affect the course of HIV/HCV coinfection. METHODS We determined allele frequencies of RANTES-403 (G --> A), RANTES-28 (C --> G) and RANTES-IN1.1 (T --> C) polymorphisms using real-time PCR and hybridization probes in patients with HIV (n = 85), HCV (n = 112), HIV/HCV coinfection (n = 121), and 109 healthy controls. Furthermore, HIV and HCV loads as well as CD4(+) and CD8(+) cell counts were compared between different RANTES genotypes. RESULTS Frequencies of RANTES-403 A, RANTES-28 G and RANTES-IN1.1 C alleles were higher in HIV infected patients than in healthy controls (-403: 28.2% vs 15.1%, P = 0.002; -28: 5.4% vs 2.8%, not significant; IN1.1: 19.0% vs 11.0%, P = 0.038). In HIV/HCV coinfected patients, these RANTES alleles were less frequent than in patients with HIV infection alone (15.4% P = 0.002; 1.7%; P = 0.048; 12.0%; not significant). Frequencies of these alleles were not significantly different between HIV/HCV positive patients, HCV positive patients and healthy controls. CONCLUSION All three RANTES polymorphisms showed increased frequencies of the variant allele exclusively in patients with HIV monoinfection. The finding that the frequencies of these alleles remained unaltered in HIV/HCV coinfected patients suggests that HCV coinfection interferes with selection processes associated with these alleles in HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Golo Ahlenstiel
- Medizinische Klinik u Poliklinik 1, Universitatsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
121
|
Vidal F, Peraire J, Domingo P, Broch M, Cairó M, Pedrol E, Montero M, Viladés C, Gutiérrez C, Sambeat MA, Fontanet A, Dalmau D, Deig E, Knobel H, Sirvent JJ, Richart C, Veloso S, Saumoy M, López-Dupla M, Olona M, Cadafalch J, Fuster M, Ochoa A, Soler A, Guelar A, González J. Polymorphism of RANTES chemokine gene promoter is not associated with long-term nonprogressive HIV-1 infection of more than 16 years. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 41:17-22. [PMID: 16340468 DOI: 10.1097/01.qai.0000188335.86466.ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To examine whether polymorphisms of the RANTES chemokine gene promoter are associated with long-term nonprogressive HIV-1 infection in white Spanish subjects, we performed a cross-sectional genetic association case-control study. Two-hundred sixty-seven white Spaniards were studied: 58 were HIV-1-infected long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) of more than 16 years, 109 were HIV-1-infected usual progressors (UPs), and 100 were control subjects. Three RANTES single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at positions -28C>G, -109T>C, and -403G>A were assessed. The prevalence of the CCR5Delta 32 allele was also examined. Genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction and automatic sequencing analysis methods. Genotype and allele frequencies between the 3 groups were compared by the chi2 test and the Fisher exact test. The distribution of allelic variants of RANTES in controls, UPs, and LTNPs, respectively, was 3%, 2%, and 5% for -28G; 4%, 2%, and 2% for -109C; and 18%, 18%, and 18% for -403A (P = not significant). The differences were still nonsignificant when we exclusively analyzed individuals not carrying the CCR5Delta32 allele. We conclude that LTNP of more than 16 years is not associated with SNPs in the RANTES gene promoter in white Spanish HIV-1-infected subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Vidal
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
122
|
Botella C, Marín L, Moya-Quiles R, Miras M, Sánchez-Bueno F, Minguela A, Bermejo J, Parrilla P, Alvarez-López R, Muro M. Lack of association between the -403G/A promoter polymorphism in the human CCL5/RANTES chemokine gene in liver transplant outcome. Transpl Int 2006; 19:98-104. [PMID: 16441357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2005.00240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines play a major role in the inflammatory and immune responses that mediate allograft outcome. CCL5/RANTES expansion chemokine is potent eosinophil, monocyte, basophils and lymphocyte chemoattractant and has recently been studied in transplantation with discrepant results, but systemic concentrations have been correlated to liver graft survival and incidence of rejection. Recent studies revealed that a functional mutation at -403 in the promoter may have a significance for inflammatory and infectious immune responses. Our objective was to investigate CCL5/RANTES promoter polymorphism in rejection and graft survival in liver transplant. We examined the CCL5/RANTES polymorphism in a series of 218 liver transplants and 101 healthy Caucasian subjects. CCL5/RANTES genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). After comparing recipients (with acute rejection episodes versus without rejection) with the control population, we found no significant deviation in the distribution of the alleles or genotypes of CCL5/RANTES dimorphism in any comparison (P > 0.05). Indeed, 5 years allograft survival was 61.3% in recipients with the GG genotype against 58.8% in recipients with the GA and AA genotypes. These differences were also not statistically significant. In conclusion, human CCL5/RANTES gene promoter polymorphism does not seem to influence acute rejection development and allograft survival in liver recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Botella
- Immunology Service, University Hospital Virgen Arrixaca, Murcia 30120, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
123
|
Simeoni E, Vassalli G, Seydoux C, Ramsay D, Noll G, von Segesser LK, Fleury S. CCR5, RANTES and CX3CR1 polymorphisms: possible genetic links with acute heart rejection. Transplantation 2006; 80:1309-15. [PMID: 16314800 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000178378.53616.ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inflammation response is modulated by the elaborated chemokine-chemokine receptor system, which also plays an important role in the development of acute rejection (AR). In this study, we hypothesized that functional genetic variants of some of these modulatory proteins might influence the outcome of AR. METHODS In a retrospective analysis of a cohort of heart transplanted patients (n=158), we examined eight polymorphisms in four genes implicated in this inflammatory process: RANTES, CCR5, CCR2 and CX3CR1. On the basis of timing occurrence, AR episodes (grade>or= 3A) were classified in "early" (0-3 months posttransplantation; EAR) or "late" outcomes (4-12 months posttransplantation; LAR). RESULTS The incidences of EAR and LAR were 57.6% and 41%, respectively. Number of LAR episodes was significantly higher in subjects that have already experienced one or more EAR episodes, as compared to subjects that had no EAR (median [25%-75%]: 4 () vs. 1 [1-2.5] respectively; P<0.0001). Statistical univariate analysis showed that none of the mentioned polymorphisms were correlated with EAR or LAR. However, allele-allele association analysis showed that subjects carrying both the CX3CR1 249I allele and CCR5 No-E haplotypes were significantly at lower risk of experiencing EAR (OR=0.2 [95%-CI=0.1-0.5], P=0.001). In contrast subjects carrying both the CCR5 E haplotype and the RANTES -403A allele were significantly at higher risk to develop LAR (OR=8.1 [95%-CI=2.3-28.7], P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS This exploratory study in heart transplantation suggests that the outcomes of EAR and LAR episodes may be influenced by genetic variant interactions such as "CX3CR1 249I*CCR5 No-E" and "CCR5 E*RANTES -403A."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Simeoni
- Experimental Surgery Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudoise, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
124
|
Wichukchinda N, Nakayama EE, Rojanawiwat A, Pathipvanich P, Auwanit W, Vongsheree S, Ariyoshi K, Sawanpanyalert P, Shioda T. Protective effects of IL4-589T and RANTES-28G on HIV-1 disease progression in infected Thai females. AIDS 2006; 20:189-96. [PMID: 16511411 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000199830.64735.6f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of polymorphisms in interleukin-4 (IL4) and RANTES promoters on disease progression in HIV-1 infected Thais. DESIGN Antiretroviral (ARV) drug-free HIV-1 infected females from the prospective cohort. METHODS A total of 246 DNA samples were genotyped for IL4 and RANTES promoter polymorphisms by PCR-RFLP. Associations of genotype with HIV-1 disease progression were assessed with respect to baseline clinical data including plasma HIV-1 load, CD4 cell counts, and proportion of symptomatic/AIDS, and survival status during 3 years of follow-up. RESULTS Patients with homozygous IL4-589T allele showed a significantly lower HIV-1 viral load (P = 0.005) and a higher CD4 cell count (P = 0.003) than the other patients with heterozygous IL4-589C/T or homozygous IL4-589C allele. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated an apparent but insignificant trend towards better survival in homozygous IL4-589T patients. On the other hand, patients with RANTES-28G allele showed a significantly better survival while those with RANTES In1.1C allele without RANTES-28G showed a significantly poorer survival compared with those who did not possess either RANTES In1.1C or RANTES-28G (P = 0.02), although those polymorphisms only weakly associated with baseline viral load and CD4 cell counts. CONCLUSIONS Our results implicate the significant protective effect of IL4-589T and RANTES-28G on HIV disease progression in Thais. In contrast, RANTES In1.1C without RANTES-28G had an accelerating effect on HIV disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuanjun Wichukchinda
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
125
|
Abstract
Susceptibility to HIV-1 and the rate of disease progression reflect the influence of the genetic diversity of the virus as well as the variation in host factors. The virus will co-evolve with the host, escaping and adapting to host-determined influences. Dominant host factors currently identified include diversity in the major histocompatibility complex class I, and alleles of chemokine, chemokine receptor and cytokine genes. Recent work proposes new variants in life cycle genes and in antiviral innate defense, which modify HIV-1 susceptibility. Comparative genomics generates information on host cell barriers that may explain the current distribution of these viruses among human and nonhuman primates. A greater understanding of the genetic basis of human susceptibility to HIV-1 contributes to an understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease, helps identify new targets for prophylaxis and vaccine development and will lead to predictive tools to identify those at risk of rapid disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amalio Telenti
- University of Lausanne, Institute of Microbiology and University Hospital, Bugnon 48 – CHUV,1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela Bleiber
- University of Lausanne, Institute of Microbiology and University Hospital, Bugnon 48 – CHUV,1011 Lausanne, Switzerland and GlaxoSmithKline, Infectious Diseases Medicines Development Center, Greenford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Flores-Villanueva PO, Ruiz-Morales JA, Song CH, Flores LM, Jo EK, Montaño M, Barnes PF, Selman M, Granados J. A functional promoter polymorphism in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is associated with increased susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis. J Exp Med 2005; 202:1649-58. [PMID: 16352737 PMCID: PMC2212957 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20050126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the distribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in nitric oxide synthase 2A, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha genes in tuberculosis patients and healthy controls from Mexico. The odds of developing tuberculosis were 2.3- and 5.4-fold higher in carriers of MCP-1 genotypes AG and GG than in homozygous AA. Cases of homozygous GG had the highest plasma levels of MCP-1 and the lowest plasma levels of IL-12p40, and these values were negatively correlated. Furthermore, stimulation of monocytes from healthy carriers of the genotype GG with Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens yielded higher MCP-1 and lower IL-12p40 concentrations than parallel experiments with monocytes from homozygous AA. Addition of anti-MCP-1 increased IL-12p40 levels in cultures of M. tuberculosis-stimulated monocytes from homozygous GG, and addition of exogenous MCP-1 reduced IL-12p40 production by M. tuberculosis-stimulated monocytes from homozygous AA. Furthermore, we could replicate our results in Korean subjects, in whom the odds of developing tuberculosis were 2.8- and 6.9-fold higher in carriers of MCP-1 genotypes AG and GG than in homozygous AA. Our findings suggest that persons bearing the MCP-1 genotype GG produce high concentrations of MCP-1, which inhibits production of IL-12p40 in response to M. tuberculosis and increases the likelihood that M. tuberculosis infection will progress to active pulmonary tuberculosis.
Collapse
|
127
|
Dong HF, Wigmore K, Carrington MN, Dean M, Turpin JA, Howard OMZ. Variants of CCR5, which are permissive for HIV-1 infection, show distinct functional responses to CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5. Genes Immun 2005; 6:609-19. [PMID: 16015368 PMCID: PMC1369982 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CCR5 is one of the primary coreceptors for Env-mediated fusion between cells and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Analyses of CCR5 variants in cohorts of HIV-1 high-risk individuals led to the identification of multiple single amino-acid substitutions, which may have functional consequences. This study focused on eight naturally occurring allelic variants located between amino-acid residues 60 and 334 of CCR5. All studied allelic variants were highly expressed on the cell surface of HEK-293 cells and permissive for HIV-1 infection. Variant G301V showed 3.5-fold increase in 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) for CCL4 (MIP 1beta) in a competitive binding assay. There was also a significant reduction in CCL5 (RANTES) EC(50) for the R223Q, A335V and Y339F variants. The most unexpected functional abnormality was exhibited by the R60S variant that exhibited a loss of ligand-induced desensitization in chemotaxis assays, but showed normal CCL4 and CCL5 binding avidity. This mutation is located in the first intracellular loop, a domain that has not previously been shown to be involved in receptor desensitization. In conclusion, our results support earlier studies showing that these naturally occurring point mutations do not limit HIV-1 infection, and indicated that single amino-acid changes can have unexpected functional consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H-F Dong
- Basic Research Program, SAIC Frederick, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K Wigmore
- Basic Research Program, SAIC Frederick, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - MN Carrington
- Basic Research Program, SAIC Frederick, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Dean
- National Cancer Institute (NCI) Center for Cancer Research (CCR) Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - JA Turpin
- Southern Research Institute, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - OMZ Howard
- NCI/CCR/Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
- Correspondence: Dr OMZ Howard, NCI/CCR/Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, NCI-Frederick, PO Box B, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Bleiber G, May M, Martinez R, Meylan P, Ott J, Beckmann JS, Telenti A. Use of a combined ex vivo/in vivo population approach for screening of human genes involved in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 life cycle for variants influencing disease progression. J Virol 2005; 79:12674-80. [PMID: 16188970 PMCID: PMC1235818 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.20.12674-12680.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans differ substantially with respect to susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We evaluated variants of nine host genes participating in the viral life cycle for their role in modulating HIV-1 infection. Alleles were assessed ex vivo for their impact on viral replication in purified CD4 T cells from healthy blood donors (n = 128). Thereafter, candidate alleles were assessed in vivo in a cohort of HIV-1-infected individuals (n = 851) not receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. As a benchmark test, we tested 12 previously reported host genetic variants influencing HIV-1 infection as well as single nucleotide polymorphisms in the nine candidate genes. This led to the proposition of three alleles of PML, TSG101, and PPIA as potentially associated with differences in progression of HIV-1 disease. In a model considering the combined effects of new and previously reported gene variants, we estimated that their effect might be responsible for lengthening or shortening by up to 2.8 years the period from 500 CD4 T cells/mul to <200 CD4 T cells/mul.
Collapse
|
129
|
Ma L, Marmor M, Zhong P, Ewane L, Su B, Nyambi P. Distribution of CCR2-64I and SDF1-3'A alleles and HIV status in 7 ethnic populations of Cameroon. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 40:89-95. [PMID: 16123688 DOI: 10.1097/01.qai.0000157008.66584.d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Limited information is available on the prevalence among rural Africans of host genetic polymorphisms conferring resistance to HIV-1 infection or slowing HIV disease progression. We report the allelic frequencies of the AIDS-related polymorphisms CCR2-64I, SDF1-3'A, and CCR5-Delta32 in 321 volunteers from 7 ethnic groups in Cameroon. Allelic frequencies differed among the 7 ethnic groups, ranging from 10.8% to 31.3% for CCR2-64I and 0.0% to 7.1% for SDF1-3'A. No CCR5-Delta32 alleles were found. HIV seroprevalence was 6.9% in the total population and peaked at younger ages in girls and women than in boys and men. Among 15- to 54-year-olds, HIV seroprevalence varied from 2.0% to 11.1% among the village populations. Conditional logistic regression analysis using data from boys and men aged 15 to 54 years showed the number of CCR2-64I alleles to be a significant risk factor for HIV seropositivity (odds ratio per allele adjusted for age and matched on ethnic group = 6.3, 95% confidence interval: 1.3-30.3); this association was not found in women. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that CCR2-64I alleles may delay HIV disease progression without affecting susceptibility to infection among men. We did not observe this relation among women, and other factors, such as multiple pregnancies or maternal stressors (eg, breastfeeding), may have masked any protective effect of CCR2-64I alleles. Further study of this issue among women is warranted. SDF1-3'A did not differ between HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative individuals but was associated with increasing age among HIV-seronegative women, suggesting a protective effect against HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liying Ma
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10010, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms in human genes can influence the risk for HIV-1 infection and disease progression, although the reported effects of these alleles have been inconsistent. This review highlights the recent discoveries on global and Chinese genetic polymorphisms and their association with HIV-1 transmission and disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Fu Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-8070, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
131
|
Mlynarski WM, Placha GP, Wolkow PP, Bochenski JP, Warram JH, Krolewski AS. Risk of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes is associated with functional polymorphisms in RANTES receptor gene (CCR5): a sex-specific effect. Diabetes 2005; 54:3331-5. [PMID: 16249462 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.11.3331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors have been implicated in the development of diabetic nephropathy. To determine whether the risk of diabetic nephropathy is influenced by two functional polymorphisms in the regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) receptor gene (CCR5), we recruited patients with type 1 diabetes, including 496 case subjects with overt proteinuria or end-stage renal disease and 298 control subjects with normoalbuminuria. Male carriers of the 59029G allele, which is associated with diminished expression of CCR5 on the surface of immunocompetent cells, had significantly higher risk of developing diabetic nephropathy than noncarriers (OR [95% CI] 1.9 [1.2-3.0]). Similarly, male carriers of the 32-bp deletion, which causes truncation of the protein, had significantly higher risk of diabetic nephropathy than noncarriers (2.3 [1.3-4.2]). Combining both polymorphisms, three haplotypes were distinguished: one nonrisk haplotype carrying the 59029A allele and the 32-bp insertion and two risk haplotypes carrying the 59029A allele with the 32-bp deletion and carrying the 59029G allele with the 32-bp insertion. The distribution of these haplotypes differed significantly (P < 0.00001) in men with and without diabetic nephropathy but was not associated with diabetic nephropathy in women. In conclusion, two functional polymorphisms in CCR5 that decrease expression of the RANTES receptor on immunocompetent cells are associated with increased risk of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes, but only in men.
Collapse
|
132
|
Hladik F, Liu H, Speelmon E, Livingston-Rosanoff D, Wilson S, Sakchalathorn P, Hwangbo Y, Greene B, Zhu T, McElrath MJ. Combined effect of CCR5-Delta32 heterozygosity and the CCR5 promoter polymorphism -2459 A/G on CCR5 expression and resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission. J Virol 2005; 79:11677-84. [PMID: 16140745 PMCID: PMC1212613 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.18.11677-11684.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposed seronegative individuals (ES) with persistent high-risk sexual behavior may be less susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection because they carry the chemokine receptor (CR) gene alleles CCR5 open reading frame (ORF) Delta32, CCR5 promoter -2459G, or CCR2 ORF 64I (CCR2-64I), all of which have been found to diminish HIV-1 infectivity and/or disease progression. To investigate this, we determined the haplotypes for these three genetic loci in 93 ES and 247 low-risk control individuals. To test if protective haplotypes exert their effect by modulating CR expression, we measured the protein expression of CCR5 and CXCR4 on circulating CD4+ T cells and CD14+ monocytes in 71 ES and 92 controls. To avoid investigator bias, the analysis was performed without knowledge of each subject's risk and genotype. The CCR5 -2459G allele was significantly enriched in ES Caucasian men, who constituted the majority (84%) of the ES cohort, compared to the control Caucasian men (P = 0.02). This increase was mostly attributable to a higher frequency of the -2459 A/G versus the -2459 A/A genotype in individuals heterozygous for the delta32 allele (P = 0.012). No protective influence of the CCR2-64I allele was observed. The haplotypes CCR5 ORF delta32/CCR5 -2459A (in complete linkage disequilibrium) and CCR5 ORF wt/CCR5 -2459G had a cumulative negative effect on the expression of CCR5, since we measured significantly reduced CCR5 densities on both T-helper cells and monocytes only when both haplotypes were present. Densities of CCR5 on lymphocytes and monocytes were correlated (r = 0.59; P < 0.0001), indicating concordance of CCR5 expression patterns across different cell types. We conclude that the CCR5 ORF delta32/wt-CCR5 -2459 A/G genotype combination offers an advantage in resisting sexual HIV-1 transmission and that this effect is mediated by a relative paucity of CCR5 on potential target cells of HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hladik
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Program in Infectious Diseases, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., P.O. Box 19024, D3-100, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
133
|
Wang C, Song W, Lobashevsky E, Wilson CM, Douglas SD, Mytilineos J, Schoenbaum EE, Tang J, Kaslow RA. Cytokine and chemokine gene polymorphisms among ethnically diverse North Americans with HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 35:446-54. [PMID: 15021309 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200404150-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-four common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 10 cytokine and chemokine genes were defined in 579 North Americans at high risk of HIV-1 infection due to sexual behavior and injection drug use. Among the 3 major ethnic (African-American, Hispanic/Latino, and other) groups involved, HIV-1-seropositive individuals differed significantly from ethnically matched HIV-1-seronegative individuals (odds ratios = 2.13-4.82; P = 0.003-0.05) for several SNPs and haplotypes defined at the IL4, IL4R, IL6, IL10, CCL5 (RANTES), and CXCL12 (SDF1) loci. In addition, the homozygous IL4-590T/T genotype was associated with higher (+87-131 cells/microL) CD4 T-cell counts in HIV-1-infected and AIDS-free adolescents not receiving antiretroviral therapy (adjusted P = 0.004). No SNPs at IFNG, IL2, IL12B, TNF, or CCL2 (MCP1) showed any association with HIV-related outcomes. Additional typing for IL1A, IL1B, IL1R1, IL1RN, and TGFB1 SNPs also failed to demonstrate any influence on HIV-1 infection or virologic/immunologic control in more selected patient groups. Coupled with previous findings, our data suggest that heritable IL4 and IL10 variations may contribute to the acquisition or progression of HIV infection and that the effects of other targeted loci in the cytokine and chemokine system cannot be established unequivocally in the study populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengbin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
134
|
Spagnolo P, Renzoni EA, Wells AU, Copley SJ, Desai SR, Sato H, Grutters JC, Abdallah A, Taegtmeyer A, du Bois RM, Welsh KI. C-C Chemokine Receptor 5 Gene Variants in Relation to Lung Disease in Sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:721-8. [PMID: 15976369 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200412-1707oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Genetic factors are likely to influence the clinical course and pattern of sarcoidosis, a granulomatous disease of unknown origin. OBJECTIVES We tested this hypothesis for C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), a molecule involved in recruitment and activation of mononuclear cells. METHODS In addition to the known CCR5 Delta 32 insertion/deletion, we evaluated a further eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 106 British patients and 142 British unaffected subjects, and second-setted the results in 112 Dutch patients and 169 healthy Dutch control subjects. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In the British population, the frequency of one of the identified haplotypes (HHC) was strongly associated with the presence of parenchymal disease (radiographic stage >or= II versus stages 0 and I) at presentation (odds ratio [OR], 5.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.96-13.7; corrected p = 0.02), at 2 (OR, 6.6; 95% CI, 2.5-17.6; corrected p = 0.006), and at 4 years follow-up (OR, 6.8; 95% CI, 2.5-18.0; corrected p = 0.0045). In the Dutch population, the same association was seen at 2 (OR, 6.7; 95% CI, 2.8-16.4; corrected p = 0.002), and 4 years follow-up (OR, 9.0; 95% CI, 3.5-23.1; corrected p = 0.0009). CONCLUSIONS No association between the CCR5 haplotype HHC and susceptibility to sarcoidosis was observed, indicating that this relevant gene only operates after disease induction. In summary, we report a strong association between CCR5 haplotype HHC and persistent lung involvement in sarcoidosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Spagnolo
- Clinical Genomic Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Al-Abdulhadi SA, Helms PJ, Main M, Smith O, Christie G. Preferential transmission and association of the -403 G --> A promoter RANTES polymorphism with atopic asthma. Genes Immun 2005; 6:24-30. [PMID: 15592421 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex inherited disease. The study was undertaken to identify the association of RANTES promoter polymorphisms with atopy and asthma using family-based association tests (FBATs) and generation-specific case-control analyses. We identified 154 nuclear families (453 individuals) in whom we established RANTES promoter status using the RFLP-PCR method. Of the two known promoter polymorphisms -403G/A and -28C/G, only the former appeared with a clinically relevant frequency. A total of 61 families were eligible for assessment of transmission of the allele with asthma and atopy by the pedigree disequilibrium test (PDT). Overall, allele frequency for -403A was 38.3% and 84 of 89 (94.3%) alleles were transmitted with physician diagnosed asthma (PDA) (P=0.001). All 89 children with atopy received the mutant allele, which was more than expected following Mendelian Laws of transmission (P=0.0001). In 303 unrelated parents, significant associations of the mutant allele were for atopy with or without asthma (P=0.001). In 150 unrelated children, significant associations were for atopy alone (P=0.001) and asthma (P=0.001). No associations were found for bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR). The -403 G --> A is transmitted with atopy and atopic asthma, although its contribution appears to relate more to atopy than asthma and BHR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Al-Abdulhadi
- Department of Child Health, University of Aberdeen, Royal Aberdeen Children Hospital, Aberdeen AB25 2ZG, Scotland, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
136
|
Burns JC, Shimizu C, Gonzalez E, Kulkarni H, Patel S, Shike H, Sundel RS, Newburger JW, Ahuja SK. Genetic variations in the receptor-ligand pair CCR5 and CCL3L1 are important determinants of susceptibility to Kawasaki disease. J Infect Dis 2005; 192:344-9. [PMID: 15962231 PMCID: PMC2894631 DOI: 10.1086/430953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2005] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is an enigmatic, self-limited vasculitis of childhood that is complicated by development of coronary-artery aneurysms. The high incidence of KD in Asian versus European populations prompted a search for genetic polymorphisms that are differentially distributed among these populations and that influence KD susceptibility. Here, we demonstrate a striking, inverse relationship between the worldwide distribution of CCR5- Delta 32 allele and the incidence of KD. In 164 KD patient-parent trios, 4 CCR5 haplotypes including the CCR5- Delta 32 allele were differentially transmitted from heterozygous parents to affected children. However, the magnitude of the reduced risk of KD associated with the CCR5- Delta 32 allele and certain CCR5 haplotypes was significantly greater in individuals who also possessed a high copy number of the gene encoding CCL3L1, the most potent CCR5 ligand. These findings, derived from the largest genetic study of any systemic vasculitis, suggest a central role of CCR5-CCL3L1 gene-gene interactions in KD susceptibility and the importance of gene modifiers in infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane C. Burns
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Chisato Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Enrique Gonzalez
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, and Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Hemant Kulkarni
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, and Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Sukeshi Patel
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, and Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Hiroko Shike
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Robert S. Sundel
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Cardiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jane W. Newburger
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Cardiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sunil K. Ahuja
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, and Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Zhao XY, Lee SS, Wong KH, Chan KCW, Ng F, Chan CCS, Han D, Yam WC, Yuen KY, Ng MH, Zheng BJ. Functional analysis of naturally occurring mutations in the open reading frame of CCR5 in HIV-infected Chinese patients and healthy controls. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 38:509-17. [PMID: 15793360 DOI: 10.1097/01.qai.0000151004.19128.4a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We studied polymorphism of the HIV coreceptor CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 5 in 1099 Chinese adults residing in Hong Kong, including 785 HIV-negative healthy donors and 314 HIV-positive patients. Ten mutants in the CCR5 open reading frame were identified, 7 of which were nonsynonymous. The frequencies of these alleles did not show a significant difference between HIV patients and healthy controls. G106R, Delta32, R223Q, 299(FS), and S336I were cloned from prevalent mutant genes, and their effects on HIV infection were analyzed by a series of in vitro experiments to determine their transcription levels, expression levels, conformational changes, and HIV coreceptor function. R223Q is the most prevalent CCR5 mutant in ethnic Chinese, with a frequency of 0.046, which does not affect HIV infection in vitro, however. The S336I mutant also does not affect its transcription, expression, or HIV coreceptor function. Similar to 299(FS), the mutant G106R located in the third transmembrane domain results in diminished HIV coreceptor function in vitro through conformation changes in ECL2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ying Zhao
- HIV Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
138
|
Tsimanis A, Kalinkovich A, Bentwich Z. Soluble chemokine CCR5 receptor is present in human plasma. Immunol Lett 2005; 96:55-61. [PMID: 15585308 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2004] [Revised: 07/16/2004] [Accepted: 07/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In view of the natural resistance to infection by HIV and occasional delayed clinical manifestation of the disease, as also the fact that the virus is able to enter only cells that express CD4 and a co-receptor, we initiated a search for a soluble co-receptor that might compete with its membrane counterpart. Using a sandwich ELISA system, a soluble human CCR5 receptor (sCCR5) was indeed detected in the circulation. Immunoprecipitation of sCCR5-positive plasma samples from Israelis of Ethiopian and non-Ethiopian origin with mAb 2D7, a conformation-dependent anti-CCR5 antibody, revealed the presence of an approximately 22 kDa protein. A panel of antibodies directed against the membrane receptor was used to characterize the structure of the soluble CCR5: mAb CTC8, recognizing the N-terminal sequence of the protein, 10YDIN13; "multidomain" mAbs FAB181B and FAB183B that are dependent upon the presence of Q93 and D95 in ECL1 and K171 and E172 in ECL2A, and mAb FAB182B, recognizing the stretch 184YSQYQF189, which spans the C-terminal part of the second extracellular loop. The presence of short soluble CCR5 in human plasma has not been previously described. Among HIV-negative non-Ethiopian Israelis, 20.4% were sCCR5-positive, as against only 10.5% in HIV-positives. However, 7.1% of HIV-negative Ethiopian Israelis were sCCR5 positive, as were 5.6% HIV-positives. Plasma concentrations of MIP-1beta, the CCR5 agonist, were twice as high in sCCR5-positives (140.8+/-25.8 pg/ml) as in the sCCR5-negatives (77.6+/-11.0 pg/ml, P=0.0157). A significant positive correlation between plasma levels of sCCR5 and MIP-1beta was found (Fig. 4, r=0.8, P<0.0001).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tsimanis
- R. Ben-Ari Institute of Clinical Imunology and AIDS Center, Kaplan Medical Center, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Rehovot, Israel.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
139
|
Goncharova IA, Friedin MB, Dunaeva LE, Beloborodova EV, Beloborodova EI, Puzyrev VP. Association of the Ile50Val Polymorphism of the Interleukin-4 Receptor Gene IL4RA with Chronic Viral Hepatitis. Mol Biol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11008-005-0047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
140
|
Duggal P, Winkler CA, An P, Yu XF, Farzadegan H, O'Brien SJ, Beaty TH, Vlahov D. The effect of RANTES chemokine genetic variants on early HIV-1 plasma RNA among African American injection drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 38:584-9. [PMID: 15793370 DOI: 10.1097/01.qai.0000134741.49208.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 plasma RNA is a prognostic indicator of HIV-1, and increased levels of HIV-1 plasma RNA are associated with rapid progression to AIDS. Because chemokines and chemokine receptors are involved in the binding and entry of HIV-1, possible effects of host genetics on viral RNA levels should be visible in early infection. HIV-1 plasma RNA was measured within 2 years of seroconversion in 198 seroincident injection drug users followed in the AIDS Link to Intravenous Experience cohort. Genetic variants were identified in the chemokine receptors (CCR2, CCR5, and CCR5 promoter) and the chemokine RANTES using TaqMan and restriction fragment length polymorphism assays. Linear regression of RANTES haplotypes on early HIV-1 plasma RNA identified individuals homozygous for the RANTES R1 haplotype as having a lower viral load by almost one-half log10 unit compared with those bearing non-RANTES R1 haplotypes (-0.43, 95% confidence interval: -0.74, -0.12). Genetic variants in RANTES may downregulate RANTES gene expression and increase early HIV-1 plasma RNA. Because RANTES is a critical chemokine and competitively inhibits HIV-1 by binding to its receptor CCR5, treatment to enhance RANTES expression may assist in delaying the progression of AIDS by decreasing the initial viral load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
141
|
Abstract
To dissect the haplotype structure of candidate genes for disease association studies, it is important to understand the nature of genetic variation at these loci in different populations. We present a survey of haplotype structure and linkage disequilibrium of chemokine and chemokine receptor genes in 11 geographically-distinct population samples (n=728). Chemokine proteins are involved in intercellular signalling and the immune response. These molecules are important modulators of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection and the progression of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome, tumour development and the metastatic process of cancer. To study the extent of genetic variation in this gene family, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 13 chemokine and chemokine receptor genes were genotyped using the 5' nuclease assay (TaqMan). SNP haplotypes, estimated from unphased genotypes using the Expectation-Maximization-algorithm, are described in a cluster of four CC-chemokine receptor genes (CCR3, CCR2, CCR5 and CCRL2) on chromosome 3p21, and a cluster of three CC-chemokine genes [MPIF-1 (CCL23), PARC (CCL18) and MIP-1alpha (CCL3)] on chromosome 17q11-12. The 32 base pair (bp) deletion in exon 4 of CCR5 was also included in the haplotype analysis of 3p21. A total of 87.5 per cent of the variation of 14 biallelic loci scattered over 150 kilobases of 3p21 is explained by 11 haplotypes which have a frequency of at least 1 per cent in the total sample. An analysis of haplotype blocks in this region indicates recombination between CCR2 and CCR5, although long-range pairwise linkage disequilibrium across the region appears to remain intact on two common haplotypes. A reduced-median network demonstrates a clear relationship between 3p21 haplotypes, rooted by the putative ancestral haplotype determined by direct sequencing of four primate species. Analysis of six SNPs on 17q11-12 indicates that 97.5 per cent of the variation is explained by 15 haplotypes, representing at least 1 per cent of the total sample. Additionally, a possible signature of selection at a non-synonymous coding SNP (M106V) in the MPIF-1 (CCL23) gene warrants further study. We anticipate that the results of this study of chemokine and chemokine receptor variation will be applicable to more extensive surveys of long-range haplotype structure in these gene regions and to association studies of HIV-1 disease and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa J Clark
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, Human Genetics Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
Affiliation(s)
- David Nolan
- Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital and Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
143
|
Zhao XY, Lee SS, Wong KH, Chan KCW, Ma S, Yam WC, Yuen KY, Ng MH, Zheng BJ. Effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the RANTES promoter region in healthy and HIV-infected indigenous Chinese. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 31:179-83. [PMID: 15265023 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2370.2004.00466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We determined the occurrence of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) -403A/G and -28C/G in the promoter region of RANTES in 1082 Chinese blood donors from northern and southern China and 249 HIV patients from southern China. Compared to healthy adults, Chinese AIDS patients had a significantly higher frequency of the -403G allele and haplotype I, -403G/-28C (P < 0.05), and a lower frequency of the -403A/A genotype (P < 0.01). Symptomatic patients had a higher frequency of the -28G allele and a lower frequency of the -28C/C genotype (P < or = 0.01). The plasma RANTES level was significantly lower in blood donors homozygous for haplotype I than in those who were homozygous for haplotypes II and III (P < 0.05). The frequency of the -403G allele was found to be higher in Chinese than in indigenous Africans, but lower than in Caucasians, Hispanics, and African Americans. The frequency of the -28G allele was comparable in Chinese and Japanese; this allele is rare in other ethnic groups. Results suggest that -403G may be associated with increased susceptibility to HIV infection, while -28G may be associated with advanced disease progression. The impact of SNPs on HIV infection appears to be unique in Chinese.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X-Y Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
144
|
Hellmig S, Mascheretti S, Fölsch U, Schreiber S. Functional promotor polymorphism in RANTES gene does not influence the clinical course of Helicobacter pylori infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 20:405-8. [PMID: 15740484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Helicobacter pylori was found to increase the transcription of RANTES as a potent chemoattractant cytokine in mucosal inflammation. The aim of this study was to test if a functional promotor polymorphism in the RANTES gene leading to a higher transcriptional activity influences the severity of the mucosal damage in H. pylori infected individuals. METHODS A single nucleotide polymorphism, C-471T, was genotyped by TaqMan technology in a sample of 344 consecutive patients with H. pylori infection undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and 370 blood donors. Association with the development of erosions and stomach or duodenum ulcers as well as atrophic gastritis were tested. RESULTS None of the genotypes were associated with the severity of mucosal damage in stomach or duodenum (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Even though H. pylori itself induces expression of RANTES, at the transcriptional level, genetic variations leading to higher transcriptional activity do not modify the degree of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Hellmig
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
145
|
Kaslow RA, Dorak T, Tang JJ. Influence of host genetic variation on susceptibility to HIV type 1 infection. J Infect Dis 2005; 191 Suppl 1:S68-77. [PMID: 15630678 DOI: 10.1086/425269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
For this review of genetic susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, far more information was available on factors involved in acquisition of the virus by an uninfected "recipient" than on propagation by the infected "donor." Genetic variation presumably alters transmission from an infected host primarily by regulating the replication of virus and the concentration of particles circulating in blood and mucosal secretions of the potential donor. Thus, the effects of host genetic variation on transmission are inextricably bound to the well-established and powerful effects on virus load at different stages of infection. Teasing apart the effects in both donors and recipients has been and will continue to be quite difficult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Kaslow
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
146
|
Li M, Song R, Masciotra S, Soriano V, Spira TJ, Lal RB, Yang C. Association of CCR5 human haplogroup E with rapid HIV type 1 disease progression. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2005; 21:111-5. [PMID: 15725749 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2005.21.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of unique single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CCR5 regulatory and in the CCR2 and CCR5 coding regions, defined nine CCR5 human haplogroups (HH): HHA-HHE, HHF*1, HHF*2, HHG*1, and HHG*2. Here we examined the distribution of CCR5 HH and their association with HIV infection and disease progression in 36 HIV-seronegative and 76 HIV-seropositive whites from North America and Spain [28 rapid progressors (RP) and 48 slow progressors (SP)]. Although analyses revealed that HHE frequencies were similar between HIV-seronegative and HIV-seropositive groups (25.0% vs. 32.2%, p > 0.05), HHE frequency in RP was significantly higher than that in SP (48.2% vs. 22.9%, p = 0.002). Survival analysis also showed that HHE heterozygous and homozygous were associated with an accelerated CD4 cell count decline to less than 200 cells/microL (adjusted RH 2.44, p = 0.045; adjusted RH = 3.12, p = 0.037, respectively). These data provide further evidence that CCR5 human haplogroups influence HIV-1 disease progression in HIV-infected persons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
147
|
de Silva E, Stumpf MPH. HIV and the CCR5-Î32 resistance allele. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004; 241:1-12. [PMID: 15556703 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2004] [Revised: 09/14/2004] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of molecular biology, epidemiology, virology, evolutionary and population genetics has enabled us to understand the delicate interplay between HIV and the CCR5-Delta32 HIV resistance allele. We here review and collect from the different approaches to show how they can be combined to elucidate the interaction between host and pathogen genetics in this system. We will present an overview of the normal role of CCR5, its involvement in HIV, the molecular biology of the CCR5-Delta32 allele and its probable origins. By focusing on this well-documented and important system we hope to demonstrate the power that such a "holistic" approach might offer in the study of infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric de Silva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College London, Wolfson Building, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
148
|
Zhu T, Hu SL, Feng F, Polacino P, Liu H, Hwangbo Y, Learn GH, Mullins JI, Corey L. Persistence of low levels of simian immunodeficiency virus in macaques that were transiently viremic by conventional testing. Virology 2004; 323:208-19. [PMID: 15193917 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2003] [Revised: 12/16/2003] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transient SIV viremia after experimental SIV challenge has been documented. Whether SIV persists in these transiently viremic macaques remains unclear. In the present study, we applied a sensitive PCR and found persistent low levels of SIVmne infection (LLSI) (range: 0.1-5.3 SIV DNA copies/10(6) PBMC) in seven macaques that were transiently positive by conventional assays, which was 10(2)- to 10(6)-fold less than those of SIVmne infected monkeys with typical disease progression. SIV envelope V1 sequences remained homogeneous in these macaques for the 6-year study period, with a mean evolution rate of 0.005% per site per year, which was not different from zero (P = 0.612) and significantly lower than that (0.56-1.18%) in macaques with progressive infection of SIVmne. LLSI macaques have remained free from SIV-associated illness, and are still alive 10 years after virus inoculation. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this outcome may provide valuable insight into therapy and vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuofu Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
149
|
Nolan D, Gaudieri S, John M, Mallal S. Impact of host genetics on HIV disease progression and treatment: new conflicts on an ancient battleground. AIDS 2004; 18:1231-40. [PMID: 15362655 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200406180-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
150
|
Tang J, Kaslow RA. The impact of host genetics on HIV infection and disease progression in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2004; 17 Suppl 4:S51-60. [PMID: 15080180 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200317004-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|