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Scullin MK, Bliwise DL. Sleep, cognition, and normal aging: integrating a half century of multidisciplinary research. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015; 10:97-137. [PMID: 25620997 PMCID: PMC4302758 DOI: 10.1177/1745691614556680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is implicated in cognitive functioning in young adults. With increasing age, there are substantial changes to sleep quantity and quality, including changes to slow-wave sleep, spindle density, and sleep continuity/fragmentation. A provocative question for the field of cognitive aging is whether such changes in sleep physiology affect cognition (e.g., memory consolidation). We review nearly a half century of research across seven diverse correlational and experimental domains that historically have had little crosstalk. Broadly speaking, sleep and cognitive functions are often related in advancing age, though the prevalence of null effects in healthy older adults (including correlations in the unexpected, negative direction) indicates that age may be an effect modifier of these associations. We interpret the literature as suggesting that maintaining good sleep quality, at least in young adulthood and middle age, promotes better cognitive functioning and serves to protect against age-related cognitive declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Scullin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine
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102
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Darrow KN, Slama MCC, Kozin ED, Owoc M, Hancock K, Kempfle J, Edge A, Lacour S, Boyden E, Polley D, Brown MC, Lee DJ. Optogenetic stimulation of the cochlear nucleus using channelrhodopsin-2 evokes activity in the central auditory pathways. Brain Res 2014; 1599:44-56. [PMID: 25481416 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics has become an important research tool and is being considered as the basis for several neural prostheses. However, few studies have applied optogenetics to the auditory brainstem. This study explored whether optical activation of the cochlear nucleus (CN) elicited responses in neurons in higher centers of the auditory pathway and whether it elicited an evoked response. Viral-mediated gene transfer was used to express channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in the mouse CN. Blue light was delivered via an optical fiber placed near the surface of the infected CN and recordings were made in higher-level centers. Optical stimulation evoked excitatory multiunit spiking activity throughout the tonotopic axis of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (IC) and the auditory cortex (Actx). The pattern and magnitude of IC activity elicited by optical stimulation was comparable to that obtained with a 50dB SPL acoustic click. This broad pattern of activity was consistent with histological confirmation of green fluorescent protein (GFP) label of cell bodies and axons throughout the CN. Increasing pulse rates up to 320Hz did not significantly affect threshold or bandwidth of the IC responses, but rates higher than 50Hz resulted in desynchronized activity. Optical stimulation also evoked an auditory brainstem response, which had a simpler waveform than the response to acoustic stimulation. Control cases showed no responses to optical stimulation. These data suggest that optogenetic control of central auditory neurons is feasible, but opsins with faster channel kinetics may be necessary to convey information at rates typical of many auditory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith N Darrow
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Worcester State University, Worcester, MA, USA; Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michaël C C Slama
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USAs
| | - Elliott D Kozin
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USAs; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maryanna Owoc
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Worcester State University, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth Hancock
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USAs
| | - Judith Kempfle
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USAs
| | - Albert Edge
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USAs
| | - Stephanie Lacour
- Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Center for Neuroprosthetics, IMT/IBI, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edward Boyden
- Departments of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Biological Engineering, MIT Media Lab and McGovern Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Polley
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USAs
| | - M Christian Brown
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USAs
| | - Daniel J Lee
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USAs; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA.
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103
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Irmak SO, de Lecea L. Basal forebrain cholinergic modulation of sleep transitions. Sleep 2014; 37:1941-51. [PMID: 25325504 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The basal forebrain cholinergic system is involved in cognitive processes that require an attentive state, an increased level of arousal, and/ or cortical activation associated with low amplitude fast EEG activity. The activity of most neurons in the basal forebrain cholinergic space is tightly correlated with the cortical EEG and the activity state. While most cholinergic neurons fire maximally during waking and REM sleep, the activity of other types of basal forebrain neurons vastly differs across different arousal and sleep states. Numerous studies have suggested a role for the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in eliciting cortical activation and arousal. However, the intricate local connectivity within the region requires the use of cell-specific manipulation methods to demonstrate such a causal relationship. DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS Here we have combined optogenetics with surface EEG recordings in freely moving mice in order to investigate the effects of acute cholinergic activation on the dynamics of sleep-to-wake transitions. We recorded from naturally sleeping animals and analyzed transitions from NREM sleep to REM sleep and/ or wakefulness in response to photo-stimulation of cholinergic neurons in substantia innominata. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our results show that optogenetic activation of BF cholinergic neurons during NREM sleep is sufficient to elicit cortical activation and facilitate state transitions, particularly transitions to wakefulness and arousal, at a time scale similar to the activation induced by other subcortical systems. Our results provide in vivo cell-specific demonstration for the role of basal forebrain cholinergic system in induction of wakefulness and arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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104
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Oyanedel CN, Binder S, Kelemen E, Petersen K, Born J, Inostroza M. Role of slow oscillatory activity and slow wave sleep in consolidation of episodic-like memory in rats. Behav Brain Res 2014; 275:126-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Pereira de Vasconcelos A, Cassel JC. The nonspecific thalamus: A place in a wedding bed for making memories last? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 54:175-96. [PMID: 25451763 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We summarize anatomical, electrophysiological and behavioral evidence that the rostral intralaminar (ILN) and the reuniens and rhomboid (ReRh) nuclei that belong to the nonspecific thalamus, might be part of a hippocampo-cortico-thalamic network underlying consolidation of enduring declarative(-like) memories at systems level. The first part of this review describes the anatomical and functional organization of these thalamic nuclei. The second part presents the theoretical models supporting the active systems-level consolidation, a process that relies upon sleep specific field-potential oscillations occurring during both slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The last part presents data in the rat showing that the lesion of the rostral ILN or of the ReRh specifically hinders the formation of remote spatial memories without affecting task acquisition or retrieval of a recent memory. These results showing a critical role of the ILN and ReRh nuclei in the transformation of a recent memory into a remote one are discussed in the context of their control of cortical arousal (ARAS) and of thalamo-cortico-thalamic synchronization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Pereira de Vasconcelos
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, UMR 7364, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Faculté de Psychologie Neuropôle de Strasbourg - GDR CNRS 2905, 12 rue Goethe, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Jean-Christophe Cassel
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, UMR 7364, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Faculté de Psychologie Neuropôle de Strasbourg - GDR CNRS 2905, 12 rue Goethe, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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106
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Vyazovskiy VV, Cui N, Rodriguez AV, Funk C, Cirelli C, Tononi G. The dynamics of cortical neuronal activity in the first minutes after spontaneous awakening in rats and mice. Sleep 2014; 37:1337-47. [PMID: 25083014 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.3926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Upon awakening from sleep, a fully awake brain state is not reestablished immediately, but the origin and physiological properties of the distinct brain state during the first min after awakening are unclear. To investigate whether neuronal firing immediately upon arousal is different from the remaining part of the waking episode, we recorded and analyzed the dynamics of cortical neuronal activity in the first 15 min after spontaneous awakenings in freely moving rats and mice. DESIGN Intracortical recordings of the local field potential and neuronal activity in freely-moving mice and rats. SETTING Basic sleep research laboratory. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS WKY adult male rats, C57BL/6 adult male mice. INTERVENTIONS N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS In both species the average population spiking activity upon arousal was initially low, though substantial variability in the dynamics of firing activity was apparent between individual neurons. A distinct population of neurons was found that was virtually silent in the first min upon awakening. The overall lower population spiking initially after awakening was associated with the occurrence of brief periods of generalized neuronal silence (OFF periods), whose frequency peaked immediately after awakening and then progressively declined. OFF periods incidence upon awakening was independent of ongoing locomotor activity but was sensitive to immediate preceding sleep/wake history. Notably, in both rats and mice if sleep before a waking episode was enriched in rapid eye movement sleep, the incidence of OFF periods was initially higher as compared to those waking episodes preceded mainly by nonrapid eye movement sleep. CONCLUSION We speculate that an intrusion of sleep-like patterns of cortical neuronal activity into the wake state immediately after awakening may account for some of the changes in the behavior and cognitive function typical of what is referred to as sleep inertia. CITATION Vyazovskiy VV, Cui N, Rodriguez AV, Funk C, Cirelli C, Tononi G. The dynamics of cortical neuronal activity in the first minutes after spontaneous awakening in rats and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nanyi Cui
- University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Chadd Funk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Chiara Cirelli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Giulio Tononi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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107
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Heller HC, Ruby NF, Rolls A, Makam M, Colas D. Adaptive and pathological inhibition of neuroplasticity associated with circadian rhythms and sleep. Behav Neurosci 2014; 128:273-82. [PMID: 24886189 PMCID: PMC4060045 DOI: 10.1037/a0036689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The circadian system organizes sleep and wake through imposing a daily cycle of sleep propensity on the organism. Sleep has been shown to play an important role in learning and memory. Apart from the daily cycle of sleep propensity, however, direct effects of the circadian system on learning and memory also have been well documented. Many mechanistic components of the memory consolidation process ranging from the molecular to the systems level have been identified and studied. The question that remains is how do these various processes and components work together to produce cycles of increased and decreased learning abilities, and why should there be times of day when neural plasticity appears to be restricted? Insights into this complex problem can be gained through investigations of the learning disabilities caused by circadian disruption in Siberian hamsters and by aneuploidy in Down's syndrome mice. A simple working hypothesis that has been explored in this work is that the observed learning disabilities are due to an altered excitation/inhibition balance in the CNS. Excessive inhibition is the suspected cause of deficits in memory consolidation. In this article we present the evidence that excessive inhibition in these cases of learning disability involves GABAergic neurotransmission, that treatment with GABA receptor inhibitors can reverse the learning disability, and that the efficacy of the treatment is time sensitive coincident with the major daily sleep phase, and that it depends on sleep. The evidence we present leads us to hypothesize that a function of the circadian system is to reduce neuroplasticity during the daily sleep phase when processes of memory consolidation are taking place.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Craig Heller
- Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020
| | - Norman F. Ruby
- Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020
| | - Asya Rolls
- Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion, Israel
| | - Megha Makam
- Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020
| | - Damien Colas
- Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020
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108
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Abstract
Despite the ubiquity of sleep across phylogeny, its function remains elusive. In this review, we consider one compelling candidate: brain plasticity associated with memory processing. Focusing largely on hippocampus-dependent memory in rodents and humans, we describe molecular, cellular, network, whole-brain and behavioral evidence establishing a role for sleep both in preparation for initial memory encoding, and in the subsequent offline consolidation of memory. Sleep and sleep deprivation bidirectionally alter molecular signaling pathways that regulate synaptic strength and control plasticity-related gene transcription and protein translation. At the cellular level, sleep deprivation impairs cellular excitability necessary for inducing synaptic potentiation and accelerates the decay of long-lasting forms of synaptic plasticity. In contrast, rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep enhance previously induced synaptic potentiation, although synaptic de-potentiation during sleep has also been observed. Beyond single cell dynamics, large-scale cell ensembles express coordinated replay of prior learning-related firing patterns during subsequent NREM sleep. At the whole-brain level, somewhat analogous learning-associated hippocampal (re)activation during NREM sleep has been reported in humans. Moreover, the same cortical NREM oscillations associated with replay in rodents also promote human hippocampal memory consolidation, and this process can be manipulated using exogenous reactivation cues during sleep. Mirroring molecular findings in rodents, specific NREM sleep oscillations before encoding refresh human hippocampal learning capacity, while deprivation of sleep conversely impairs subsequent hippocampal activity and associated encoding. Together, these cross-descriptive level findings demonstrate that the unique neurobiology of sleep exerts powerful effects on molecular, cellular and network mechanisms of plasticity that govern both initial learning and subsequent long-term memory consolidation.
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109
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Aquili L. The causal role between phasic midbrain dopamine signals and learning. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:139. [PMID: 24795588 PMCID: PMC4007013 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Aquili
- Department of Psychology, Sunway University Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
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110
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Blackwell T, Yaffe K, Laffan A, Ancoli-Israel S, Redline S, Ensrud KE, Song Y, Stone KL. Associations of objectively and subjectively measured sleep quality with subsequent cognitive decline in older community-dwelling men: the MrOS sleep study. Sleep 2014; 37:655-63. [PMID: 24899757 PMCID: PMC4044750 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.3562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To examine associations of objectively and subjectively measured sleep with subsequent cognitive decline. DESIGN A population-based longitudinal study. SETTING Six centers in the United States. PARTICIPANTS Participants were 2,822 cognitively intact community-dwelling older men (mean age 76.0 ± 5.3 y) followed over 3.4 ± 0.5 y. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS OBJECTIVELY MEASURED SLEEP PREDICTORS FROM WRIST ACTIGRAPHY: total sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency (SE), wake after sleep onset (WASO), number of long wake episodes (LWEP). Self-reported sleep predictors: sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]), daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS]), TST. Clinically significant cognitive decline: five-point decline on the Modified Mini-Mental State examination (3MS), change score for the Trails B test time in the worse decile. Associations of sleep predictors and cognitive decline were examined with logistic regression and linear mixed models. After multivariable adjustment, higher levels of WASO and LWEP and lower SE were associated with an 1.4 to 1.5-fold increase in odds of clinically significant decline (odds ratio 95% confidence interval) Trails B test: SE < 70% versus SE ≥ 70%: 1.53 (1.07, 2.18); WASO ≥ 90 min versus WASO < 90 min: 1.47 (1.09, 1.98); eight or more LWEP versus fewer than eight: 1.38 (1.02, 1.86). 3MS: eight or more LWEP versus fewer than eight: 1.36 (1.09, 1.71), with modest relationships to linear change in cognition over time. PSQI was related to decline in Trails B performance (3 sec/y per standard deviation increase). CONCLUSIONS Among older community-dwelling men, reduced sleep efficiency, greater nighttime wakefulness, greater number of long wake episodes, and poor self-reported sleep quality were associated with subsequent cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri Blackwell
- Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Alison Laffan
- Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sonia Ancoli-Israel
- Department of Psychiatry and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA and the Veterans Affairs San Diego Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA
| | - Susan Redline
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kristine E. Ensrud
- Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Medicine and Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Yeonsu Song
- Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Katie L. Stone
- Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
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111
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Park DS, Yoon DW, Yoo WB, Lee SK, Yun CH, Kim SJ, Kim JK, Shin C. Sleep fragmentation induces reduction of synapsin II in rat hippocampus. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/sbr.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dae Wui Yoon
- Institute of Human Genomic Study; College of Medicine; Korea University Ansan Hospital; Ansan Korea
| | - Won Baek Yoo
- Department of Endocrinology; Korea University Ansan Hospital; Ansan Korea
| | - Seung Ku Lee
- Institute of Human Genomic Study; College of Medicine; Korea University Ansan Hospital; Ansan Korea
| | - Chang-Ho Yun
- Department of Neurology; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital; Seongnam Korea
| | - Se Joong Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital; Seongnam Korea
| | - Jin Kwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science; Jungwon University; Chungbuk Korea
| | - Chol Shin
- Institute of Human Genomic Study; College of Medicine; Korea University Ansan Hospital; Ansan Korea
- Division of Pulmonary; Sleep and Critical Care Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; College of Medicine; Korea University Ansan Hospital; Ansan Korea
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112
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Chen L, Tian S, Ke J. Rapid eye movement sleep deprivation disrupts consolidation but not reconsolidation of novel object recognition memory in rats. Neurosci Lett 2014; 563:12-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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113
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Berndt C, Diekelmann S, Alexander N, Pustal A, Kirschbaum C. Sleep fragmentation and false memories during pregnancy and motherhood. Behav Brain Res 2014; 266:52-7. [PMID: 24589545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pregnant women, both before and after childbirth, frequently experience memory deficits and disrupted sleep. In the present study we assessed the relationship between false memory generation and fragmented sleep during pregnancy and motherhood. We tested 178 pregnant women and 58 female non-pregnant childless controls, during pregnancy (15-35th week of gestation) and again after childbirth (8-13th month). False memories were defined as memories of gist words that were semantically related to studied word lists but were not presented during learning of these lists in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. Sleep was monitored by actigraphy in the home environment for seven consecutive nights. Compared to the controls, the group of pregnant women produced more false memories and displayed more fragmented sleep both during pregnancy and after childbirth. However, false memory generation was not correlated to measures of sleep fragmentation. These results show that pregnant women suffer from sleep fragmentation and a higher susceptibility to false memories, but leave open the question as to whether both phenomena are related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Berndt
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Susanne Diekelmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Universität Tübingen, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Nina Alexander
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Anne Pustal
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Clemens Kirschbaum
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
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114
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Li Y, Panossian LA, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Zhan G, Chou YT, Fenik P, Bhatnagar S, Piel DA, Beck SG, Veasey S. Effects of chronic sleep fragmentation on wake-active neurons and the hypercapnic arousal response. Sleep 2014; 37:51-64. [PMID: 24470695 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.3306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Delayed hypercapnic arousals may occur in obstructive sleep apnea. The impaired arousal response is expected to promote more pronounced oxyhemoglobin desaturations. We hypothesized that long-term sleep fragmentation (SF) results in injury to or dysfunction of wake-active neurons that manifests, in part, as a delayed hypercapnic arousal response. DESIGN Adult male mice were implanted for behavioral state recordings and randomly assigned to 4 weeks of either orbital platform SF (SF4wk, 30 events/h) or control conditions (Ct4wk) prior to behavioral, histological, and locus coeruleus (LC) whole cell electrophysiological evaluations. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS SF was successfully achieved across the 4 week study, as evidenced by a persistently increased arousal index, P < 0.01 and shortened sleep bouts, P < 0.05, while total sleep/wake times and plasma corticosterone levels were unaffected. A multiple sleep latency test performed at the onset of the dark period showed a reduced latency to sleep in SF4wk mice (P < 0.05). The hypercapnic arousal latency was increased, Ct4wk 64 ± 5 sec vs. SF4wk 154 ± 6 sec, P < 0.001, and remained elevated after a 2 week recovery (101 ± 4 sec, P < 0.001). C-fos activation in noradrenergic, orexinergic, histaminergic, and cholinergic wake-active neurons was reduced in response to hypercapnia (P < 0.05-0.001). Catecholaminergic and orexinergic projections into the cingulate cortex were also reduced in SF4wk (P < 0.01). In addition, SF4wk resulted in impaired LC neuron excitability (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Four weeks of sleep fragmentation (SF4wk) impairs arousal responses to hypercapnia, reduces wake neuron projections and locus coeruleus neuronal excitability, supporting the concepts that some effects of sleep fragmentation may contribute to impaired arousal responses in sleep apnea, which may not reverse immediately with therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Li
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Center, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai City, China ; Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lori A Panossian
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yan Zhu
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Guanxia Zhan
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yu-Ting Chou
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Polina Fenik
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Seema Bhatnagar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David A Piel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sheryl G Beck
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sigrid Veasey
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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115
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Abstract
In 1998, our group discovered a cDNA that encoded the precursor of two putative neuropeptides that we called hypocretins for their hypothalamic expression and their similarity to the secretin family of neuropeptides. In the last 16 years, numerous studies have placed the hypocretin system as an integrator of homeostatic functions with a crucial, non-redundant function as arousal stabilizer. We recently applied optogenetic methods to interrogate the role of individual neuronal circuits in sleep-to-wake transitions. The neuronal connections between the hypocretin system and the locus coeruleus (LC) seem to be crucial in establishing the appropriate dynamic of spontaneous awakenings.
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116
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Prince TM, Wimmer M, Choi J, Havekes R, Aton S, Abel T. Sleep deprivation during a specific 3-hour time window post-training impairs hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 109:122-30. [PMID: 24380868 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation disrupts hippocampal function and plasticity. In particular, long-term memory consolidation is impaired by sleep deprivation, suggesting that a specific critical period exists following learning during which sleep is necessary. To elucidate the impact of sleep deprivation on long-term memory consolidation and synaptic plasticity, long-term memory was assessed when mice were sleep deprived following training in the hippocampus-dependent object place recognition task. We found that 3h of sleep deprivation significantly impaired memory when deprivation began 1h after training. In contrast, 3 h of deprivation beginning immediately post-training did not impair spatial memory. Furthermore, a 3-h sleep deprivation beginning 1h after training impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), whereas sleep deprivation immediately after training did not affect LTP. Together, our findings define a specific 3-h critical period, extending from 1 to 4h after training, during which sleep deprivation impairs hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni-Moi Prince
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mathieu Wimmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer Choi
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robbert Havekes
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sara Aton
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ted Abel
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Colavito V, Fabene PF, Grassi-Zucconi G, Pifferi F, Lamberty Y, Bentivoglio M, Bertini G. Experimental sleep deprivation as a tool to test memory deficits in rodents. Front Syst Neurosci 2013; 7:106. [PMID: 24379759 PMCID: PMC3861693 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paradigms of sleep deprivation (SD) and memory testing in rodents (laboratory rats and mice) are here reviewed. The vast majority of these studies have been aimed at understanding the contribution of sleep to cognition, and in particular to memory. Relatively little attention, instead, has been devoted to SD as a challenge to induce a transient memory impairment, and therefore as a tool to test cognitive enhancers in drug discovery. Studies that have accurately described methodological aspects of the SD protocol are first reviewed, followed by procedures to investigate SD-induced impairment of learning and memory consolidation in order to propose SD protocols that could be employed as cognitive challenge. Thus, a platform of knowledge is provided for laboratory protocols that could be used to assess the efficacy of drugs designed to improve memory performance in rodents, including rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases that cause cognitive deficits, and Alzheimer's disease in particular. Issues in the interpretation of such preclinical data and their predictive value for clinical translation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Colavito
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo F Fabene
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | | | - Fabien Pifferi
- Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, UMR 7179 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Brunoy, France
| | - Yves Lamberty
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, UCB Pharma s.a. Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Marina Bentivoglio
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bertini
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
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118
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep has been demonstrated to enhance simple motor skill learning "offline" in young adults. "Offline learning" refers to either the stabilization or the enhancement of a memory through the passage of time without additional practice. It remains unclear whether a functional motor task will benefit from sleep to produce offline motor skill enhancement. Physical therapists often teach clients functional motor skills; therefore, it is important to understand how sleep affects learning of these skills. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether sleep enhances the learning of a functional motor task. DESIGN A prospective, cross-sectional, repeated-measures design was used. METHODS Young participants who were healthy (N=24) were randomly assigned to either a sleep group or a no-sleep group. The sleep group practiced a novel walking task in the evening and underwent retention testing the following morning, and the no-sleep group practiced the task in the morning and underwent retention testing in the evening. Outcome measures included time around the walking path and spatiotemporal gait parameters. RESULTS Only participants who slept after practicing the novel walking task demonstrated a significant offline improvement in performance. Compared with the no-sleep group, participants in the sleep group demonstrated a significant decrease in the time around the walking path, an increase in tandem velocity, an increase in tandem step length, and a decline in tandem step time. LIMITATIONS Time-of-day effect and inability to ensure a certain amount of sleep quantity and quality of participants were limitations of the study. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to provide evidence that sleep facilitates learning clinically relevant functional motor tasks. Sleep is an important factor that physical therapists should consider when teaching clients motor skills.
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120
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Xie YF, Jackson MF, MacDonald JF. Optogenetics and synaptic plasticity. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:1381-5. [PMID: 24162508 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The intricate and complex interaction between different populations of neurons in the brain has imposed limits on our ability to gain detailed understanding of synaptic transmission and its integration when employing classical electrophysiological approaches. Indeed, electrical field stimulation delivered via traditional microelectrodes does not permit the targeted, precise and selective control of neuronal activity amongst a varied population of neurons and their inputs (eg, cholinergic, dopaminergic or glutamatergic neurons). Recently established optogenetic techniques overcome these limitations allowing precise control of the target neuron populations, which is essential for the elucidation of the neural substrates underlying complex animal behaviors. Indeed, by introducing light-activated channels (ie, microbial opsin genes) into specific neuronal populations, optogenetics enables non-invasive optical control of specific neurons with milliseconds precision. These approaches can readily be applied to freely behaving live animals. Recently there is increased interests in utilizing optogenetics tools to understand synaptic plasticity and learning/memory. Here, we summarize recent progress in applying optogenetics in in the study of synaptic plasticity.
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121
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Hita-Yañez E, Atienza M, Cantero JL. Polysomnographic and subjective sleep markers of mild cognitive impairment. Sleep 2013; 36:1327-34. [PMID: 23997365 PMCID: PMC3738041 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.2956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Growing evidence suggests that sleep disturbances precede by years the clinical onset of Alzheimer disease (AD). The goal of the current study is to determine whether changes in polysomnographic (PSG) sleep patterns accompany subjective sleep complaints in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We further examine whether meaningful changes in objective sleep physiology are predicted by self-reported sleep measures in MCI patients, and whether incipient neurodegeneration contributes to exacerbate sleep misperception. DESIGN SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Overnight PSG recordings and self-reported sleep measures were obtained from 25 healthy elderly (HE) subjects and 25 patients with MCI at the sleep laboratory. RESULTS Both PSG and self-reported sleep measures confirmed that sleep is altered in patients with MCI. Whereas subjective sleep responses predicted fragmentation of slow wave sleep (SWS) in HE individuals, this relationship was not evident in MCI patients. Furthermore, patients with MCI showed significant discrepancies in the estimation of sleep onset latency when compared with HE subjects. CONCLUSIONS Sleep is significantly impaired in patients with mild cognitive impairment at both the objective and subjective level, which may be used as a surrogate marker of preclinical Alzheimer disease. Taken together, these findings aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies devoted to improve sleep in the elderly population at risk of developing Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hita-Yañez
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Spanish Network of Excellence for Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Mercedes Atienza
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Spanish Network of Excellence for Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose L. Cantero
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Spanish Network of Excellence for Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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122
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Inostroza
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology and Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; ,
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jan Born
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology and Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; ,
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123
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Lim ASP, Kowgier M, Yu L, Buchman AS, Bennett DA. Sleep Fragmentation and the Risk of Incident Alzheimer's Disease and Cognitive Decline in Older Persons. Sleep 2013; 36:1027-1032. [PMID: 23814339 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cross-sectional studies suggest that sleep fragmentation is associated with cognitive performance in older adults. We tested the hypothesis that sleep fragmentation is associated with incident Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the rate of cognitive decline in older adults. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Community-based. PARTICIPANTS 737 community dwelling older adults without dementia. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Sleep fragmentation was quantified from up to 10 consecutive days of actigraphy. Subjects underwent annual evaluation for AD with 19 neuropsychological tests. Over a follow-up period of up to 6 years (mean 3.3 years), 97 individuals developed AD. In a Cox proportional hazards model controlling for age, sex, and education, a higher level of sleep fragmentation was associated with an increased risk of AD (HR = 1.22, 95%CI 1.03-1.44, P = 0.02 per 1SD increase in sleep fragmentation). An individual with high sleep fragmentation (90th percentile) had a 1.5-fold risk of developing AD as compared with someone with low sleep fragmentation (10th percentile). The association of sleep fragmentation with incident AD did not vary along demographic lines and was unchanged after controlling for potential confounders including total daily rest time, chronic medical conditions, and the use of common medications which can affect sleep. In a linear mixed effect analysis, a 0.01 unit increase in sleep fragmentation was associated with a 22% increase in the annual rate of cognitive decline relative to the average rate of decline in the cohort (Estimate = -0.016, SE = 0.007, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Sleep fragmentation in older adults is associated with incident AD and the rate of cognitive decline. CITATION Lim ASP; Kowgier M; Yu L; Buchman AS; Bennett DA. Sleep fragmentation and the risk of incident alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline in older persons. SLEEP 2013;36(7):1027-1032.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S P Lim
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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124
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Beck B, Pourié G. Ghrelin, neuropeptide Y, and other feeding-regulatory peptides active in the hippocampus: role in learning and memory. Nutr Rev 2013; 71:541-61. [PMID: 23865799 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a brain region of primary importance for neurogenesis, which occurs during early developmental states as well as during adulthood. Increases in neuronal proliferation and in neuronal death with age have been associated with drastic changes in memory and learning. Numerous neurotransmitters are involved in these processes, and some neuropeptides that mediate neurogenesis also modulate feeding behavior. Concomitantly, feeding peptides, which act primarily in the hypothalamus, are also present in the hippocampus. This review aims to ascertain the role of several important feeding peptides in cognitive functions, either through their local synthesis in the hippocampus or through their actions via specific receptors in the hippocampus. A link between neurogenesis and the orexigenic or anorexigenic properties of feeding peptides is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Beck
- INSERM U954, Nutrition, Génétique et Expositions aux Risques Environnementaux, Faculté de Médecine, Vandœuvre, France.
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125
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Abstract
Depression is a devastating mental disorder with an increasing impact throughout the world, whereas the efficacy of currently available pharmacological treatment is still limited. Growing evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggests that orexins (neuropeptides that are also known as hypocretins) and their receptors are involved in the physiopathology of depression. Indeed, the orexinergic system regulates functions that are disturbed in depressive states such as sleep, reward system, feeding behavior, the stress response and monoaminergic neurotransmission. Nevertheless, the precise role of orexins in behavioral and neurophysiological impairments observed in depression is still unclear. Both hypoactivity and hyperactivity of orexin signaling pathways have been found to be associated with depression. These discrepancies in the literature prompted the necessity for additional investigations, as the orexinergic system appears to be a promising target to treat the symptoms of depression. This assumption is underlined by recent data suggesting that pharmacological blockade of orexin receptors induces a robust antidepressant-like effect in an animal model of depression. Further preclinical and clinical studies are needed to progress the overall understanding of the orexinergic alterations in depression, which will eventually translate preliminary observations into real therapeutic potential. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of human and animal research dedicated to the study of the specific involvement of orexins in depression, and to propose a framework in which disturbances of the orexinergic system are regarded as an integral component of the etiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nollet
- UMR Inserm 930-Imagerie et Cerveau, Equipe 4: Troubles Affectifs, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
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126
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Stroh A, Adelsberger H, Groh A, Rühlmann C, Fischer S, Schierloh A, Deisseroth K, Konnerth A. Making waves: initiation and propagation of corticothalamic Ca2+ waves in vivo. Neuron 2013; 77:1136-50. [PMID: 23522048 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Corticothalamic slow oscillations of neuronal activity determine internal brain states. At least in the cortex, the electrical activity is associated with large neuronal Ca(2+) transients. Here we implemented an optogenetic approach to explore causal features of the generation of slow oscillation-associated Ca(2+) waves in the in vivo mouse brain. We demonstrate that brief optogenetic stimulation (3-20 ms) of a local group of layer 5 cortical neurons is sufficient for the induction of global brain Ca(2+) waves. These Ca(2+) waves are evoked in an all-or-none manner, exhibit refractoriness during repetitive stimulation, and propagate over long distances. By local optogenetic stimulation, we demonstrate that evoked Ca(2+) waves initially invade the cortex, followed by a secondary recruitment of the thalamus. Together, our results establish that synchronous activity in a small cluster of layer 5 cortical neurons can initiate a global neuronal wave of activity suited for long-range corticothalamic integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht Stroh
- Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University Munich, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, 80802 Munich, Germany
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127
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Schmidt FM, Kratzsch J, Gertz HJ, Tittmann M, Jahn I, Pietsch UC, Kaisers UX, Thiery J, Hegerl U, Schönknecht P. Cerebrospinal fluid melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and hypocretin-1 (HCRT-1, orexin-A) in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63136. [PMID: 23667582 PMCID: PMC3646736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancillary to decline in cognitive abilities, patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) frequently suffer from behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Hypothalamic polypeptides such as melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and hypocretin-1 (HCRT-1, orexin-A) are promoters of sleep-wake regulation and energy homeostasis and are found to impact on cognitive performance. To investigate the role of MCH and HCRT-1 in AD, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels were measured in 33 patients with AD and 33 healthy subjects (HS) using a fluorescence immunoassay (FIA). A significant main effect of diagnosis (F(1,62) = 8.490, p<0.01) on MCH levels was found between AD (93.76±13.47 pg/mL) and HS (84.65±11.40 pg/mL). MCH correlated with T-tau (r = 0.47; p<0.01) and P-tau (r = 0.404; p<0.05) in the AD but not in the HS. CSF-MCH correlated negatively with MMSE scores in the AD (r = −0.362, p<0.05) and was increased in more severely affected patients (MMSE≤20) compared to HS (p<0.001) and BPSD-positive patients compared to HS (p<0.05). In CSF-HCRT-1, a significant main effect of sex (F(1,31) = 4.400, p<0.05) with elevated levels in females (90.93±17.37 pg/mL vs. 82.73±15.39 pg/mL) was found whereas diagnosis and the sex*diagnosis interaction were not significant. Elevated levels of MCH in patients suffering from AD and correlation with Tau and severity of cognitive impairment point towards an impact of MCH in AD. Gender differences of CSF-HCRT-1 controversially portend a previously reported gender dependence of HCRT-1-regulation. Histochemical and actigraphic explorations are warranted to further elucidate alterations of hypothalamic transmitter regulation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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128
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Touriño C, Eban-Rothschild A, de Lecea L. Optogenetics in psychiatric diseases. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:430-5. [PMID: 23642859 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetic tools have revolutionized the field of neuroscience, and brought the study of neural circuits to a higher level. Optogenetics has significantly improved our understanding not only of the neuronal connections and function of the healthy brain, but also of the neuronal changes that lead to psychiatric disorders. In this review, we summarize recent optogenetic studies that explored different brain circuits involved in natural behaviors, such as sleep and arousal, reward, fear, and social and aggressive behavior. In addition, we describe how alterations in these circuits may lead to psychiatric disorders such as addiction, anxiety, depression, or schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Touriño
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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129
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Stettner GM, Lei Y, Benincasa Herr K, Kubin L. Evidence that adrenergic ventrolateral medullary cells are activated whereas precerebellar lateral reticular nucleus neurons are suppressed during REM sleep. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62410. [PMID: 23630631 PMCID: PMC3632524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) is generated in the brainstem by a distributed network of neurochemically distinct neurons. In the pons, the main subtypes are cholinergic and glutamatergic REMS-on cells and aminergic REMS-off cells. Pontine REMS-on cells send axons to the ventrolateral medulla (VLM), but little is known about REMS-related activity of VLM cells. In urethane-anesthetized rats, dorsomedial pontine injections of carbachol trigger REMS-like episodes that include cortical and hippocampal activation and suppression of motoneuronal activity; the episodes last 4–8 min and can be elicited repeatedly. We used this model to determine whether VLM catecholaminergic cells are silenced during REMS, as is typical of most aminergic neurons studied to date, and to investigate other REMS-related cells in this region. In 18 anesthetized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated rats, we obtained extracellular recordings from VLM cells when REMS-like episodes were elicited by pontine carbachol injections (10 mM, 10 nl). One major group were the cells that were activated during the episodes (n = 10). Their baseline firing rate of 3.7±2.1 (SD) Hz increased to 9.7±2.1 Hz. Most were found in the adrenergic C1 region and at sites located less than 50 µm from dopamine β-hydroxylase-positive (DBH+) neurons. Another major group were the silenced or suppressed cells (n = 35). Most were localized in the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) and distantly from any DBH+ cells. Their baseline firing rates were 6.8±4.4 Hz and 15.8±7.1 Hz, respectively, with the activity of the latter reduced to 7.4±3.8 Hz. We conclude that, in contrast to the pontine noradrenergic cells that are silenced during REMS, medullary adrenergic C1 neurons, many of which drive the sympathetic output, are activated. Our data also show that afferent input transmitted to the cerebellum through the LRN is attenuated during REMS. This may distort the spatial representation of body position during REMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg M. Stettner
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yanlin Lei
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kate Benincasa Herr
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Leszek Kubin
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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130
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Caveats on psychological models of sleep and memory: A compass in an overgrown scenario. Sleep Med Rev 2013; 17:105-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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131
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Abstract
Over more than a century of research has established the fact that sleep benefits the retention of memory. In this review we aim to comprehensively cover the field of "sleep and memory" research by providing a historical perspective on concepts and a discussion of more recent key findings. Whereas initial theories posed a passive role for sleep enhancing memories by protecting them from interfering stimuli, current theories highlight an active role for sleep in which memories undergo a process of system consolidation during sleep. Whereas older research concentrated on the role of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, recent work has revealed the importance of slow-wave sleep (SWS) for memory consolidation and also enlightened some of the underlying electrophysiological, neurochemical, and genetic mechanisms, as well as developmental aspects in these processes. Specifically, newer findings characterize sleep as a brain state optimizing memory consolidation, in opposition to the waking brain being optimized for encoding of memories. Consolidation originates from reactivation of recently encoded neuronal memory representations, which occur during SWS and transform respective representations for integration into long-term memory. Ensuing REM sleep may stabilize transformed memories. While elaborated with respect to hippocampus-dependent memories, the concept of an active redistribution of memory representations from networks serving as temporary store into long-term stores might hold also for non-hippocampus-dependent memory, and even for nonneuronal, i.e., immunological memories, giving rise to the idea that the offline consolidation of memory during sleep represents a principle of long-term memory formation established in quite different physiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Rasch
- Division of Biopsychology, Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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132
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Abstract
Optogenetics is a newly-introduced technology in the life sciences and is gaining increasing attention. It refers to the combination of optical technologies and genetic methods to control the activity of specific cell groups in living tissue, during which high-resolution spatial and temporal manipulation of cells is achieved. Optogenetics has been applied to numerous regions, including cerebral cortex, hippocampus, ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, striatum, spinal cord, and retina, and has revealed new directions of research in neuroscience and the treatment of related diseases. Since optogenetic tools are controllable at high spatial and temporal resolution, we discuss its applications in these regions in detail and the recent understanding of higher brain functions, such as reward-seeking, learning and memory, and sleep. Further, the possibilities of improved utility of this newly-emerging technology are discussed. We intend to provide a paradigm of the latest advances in neuroscience using optogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanhui Chen
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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133
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Lyst SJ, Davis K, Gigg J, Hager R. Effects of increased spatial complexity on behavioural development and task performance in Lister Hooded rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47640. [PMID: 23091636 PMCID: PMC3473045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancing laboratory animal welfare, particularly in rodents, has been achieved through environmental enrichment in caging systems. Traditional enrichment such as adding objects has shown to impact development, reproductive and maternal performance as well as cognition. However, effects of increased spatial complexity as part of larger novel caging systems have not been investigated. While adoption of caging systems with increased spatial complexity seems uncontroversial from a welfare perspective, effects of such housing on the development and task performance of experimental animals remains unclear. In this study, we investigate differences in key behaviours and cognitive performance between Lister Hooded rats housed in traditional (single-shelf) cages (‘basic’) and those housed in larger cages with an additional shelf (‘enriched’). We found minor differences in maternal behaviour, such as nursing and offspring development. Further, we compared task performance in females, using a hippocampus-dependent task (T-maze) and a hippocampus-independent task (Novel Object Recognition, NOR). While in the T-maze no differences in either the rate of learning or probe trial performance were found, in the NOR task females housed in enriched cages performed better than those housed in basic cages. Our results show that increased spatial complexity does not significantly affect development and maternal performance but may enhance learning in females for a non-spatial task. Increased spatial complexity does not appear to have the same effects on behaviour and development as traditional enrichment. Thus, our results suggest no effect of housing conditions on the development of most behaviours in experimental animals housed in spatially enriched caging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Lyst
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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135
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Lesku JA, Rattenborg NC, Valcu M, Vyssotski AL, Kuhn S, Kuemmeth F, Heidrich W, Kempenaers B. Adaptive sleep loss in polygynous pectoral sandpipers. Science 2012; 337:1654-8. [PMID: 22878501 DOI: 10.1126/science.1220939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The functions of sleep remain elusive. Extensive evidence suggests that sleep performs restorative processes that sustain waking brain performance. An alternative view proposes that sleep simply enforces adaptive inactivity to conserve energy when activity is unproductive. Under this hypothesis, animals may evolve the ability to dispense with sleep when ecological demands favor wakefulness. Here, we show that male pectoral sandpipers (Calidris melanotos), a polygynous Arctic breeding shorebird, are able to maintain high neurobehavioral performance despite greatly reducing their time spent sleeping during a 3-week period of intense male-male competition for access to fertile females. Males that slept the least sired the most offspring. Our results challenge the view that decreased performance is an inescapable outcome of sleep loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Lesku
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
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136
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Conte F, Carobbi G, Errico BM, Ficca G. The effects of pre-sleep learning on sleep continuity, stability, and organization in elderly individuals. Front Neurol 2012; 3:109. [PMID: 22798956 PMCID: PMC3394199 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have consistently shown that pre-sleep learning is associated to changes of sleep structure. Whereas previous research has mainly focused on sleep states, namely REM and NREM amount, very little attention has been paid to the hypothesis that pre-sleep learning might improve sleep continuity, stability, and cyclic organization, which are often impaired in aging. Thus, aim of this research was to assess, in a sample of 18 healthy elderly subjects, whether a memory task administered at bedtime would determine changes in any sleep parameter, with special regard to sleep continuity, stability, and organization. To this purpose, a baseline sleep (BL), i.e., a normal sleep with 9-h time in bed (TIB), was compared to a post-training sleep (TR), with the same TIB but preceded by an intensive training session. For the latter, a verbal declarative task was used, consisting in learning paired-word lists, rehearsed, and recalled for three times in a row. To control for individual learning abilities, subjects were administered several sets of lists with increasing difficulty, until they reached an error rate ≥20% at third recall. Relative to BL, TR shows a significant reduction in the frequency of brief awakenings, arousals, state transitions, "functional uncertainty" (FU) periods, and in the percentage of time in FU over total sleep time (TST). A significant increase in the number of complete cycles, total cycle time (TCT), and TCT/TST proportion was also found. All these changes are evenly distributed over the sleep episode. No sleep stage measure display significant changes, apart from a slight reduction in the percentage of Stage 1. Scores at retest are negatively correlated with both the frequency of arousals and of state transitions. Our data suggest that pre-sleep learning can yield a beneficial re-organizing effect on elderlies' sleep quality. The inverse correlation between recall scores and the measures of sleep continuity and stability provides further support to the role of these features in memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Conte
- Department of Psychology, University of Naples IICaserta, Italy
| | - G. Carobbi
- Department of Psychology, University of Naples IICaserta, Italy
| | - B. M. Errico
- Department of Psychology, University of Naples IICaserta, Italy
| | - G. Ficca
- Department of Psychology, University of Naples IICaserta, Italy
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137
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Abstract
This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness. Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Multiple interacting neurotransmitter systems in the brain stem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain converge onto common effector systems in the thalamus and cortex. Sleep results from the inhibition of wake-promoting systems by homeostatic sleep factors such as adenosine and nitric oxide and GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, resulting in large-amplitude, slow EEG oscillations. Local, activity-dependent factors modulate the amplitude and frequency of cortical slow oscillations. Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep results in conservation of brain energy and facilitates memory consolidation through the modulation of synaptic weights. Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep results from the interaction of brain stem cholinergic, aminergic, and GABAergic neurons which control the activity of glutamatergic reticular formation neurons leading to REM sleep phenomena such as muscle atonia, REMs, dreaming, and cortical activation. Strong activation of limbic regions during REM sleep suggests a role in regulation of emotion. Genetic studies suggest that brain mechanisms controlling waking and NREM sleep are strongly conserved throughout evolution, underscoring their enormous importance for brain function. Sleep disruption interferes with the normal restorative functions of NREM and REM sleep, resulting in disruptions of breathing and cardiovascular function, changes in emotional reactivity, and cognitive impairments in attention, memory, and decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritchie E Brown
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Brockton, Massachusetts 02301, USA
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138
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de Lecea L, Carter ME, Adamantidis A. Shining light on wakefulness and arousal. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 71:1046-52. [PMID: 22440618 PMCID: PMC3771638 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in arousal states are associated with multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, including generalized anxiety disorders, addiction, schizophrenia, and depression. Therefore, elucidating the neurobiological mechanisms controlling the boundaries between arousal, hyperarousal, and hypoarousal is a crucial endeavor in biological psychiatry. Substantial research over several decades has identified distinct arousal-promoting neural populations in the brain; however, how these nuclei act individually and collectively to promote and maintain wakefulness and various arousal states is unknown. We have recently applied optogenetic technology to the repertoire of techniques used to study arousal. Here, we discuss the recent results of these experiments and propose future use of this approach as a way to understand the complex dynamics of neural circuits controlling arousal and arousal-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Matthew E. Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Antoine Adamantidis
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
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139
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Havekes R, Vecsey CG, Abel T. The impact of sleep deprivation on neuronal and glial signaling pathways important for memory and synaptic plasticity. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1251-60. [PMID: 22570866 PMCID: PMC3622220 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation is a common feature in modern society, and one of the consequences of sleep loss is the impairment of cognitive function. Although it has been widely accepted that sleep deprivation affects learning and memory, only recently has research begun to address which molecular signaling pathways are altered by sleep loss and, more importantly, which pathways can be targeted to reverse the memory impairments resulting from sleep deprivation. In this review, we discuss the different methods used to sleep deprive animals and the effects of different durations of sleep deprivation on learning and memory with an emphasis on hippocampus-dependent memory. We then review the molecular signaling pathways that are sensitive to sleep loss, with a focus on those thought to play a critical role in the memory and synaptic plasticity deficits observed after sleep deprivation. Finally, we highlight several recent attempts to reverse the effects of sleep deprivation on memory and synaptic plasticity. Future research building on these studies promises to contribute to the development of novel strategies to ameliorate the effects of sleep loss on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbert Havekes
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Ted Abel
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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140
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Djonlagic I, Saboisky J, Carusona A, Stickgold R, Malhotra A. Increased sleep fragmentation leads to impaired off-line consolidation of motor memories in humans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34106. [PMID: 22470524 PMCID: PMC3314699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing literature supports a role for sleep after training in long-term memory consolidation and enhancement. Consequently, interrupted sleep should result in cognitive deficits. Recent evidence from an animal study indeed showed that optimal memory consolidation during sleep requires a certain amount of uninterrupted sleep. Sleep continuity is disrupted in various medical disorders. We compared performance on a motor sequence learning task (MST) in relatively young subjects with obstructive sleep apnea (n = 16; apnea-hypopnea index 17.1±2.6/h [SEM]) to a carefully matched control group (n = 15, apnea-hypopnea index 3.7±0.4/h, p<0.001. Apart from AHI, oxygen nadir and arousal index, there were no significant differences between groups in total sleep time, sleep efficiency and sleep architecture as well as subjective measures of sleepiness based on standard questionnaires. In addition performance on the psychomotor vigilance task (reaction time and lapses), which is highly sensitive to sleep deprivation showed no differences as well as initial learning performance during the training phase. However there was a significant difference in the primary outcome of immediate overnight improvement on the MST between the two groups (controls = 14.7±4%, patients = 1.1±3.6%; P = 0.023) as well as plateau performance (controls = 24.0±5.3%, patients = 10.1±2.0%; P = 0.017) and this difference was predicted by the arousal index (p = 0.02) rather than oxygen saturation (nadir and time below 90% saturation. Taken together, this outcome provides evidence that there is a clear minimum requirement of sleep continuity in humans to ensure optimal sleep dependent memory processes. It also provides important new information about the cognitive impact of obstructive sleep apnea and challenges its current definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Djonlagic
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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141
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Abstract
Memory consolidation is the hypothetical process in which an item in memory is transformed into a long-term form. It is commonly addressed at two complementary levels of description and analysis: the cellular/synaptic level (synaptic consolidation) and the brain systems level (systems consolidation). This article focuses on selected recent advances in consolidation research, including the reconsolidation of long-term memory items, the brain mechanisms of transformation of the content and of cue-dependency of memory items over time, as well as the role of rest and sleep in consolidating and shaping memories. Taken together, the picture that emerges is of dynamic engrams that are formed, modified, and remodified over time at the systems level by using synaptic consolidation mechanisms as subroutines. This implies that, contrary to interpretations that have dominated neuroscience for a while, but similar to long-standing cognitive concepts, consolidation of at least some items in long-term memory may never really come to an end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadin Dudai
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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142
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Cooke SF, Bear MF. Stimulus-selective response plasticity in the visual cortex: an assay for the assessment of pathophysiology and treatment of cognitive impairment associated with psychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 71:487-95. [PMID: 22019003 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a form of experimentally induced enhancement of chemical synaptic transmission that has long been proposed as a model of the endogenous processes of synaptic plasticity that mediate memory. There is a large body of evidence that the molecular mechanisms underlying experimentally induced LTP also subserve various forms of naturally occurring, experience-dependent synaptic plasticity in animals and humans. Here we describe a phenomenon called stimulus-specific response potentiation (SRP), which occurs in the primary visual cortex of mice as a result of repeated exposure to visual stimuli and is believed to reveal the mechanisms that underlie perceptual learning. We first describe evidence that SRP represents naturally occurring LTP of thalamo-cortical synaptic transmission. We then discuss the potential value of SRP as a preclinical assay for the assessment of putative drug treatments on synaptic plasticity. Stimulus-specific response potentiation is not only easy to assay and robust but captures features of feed-forward glutamatergic function and visual learning that are deficient in human psychiatric disorders, notably including schizophrenia. We suggest that phenomena analogous to SRP in humans are likely to be useful biomarkers of altered cortical LTP and of treatment response in diseases associated with impaired cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam F Cooke
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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143
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Hypothalamic Control of Sleep in Aging. Neuromolecular Med 2012; 14:139-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-012-8175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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144
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Freret T, Bouet V, Quiedeville A, Nee G, Dallemagne P, Rochais C, Boulouard M. Synergistic effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibition (donepezil) and 5-HT(4) receptor activation (RS67333) on object recognition in mice. Behav Brain Res 2012; 230:304-8. [PMID: 22348892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Facing inefficiency of current treatments to cure Alzheimer disease (AD), a pharmacological approach is now emerging on the assumption that a single compound may be able to hit multiple targets, namely Multi-Target-Directed Ligands (MTDLs). Displaying numerous advantages, several MTDL for AD have been recently described but none associating an inhibition of AChE and an activation of 5-HT(4)R. The aim of this study was to validate the concept of a synergistic action of these two targets on episodic-like memory performances in mice. Among potent molecules, RS67333, a reference 5-HT(4)R agonist and donepezil (DNPZ), a reference acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, have been particularly chosen because of their close chemical structure. Administered separately, RS67333 (0.3 and 1mg/kg) and DNPZ (1mg/kg) improved recognition performances compared to saline treated animals but not with lower doses. Co-administration of subactive doses of RS67333 (0.1mg/kg) and DNPZ (0.3mg/kg) improved memory, moreover, this improvement is prevented if a 5-HT(4)R antagonist (GR125487, 10mg/kg) is also administered. Activation of 5-HT(4)R combined with inhibition of AChE with subactive doses of RS67333 and of DNPZ has synergistic effects on memory performances in mice. These molecules having close chemical structures, the synergistic effect of their combination affords new hope to chemist for the synthesis of MTDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Freret
- Université de Caen Basse, Normandie, EA 4259 - Groupe Mémoire & Plasticité comportementale, F-14032 Caen, France
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145
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Binder S, Baier PC, Mölle M, Inostroza M, Born J, Marshall L. Sleep enhances memory consolidation in the hippocampus-dependent object-place recognition task in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2012; 97:213-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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146
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Riday TT, Fish EW, Robinson JE, Jarrett TM, McGuigan MM, Malanga CJ. Orexin-1 receptor antagonism does not reduce the rewarding potency of cocaine in Swiss-Webster mice. Brain Res 2012; 1431:53-61. [PMID: 22133306 PMCID: PMC3246553 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The orexin family of hypothalamic neuropeptides has been implicated in reinforcement mechanisms relevant to both food and drug reward. Previous behavioral studies with antagonists at the orexin A-selective receptor, OX(1), have demonstrated its involvement in behavioral sensitization, conditioned place-preference, and self-administration of drugs of abuse. Adult male Swiss-Webster mice were implanted with stimulating electrodes to the lateral hypothalamus and trained to perform intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). The effects of the OX(1)-selective antagonist SB 334867 on brain stimulation-reward (BSR) and cocaine potentiation of BSR were measured. SB 334867 (10-30mg/kg, i.p.) alone had no effect on ICSS performance or BSR threshold. Cocaine (1.0-30mg/kgi.p.) dose-dependently potentiated BSR, measured as lowering of BSR threshold. This effect was not blocked by 30mg/kg SB 334867 at any cocaine dose tested. In agreement with previous reports, SB 334867 resulted in a reduction of body weight 24h after acute administration. Based on these data, it is concluded that orexins acting at OX(1) do not contribute to BSR; and are not involved in the reward-potentiating actions of cocaine on BSR. The data are discussed in the context of prior findings of SB 334867 effects on drug-seeking and drug-consuming behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorfinn T Riday
- Laboratory of Developmental Neuropharmacology, Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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147
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Scudeller L, Del Fante C, Perotti C, Pavesi CF, Coscia D, Scotti V, Tinelli C. N of 1, two contemporary arm, randomised controlled clinical trial for bilateral epicondylitis: a new study design. BMJ 2011; 343:d7653. [PMID: 22187187 PMCID: PMC3243071 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.d7653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the use of a novel study design in analysis of bilateral elbow pain. DESIGN N of 1, two contemporary arm, open label, randomised controlled clinical trial. SETTING A clinical epidemiologist at a university hospital in Pavia, Italy. PARTICIPANTS Two elbows with epicondylitis. INTERVENTIONS Autologous platelet lysate versus "wait and see" strategy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Visual analogue scale for pain on elbow extension and resisted wrist extension. RESULTS Over six months' follow-up, the patient experienced bilateral improvement in pain, but higher in the treated arm, with a drop in visual analogue scale for pain from 28 to 4 for right (control) arm (drop of 24 points) and from 67 to 10.5 for left (treated) arm (drop of 56.5 points). CONCLUSIONS Platelet lysate might (or might not) work. Competing interests and lack of blinding might be relevant issues in the interpretation of trial results. However, the new study design can be applied to a number of conditions such as bilateral sport or trauma injuries, bilateral otitis, or any condition affecting chiral organs or limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigia Scudeller
- Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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