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Sanyal A, DeAndrade MP, Novis HS, Lin S, Chang J, Lengacher N, Tomlinson JJ, Tansey MG, LaVoie MJ. Lysosome and Inflammatory Defects in GBA1-Mutant Astrocytes Are Normalized by LRRK2 Inhibition. Mov Disord 2020; 35:760-773. [PMID: 32034799 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal recessive mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene, Beta-glucocerebrosidase 1 (GBA1), cause the lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher's disease. Heterozygous carriers of most GBA1 mutations have dramatically increased Parkinson's disease (PD) risk, but the mechanisms and cells affected remain unknown. Glucocerebrosidase expression is relatively enriched in astrocytes, yet the impact of its mutation in these cells has not yet been addressed. OBJECTIVES Emerging data supporting non-cell-autonomous mechanisms driving PD pathogenesis inspired the first characterization of GBA1-mutant astrocytes. In addition, we asked whether LRRK2, likewise linked to PD and enriched in astrocytes, intersected with GBA1 phenotypes. METHODS Using heterozygous and homozygous GBA1 D409V knockin mouse astrocytes, we conducted rigorous biochemical and image-based analyses of lysosomal function and morphology. We also examined basal and evoked cytokine response at the transcriptional and secretory levels. RESULTS The D409V knockin astrocytes manifested broad deficits in lysosomal morphology and function, as expected. This, however, is the first study to show dramatic defects in basal and TLR4-dependent cytokine production. Albeit to different extents, both the lysosomal dysfunction and inflammatory responses were normalized by inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity, suggesting functional intracellular crosstalk between glucocerebrosidase and LRRK2 activities in astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate novel pathologic effects of a GBA1 mutation on inflammatory responses in astrocytes, indicating the likelihood of broader immunologic changes in GBA-PD patients. Our findings support the involvement of non-cell-autonomous mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of GBA1-linked PD and identify new opportunities to correct these changes with pharmacological intervention. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Sanyal
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark P DeAndrade
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hailey S Novis
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven Lin
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jianjun Chang
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nathalie Lengacher
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julianna J Tomlinson
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Malú G Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Matthew J LaVoie
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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102
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Cogo S, Manzoni C, Lewis PA, Greggio E. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 and lysosomal dyshomeostasis in Parkinson disease. J Neurochem 2020; 152:273-283. [PMID: 31693760 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, a number of studies have underlined the importance of lysosomal-based degradative pathways in maintaining the homeostasis of post-mitotic cells, and revealed the remarkable contribution of a functional autophagic machinery in the promotion of longevity. In contrast, defects in the clearance of organelles and aberrant protein aggregates have been linked to accelerated neuronal loss and neurological dysfunction. Several neurodegenerative disorders, among which Alzheimer disease (AD), Frontotemporal dementia, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis to name a few, are associated with alterations of the autophagy and endo-lysosomal pathways. In Parkinson disease (PD), the most prevalent genetic determinant, Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), is believed to be involved in the regulation of intracellular vesicle traffic, autophagy and lysosomal function. Here, we review the current understanding of the mechanisms by which LRRK2 regulates lysosomal-based degradative pathways in neuronal and non-neuronal cells and discuss the impact of pathogenic PD mutations in contributing to lysosomal dyshomeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Cogo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudia Manzoni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick A Lewis
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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103
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Ebanks K, Lewis PA, Bandopadhyay R. Vesicular Dysfunction and the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease: Clues From Genetic Studies. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1381. [PMID: 31969802 PMCID: PMC6960401 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disorder with disabling motor symptoms and no available disease modifying treatment. The majority of the PD cases are of unknown etiology, with both genetics and environment playing important roles. Over the past 25 years, however, genetic analysis of patients with familial history of Parkinson’s and, latterly, genome wide association studies (GWAS) have provided significant advances in our understanding of the causes of the disease. These genetic insights have uncovered pathways that are affected in both genetic and sporadic forms of PD. These pathways involve oxidative stress, abnormal protein homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and lysosomal defects. In addition, newly identified PD genes and GWAS nominated genes point toward synaptic changes involving vesicles. This review will highlight the genes that contribute PD risk relating to intracellular vesicle trafficking and their functional consequences. There is still much to investigate on this newly identified and converging pathway of vesicular dynamics and PD, which will aid in better understanding and suggest novel therapeutic strategies for PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Ebanks
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical and Motor Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick A Lewis
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rina Bandopadhyay
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical and Motor Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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104
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Ten Years of the International Parkinson Disease Genomics Consortium: Progress and Next Steps. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2020; 10:19-30. [PMID: 31815703 PMCID: PMC7029327 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In June 2009 a small group of investigators met at the annual Movement Disorders Society meeting in Paris. The explicit goal of this meeting was to discuss a potential research alliance focused on the genetics of Parkinson disease (PD). The outcome of this informal meeting was the creation of the International Parkinson Disease Genomics Consortium (IPDGC), a group focused on collaborative genetics research, enabled by trust, sharing, and as little paperwork as possible. The IPDGC has grown considerably since its inception, including over 100 scientists from around the World. The focus has also grown, to include clinical and functional investigation of PD at scale. Most recently, the IPDGC has expanded to initiate major research efforts in East Asia and Africa, and has prioritized collaborations with ongoing major efforts in India and South America. Here we summarize the efforts of the IPDGC thus far and place these in the context of a decade of progress in PD genomics. We also discuss the future direction of IPDGC and our stated research priorities for the next decade.
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105
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Rani L, Mondal AC. Emerging concepts of mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease progression: Pathogenic and therapeutic implications. Mitochondrion 2020; 50:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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106
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Berwick DC, Heaton GR, Azeggagh S, Harvey K. LRRK2 Biology from structure to dysfunction: research progresses, but the themes remain the same. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:49. [PMID: 31864390 PMCID: PMC6925518 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) as a protein that is likely central to the aetiology of Parkinson’s disease, a considerable amount of work has gone into uncovering its basic cellular function. This effort has led to the implication of LRRK2 in a bewildering range of cell biological processes and pathways, and probable roles in a number of seemingly unrelated medical conditions. In this review we summarise current knowledge of the basic biochemistry and cellular function of LRRK2. Topics covered include the identification of phosphorylation substrates of LRRK2 kinase activity, in particular Rab proteins, and advances in understanding the activation of LRRK2 kinase activity via dimerisation and association with membranes, especially via interaction with Rab29. We also discuss biochemical studies that shed light on the complex LRRK2 GTPase activity, evidence of roles for LRRK2 in a range of cell signalling pathways that are likely cell type specific, and studies linking LRRK2 to the cell biology of organelles. The latter includes the involvement of LRRK2 in autophagy, endocytosis, and processes at the trans-Golgi network, the endoplasmic reticulum and also key microtubule-based cellular structures. We further propose a mechanism linking LRRK2 dimerisation, GTPase function and membrane recruitment with LRRK2 kinase activation by Rab29. Together these data paint a picture of a research field that in many ways is moving forward with great momentum, but in other ways has not changed fundamentally. Many key advances have been made, but very often they seem to lead back to the same places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Berwick
- School of Health, Life and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - George R Heaton
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Sonia Azeggagh
- School of Health, Life and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Kirsten Harvey
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
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107
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Andersen MA, Sotty F, Jensen PH, Badolo L, Jeggo R, Smith GP, Christensen KV. Long-Term Exposure to PFE-360 in the AAV-α-Synuclein Rat Model: Findings and Implications. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0453-18.2019. [PMID: 31685675 PMCID: PMC6978918 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0453-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with impaired motor function and several non-motor symptoms, with no available disease modifying treatment. Intracellular accumulation of pathological α-synuclein inclusions is a hallmark of idiopathic PD, whereas, dominant mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are associated with familial PD that is clinically indistinguishable from idiopathic PD. Recent evidence supports the hypothesis that an increase in LRRK2 kinase activity is associated with the development of not only familial LRRK2 PD, but also idiopathic PD. Previous reports have shown preclinical effects of LRRK2 modulation on α-synuclein-induced neuropathology. Increased subthalamic nucleus (STN) burst firing in preclinical neurotoxin models and PD patients is hypothesized to be causally involved in the development of the motor deficit in PD. To study a potential pathophysiological relationship between α-synuclein pathology and LRRK2 kinase activity in PD, we investigated the effect of chronic LRRK2 inhibition in an AAV-α-synuclein overexpression rat model. In this study, we report that chronic LRRK2 inhibition using PFE-360 only induced a marginal effect on motor function. In addition, the aberrant STN burst firing and associated neurodegenerative processes induced by α-synuclein overexpression model remained unaffected by chronic LRRK2 inhibition. Our findings do not strongly support LRRK2 inhibition for the treatment of PD. Therefore, the reported beneficial effects of LRRK2 inhibition in similar α-synuclein overexpression rodent models must be considered with prudence and additional studies are warranted in alternative α-synuclein-based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Aagaard Andersen
- Neurodegeneration, Neuroscience Drug Discovery DK, H. Lundbeck A/S, DK-2500 Valby Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Dandrite, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus Denmark
| | - Florence Sotty
- Neurodegeneration, Neuroscience Drug Discovery DK, H. Lundbeck A/S, DK-2500 Valby Denmark
| | - Poul Henning Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Dandrite, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus Denmark
| | - Lassina Badolo
- Department of Discovery DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, DK-2500 Valby Denmark
| | - Ross Jeggo
- Neurodegeneration, Neuroscience Drug Discovery DK, H. Lundbeck A/S, DK-2500 Valby Denmark
| | - Garrick Paul Smith
- Department of Discovery Chemistry 2, H. Lundbeck A/S, DK-2500 Valby Denmark
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108
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Malik BR, Maddison DC, Smith GA, Peters OM. Autophagic and endo-lysosomal dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease. Mol Brain 2019; 12:100. [PMID: 31783880 PMCID: PMC6884906 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0504-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their post-mitotic state, metabolic demands and often large polarised morphology, the function and survival of neurons is dependent on an efficient cellular waste clearance system both for generation of materials for metabolic processes and removal of toxic components. It is not surprising therefore that deficits in protein clearance can tip the balance between neuronal health and death. Here we discuss how autophagy and lysosome-mediated degradation pathways are disrupted in several neurological disorders. Both genetic and cell biological evidence show the diversity and complexity of vesicular clearance dysregulation in cells, and together may ultimately suggest a unified mechanism for neuronal demise in degenerative conditions. Causative and risk-associated mutations in Alzheimer's disease, Frontotemporal Dementia, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and others have given the field a unique mechanistic insight into protein clearance processes in neurons. Through their broad implication in neurodegenerative diseases, molecules involved in these genetic pathways, in particular those involved in autophagy, are emerging as appealing therapeutic targets for intervention in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal R Malik
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Daniel C Maddison
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Gaynor A Smith
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
| | - Owen M Peters
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
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109
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Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease of the skin and peripheral nerves that presents a strong link with the host genetic background. Different approaches in genetic studies have been applied to leprosy and today leprosy is among the infectious diseases with the greatest number of genetic risk variants identified. Several leprosy genes have been implicated in host immune response to pathogens and point to specific pathways that are relevant for host defense to infection. In addition, host genetic factors are also involved in the heterogeneity of leprosy clinical manifestations and in excessive inflammatory responses that occur in some leprosy patients. Finally, genetic studies in leprosy have provided strong evidence of pleiotropic effects between leprosy and other complex diseases, such as immune-mediated or neurodegenerative diseases. These findings not only impact on the field of leprosy and infectious diseases but also make leprosy a good model for the study of complex immune-mediated diseases. Here, we summarize recent genetic findings in leprosy susceptibility and discuss the overlap of the genetic control in leprosy with Parkinson's disease and inflammatory bowel disease. Moreover, some limitations, challenges, and potential new avenues for future genetics studies of leprosy are also discussed in this review.
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110
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Liu TW, Wu YR, Chen YC, Fung HC, Chen CM. Association of RIT2 and RAB7L1 with Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in a Taiwanese cohort and a meta-analysis in Asian populations. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 87:140.e5-140.e11. [PMID: 31818509 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Several genome-wide association studies and meta-analyses on Parkinson's disease (PD)-related genes have identified several risk foci in Ras-related genes, particularly among Caucasian individuals. However, the corresponding results have been controversial among Asian individuals. We investigated whether 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms of Ras-related genes, RIT2 (rs12456492) and RAB7L1 (rs823118), are associated with PD risk in Taiwanese individuals. In addition, we conducted a meta-analysis of all studies related to rs12456492 in Asian populations to resolve inconsistency in this locus. In total, 1103 Taiwanese individuals (588 patients with PD and 515 controls) and 1111 Taiwanese individuals (594 patients with PD and 517 controls) were genotyped for rs12456492 and rs823118. However, we could not confirm the association of rs12456492 and rs823118 with PD. Our current meta-analysis involving the rs12456492(A/G) variant demonstrated that the GG + GA genotypes, GG genotypes, and G allele may be risk factors for PD. RIT2 may increase PD risk in Asian individuals. The discrepancies between Caucasian and Asian populations may be due to differences in geographic region-specific genetic backgrounds and gene-environmental interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Wei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Ru Wu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hon Chung Fung
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Mei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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111
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Kim J, Daadi MM. Non-cell autonomous mechanism of Parkinson's disease pathology caused by G2019S LRRK2 mutation in Ashkenazi Jewish patient: Single cell analysis. Brain Res 2019; 1722:146342. [PMID: 31330122 PMCID: PMC8152577 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the loss of the midbrain dopaminergic neurons, which leads to impaired motor and cognitive functions. PD is predominantly an idiopathic disease, however about 5% of cases are linked to hereditary mutations. The most common mutation in both familial and sporadic PD is the G2019S mutation of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) with high prevalence in Ashkenazi Jewish patients and in North African Berber and Arab patients. It is still not fully understood how this mutation leads to PD pathology. In this study, we derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from an Ashkenazi Jewish patient with G2019S LRRK2 mutation to isolate self-renewable multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) and to model this form of PD in vitro. To investigate the cellular diversity and disease pathology in the NSCs, we used single cell RNA-seq transcriptomic profiling. The evidence suggests there are three subpopulations within the NSCs: a committed neuronal population, intermediate stage population and undifferentiated stage population. Unbiased single-cell transcriptomic analysis revealed differential expression and dysregulation of genes involved in PD pathology. The significantly affected genes were involved in mitochondrial function, DNA repair, protein degradation, oxidative stress, lysosome biogenesis, ubiquitination, endosome function, autophagy and mitochondrial quality control. The results suggest that G2019S LRRK2 mutation may affect multiple cell types in a non-cell autonomous mechanism of PD pathology and that unbiased single-cell transcriptomics holds promise for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Kim
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States; Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, TX, United States
| | - Marcel M Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States; Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, TX, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, United States.
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112
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Gomez RC, Wawro P, Lis P, Alessi DR, Pfeffer SR. Membrane association but not identity is required for LRRK2 activation and phosphorylation of Rab GTPases. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:4157-4170. [PMID: 31624137 PMCID: PMC6891090 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201902184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease–associated LRRK2 kinase is activated on the Golgi by Rab29 but phosphorylates Rab10 there and on other compartments. This study shows that phosphorylation is restricted to membrane surfaces but need not take place on the Golgi. LRRK2 kinase mutations cause familial Parkinson’s disease and increased phosphorylation of a subset of Rab GTPases. Rab29 recruits LRRK2 to the trans-Golgi and activates it there, yet some of LRRK2’s major Rab substrates are not on the Golgi. We sought to characterize the cell biology of LRRK2 activation. Unlike other Rab family members, we show that Rab29 binds nucleotide weakly, is poorly prenylated, and is not bound to GDI in the cytosol; nevertheless, Rab29 only activates LRRK2 when it is membrane bound and GTP bound. Mitochondrially anchored, GTP-bound Rab29 is both a LRRK2 substrate and activator, and it drives accumulation of active LRRK2 and phosphorylated Rab10 on mitochondria. Importantly, mitochondrially anchored LRRK2 is much less capable of phosphorylating plasma membrane–anchored Rab10 than soluble LRRK2. These data support a model in which LRRK2 associates with and dissociates from distinct membrane compartments to phosphorylate Rab substrates; if anchored, LRRK2 can modify misdelivered Rab substrates that then become trapped there because GDI cannot retrieve them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Gomez
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Paulina Wawro
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Pawel Lis
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Dario R Alessi
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Suzanne R Pfeffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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113
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Abstract
Kinase activating missense mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are pathogenically linked to neurodegenerative Parkinson's disease (PD). Over the past decade, substantial effort has been devoted to the development of potent and selective small molecule inhibitors of LRRK2, as well as their preclinical testing across different Parkinson's disease models. This review outlines the genetic and biochemical evidence that pathogenic missense mutations increase LRRK2 kinase activity, which in turn provides the rationale for the development of small molecule inhibitors as potential PD therapeutics. An overview of progress in the development of LRRK2 inhibitors is provided, which in particular indicates that highly selective and potent compounds capable of clinical utility have been developed. We outline evidence from rodent- and human-induced pluripotent stem cell models that support a pathogenic role for LRRK2 kinase activity, and review the substantial experiments aimed at evaluating the safety of LRRK2 inhibitors. We address challenges still to overcome in the translational therapeutic pipeline, including biomarker development and clinical trial strategies, and finally outline the potential utility of LRRK2 inhibitors for other genetic forms of PD and ultimately sporadic PD. Collective evidence supports the ongoing clinical translation of LRRK2 inhibitors as a therapeutic intervention for PD is greatly needed.
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114
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Abstract
Recent evidence from genetics, animal model systems and biochemical studies suggests that defects in membrane trafficking play an important part in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) constitute the most frequent genetic cause of both familial and sporadic PD, and LRRK2 has been suggested as a druggable target for PD. Although the precise physiological function of LRRK2 remains largely unknown, mounting evidence suggests that LRRK2 controls membrane trafficking by interacting with key regulators of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway and synaptic recycling. In this review, we discuss the genetic, biochemical and functional links between LRRK2 and membrane trafficking. Understanding the mechanism by which LRRK2 influences such processes may contribute to the development of disease-modifying therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Mi Hur
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Eun-Hae Jang
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Ga Ram Jeong
- Department of Neuroscience, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Byoung Dae Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Department of Physiology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Korea
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115
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Maekawa T, Tsushima H, Kawakami F, Kawashima R, Kodo M, Imai M, Ichikawa T. Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 Is Associated With Activation of the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus and Stress-Related Gastrointestinal Dysmotility. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:905. [PMID: 31555076 PMCID: PMC6727664 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a molecule associated with familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease. It regulates many central neuronal functions, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, and axonal extension. Recently, it has been revealed that LRRK2 is related to anxiety/depression-like behavior, implying an association between LRRK2 and stress. In the present study, we investigated for the first time the stress pathway and its relationship to gastrointestinal motility in LRRK2-knockout (KO) mice. The mice were subjected to acute restraint stress, and analyzed for activation of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) using an immunohistochemical approach. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) was assessed by Western blotting. The KO mice showed a lower number of c-Fos-positive cells and disruption of the ERK signaling pathway in the PVN in the presence of restraint stress. Stress responses in terms of both upper and lower gastrointestinal motility were alleviated in the mice, accompanied by lower c-Fos immunoreactivity in enteric excitatory neurons. Our present findings suggest that LRRK2 is a newly recognized molecule regulating the stress pathway in the PVN, playing a role in stress-related gastrointestinal dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunori Maekawa
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Tsushima
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan.,Department of Behavioral Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Kawakami
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Rei Kawashima
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Masaru Kodo
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Motoki Imai
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ichikawa
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
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116
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Rab GTPases: Switching to Human Diseases. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080909. [PMID: 31426400 PMCID: PMC6721686 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab proteins compose the largest family of small GTPases and control the different steps of intracellular membrane traffic. More recently, they have been shown to also regulate cell signaling, division, survival, and migration. The regulation of these processes generally occurs through recruitment of effectors and regulatory proteins, which control the association of Rab proteins to membranes and their activation state. Alterations in Rab proteins and their effectors are associated with multiple human diseases, including neurodegeneration, cancer, and infections. This review provides an overview of how the dysregulation of Rab-mediated functions and membrane trafficking contributes to these disorders. Understanding the altered dynamics of Rabs and intracellular transport defects might thus shed new light on potential therapeutic strategies.
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117
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Li Y, Cookson MR. Proteomics; applications in familial Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2019; 151:446-458. [PMID: 31022302 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the biological basis of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been greatly improved in recent years by the identification of mutations that lead to inherited PD. One of the strengths of using genetics to try to understand disease biology is that it is inherently unbiased and can be applied at a genome-wide scale. More recently, many studies have used another set of unbiased approaches, proteomics, to query the function of familial PD genes in a variety of contexts. We will discuss some specific examples, including; elucidation of protein-protein interaction networks for two dominantly inherited genes, α-synuclein and leucine rich-repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2); the identification of substrates for three genes for familial PD that are also enzymes, namely LRRK2, pink1, and parkin; and changes in protein abundance that arise downstream to introduction of mutations associated with familial PD. We will also discuss those situations where we can integrate multiple proteomics approaches to nominate deeper networks of inter-related events that outline pathways relevant to inherited PD. This article is part of the Special Issue "Proteomics".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Protein/peptide Sequencing facility, National Institute of Neurological, Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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118
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Roosen DA, Blauwendraat C, Cookson MR, Lewis PA. DNAJC
proteins and pathways to parkinsonism. FEBS J 2019; 286:3080-3094. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorien A. Roosen
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
- School of Pharmacy University of Reading UK
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- School of Pharmacy University of Reading UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease UCL Institute of Neurology London UK
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119
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Patrick KL, Bell SL, Weindel CG, Watson RO. Exploring the "Multiple-Hit Hypothesis" of Neurodegenerative Disease: Bacterial Infection Comes Up to Bat. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:138. [PMID: 31192157 PMCID: PMC6546885 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite major strides in personalized genomics, it remains poorly understood why neurodegenerative diseases occur in only a fraction of individuals with a genetic predisposition and conversely, why individuals with no genetic risk of a disorder develop one. Chronic diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Multiple sclerosis are speculated to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors, a concept commonly referred to as the “multiple hit hypothesis.” A number of bacterial infections have been linked to increased risk of neurodegeneration, and in some cases, clearance of bacterial pathogens has been correlated with amelioration of central nervous system (CNS) deficits. Additionally, mutations in several genes known to contribute to CNS disorders like Parkinson's Disease have repeatedly been implicated in susceptibility to intracellular bacterial infection. Recent data has begun to demonstrate roles for these genes (PARK2, PINK1, and LRRK2) in modulating innate immune outcomes, suggesting that immune dysregulation may play an even more important role in neurodegeneration than previously appreciated. This review will broadly explore the connections between bacterial infection, immune dysregulation, and CNS disorders. Understanding this interplay and how bacterial pathogenesis contributes to the “multiple-hit hypothesis” of neurodegeneration will be crucial to develop therapeutics to effectively treat both neurodegeneration and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Patrick
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Samantha L Bell
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Chi G Weindel
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Robert O Watson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
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120
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LRRK2, alpha-synuclein, and tau: partners in crime or unfortunate bystanders? Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:827-838. [PMID: 31085616 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The identification of genetic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) has tremendously expanded our understanding of the players and mechanisms involved. Mutations in the genes encoding for alpha-synuclein (aSyn), LRRK2, and tau have been associated with familial and sporadic forms of the disease. aSyn is the major component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, which are pathognomonic protein inclusions in PD. Hyperphosphorylated tau protein accumulates in neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients but is also seen in the brains of PD patients. LRRK2 is a complex multi-domain protein with kinase and GTPase enzymatic activity. Since aSyn and tau are phosphoproteins, we review the possible interplay between the three proteins. Understanding the interplay between LRRK2, aSyn and tau is extremely important, as this may enable the identification of novel targets and pathways for therapeutic intervention.
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121
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Bonet-Ponce L, Cookson MR. The role of Rab GTPases in the pathobiology of Parkinson' disease. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 59:73-80. [PMID: 31054512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rab GTPases are key regulators of vesicle-mediated transport and are proposed to play a crucial role in the pathobiology of Parkinson's disease. As membrane trafficking seems to be a relevant pathway altered in Parkinson' disease, understanding the role of Rab GTPases in the disease progression could open a window for therapeutic interventions. In this review, we focus on the recent advances on the role of Rab GTPases in the biology of two main proteins involved in Parkinson's disease: LRRK2 and α-synuclein, given that mutations in their genes (LRRK2 and SNCA) cause familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Bonet-Ponce
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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122
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Kluss JH, Mamais A, Cookson MR. LRRK2 links genetic and sporadic Parkinson's disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:651-661. [PMID: 30837320 PMCID: PMC6563926 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades in research has revealed the importance of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) in both monogenic and sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD). In families, mutations in LRRK2 can cause PD with age-dependent but variable penetrance and genome-wide association studies have found variants of the gene that are risk factors for sporadic PD. Functional studies have suggested that the common mechanism that links all disease-associated variants is that they increase LRRK2 kinase activity, albeit in different ways. Here, we will discuss the roles of LRRK2 in areas of inflammation and vesicular trafficking in the context of monogenic and sporadic PD. We will also provide a hypothetical model that links inflammation and vesicular trafficking together in an effort to outline how these pathways might interact and eventually lead to neuronal cell death. We will also highlight the translational potential of LRRK2-specific kinase inhibitors for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian H Kluss
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 35, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707, U.S.A
| | - Adamantios Mamais
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 35, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707, U.S.A
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 35, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707, U.S.A.
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123
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Tremblay ME, Cookson MR, Civiero L. Glial phagocytic clearance in Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:16. [PMID: 30953527 PMCID: PMC6451240 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0314-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging picture suggests that glial cells' loss of beneficial roles or gain of toxic functions can contribute to neurodegenerative conditions. Among glial cells, microglia and astrocytes have been shown to play phagocytic roles by engulfing synapses, apoptotic cells, cell debris, and released toxic proteins. As pathogenic protein accumulation is a key feature in Parkinson's disease (PD), compromised phagocytic clearance might participate in PD pathogenesis. In contrast, enhanced, uncontrolled and potentially toxic glial clearance capacity could contribute to synaptic degeneration. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying microglial and astrocytic phagocytosis, focusing on the possible implication of phagocytic dysfunction in neuronal degeneration. Several endo-lysosomal proteins displaying genetic variants in PD are highly expressed by microglia and astrocytes. We also present the evidence that lysosomal defects can affect phagocytic clearance and discuss the therapeutic relevance of restoring or enhancing lysosomal function in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC Canada
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC Canada
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Laura Civiero
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
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124
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Pellegrini L, Hauser DN, Li Y, Mamais A, Beilina A, Kumaran R, Wetzel A, Nixon-Abell J, Heaton G, Rudenko I, Alkaslasi M, Ivanina N, Melrose HL, Cookson MR, Harvey K. Proteomic analysis reveals co-ordinated alterations in protein synthesis and degradation pathways in LRRK2 knockout mice. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:3257-3271. [PMID: 29917075 PMCID: PMC6121185 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) segregate with familial Parkinson’s disease (PD) and genetic variation around LRRK2 contributes to risk of sporadic disease. Although knockout (KO) of Lrrk2 or knock-in of pathogenic mutations into the mouse germline does not result in a PD phenotype, several defects have been reported in the kidneys of Lrrk2 KO mice. To understand LRRK2 function in vivo, we used an unbiased approach to determine which protein pathways are affected in LRRK2 KO kidneys. We nominated changes in cytoskeletal-associated proteins, lysosomal proteases, proteins involved in vesicular trafficking and in control of protein translation. Changes were not seen in mice expressing the pathogenic G2019S LRRK2 mutation. Using cultured epithelial kidney cells, we replicated the accumulation of lysosomal proteases and demonstrated changes in subcellular distribution of the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor. These results show that loss of LRRK2 leads to co-ordinated responses in protein translation and trafficking and argue against a dominant negative role for the G2019S mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pellegrini
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - David N Hauser
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Mass-spetrometry Facility, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adamantios Mamais
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra Beilina
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ravindran Kumaran
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrea Wetzel
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathon Nixon-Abell
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK.,Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke - National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George Heaton
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Iakov Rudenko
- Department of Neurology, SUNY at Stony Brook, Health Science Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Mor Alkaslasi
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Natalie Ivanina
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heather L Melrose
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kirsten Harvey
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
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125
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Wu CX, Liao J, Park Y, Reed X, Engel VA, Hoang NC, Takagi Y, Johnson SM, Wang M, Federici M, Nichols RJ, Sanishvili R, Cookson MR, Hoang QQ. Parkinson's disease-associated mutations in the GTPase domain of LRRK2 impair its nucleotide-dependent conformational dynamics. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:5907-5913. [PMID: 30796162 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a common cause of familial Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, we showed that a disease-associated mutation R1441H rendered the GTPase domain of LRRK2 catalytically less active and thereby trapping it in a more persistently "on" conformation. However, the mechanism involved and characteristics of this on conformation remained unknown. Here, we report that the Ras of complex protein (ROC) domain of LRRK2 exists in a dynamic dimer-monomer equilibrium that is oppositely driven by GDP and GTP binding. We also observed that the PD-associated mutations at residue 1441 impair this dynamic and shift the conformation of ROC to a GTP-bound-like monomeric conformation. Moreover, we show that residue Arg-1441 is critical for regulating the conformational dynamics of ROC. In summary, our results reveal that the PD-associated substitutions at Arg-1441 of LRRK2 alter monomer-dimer dynamics and thereby trap its GTPase domain in an activated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xiang Wu
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; The Stark Neurosciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Jingling Liao
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; The Stark Neurosciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, 430081 Wuhan, China
| | - Yangshin Park
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; The Stark Neurosciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Xylena Reed
- the Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Victoria A Engel
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; The Stark Neurosciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Neo C Hoang
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; The Stark Neurosciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Yuichiro Takagi
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Steven M Johnson
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Mu Wang
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; the Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 China
| | | | - R Jeremy Nichols
- the Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Ruslan Sanishvili
- the X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Mark R Cookson
- the Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Quyen Q Hoang
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; The Stark Neurosciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202.
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126
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Benson DL, Huntley GW. Are we listening to everything the PARK genes are telling us? J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:1527-1540. [PMID: 30680728 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cardinal motor symptoms that define Parkinson's disease (PD) clinically have been recognized for over 200 years. That these symptoms arise following the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra has been known for the last 50. These long-established facts have fueled a broadly held expectation that degenerating dopaminergic neurons alone hold the key to understanding and curing PD. This prevalent expectation is at odds with the observation that many nonmotor symptoms, including depression and cognitive inflexibility among others, can appear years earlier than the overt dopaminergic neuron degeneration that drives motor abnormalities and are not improved by levodopa treatment. Thus, preserving or rescuing dopamine neuron health and function is of paramount importance, but this alone fails to capture the underlying neurobiology of earlier-appearing nonmotor symptoms. Insight into the complete landscape of disease-related abnormalities and the context in which they arise can be gleaned from a more comprehensive consideration of the PARK genes that are known to cause PD. Here, we make the case that a full incorporation of research showing when and where PARK genes are expressed as well as the impact of gene mutation on function throughout life, in tandem with research studying how dopaminergic neuron degeneration begins, is essential for a full understanding of the multi-dimensional etiology of PD. A broad view may also reveal something about long-term adjustments cells and systems make in response to gene mutation and help to identify mechanisms conferring the resilience or susceptibility of some cells and systems over others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna L Benson
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - George W Huntley
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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127
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Rivero-Ríos P, Romo-Lozano M, Madero-Pérez J, Thomas AP, Biosa A, Greggio E, Hilfiker S. The G2019S variant of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) alters endolysosomal trafficking by impairing the function of the GTPase RAB8A. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:4738-4758. [PMID: 30709905 PMCID: PMC6442034 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding for leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are a common cause of hereditary Parkinson's disease. LRRK2 regulates various intracellular vesicular trafficking pathways, including endolysosomal degradative events such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) degradation. Recent studies have revealed that a subset of RAB proteins involved in secretory and endocytic recycling are LRRK2 kinase substrates in vivo. However, the effects of LRRK2-mediated phosphorylation of these substrates on membrane trafficking remain unknown. Here, using an array of immunofluorescence and pulldown assays, we report that expression of active or phosphodeficient RAB8A variants rescues the G2019S LRRK2–mediated effects on endolysosomal membrane trafficking. Similarly, up-regulation of the RAB11–Rabin8–RAB8A cascade, which activates RAB8A, also reverted these trafficking deficits. Loss of RAB8A mimicked the effects of G2019S LRRK2 on endolysosomal trafficking and decreased RAB7A activity. Expression of pathogenic G2019S LRRK2 or loss of RAB8A interfered with EGFR degradation by causing its accumulation in a RAB4-positive endocytic compartment, which was accompanied by a deficit in EGFR recycling and was rescued upon expression of active RAB7A. Dominant-negative RAB7A expression resulted in similar deficits in EGF degradation, accumulation in a RAB4 compartment, and deficits in EGFR recycling, which were all rescued upon expression of active RAB8A. Taken together, these findings suggest that, by impairing RAB8A function, pathogenic G2019S LRRK2 deregulates endolysosomal transport and endocytic recycling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Rivero-Ríos
- From the Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - María Romo-Lozano
- From the Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Madero-Pérez
- From the Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Andrew P Thomas
- the Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103, and
| | - Alice Biosa
- the Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Elisa Greggio
- the Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Sabine Hilfiker
- From the Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain,
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Weykopf B, Haupt S, Jungverdorben J, Flitsch LJ, Hebisch M, Liu G, Suzuki K, Belmonte JCI, Peitz M, Blaess S, Till A, Brüstle O. Induced pluripotent stem cell-based modeling of mutant LRRK2-associated Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 49:561-589. [PMID: 30656775 PMCID: PMC7114274 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in cell reprogramming have enabled assessment of disease-related cellular traits in patient-derived somatic cells, thus providing a versatile platform for disease modeling and drug development. Given the limited access to vital human brain cells, this technology is especially relevant for neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) as a tool to decipher underlying pathomechanisms. Importantly, recent progress in genome-editing technologies has provided an ability to analyze isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) pairs that differ only in a single genetic change, thus allowing a thorough assessment of the molecular and cellular phenotypes that result from monogenetic risk factors. In this review, we summarize the current state of iPSC-based modeling of PD with a focus on leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), one of the most prominent monogenetic risk factors for PD linked to both familial and idiopathic forms. The LRRK2 protein is a primarily cytosolic multi-domain protein contributing to regulation of several pathways including autophagy, mitochondrial function, vesicle transport, nuclear architecture and cell morphology. We summarize iPSC-based studies that contributed to improving our understanding of the function of LRRK2 and its variants in the context of PD etiopathology. These data, along with results obtained in our own studies, underscore the multifaceted role of LRRK2 in regulating cellular homeostasis on several levels, including proteostasis, mitochondrial dynamics and regulation of the cytoskeleton. Finally, we expound advantages and limitations of reprogramming technologies for disease modeling and drug development and provide an outlook on future challenges and expectations offered by this exciting technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Weykopf
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
- Life & Brain GmbHCellomics UnitBonnGermany
- Precision Neurology Program & Advanced Center for Parkinson's Disease ResearchHarvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's HospitalBostonMassachusetts
| | | | - Johannes Jungverdorben
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York CityNew York
| | - Lea Jessica Flitsch
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Matthias Hebisch
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Guang‐Hui Liu
- National Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesCAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Keiichiro Suzuki
- Gene Expression LaboratoryThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCalifornia
| | | | - Michael Peitz
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)BonnGermany
| | - Sandra Blaess
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Andreas Till
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
- Life & Brain GmbHCellomics UnitBonnGermany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive NeurobiologyUniversity of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
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129
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Bandres-Ciga S, Saez-Atienzar S, Bonet-Ponce L, Billingsley K, Vitale D, Blauwendraat C, Gibbs JR, Pihlstrøm L, Gan-Or Z, Cookson MR, Nalls MA, Singleton AB. The endocytic membrane trafficking pathway plays a major role in the risk of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2019; 34:460-468. [PMID: 30675927 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PD is a complex polygenic disorder. In recent years, several genes from the endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway have been suggested to contribute to disease etiology. However, a systematic analysis of pathway-specific genetic risk factors is yet to be performed. OBJECTIVES To comprehensively study the role of the endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway in the risk of PD. METHODS Linkage disequilibrium score regression was used to estimate PD heritability explained by 252 genes involved in the endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway including genome-wide association studies data from 18,869 cases and 22,452 controls. We used pathway-specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms to construct a polygenic risk score reflecting the cumulative risk of common variants. To prioritize genes for follow-up functional studies, summary-data based Mendelian randomization analyses were applied to explore possible functional genomic associations with expression or methylation quantitative trait loci. RESULTS The heritability estimate attributed to endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway was 3.58% (standard error = 1.17). Excluding previously nominated PD endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway genes, the missing heritability was 2.21% (standard error = 0.42). Random heritability simulations were estimated to be 1.44% (standard deviation = 0.54), indicating that the unbiased total heritability explained by the endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway was 2.14%. Polygenic risk score based on endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway showed a 1.25 times increase of PD risk per standard deviation of genetic risk. Finally, Mendelian randomization identified 11 endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway genes showing functional consequence associated to PD risk. CONCLUSIONS We provide compelling genetic evidence that the endocytic membrane-trafficking pathway plays a relevant role in disease etiology. Further research on this pathway is warranted given that critical effort should be made to identify potential avenues within this biological process suitable for therapeutic interventions. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Sara Saez-Atienzar
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luis Bonet-Ponce
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimberley Billingsley
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Pathophysiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dan Vitale
- Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jesse Raphael Gibbs
- Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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130
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Filippini A, Gennarelli M, Russo I. α-Synuclein and Glia in Parkinson's Disease: A Beneficial or a Detrimental Duet for the Endo-Lysosomal System? Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:161-168. [PMID: 30637614 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00649-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) species in dopaminergic neurons is one of the main hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). Several factors have been associated with α-syn aggregation process, including an impairment of the proper protein degradation, which might drive the neurons toward an alternative and/or additional clearance mechanism that involves the release of undigested material from the cell. It has been reported that extracellular α-syn, released by stressed and/or degenerating neurons, might widely contribute to the neuronal toxicity and degeneration. Therefore, the uptake and clearance of misfolded/aggregated proteins is a key process to control extracellular deposition of α-syn aggregates, the spreading and progression of the disease. All the main brain cell types, neurons, astrocytes and microglia are able to internalize and degrade extracellular α-syn, however, glial cells appear to be the most efficient scavengers. Accumulating evidence indicates that the endocytosis of α-syn species might be conformation-sensitive, cell- and receptor-type specific, making the scenario highly complex. In this review, we will shed light on the different endocytosis mechanisms and receptors recruited for the uptake and clearance of pathological α-syn forms with a special focus on glial cells. Moreover, we will discuss how PD-related genes, in addition to α-syn itself, may alter the endo-lysosomal pathway causing an impairment of clearance, which, in turn, lead to accumulation of toxic species, dysfunctions of glia physiology and progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Filippini
- Biology and Genetic Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Biology and Genetic Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.,Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Isabella Russo
- Biology and Genetic Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
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131
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Liu Z, Bryant N, Kumaran R, Beilina A, Abeliovich A, Cookson MR, West AB. LRRK2 phosphorylates membrane-bound Rabs and is activated by GTP-bound Rab7L1 to promote recruitment to the trans-Golgi network. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:385-395. [PMID: 29177506 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human genetic studies implicate LRRK2 and RAB7L1 in susceptibility to Parkinson disease (PD). These two genes function in the same pathway, as knockout of Rab7L1 results in phenotypes similar to LRRK2 knockout, and studies in cells and model organisms demonstrate LRRK2 and Rab7L1 interact in the endolysosomal system. Recently, a subset of Rab proteins have been identified as LRRK2 kinase substrates. Herein, we find that Rab8, Rab10, and Rab7L1 must be membrane and GTP-bound for LRRK2 phosphorylation. LRRK2 mutations that cause PD including R1441C, Y1699C, and G2019S all increase LRRK2 phosphorylation of Rab7L1 four-fold over wild-type LRRK2 in cells, resulting in the phosphorylation of nearly one-third the available Rab7L1 protein in cells. In contrast, the most common pathogenic LRRK2 mutation, G2019S, does not upregulate LRRK2-mediated phosphorylation of Rab8 or Rab10. LRRK2 interaction with membrane and GTP-bound Rab7L1, but not Rab8 or Rab10, results in the activation of LRRK2 autophosphorylation at the serine 1292 position, required for LRRK2 toxicity. Further, Rab7L1 controls the proportion of LRRK2 that is membrane-associated, and LRRK2 mutations enhance Rab7L1-mediated recruitment of LRRK2 to the trans-Golgi network. Interaction studies with the Rab8 and Rab10 GTPase-activating protein TBC1D4/AS160 demonstrate that LRRK2 phosphorylation may block membrane and GTP-bound Rab protein interaction with effectors. These results suggest reciprocal regulation between LRRK2 and Rab protein substrates, where Rab7L1-mediated upregulation of LRRK2 kinase activity results in the stabilization of membrane and GTP-bound Rab proteins that may be unable to interact with Rab effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA
| | - Nicole Bryant
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA
| | - Ravindran Kumaran
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexandra Beilina
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Asa Abeliovich
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology and Neurology, and Taub Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew B West
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA
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132
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Singh A, Zhi L, Zhang H. LRRK2 and mitochondria: Recent advances and current views. Brain Res 2019; 1702:96-104. [PMID: 29894679 PMCID: PMC6281802 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene account for most common causes of familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) and are one of the strongest genetic risk factors in sporadic PD. Pathways implicated in LRRK2-dependent neurodegeneration include cytoskeletal dynamics, vesicular trafficking, autophagy, mitochondria, and calcium homeostasis. However, the exact molecular mechanisms still need to be elucidated. Both genetic and environmental causes of PD have highlighted the importance of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of PD. Mitochondrial impairment has been observed in fibroblasts and iPSC-derived neural cells from PD patients with LRRK2 mutations, and LRRK2 has been shown to localize to mitochondria and to regulate its function. In this review we discuss recent discoveries relating to LRRK2 mutations and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Singh
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Lianteng Zhi
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States.
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133
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Lin AW, Gill KK, Castañeda MS, Matucci I, Eder N, Claxton S, Flynn H, Snijders AP, George R, Ultanir SK. Chemical genetic identification of GAK substrates reveals its role in regulating Na +/K +-ATPase. Life Sci Alliance 2018; 1:e201800118. [PMID: 30623173 PMCID: PMC6312924 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel GAK phosphorylation targets are identified using chemical genetic methods. One of the substrates is the α subunit of the Na+/K+-ATPase, phosphorylation of which is necessary for its surface trafficking from endosomes. Conserved functions of NAK family kinases are described. Cyclin G–associated kinase (GAK) is a ubiquitous serine/threonine kinase that facilitates clathrin uncoating during vesicle trafficking. GAK phosphorylates a coat adaptor component, AP2M1, to help achieve this function. GAK is also implicated in Parkinson's disease through genome-wide association studies. However, GAK's role in mammalian neurons remains unclear, and insight may come from identification of further substrates. Employing a chemical genetics method, we show here that the sodium potassium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase) α-subunit Atp1a3 is a GAK target and that GAK regulates Na+/K+-ATPase trafficking to the plasma membrane. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings from CA1 pyramidal neurons in GAK conditional knockout mice show a larger change in resting membrane potential when exposed to the Na+/K+-ATPase blocker ouabain, indicating compromised Na+/K+-ATPase function in GAK knockouts. Our results suggest a modulatory role for GAK via phosphoregulation of substrates such as Atp1a3 during cargo trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy W Lin
- Kinase and Brain Development Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kalbinder K Gill
- Kinase and Brain Development Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Irene Matucci
- Kinase and Brain Development Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Noreen Eder
- Kinase and Brain Development Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Mass Spectrometry Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Claxton
- Kinase and Brain Development Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Flynn
- Mass Spectrometry Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roger George
- Protein Purification Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sila K Ultanir
- Kinase and Brain Development Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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134
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Korecka JA, Talbot S, Osborn TM, de Leeuw SM, Levy SA, Ferrari EJ, Moskites A, Atkinson E, Jodelka FM, Hinrich AJ, Hastings ML, Woolf CJ, Hallett PJ, Isacson O. Neurite Collapse and Altered ER Ca 2+ Control in Human Parkinson Disease Patient iPSC-Derived Neurons with LRRK2 G2019S Mutation. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 12:29-41. [PMID: 30595548 PMCID: PMC6335600 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Parkinson disease (PD) genetic LRRK2 gain-of-function mutations may relate to the ER pathological changes seen in PD patients at postmortem. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons with the PD pathogenic LRRK2 G2019S mutation exhibited neurite collapse when challenged with the ER Ca2+ influx sarco/ER Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin (THP). Baseline ER Ca2+ levels measured with the ER Ca2+ indicator CEPIA-ER were lower in LRRK2 G2019S human neurons, including in differentiated midbrain dopamine neurons in vitro. After THP challenge, PD patient-derived neurons displayed increased Ca2+ influx and decreased intracellular Ca2+ buffering upon membrane depolarization. These effects were reversed following LRRK2 mutation correction by antisense oligonucleotides and gene editing. Gene expression analysis in LRRK2 G2019S neurons identified modified levels of key store-operated Ca2+ entry regulators, with no alterations in ER Ca2+ efflux. These results demonstrate PD gene mutation LRRK2 G2019S ER calcium-dependent pathogenic effects in human neurons. Parkinson-linked LRRK2 G2019S induces neurite collapse upon ER Ca2+ influx block LRRK2 G2019S mutation alters Ca2+ uptake and buffering upon ER Ca2+ influx block The LRRK2 G2019S mutation decreases basal ER Ca2+ levels in human iPSC neurons The LRRK2 G2019S mutation modifies gene expression of key SOCE regulators
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Korecka
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | - Sebastien Talbot
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Teresia M Osborn
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Sherida M de Leeuw
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Simon A Levy
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Eliza J Ferrari
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Alyssa Moskites
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Elise Atkinson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Francine M Jodelka
- Center for Genetics Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Anthony J Hinrich
- Center for Genetics Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Michelle L Hastings
- Center for Genetics Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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135
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The role of LRRK2 in cell signalling. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 47:197-207. [PMID: 30578345 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common late-onset neurodegenerative disorder known primarily for its motor features. Mutations and risk variants in LRRK2 cause familial and idiopathic forms of PD. Mutations segregating with disease are found in the LRRK2 GTPase and kinase domains, affecting catalytic activity and protein-protein interactions. This likely results in an overall gain of LRRK2 cell signalling function contributing to PD pathogenesis. This concept supports the development of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors as disease-modifying treatments, at least for a subset of patients. However, the function of LRRK2 as a cell signalling protein with two catalytic and several protein-protein interaction domains is highly complex. For example, LRRK2 plays important roles in several inflammatory diseases, raising the possibility that it may mediate immune responses in PD. Consistently, LRRK2-mediated cell signalling was not only shown to be important for neuronal function, including neuronal development and homeostasis, but also for peripheral and central immune responses. The catalytic activity of LRRK2 is regulated by autophosphorylation, protein monomer/dimer cycling, and upstream kinases and GTPases, affecting its subcellular localisation and downstream signalling. Part of LRRK2-mediated signalling is likely facilitated by Rab protein phosphorylation, affecting primarily membrane trafficking, including vesicle release at the trans-Golgi network. However, LRRK2 also displays intrinsic GTPase activity and functions as a signalling scaffold. As an example, LRRK2 was suggested to be part of the NRON complex and β-catenin destruction complex, inhibiting NFAT and canonical Wnt signalling, respectively. In summary, continuous research into LRRK2 signalling function contributes to novel diagnostic and therapeutic concepts in PD.
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136
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Lrrk promotes tau neurotoxicity through dysregulation of actin and mitochondrial dynamics. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006265. [PMID: 30571694 PMCID: PMC6319772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of familial Parkinson disease. Genetics and neuropathology link Parkinson disease with the microtubule-binding protein tau, but the mechanism of action of LRRK2 mutations and the molecular connection between tau and Parkinson disease are unclear. Here, we investigate the interaction of LRRK and tau in Drosophila and mouse models of tauopathy. We find that either increasing or decreasing the level of fly Lrrk enhances tau neurotoxicity, which is further exacerbated by expressing Lrrk with dominantly acting Parkinson disease-associated mutations. At the cellular level, altering Lrrk expression promotes tau neurotoxicity via excess stabilization of filamentous actin (F-actin) and subsequent mislocalization of the critical mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-1-like protein (Drp1). Biochemically, monomeric LRRK2 exhibits actin-severing activity, which is reduced as increasing concentrations of wild-type LRRK2, or expression of mutant forms of LRRK2 promote oligomerization of the protein. Overall, our findings provide a potential mechanistic basis for a dominant negative mechanism in LRRK2-mediated Parkinson disease, suggest a common molecular pathway with other familial forms of Parkinson disease linked to abnormalities of mitochondrial dynamics and quality control, and raise the possibility of new therapeutic approaches to Parkinson disease and related disorders.
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137
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Roco Proteins and the Parkinson's Disease-Associated LRRK2. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124074. [PMID: 30562929 PMCID: PMC6320773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Small G-proteins are structurally-conserved modules that function as molecular on-off switches. They function in many different cellular processes with differential specificity determined by the unique effector-binding surfaces, which undergo conformational changes during the switching action. These switches are typically standalone monomeric modules that form transient heterodimers with specific effector proteins in the 'on' state, and cycle to back to the monomeric conformation in the 'off' state. A new class of small G-proteins called "Roco" was discovered about a decade ago; this class is distinct from the typical G-proteins in several intriguing ways. Their switch module resides within a polypeptide chain of a large multi-domain protein, always adjacent to a unique domain called COR, and its effector kinase often resides within the same polypeptide. As such, the mechanisms of action of the Roco G-proteins are likely to differ from those of the typical G-proteins. Understanding these mechanisms is important because aberrant activity in the human Roco protein LRRK2 is associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. This review provides an update on the current state of our understanding of the Roco G-proteins and the prospects of targeting them for therapeutic purposes.
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138
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Mamais A, Manzoni C, Nazish I, Arber C, Sonustun B, Wray S, Warner TT, Cookson MR, Lewis PA, Bandopadhyay R. Analysis of macroautophagy related proteins in G2019S LRRK2 Parkinson's disease brains with Lewy body pathology. Brain Res 2018; 1701:75-84. [PMID: 30055128 PMCID: PMC6361106 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
LRRK2, the gene encoding the multidomain kinase Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2), has been linked to familial and sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD), as well as cancer, leprosy and Crohn's disease, establishing it as a target for discovery therapeutics. LRRK2 has been associated with a range of cellular processes, however its physiological and pathological functions remain unclear. The most prevalent LRRK2 mutations in PD have been shown to affect macroautophagy in various cellular models while a role in autophagy signalling has been recapitulated in vivo. Dysregulation of autophagy has been implicated in PD pathology, and this raises the possibility that differential autophagic activity is relevant to disease progression in PD patients carrying LRRK2 mutations. To examine the relevance of LRRK2 to the regulation of macroautophagy in a disease setting we examined the levels of autophagic markers in the basal ganglia of G2019S LRRK2 PD post-mortem tissue, in comparison to pathology-matched idiopathic PD (iPD), using immunoblotting (IB). Significantly lower levels of p62 and LAMP1 were observed in G2019S LRRK2 PD compared to iPD cases. Similarly, an increase in ULK1 was observed in iPD but was not reflected in G2019S LRRK2 PD cases. Furthermore, examination of p62 by immunohistochemistry (IH) recapitulated a distinct signature for G2019S PD. IH of LAMP1, LC3 and ULK1 broadly correlated with the IB results. Our data from a small but pathologically well-characterized cases highlights a divergence of G2019S PD carriers in terms of autophagic response in alpha-synuclein pathology affected brain regions compared to iPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamantios Mamais
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PJ, United Kingdom; Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Building 35, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707, USA.
| | - Claudia Manzoni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Iqra Nazish
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PJ, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Arber
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Berkiye Sonustun
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PJ, United Kingdom
| | - Selina Wray
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas T Warner
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PJ, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Building 35, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707, USA
| | - Patrick A Lewis
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Rina Bandopadhyay
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PJ, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom.
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139
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Nguyen M, Wong YC, Ysselstein D, Severino A, Krainc D. Synaptic, Mitochondrial, and Lysosomal Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Trends Neurosci 2018; 42:140-149. [PMID: 30509690 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of genetic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) has highlighted the importance of the autophagy/lysosomal and mitochondrial/oxidative stress pathways in disease pathogenesis. However, recently identified PD-linked genes, including DNAJC6 (auxilin), SYNJ1 (synaptojanin 1), and the PD risk gene SH3GL2 (endophilin A1), have also highlighted disruptions in synaptic vesicle endocytosis (SVE) as a significant contributor to disease pathogenesis. Additionally, the roles of other PD genes such as LRRK2, PRKN, and VPS35 in the regulation of SVE are beginning to emerge. Here we discuss the recent work on the contribution of dysfunctional SVE to midbrain dopaminergic neurons' selective vulnerability and highlight pathways that demonstrate the interplay of synaptic, mitochondrial, and lysosomal dysfunction in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nguyen
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yvette C Wong
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Daniel Ysselstein
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alex Severino
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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140
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The role of LRRK2 in cytoskeletal dynamics. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1653-1663. [PMID: 30467120 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a complex kinase/GTPase mutated in Parkinson's disease, has been shown to physically and functionally interact with cytoskeletal-related components in different brain cells. Neurons greatly rely on a functional cytoskeleton for many homeostatic processes such as local and long-distance vesicle transport, synaptic plasticity, and dendrites/axons growth and remodeling. Here, we will review the available data linking LRRK2 and the cytoskeleton, and discuss how this may be functionally relevant for the well-established roles of LRRK2 in intracellular trafficking pathways and outgrowth of neuronal processes in health and disease conditions.
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141
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LRRK2 and Rab GTPases. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1707-1712. [PMID: 30467121 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is mutated in familial Parkinson's disease, and pathogenic mutations activate the kinase activity. A tour de force screen by Mann and Alessi and co-workers identified a subset of Rab GTPases as bona fide LRRK2 substrates. Rab GTPases are master regulators of membrane trafficking and this short review will summarize what we know about the connection between LRRK2 and this family of regulatory proteins. While, in most cases, Rab GTPase phosphorylation is predicted to interfere with Rab protein function, the discovery of proteins that show preferential binding to phosphorylated Rabs suggests that more complex interactions may also contribute to mutant LRRK2-mediated pathology.
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142
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The role of monogenic genes in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 124:230-239. [PMID: 30448284 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, mutations in multiple genes have been linked to autosomal dominant or recessive forms of monogenic Parkinson's disease (PD). Collectively, these monogenic (often familial) cases account for less than 5% of all PD, the majority being apparently sporadic cases. More recently, large-scale genome-wide association studies have identified over 40 loci that increase risk of PD. Importantly, there is overlap between monogenic and sporadic PD genes, particularly for the loci that contain the genes SNCA and LRRK2, which are mutated in monogenic dominant PD. There have also been reports of idiopathic PD cases with heterozygous variants in autosomal recessive genes suggesting that these mutations may increase risk of PD. These observations suggest that monogenic and idiopathic PD may have shared pathogenic mechanisms. Here, we focus mainly on the role of monogenic PD genes that represent pleomorphic risk loci for idiopathic PD. We also discuss the functional mechanisms that may play a role in increasing risk of disease in both monogenic and idiopathic forms.
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143
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Madero-Pérez J, Fernández B, Lara Ordóñez AJ, Fdez E, Lobbestael E, Baekelandt V, Hilfiker S. RAB7L1-Mediated Relocalization of LRRK2 to the Golgi Complex Causes Centrosomal Deficits via RAB8A. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:417. [PMID: 30483055 PMCID: PMC6243087 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the LRRK2 gene cause autosomal-dominant Parkinson’s disease (PD), and both LRRK2 as well as RAB7L1 have been implicated in increased susceptibility to idiopathic PD. RAB7L1 has been shown to increase membrane-association and kinase activity of LRRK2, and both seem to be mechanistically implicated in the same pathway. Another RAB protein, RAB8A, has been identified as a prominent LRRK2 kinase substrate, and our recent work demonstrates that aberrant LRRK2-mediated phosphorylation of RAB8A leads to centrosomal alterations. Here, we show that RAB7L1 recruits LRRK2 to the Golgi complex, which causes accumulation of phosphorylated RAB8A in a pericentrosomal/centrosomal location as well as centrosomal deficits identical to those observed with pathogenic LRRK2. The centrosomal alterations induced by wildtype LRRK2 in the presence of RAB7L1 depend on Golgi integrity. This is in contrast to pathogenic LRRK2 mutants, which cause centrosomal deficits independent of Golgi integrity or largely independent on RAB7L1 expression. Furthermore, centrosomal alterations in the presence of wildtype LRRK2 and RAB7L1 are at least in part mediated by aberrant LRRK2-mediated RAB8A phosphorylation, as abolished by kinase inhibitors and reduced upon knockdown of RAB8A. These results indicate that pathogenic LRRK2, as well as increased levels of RAB7L1, cause centrosomal deficits in a manner dependent on aberrant RAB8A phosphorylation and centrosomal/pericentrosomal accumulation, suggesting that centrosomal cohesion deficits may comprise a useful cellular readout for a broader spectrum of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Madero-Pérez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Fernández
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús Lara Ordóñez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Fdez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Evy Lobbestael
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
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144
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Langston RG, Rudenko IN, Kumaran R, Hauser DN, Kaganovich A, Ponce LB, Mamais A, Ndukwe K, Dillman AA, Al-Saif AM, Beilina A, Cookson MR. Differences in Stability, Activity and Mutation Effects Between Human and Mouse Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:1446-1459. [PMID: 30291536 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2650-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Identification of PD-associated LRRK2 mutations has led to the development of novel animal models, primarily in mice. However, the characteristics of human LRRK2 and mouse Lrrk2 protein have not previously been directly compared. Here we show that proteins from different species have different biochemical properties, with the mouse protein being more stable but having significantly lower kinase activity compared to the human orthologue. In examining the effects of PD-associated mutations and risk factors on protein function, we found that conserved substitutions such as G2019S affect human and mouse LRRK2 proteins similarly, but variation around position 2385, which is not fully conserved between humans and mice, induces divergent in vitro behavior. Overall our results indicate that structural differences between human and mouse LRRK2 are likely responsible for the different properties we have observed for these two species of LRRK2 protein. These results have implications for disease modelling of LRRK2 mutations in mice and on the testing of pharmacological therapies in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah G Langston
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Iakov N Rudenko
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Neurology, SUNY at Stony Brook, Health Science Center, T12-020, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8121, USA
| | - Ravindran Kumaran
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - David N Hauser
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medicial Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Alice Kaganovich
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Luis Bonet Ponce
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Adamantios Mamais
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kelechi Ndukwe
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Medical School, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Allissa A Dillman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amr M Al-Saif
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Aleksandra Beilina
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 35 Convent Drive, Room 1A-116, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3707, USA.
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145
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Abstract
LRRK2 mutations are associated with the loss of neurons, that is to say toxicity, in patients and in experimental model systems. However, the mechanisms by which mutations can be linked to neurodegeneration are not fully defined. Here I will argue that mechanism in this context encompasses a variety of levels of information. Mutations or alterations in gene expression at a genetic level are one set of mechanisms that are reflected at the biochemical level likely in enhanced or persistent function of LRRK2. By impacting cellular pathways, prominently including changes in autophagy but also microtubule function, mitochondria and protein synthesis, in neurons and immune cells, the LRRK2 brain is primed for neurodegeneration in an age-dependent manner. These concepts have implications for not only modeling LRRK2 disease but also perhaps for Parkinson's disease more generally, including the development of therapeutic modalities.
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146
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LRRK2 and its substrate Rab GTPases are sequentially targeted onto stressed lysosomes and maintain their homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9115-E9124. [PMID: 30209220 PMCID: PMC6166828 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812196115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has been associated with a variety of human diseases, including Parkinson's disease and Crohn's disease, whereas LRRK2 deficiency leads to accumulation of abnormal lysosomes in aged animals. However, the cellular roles and mechanisms of LRRK2-mediated lysosomal regulation have remained elusive. Here, we reveal a mechanism of stress-induced lysosomal response by LRRK2 and its target Rab GTPases. Lysosomal overload stress induced the recruitment of endogenous LRRK2 onto lysosomal membranes and activated LRRK2. An upstream adaptor Rab7L1 (Rab29) promoted the lysosomal recruitment of LRRK2. Subsequent family-wide screening of Rab GTPases that may act downstream of LRRK2 translocation revealed that Rab8a and Rab10 were specifically accumulated on overloaded lysosomes dependent on their phosphorylation by LRRK2. Rab7L1-mediated lysosomal targeting of LRRK2 attenuated the stress-induced lysosomal enlargement and promoted lysosomal secretion, whereas Rab8 stabilized by LRRK2 on stressed lysosomes suppressed lysosomal enlargement and Rab10 promoted lysosomal secretion, respectively. These effects were mediated by the recruitment of Rab8/10 effectors EHBP1 and EHBP1L1. LRRK2 deficiency augmented the chloroquine-induced lysosomal vacuolation of renal tubules in vivo. These results implicate the stress-responsive machinery composed of Rab7L1, LRRK2, phosphorylated Rab8/10, and their downstream effectors in the maintenance of lysosomal homeostasis.
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147
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Bae EJ, Kim DK, Kim C, Mante M, Adame A, Rockenstein E, Ulusoy A, Klinkenberg M, Jeong GR, Bae JR, Lee C, Lee HJ, Lee BD, Di Monte DA, Masliah E, Lee SJ. LRRK2 kinase regulates α-synuclein propagation via RAB35 phosphorylation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3465. [PMID: 30150626 PMCID: PMC6110743 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05958-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Propagation of α-synuclein aggregates has been suggested as a contributing factor in Parkinson's disease (PD) progression. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying α-synuclein aggregation are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate in cell culture, nematode, and rodent models of PD that leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a PD-linked kinase, modulates α-synuclein propagation in a kinase activity-dependent manner. The PD-linked G2019S mutation in LRRK2, which increases kinase activity, enhances propagation efficiency. Furthermore, we show that the role of LRRK2 in α-synuclein propagation is mediated by RAB35 phosphorylation. Constitutive activation of RAB35 overrides the reduced α-synuclein propagation phenotype in lrk-1 mutant C. elegans. Finally, in a mouse model of synucleinopathy, administration of an LRRK2 kinase inhibitor reduced α-synuclein aggregation via enhanced interaction of α-synuclein with the lysosomal degradation pathway. These results suggest that LRRK2-mediated RAB35 phosphorylation is a potential therapeutic target for modifying disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Bae
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Kim
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Changyoun Kim
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Michael Mante
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ayse Ulusoy
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Klinkenberg
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ga Ram Jeong
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Jae Ryul Bae
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Cheolsoon Lee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - He-Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Byung-Dae Lee
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Donato A Di Monte
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.
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148
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Lanning NJ, VanOpstall C, Goodall ML, MacKeigan JP, Looyenga BD. LRRK2 deficiency impairs trans-Golgi to lysosome trafficking and endocytic cargo degradation in human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F1465-F1477. [PMID: 30089035 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00009.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in vesicular trafficking underlie a wide variety of human diseases. Genetic disruption of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) in rodents results in epithelial vesicular trafficking errors that can also be induced by treatment of animals with LRRK2 kinase inhibitors. Here we demonstrate that defects in human renal cells lacking LRRK2 phenocopy those seen in the kidneys of Lrrk2 knockout mice, characterized by accumulation of intracellular waste vesicles and fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus. This phenotype can be recapitulated by knockdown of N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor, which physically associates with LRRK2 in renal cells. Deficiency in either protein leads to a defect in trans-Golgi to lysosome protein trafficking, which compromises the capacity of lysosomes to degrade endocytic and autophagic cargo. In contrast, neither bulk endocytosis nor autophagic flux are impaired when LRRK2 is acutely knocked down in normal immortalized human kidney (HK2) cells. These data collectively suggest that the primary renal defect caused by LRRK2 deficiency is in protein trafficking between the Golgi apparatus and late endosome/lysosome, which leads to progressive impairments in lysosomal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Lanning
- Van Andel Research Institute, Lab of Systems Biology , Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Calvin VanOpstall
- Calvin College, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Megan L Goodall
- Van Andel Research Institute, Lab of Systems Biology , Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Jeffrey P MacKeigan
- Van Andel Research Institute, Lab of Systems Biology , Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Brendan D Looyenga
- Van Andel Research Institute, Lab of Systems Biology , Grand Rapids, Michigan.,Calvin College, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Grand Rapids, Michigan
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149
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Obergasteiger J, Frapporti G, Pramstaller PP, Hicks AA, Volta M. A new hypothesis for Parkinson's disease pathogenesis: GTPase-p38 MAPK signaling and autophagy as convergence points of etiology and genomics. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:40. [PMID: 30071902 PMCID: PMC6090926 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of genetics and genomics in Parkinson´s disease has recently begun to unveil molecular mechanisms possibly underlying disease onset and progression. In particular, catabolic processes such as autophagy have been increasingly gaining relevance as post-mortem evidence and experimental models suggested a participation in neurodegeneration and alpha-synuclein Lewy body pathology. In addition, familial Parkinson´s disease linked to LRRK2 and alpha-synuclein provided stronger correlation between etiology and alterations in autophagy. More detailed cellular pathways are proposed and genetic risk factors that associate with idiopathic Parkinson´s disease provide further clues in dissecting contributions of single players. Nevertheless, the fine-tuning of these processes remains elusive, as the initial stages of the pathways are not yet clarified.In this review, we collect literature evidence pointing to autophagy as the common, downstream target of Parkinsonian dysfunctions and augment current knowledge on the factors that direct the subsequent steps. Cell and molecular biology evidence indicate that p38 signaling underlies neurodegeneration and autoptic observations suggest a participation in neuropathology. Moreover, alpha-synuclein and LRRK2 also appear involved in the p38 pathway with additional roles in the regulation of GTPase signaling. Small GTPases are critical modulators of p38 activation and thus, their functional interaction with aSyn and LRRK2 could explain much of the detailed mechanics of autophagy in Parkinson´s disease.We propose a novel hypothesis for a more comprehensive working model where autophagy is controlled by upstream pathways, such as GTPase-p38, that have been so far underexplored in this context. In addition, etiological factors (LRRK2, alpha-synuclein) and risk loci might also combine in this common mechanism, providing a powerful experimental setting to dissect the cause of both familial and idiopathic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Obergasteiger
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research – Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Giulia Frapporti
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research – Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research – Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Via Böhler 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andrew A. Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research – Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Mattia Volta
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research – Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
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Tied up: Does altering phosphoinositide-mediated membrane trafficking influence neurodegenerative disease phenotypes? J Genet 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-018-0961-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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