101
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Cattaneo P, Hardtke CS. BIG BROTHER Uncouples Cell Proliferation from Elongation in the Arabidopsis Primary Root. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1519-1527. [PMID: 28922745 PMCID: PMC5914324 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant organ size is sensitive to environmental conditions, but is also limited by hardwired genetic constraints. In Arabidopsis, a few organ size regulators have been identified. Among them, the BIG BROTHER (BB) gene has a prominent role in the determination of flower organ and leaf size. BB loss-of-function mutations result in a prolonged proliferation phase during leaf(-like) organ formation, and consequently larger leaves, petals and sepals. Whether BB has a similar role in root growth is unknown. Here we describe a novel bb allele which carries a P235L point mutation in the BB RING finger domain. This allele behaves similarly to described bb loss-of-function alleles and displays increased root meristem size due to a higher number of dividing, meristematic cells. In contrast, mature cell length is unaffected. The increased meristematic activity does not, however, translate into overall enhanced root elongation, possibly because bb mutation also results in an increased number of cell files in the vascular cylinder. These extra formative divisions might offset any growth acceleration by extra meristematic divisions. Thus, although BB dampens root cell proliferation, the consequences on macroscopic root growth are minor. However, bb mutation accelerates overall root growth when introduced into sensitized backgrounds. For example, it partially rescues the short root phenotypes of the brevis radix and octopus mutants, but does not complement their phloem differentiation or transport defects. In summary, we provide evidence that BB acts conceptually similarly in leaf(-like) organs and the primary root, and uncouples cell proliferation from elongation in the root meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Cattaneo
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian S. Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax, +41-21-692-4150
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102
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Gujas B, Cruz TMD, Kastanaki E, Vermeer JEM, Munnik T, Rodriguez-Villalon A. Perturbing phosphoinositide homeostasis oppositely affects vascular differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Development 2017; 144:3578-3589. [PMID: 28851711 PMCID: PMC5665488 DOI: 10.1242/dev.155788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The plant vascular network consists of specialized phloem and xylem elements that undergo two distinct morphogenetic developmental programs to become transport-functional units. Whereas vacuolar rupture is a determinant step in protoxylem differentiation, protophloem elements never form a big central vacuole. Here, we show that a genetic disturbance of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bis-phosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] homeostasis rewires cell trafficking towards the vacuole in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Consequently, an enhanced phosphoinositide-mediated vacuolar biogenesis correlates with premature programmed cell death (PCD) and secondary cell wall elaboration in xylem cells. By contrast, vacuolar fusion events in protophloem cells trigger the abnormal formation of big vacuoles, preventing cell clearance and tissue functionality. Removal of the inositol 5' phosphatase COTYLEDON VASCULAR PATTERN 2 from the plasma membrane (PM) by brefeldin A (BFA) treatment increases PtdIns(4,5)P2 content at the PM and disrupts protophloem continuity. Conversely, BFA application abolishes vacuolar fusion events in xylem tissue without preventing PCD, suggesting the existence of additional PtdIns(4,5)P2-dependent cell death mechanisms. Overall, our data indicate that tight PM phosphoinositide homeostasis is required to modulate intracellular trafficking contributing to oppositely regulate vascular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Gujas
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tiago M D Cruz
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth Kastanaki
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joop E M Vermeer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Teun Munnik
- Section Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antia Rodriguez-Villalon
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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103
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Sundell D, Street NR, Kumar M, Mellerowicz EJ, Kucukoglu M, Johnsson C, Kumar V, Mannapperuma C, Delhomme N, Nilsson O, Tuominen H, Pesquet E, Fischer U, Niittylä T, Sundberg B, Hvidsten TR. AspWood: High-Spatial-Resolution Transcriptome Profiles Reveal Uncharacterized Modularity of Wood Formation in Populus tremula. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:1585-1604. [PMID: 28655750 PMCID: PMC5559752 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Trees represent the largest terrestrial carbon sink and a renewable source of ligno-cellulose. There is significant scope for yield and quality improvement in these largely undomesticated species, and efforts to engineer elite varieties will benefit from improved understanding of the transcriptional network underlying cambial growth and wood formation. We generated high-spatial-resolution RNA sequencing data spanning the secondary phloem, vascular cambium, and wood-forming tissues of Populus tremula The transcriptome comprised 28,294 expressed, annotated genes, 78 novel protein-coding genes, and 567 putative long intergenic noncoding RNAs. Most paralogs originating from the Salicaceae whole-genome duplication had diverged expression, with the exception of those highly expressed during secondary cell wall deposition. Coexpression network analyses revealed that regulation of the transcriptome underlying cambial growth and wood formation comprises numerous modules forming a continuum of active processes across the tissues. A comparative analysis revealed that a majority of these modules are conserved in Picea abies The high spatial resolution of our data enabled identification of novel roles for characterized genes involved in xylan and cellulose biosynthesis, regulators of xylem vessel and fiber differentiation and lignification. An associated web resource (AspWood, http://aspwood.popgenie.org) provides interactive tools for exploring the expression profiles and coexpression network.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sundell
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nathaniel R Street
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Melis Kucukoglu
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Johnsson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chanaka Mannapperuma
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Delhomme
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ove Nilsson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hannele Tuominen
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Edouard Pesquet
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Urs Fischer
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Totte Niittylä
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Björn Sundberg
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Torgeir R Hvidsten
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
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104
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Phosphosite charge rather than shootward localization determines OCTOPUS activity in root protophloem. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5721-E5730. [PMID: 28652362 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703258114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Polar cellular localization of proteins is often associated with their function and activity. In plants, relatively few polar-localized factors have been described. Among them, the plasma membrane-associated Arabidopsis proteins OCTOPUS (OPS) and BREVIS RADIX (BRX) display shootward and rootward polar localization, respectively, in developing root protophloem cells. Both ops and brx null mutants exhibit defects in protophloem differentiation. Here we show that OPS and BRX act genetically in parallel in this process, although OPS dosage increase mends defects caused by brx loss-of-function. OPS protein function is ancient and conserved in the most basal angiosperms; however, many highly conserved structural OPS features are not strictly required for OPS function. They include a BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 2 (BIN2) interaction domain, which supposedly mediates gain-of-function effects obtained through ectopic OPS overexpression. However, engineering an increasingly positive charge in a critical phosphorylation site, S318, progressively amplifies OPS activity. Such hyperactive OPS versions can even complement the severe phenotype of brx ops double mutants, and the most active variants eventually trigger gain-of-function phenotypes. Finally, BRX-OPS as well as OPS-BRX fusion proteins localize to the rootward end of developing protophloem cells, but complement ops mutants as efficiently as shootward localized OPS. Thus, our results suggest that S318 phosphorylation status, rather than a predominantly shootward polar localization, is a primary determinant of OPS activity.
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105
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Hazak O, Brandt B, Cattaneo P, Santiago J, Rodriguez-Villalon A, Hothorn M, Hardtke CS. Perception of root-active CLE peptides requires CORYNE function in the phloem vasculature. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1367-1381. [PMID: 28607033 PMCID: PMC5538625 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis root development is orchestrated by signaling pathways that consist of different CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) peptide ligands and their cognate CLAVATA (CLV) and BARELY ANY MERISTEM (BAM) receptors. How and where different CLE peptides trigger specific morphological or physiological changes in the root is poorly understood. Here, we report that the receptor‐like protein CLAVATA 2 (CLV2) and the pseudokinase CORYNE (CRN) are necessary to fully sense root‐active CLE peptides. We uncover BAM3 as the CLE45 receptor in the root and biochemically map its peptide binding surface. In contrast to other plant peptide receptors, we found no evidence that SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE (SERK) proteins act as co‐receptor kinases in CLE45 perception. CRN stabilizes BAM3 expression and thus is required for BAM3‐mediated CLE45 signaling. Moreover, protophloem‐specific CRN expression complements resistance of the crn mutant to root‐active CLE peptides, suggesting that protophloem is their principal site of action. Our work defines a genetic framework for dissecting CLE peptide signaling and CLV/BAM receptor activation in the root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ora Hazak
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Brandt
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Cattaneo
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julia Santiago
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael Hothorn
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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106
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Zhou X, Zhang E, Xia M, Zhang L, Tian Z, Liu J, Zhang S. Structure-property relationships of cell clusters in biotissues: 2D analysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:11603-11611. [PMID: 28429001 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00007c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gaining insight into the relationships between the self-organized cell structures and the properties of biotissues is helpful for revealing the function of biomaterials and its designing principle. However, the traditionally used random foam model neglects several important details of the frameworks of cell clusters resulting in incomplete conclusions. Herein, we use a more complete model, the cell adhesion model, to investigate the mechanical and morphological properties of the two-dimensional (2D) dry cell foams. Since these 2D structures are formed by cell adhesion, the system can reach equilibrium through minimizing free energy. Under the equilibrium conditions without volume constraint, shape equations for highly symmetrical structures are derived, and the analytical results of the corresponding mechanical parameters, such as the Young's modulus, bulk modulus and failure strength, are obtained. Moreover, with volume constraint, numerical simulation method is applied to study the complex shapes and obtain several stable multicellular structures. Symmetry breaking caused by the volume change is also observed. Moreover, typical periodic shapes and the corresponding phase transformations are also explored. Our study provides a new potential method to bridge the microstructure and macro-mechanical parameters of biotissues. The results are also useful for understanding the formation mechanism of biotissue structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Zhou
- Department of Physics, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China
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107
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Strigolactone- and Karrikin-Independent SMXL Proteins Are Central Regulators of Phloem Formation. Curr Biol 2017; 27:1241-1247. [PMID: 28392107 PMCID: PMC5405109 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant stem cell niches, the meristems, require long-distance transport of energy metabolites and signaling molecules along the phloem tissue. However, currently it is unclear how specification of phloem cells is controlled. Here we show that the genes SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1-LIKE3 (SMXL3), SMXL4, and SMXL5 act as cell-autonomous key regulators of phloem formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. The three genes form an uncharacterized subclade of the SMXL gene family that mediates hormonal strigolactone and karrikin signaling. Strigolactones are endogenous signaling molecules regulating shoot and root branching [1] whereas exogenous karrikin molecules induce germination after wildfires [2]. Both activities depend on the F-box protein and SCF (Skp, Cullin, F-box) complex component MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2 (MAX2) [3, 4, 5]. Strigolactone and karrikin perception leads to MAX2-dependent degradation of distinct SMXL protein family members, which is key for mediating hormonal effects [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. However, the nature of events immediately downstream of SMXL protein degradation and whether all SMXL proteins mediate strigolactone or karrikin signaling is unknown. In this study we demonstrate that, within the SMXL gene family, specifically SMXL3/4/5 deficiency results in strong defects in phloem formation, altered sugar accumulation, and seedling lethality. By comparing protein stabilities, we show that SMXL3/4/5 proteins function differently to canonical strigolactone and karrikin signaling mediators, although being functionally interchangeable with those under low strigolactone/karrikin signaling conditions. Our observations reveal a fundamental mechanism of phloem formation and indicate that diversity of SMXL protein functions is essential for a steady fuelling of plant meristems. SMXL3/4/5 genes act as general promoters of phloem formation SMXL3/4/5 proteins are expressed and function very early during phloem development SMXL3/4/5 proteins do not mediate strigolactone or karrikin signaling Strigolactone/karrkin-dependent SMXL proteins are able to replace SMXL5
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108
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Qi X, Han SK, Dang JH, Garrick JM, Ito M, Hofstetter AK, Torii KU. Autocrine regulation of stomatal differentiation potential by EPF1 and ERECTA-LIKE1 ligand-receptor signaling. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28266915 PMCID: PMC5358980 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of stomata, valves on the plant epidermis for optimal gas exchange and water control, is fine-tuned by multiple signaling peptides with unique, overlapping, or antagonistic activities. EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR1 (EPF1) is a founding member of the secreted peptide ligands enforcing stomatal patterning. Yet, its exact role remains unclear. Here, we report that EPF1 and its primary receptor ERECTA-LIKE1 (ERL1) target MUTE, a transcription factor specifying the proliferation-to-differentiation switch within the stomatal cell lineages. In turn, MUTE directly induces ERL1. The absolute co-expression of ERL1 and MUTE, with the co-presence of EPF1, triggers autocrine inhibition of stomatal fate. During normal stomatal development, this autocrine inhibition prevents extra symmetric divisions of stomatal precursors likely owing to excessive MUTE activity. Our study reveals the unexpected role of self-inhibition as a mechanism for ensuring proper stomatal development and suggests an intricate signal buffering mechanism underlying plant tissue patterning. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24102.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyun Qi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Soon-Ki Han
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Jonathan H Dang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Jacqueline M Garrick
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Masaki Ito
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences/Institute of Transformative Biomolecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Alex K Hofstetter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences/Institute of Transformative Biomolecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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109
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Heo JO, Blob B, Helariutta Y. Differentiation of conductive cells: a matter of life and death. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 35:23-29. [PMID: 27794261 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Two major conducting tissues in plants, phloem and xylem, are composed of highly specialized cell types adapted to long distance transport. Sieve elements (SEs) in the phloem display a thick cell wall, callose-rich sieve plates and low cytoplasmic density. SE differentiation is driven by selective autolysis combined with enucleation, after which the plasma membrane and some organelles are retained. By contrast, differentiation of xylem tracheary elements (TEs) involves complete clearance of the cellular components by programmed cell death followed by autolysis of the protoplast; this is accompanied by extensive deposition of lignin and cellulose in the cell wall. Emerging molecular data on TE and SE differentiation indicate a central role for NAC and MYB type transcription factors in both processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ok Heo
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bernhard Blob
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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110
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Choe G, Lee JY. Push-pull strategy in the regulation of postembryonic root development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 35:158-164. [PMID: 28063383 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Unlike animals, plants continue to grow throughout their lives. The stem cell niche, protected in meristems of shoots and roots, enables this process. In the root, stem cells produce precursors for highly organized cell types via asymmetric cell divisions. These precursors, which are "transit-amplifying cells," actively divide for several rounds before entering into differentiation programs. In this review, we highlight positive feedback regulation between shoot- and root-ward signals during the postembryonic root growth, which is reminiscent of a "push-pull strategy" in business parlance. This property of molecular networks underlies the regulation of stem cells and their organizer, the "quiescent center," as well as of the signaling between stem cell niche, transit-amplifying cells, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goh Choe
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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111
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Zhu Y, Chen L, Zhang C, Hao P, Jing X, Li X. Global transcriptome analysis reveals extensive gene remodeling, alternative splicing and differential transcription profiles in non-seed vascular plant Selaginella moellendorffii. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:1042. [PMID: 28198676 PMCID: PMC5310277 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Selaginella moellendorffii, a lycophyte, is a model plant to study the early evolution and development of vascular plants. As the first and only sequenced lycophyte to date, the genome of S. moellendorffii revealed many conserved genes and pathways, as well as specialized genes different from flowering plants. Despite the progress made, little is known about long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) and the alternative splicing (AS) of coding genes in S. moellendorffii. Its coding gene models have not been fully validated with transcriptome data. Furthermore, it remains important to understand whether the regulatory mechanisms similar to flowering plants are used, and how they operate in a non-seed primitive vascular plant. Results RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed for three S. moellendorffii tissues, root, stem, and leaf, by constructing strand-specific RNA-seq libraries from RNA purified using RiboMinus isolation protocol. A total of 176 million reads (44 Gbp) were obtained from three tissue types, and were mapped to S. moellendorffii genome. By comparing with 22,285 existing gene models of S. moellendorffii, we identified 7930 high-confidence novel coding genes (a 35.6% increase), and for the first time reported 4422 lncRNAs in a lycophyte. Further, we refined 2461 (11.0%) of existing gene models, and identified 11,030 AS events (for 5957 coding genes) revealed for the first time for lycophytes. Tissue-specific gene expression with functional implication was analyzed, and 1031, 554, and 269 coding genes, and 174, 39, and 17 lncRNAs were identified in root, stem, and leaf tissues, respectively. The expression of critical genes for vascular development stages, i.e. formation of provascular cells, xylem specification and differentiation, and phloem specification and differentiation, was compared in S. moellendorffii tissues, indicating a less complex regulatory mechanism in lycophytes than in flowering plants. The results were further strengthened by the evolutionary trend of seven transcription factor families related to vascular development, which was observed among four representative species of seed and non-seed vascular plants, and nonvascular land and aquatic plants. Conclusions The deep RNA-seq study of S. moellendorffii discovered extensive new gene contents, including novel coding genes, lncRNAs, AS events, and refined gene models. Compared to flowering vascular plants, S. moellendorffii displayed a less complexity in both gene structure, alternative splicing, and regulatory elements of vascular development. The study offered important insight into the evolution of vascular plants, and the regulation mechanism of vascular development in a non-seed plant. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3266-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Longxian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chengjun Zhang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Pei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xinyun Jing
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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112
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Etchells JP, Turner SR. Realizing pipe dreams - a detailed picture of vascular development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1-4. [PMID: 28013229 PMCID: PMC5183087 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Peter Etchells
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK,
| | - Simon R Turner
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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113
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Frerichs A, Thoma R, Abdallah AT, Frommolt P, Werr W, Chandler JW. The founder-cell transcriptome in the Arabidopsis apetala1 cauliflower inflorescence meristem. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:855. [PMID: 27809788 PMCID: PMC5093967 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the pattern of lateral organ formation from apical meristems establishes species-specific plant architecture, the positional information that confers cell fate to cells as they transit to the meristem flanks where they differentiate, remains largely unknown. We have combined fluorescence-activated cell sorting and RNA-seq to characterise the cell-type-specific transcriptome at the earliest developmental time-point of lateral organ formation using DORNRÖSCHEN-LIKE::GFP to mark founder-cell populations at the periphery of the inflorescence meristem (IM) in apetala1 cauliflower double mutants, which overproliferate IMs. RESULTS Within the lateral organ founder-cell population at the inflorescence meristem, floral primordium identity genes are upregulated and stem-cell identity markers are downregulated. Additional differentially expressed transcripts are involved in polarity generation and boundary formation, and in epigenetic and post-translational changes. However, only subtle transcriptional reprogramming within the global auxin network was observed. CONCLUSIONS The transcriptional network of differentially expressed genes supports the hypothesis that lateral organ founder-cell specification involves the creation of polarity from the centre to the periphery of the IM and the establishment of a boundary from surrounding cells, consistent with bract initiation. However, contrary to the established paradigm that sites of auxin response maxima pre-pattern lateral organ initiation in the IM, auxin response might play a minor role in the earliest stages of lateral floral initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Frerichs
- Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, Zuelpicher Strasse 47b, D-50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rahere Thoma
- Present address: Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ali Taleb Abdallah
- CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Frommolt
- CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Werr
- Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, Zuelpicher Strasse 47b, D-50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - John William Chandler
- Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, Zuelpicher Strasse 47b, D-50674, Cologne, Germany.
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114
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Yamaguchi YL, Ishida T, Sawa S. CLE peptides and their signaling pathways in plant development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4813-26. [PMID: 27229733 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication is crucial for the coherent functioning of multicellular organisms, and they have evolved intricate molecular mechanisms to achieve such communication. Small, secreted peptide hormones participate in cell-to-cell communication to regulate various physiological processes. One such family of plant peptide hormones is the CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related (CLE) family, whose members play crucial roles in the differentiation of shoot and root meristems. Recent biochemical and genetic studies have characterized various CLE signaling modules, which include CLE peptides, transmembrane receptors, and downstream intracellular signaling components. CLE signaling systems are conserved across the plant kingdom but have divergent modes of action in various developmental processes in different species. Moreover, several CLE peptides play roles in symbiosis, parasitism, and responses to abiotic cues. Here we review recent studies that have provided new insights into the mechanisms of CLE signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuka L Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishida
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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115
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Hazak O, Hardtke CS. CLAVATA 1-type receptors in plant development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4827-33. [PMID: 27340234 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental aspect of plant development is the coordination of growth through endogenous signals and its integration with environmental inputs. Similar to animals, plants frequently use cell surface-localized receptors to monitor such stimuli, for instance through plasma membrane-integral receptor-like kinases (RLKs). Compared to other organisms, plants possess a large number of RLKs (more than 600 in Arabidopsis thaliana), which implies that ligand-receptor-mediated molecular mechanisms regulate a wide range of processes during plant development. Here, we focus on A. thaliana RLKs of the CLAVATA 1 (CLV1) type, which orchestrate key steps during plant development, including the regulation of meristem maintenance, anther development, vascular tissue formation, and root system architecture. These receptors are regulated by small signalling peptides that belong to the family of CLE (CLV3 / EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION) ligands. We discuss different aspects of plant development that are regulated by these receptors in light of their molecular mechanism of action. As so often, the intensive research on this group of plant RLKs has raised many intriguing questions, which remain to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ora Hazak
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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116
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Kang YH, Hardtke CS. Arabidopsis MAKR5 is a positive effector of BAM3-dependent CLE45 signaling. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:1145-54. [PMID: 27354416 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201642450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor kinases convey diverse environmental and developmental inputs by sensing extracellular ligands. In plants, one group of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) is characterized by extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains, which interact with various ligands that include the plant hormone brassinosteroid and peptides of the CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) type. For instance, the CLE45 peptide requires the LRR-RLK BARELY ANY MERISTEM 3 (BAM3) to prevent protophloem formation in Arabidopsis root meristems. Here, we show that other proposed CLE45 receptors, the two redundantly acting LRR-RLKs STERILITY-REGULATING KINASE MEMBER 1 (SKM1) and SKM2 (which perceive CLE45 in the context of pollen tube elongation), cannot substitute for BAM3 in the root. Moreover, we identify MEMBRANE-ASSOCIATED KINASE REGULATOR 5 (MAKR5) as a post-transcriptionally regulated amplifier of the CLE45 signal that acts downstream of BAM3. MAKR5 belongs to a small protein family whose prototypical member, BRI1 KINASE INHIBITOR 1, is an essentially negative regulator of brassinosteroid signaling. By contrast, MAKR5 is a positive effector of CLE45 signaling, revealing an unexpected diversity in the conceptual roles of MAKR genes in different signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Hee Kang
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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117
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Abstract
The ligand-receptor-based cell-to-cell communication system is one of the most important molecular bases for the establishment of complex multicellular organisms. Plants have evolved highly complex intercellular communication systems. Historical studies have identified several molecules, designated phytohormones, that function in these processes. Recent advances in molecular biological analyses have identified phytohormone receptors and signalling mediators, and have led to the discovery of numerous peptide-based signalling molecules. Subsequent analyses have revealed the involvement in and contribution of these peptides to multiple aspects of the plant life cycle, including development and environmental responses, similar to the functions of canonical phytohormones. On the basis of this knowledge, the view that these peptide hormones are pivotal regulators in plants is becoming increasingly accepted. Peptide hormones are transcribed from the genome and translated into peptides. However, these peptides generally undergo further post-translational modifications to enable them to exert their function. Peptide hormones are expressed in and secreted from specific cells or tissues. Apoplastic peptides are perceived by specialized receptors that are located at the surface of target cells. Peptide hormone-receptor complexes activate intracellular signalling through downstream molecules, including kinases and transcription factors, which then trigger cellular events. In this chapter we provide a comprehensive summary of the biological functions of peptide hormones, focusing on how they mature and the ways in which they modulate plant functions.
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118
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Kondo Y, Nurani AM, Saito C, Ichihashi Y, Saito M, Yamazaki K, Mitsuda N, Ohme-Takagi M, Fukuda H. Vascular Cell Induction Culture System Using Arabidopsis Leaves (VISUAL) Reveals the Sequential Differentiation of Sieve Element-Like Cells. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:1250-62. [PMID: 27194709 PMCID: PMC4944408 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell differentiation is a complex process involving multiple steps, from initial cell fate specification to final differentiation. Procambial/cambial cells, which act as vascular stem cells, differentiate into both xylem and phloem cells during vascular development. Recent studies have identified regulatory cascades for xylem differentiation. However, the molecular mechanism underlying phloem differentiation is largely unexplored due to technical challenges. Here, we established an ectopic induction system for phloem differentiation named Vascular Cell Induction Culture System Using Arabidopsis Leaves (VISUAL). Our results verified similarities between VISUAL-induced Arabidopsis thaliana phloem cells and in vivo sieve elements. We performed network analysis using transcriptome data with VISUAL to dissect the processes underlying phloem differentiation, eventually identifying a factor involved in the regulation of the master transcription factor gene APL Thus, our culture system opens up new avenues not only for genetic studies of phloem differentiation, but also for future investigations of multidirectional differentiation from vascular stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kondo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Alif Meem Nurani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chieko Saito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ichihashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masato Saito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kyoko Yamazaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Masaru Ohme-Takagi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Hiroo Fukuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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119
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Rodriguez-Villalon A. Wiring a plant: genetic networks for phloem formation in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:45-50. [PMID: 26171671 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In plants, phloem conduits form a specialized vascular network mediating the exchange of nutrients and signaling molecules between distantly separated organs. To become effective transport elements, protophloem cells undergo a rather unique, differentiation program that involves nucleus degradation, organelle rearrangement and cell wall thickening. Yet, protophloem sieve elements remain alive because their essential metabolic functions are supported by their neighboring companion cells. In spite of the importance of the phloem, the molecular mechanisms orchestrating protophloem specification and differentiation remain still poorly understood. In this review, I provide a summary of recent discoveries regarding morphogenetic events that determine phloem formation, and also a discussion of the systemic effects on root architecture derived from impaired protophloem differentiation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antia Rodriguez-Villalon
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH-Z), CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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120
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Gujas B, Rodriguez-Villalon A. Plant Phosphoglycerolipids: The Gatekeepers of Vascular Cell Differentiation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:103. [PMID: 26904069 PMCID: PMC4751917 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, the plant vascular system has evolved as an inter-organ communication network essential to deliver a wide range of signaling factors among distantly separated organs. To become conductive elements, phloem and xylem cells undergo a drastic differentiation program that involves the degradation of the majority of their organelles. While the molecular mechanisms regulating such complex process remain poorly understood, it is nowadays clear that phosphoglycerolipids display a pivotal role in the regulation of vascular tissue formation. In animal cells, this class of lipids is known to mediate acute responses as signal transducers and also act as constitutive signals that help defining organelle identity. Their rapid turnover, asymmetrical distribution across subcellular compartments as well as their ability to rearrange cytoskeleton fibers make phosphoglycerolipids excellent candidates to regulate complex morphogenetic processes such as vascular differentiation. Therefore, in this review we aim to summarize, emphasize and connect our current understanding about the involvement of phosphoglycerolipids in phloem and xylem differentiation.
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121
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Lehmann F, Hardtke CS. Secondary growth of the Arabidopsis hypocotyl-vascular development in dimensions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 29:9-15. [PMID: 26667498 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The secondary thickening of plant organs in extant dicotyledons is a massive growth process that constitutes the major carbon sink in perennial, woody plants. Yet, our understanding of its molecular genetic control has been mostly obtained by its analysis in an herbaceous annual model, Arabidopsis. Recent years have seen increased interest in this somewhat under-researched topic, and various (non-)cell autonomous factors that guide the extent and vascular patterning of secondary growth have been identified. Concomitantly, a more detailed understanding of vascular differentiation processes has been obtained through analyses of primary growth, mostly in the root meristem. A future challenge will be the integration of these patterning and differentiation modules together with cambial activity into the 4-dimensional frame of secondary thickening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Lehmann
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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122
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Smet W, De Rybel B. Genetic and hormonal control of vascular tissue proliferation. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 29:50-6. [PMID: 26724501 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The plant vascular system develops from a handful of provascular initial cells in the early embryo into a whole range of different cell types in the mature plant. In order to account for such proliferation and to generate this kind of diversity, vascular tissue development relies on a large number of highly oriented cell divisions. Different hormonal and genetic pathways have been implicated in this process and several of these have been recently interconnected. Nevertheless, how such networks control the actual division plane orientation and how they interact with the generic cell cycle machinery to coordinate these divisions remains a major unanswered question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Smet
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert De Rybel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703HA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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123
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Fisher AP, Sozzani R. Uncovering the networks involved in stem cell maintenance and asymmetric cell division in the Arabidopsis root. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 29:38-43. [PMID: 26707611 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are the source of different cell types and tissues in all multicellular organisms. In plants, the balance between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation of their progeny is crucial for correct tissue and organ formation. How transcriptional programs precisely control stem cell maintenance and identity, and what are the regulatory programs influencing stem cell asymmetric cell division (ACD), are key questions that researchers have sought to address for the past decade. Successful efforts in genetic, molecular, and developmental biology, along with mathematical modeling, have identified some of the players involved in stem cell regulation. In this review, we will discuss several studies that characterized many of the genetic programs and molecular mechanisms regulating stem cell ACD and their identity in the Arabidopsis root. We will also highlight how the growing use of mathematical modeling provides a comprehensive and quantitative perspective on the design rules governing stem cell ACDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Fisher
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Rosangela Sozzani
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.
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124
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Zhao J, Li Y, Ding L, Yan S, Liu M, Jiang L, Zhao W, Wang Q, Yan L, Liu R, Zhang X. Phloem transcriptome signatures underpin the physiological differentiation of the pedicel, stalk and fruit of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:19-34. [PMID: 26568324 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber is one of the most important vegetables grown worldwide due to its important economic and nutritional value. The cucumber fruit consists morphologically of the undesirable stalk and the tasty fruit; however, physiological differentiation of these two parts and the underlying molecular basis remain largely unknown. Here we characterized the physiological differences among the pedicel, stalk and fruit, and compared the respective phloem transcriptomes using laser capture microdissection coupled with RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). We found that the pedicel was characterized by minor cell expansion and a high concentration of stachyose, the stalk showed rapid cell expansion and high raffinose accumulation, and the fruit featured transition from cell division to cell expansion and high levels of monosaccharides. Analyses of transcriptome data indicated that cell wall- and calcium ion binding-related genes contributed to the cell expansion in the pedicel and stalk, whereas genes implicated in cell cycle and hormone actions regulated the transition from cell division to cell expansion in the fruit. Differential sugar distribution in these three phloem-connected tissues resulted from tissue-specific sugar metabolism and transport. Enrichment of transcription factors in the stalk and fruit may facilitate nutrient accumulation in these sink organs. As such, phloem-located gene expression partially orchestrated physiological differentiation of the pedicel, stalk and fruit in cucumber. In addition, we identified 432 cucumber-unique genes and five phloem markers guiding future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Zhao
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanqiang Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lian Ding
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuangshuang Yan
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meiling Liu
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wensheng Zhao
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liying Yan
- College of Horticulture Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Renyi Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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125
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De Rybel B, Mähönen AP, Helariutta Y, Weijers D. Plant vascular development: from early specification to differentiation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2015; 17:30-40. [PMID: 26580717 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2015.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vascular tissues in plants are crucial to provide physical support and to transport water, sugars and hormones and other small signalling molecules throughout the plant. Recent genetic and molecular studies have identified interconnections among some of the major signalling networks that regulate plant vascular development. Using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system, these studies enable the description of vascular development from the earliest tissue specification events during embryogenesis to the differentiation of phloem and xylem tissues. Moreover, we propose a model for how oriented cell divisions give rise to a three-dimensional vascular bundle within the root meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert De Rybel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703HA Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB-Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Yrjö Helariutta
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland.,Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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126
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OCTOPUS Negatively Regulates BIN2 to Control Phloem Differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Curr Biol 2015; 25:2584-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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127
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Kucukoglu M, Nilsson O. CLE peptide signaling in plants - the power of moving around. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 155:74-87. [PMID: 26096704 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (ESR)-RELATED (CLE) gene family encodes small secreted peptide ligands in plants. These peptides function non-cell autonomously through interactions with plasma membrane-associated LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASEs (LRR-RLKs). These interactions are critical for cell-to-cell communications and control a variety of developmental and physiological processes in plants, such as regulation of stem cell proliferation and differentiation in the meristems, embryo and endosperm development, vascular development and autoregulation of nodulation. Here, we review the current knowledge in the field of CLE polypeptide signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Kucukoglu
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ove Nilsson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183, Umeå, Sweden
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128
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Czyzewicz N, Wildhagen M, Cattaneo P, Stahl Y, Pinto KG, Aalen RB, Butenko MA, Simon R, Hardtke CS, De Smet I. Antagonistic peptide technology for functional dissection of CLE peptides revisited. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5367-74. [PMID: 26136270 PMCID: PMC4526918 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the Arabidopsis thaliana genome, over 1000 putative genes encoding small, presumably secreted, signalling peptides can be recognized. However, a major obstacle in identifying the function of genes encoding small signalling peptides is the limited number of available loss-of-function mutants. To overcome this, a promising new tool, antagonistic peptide technology, was recently developed. Here, this antagonistic peptide technology was tested on selected CLE peptides and the related IDA peptide and its usefulness in the context of studies of peptide function discussed. Based on the analyses, it was concluded that the antagonistic peptide approach is not the ultimate means to overcome redundancy or lack of loss-of-function lines. However, information collected using antagonistic peptide approaches (in the broad sense) can be very useful, but these approaches do not work in all cases and require a deep insight on the interaction between the ligand and its receptor to be successful. This, as well as peptide ligand structure considerations, should be taken into account before ordering a wide range of synthetic peptide variants and/or generating transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Czyzewicz
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Mari Wildhagen
- Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pietro Cattaneo
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne Stahl
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karine Gustavo Pinto
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Reidunn B Aalen
- Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Melinka A Butenko
- Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ive De Smet
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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129
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Xu TT, Ren SC, Song XF, Liu CM. CLE19 expressed in the embryo regulates both cotyledon establishment and endosperm development in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5217-27. [PMID: 26071532 PMCID: PMC4526921 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Embryo and endosperm development are two well co-ordinated developmental processes in seed formation; however, signals involved in embryo and endosperm interactions remain poorly understood. It has been shown before that CLAVATA3/ESR-RELATED 19 (CLE19) peptide is able to trigger root meristem consumption in a CLV2-dependent manner. In this study, the role of CLE19 in Arabidopsis seed development was explored using antagonistic peptide technology. CLE19 is expressed in the epidermal layers of the cotyledon primordia, hypocotyl, and root cap in the embryo. Transgenic plants carrying an antagonistic CLE19 G6T construct expressed under the control of CLE19 regulatory elements exhibited a dominant seed abortion phenotype, with defective cotyledon establishment in embryos and delayed nuclear proliferation and cellularization in endosperms. Ectopic expression of CLE19 G6T in Arabidopsis under the control of an endosperm-specific ALE1 promoter led to a similar defect in cotyledon establishment in embryos but without an evident effect on endosperm development. We therefore propose that CLE19 may act as a mobile peptide co-ordinating embryo and endosperm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Fragrant Hill, Beijing 100093, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shi-Chao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Fragrant Hill, Beijing 100093, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiu-Fen Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Fragrant Hill, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Chun-Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Fragrant Hill, Beijing 100093, China
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130
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Czyzewicz N, Shi CL, Vu LD, Van De Cotte B, Hodgman C, Butenko MA, De Smet I. Modulation of Arabidopsis and monocot root architecture by CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION 26 peptide. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5229-43. [PMID: 26188203 PMCID: PMC4526925 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots are important for a wide range of processes, including nutrient and water uptake, anchoring and mechanical support, storage functions, and as the major interface with the soil environment. Several small signalling peptides and receptor kinases have been shown to affect primary root growth, but very little is known about their role in lateral root development. In this context, the CLE family, a group of small signalling peptides that has been shown to affect a wide range of developmental processes, were the focus of this study. Here, the expression pattern during lateral root initiation for several CLE family members is explored and to what extent CLE1, CLE4, CLE7, CLE26, and CLE27, which show specific expression patterns in the root, are involved in regulating root architecture in Arabidopsis thaliana is assessed. Using chemically synthesized peptide variants, it was found that CLE26 plays an important role in regulating A. thaliana root architecture and interacts with auxin signalling. In addition, through alanine scanning and in silico structural modelling, key residues in the CLE26 peptide sequence that affect its activity are pinpointed. Finally, some interesting similarities and differences regarding the role of CLE26 in regulating monocot root architecture are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Czyzewicz
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Chun-Lin Shi
- Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lam Dai Vu
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Van De Cotte
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlie Hodgman
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Melinka A Butenko
- Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ive De Smet
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
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131
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Hastwell AH, Gresshoff PM, Ferguson BJ. Genome-wide annotation and characterization of CLAVATA/ESR (CLE) peptide hormones of soybean (Glycine max) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and their orthologues of Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5271-87. [PMID: 26188205 PMCID: PMC4526924 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
CLE peptides are key regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation in plant shoots, roots, vasculature, and legume nodules. They are C-terminally encoded peptides that are post-translationally cleaved and modified from their corresponding pre-propeptides to produce a final ligand that is 12-13 amino acids in length. In this study, an array of bionformatic and comparative genomic approaches was used to identify and characterize the complete family of CLE peptide-encoding genes in two of the world's most important crop species, soybean and common bean. In total, there are 84 CLE peptide-encoding genes in soybean (considerably more than the 32 present in Arabidopsis), including three pseudogenes and two multi-CLE domain genes having six putative CLE domains each. In addition, 44 CLE peptide-encoding genes were identified in common bean. In silico characterization was used to establish all soybean homeologous pairs, and to identify corresponding gene orthologues present in common bean and Arabidopsis. The soybean CLE pre-propeptide family was further analysed and separated into seven distinct groups based on structure, with groupings strongly associated with the CLE domain sequence and function. These groups provide evolutionary insight into the CLE peptide families of soybean, common bean, and Arabidopsis, and represent a novel tool that can aid in the functional characterization of the peptides. Transcriptional evidence was also used to provide further insight into the location and function of all CLE peptide-encoding members currently available in gene atlases for the three species. Taken together, this in-depth analysis helped to identify and categorize the complete CLE peptide families of soybean and common bean, established gene orthologues within the two legume species, and Arabidopsis, and provided a platform to help compare, contrast, and identify the function of critical CLE peptide hormones in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- April H Hastwell
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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132
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Rodriguez-Villalon A, Gujas B, van Wijk R, Munnik T, Hardtke CS. Primary root protophloem differentiation requires balanced phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate levels and systemically affects root branching. Development 2015; 142:1437-46. [PMID: 25813544 DOI: 10.1242/dev.118364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Protophloem is a specialized vascular tissue in growing plant organs, such as root meristems. In Arabidopsis mutants with impaired primary root protophloem differentiation, brevis radix (brx) and octopus (ops), meristematic activity and consequently overall root growth are strongly reduced. Second site mutation in the protophloem-specific presumed phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase cotyledon vascular pattern 2 (CVP2), but not in its homolog CVP2-like 1 (CVL1), partially rescues brx defects. Consistent with this finding, CVP2 hyperactivity in a wild-type background recreates a brx phenotype. Paradoxically, however, while cvp2 or cvl1 single mutants display no apparent root defects, the root phenotype of cvp2 cvl1 double mutants is similar to brx or ops, although, as expected, cvp2 cvl1 seedlings contain more phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate. Thus, tightly balanced phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate levels appear essential for proper protophloem differentiation. Genetically, OPS acts downstream of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate levels, as cvp2 mutation cannot rescue ops defects, whereas increased OPS dose rescues cvp2 cvl1 defects. Finally, all three mutants display higher density and accelerated emergence of lateral roots, which correlates with increased auxin response in the root differentiation zone. This phenotype is also created by application of peptides that suppress protophloem differentiation, clavata3/embryo surrounding region 26 (CLE26) and CLE45. Thus, local changes in the primary root protophloem systemically shape overall root system architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antia Rodriguez-Villalon
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Bojan Gujas
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Ringo van Wijk
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Munnik
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
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Malekpoor Mansoorkhani F, Seymour G, Swarup R, Moeiniyan Bagheri H, Ramsey R, Thompson A. Environmental, developmental, and genetic factors controlling root system architecture. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2015; 30:95-112. [DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2014.995912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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134
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Grienenberger E, Fletcher JC. Polypeptide signaling molecules in plant development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 23:8-14. [PMID: 25449721 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular communication mediated by small signaling molecules is a key mechanism for coordinating plant growth and development. In the past few years, polypeptide signals have been shown to play prominent roles in processes as diverse as shoot and root meristem maintenance, vascular differentiation, lateral root emergence, and seed formation. Signaling components such as CLV1 and the IDA-HAE/HSL2 signaling module have been discovered to regulate distinct developmental processes in different tissues. Recent studies have also uncovered novel polypeptide-receptor interactions, intracellular components and downstream target genes, adding complexity to our picture of polypeptide signaling networks. Finally, new families of plant polypeptides, such as the GLV/RGF/CLEL and ESF factors, are being identified, the functions of which we are only beginning to understand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Grienenberger
- Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA-ARS/UC Berkeley, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jennifer C Fletcher
- Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA-ARS/UC Berkeley, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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135
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Geldner
- University of Lausanne, DBMV, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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