101
|
Bai Y, Kissoudis C, Yan Z, Visser RGF, van der Linden G. Plant behaviour under combined stress: tomato responses to combined salinity and pathogen stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:781-793. [PMID: 29237240 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Crop plants are subjected to a variety of stresses during their lifecycle, including abiotic stress factors such as salinity and biotic stress factors such as pathogens. Plants have developed a multitude of defense and adaptation responses to these stress factors. In the field, different stress factors mostly occur concurrently resulting in a new state of stress, the combined stress. There is evidence that plant resistance to pathogens can be attenuated or enhanced by abiotic stress factors. With stress tolerance research being mostly focused on plant responses to individual stresses, the understanding of a plant's ability to adapt to combined stresses is limited. In the last few years, we studied powdery mildew resistance under salt stress conditions in the model crop plant tomato with the aim to understand the requirements to achieve plant resilience to a wider array of combined abiotic and biotic stress combinations. We uncovered specific responses of tomato plants to combined salinity-pathogen stress, which varied with salinity intensity and plant resistance genes. Moreover, hormones, with their complex regulation and cross-talk, were shown to play a key role in the adaptation of tomato plants to the combined stress. In this review, we attempt to understand the complexity of plant responses to abiotic and biotic stress combinations, with a focus on tomato responses (genetic control and cross-talk of signaling pathways) to combined salinity and pathogen stresses. Further, we provide recommendations on how to design novel strategies for breeding crops with a sustained performance under diverse environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Christos Kissoudis
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Zhe Yan
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard van der Linden
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700AJ, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Guo J, Islam MA, Lin H, Ji C, Duan Y, Liu P, Zeng Q, Day B, Kang Z, Guo J. Genome-Wide Identification of Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Ion Channel Gene Family in Wheat and Functional Analyses of TaCNGC14 and TaCNGC16. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:18. [PMID: 29403523 PMCID: PMC5786745 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide gated channels (CNGCs) play multifaceted roles in plants, particularly with respect to signaling processes associated with abiotic stress signaling and during host-pathogen interactions. Despite key roles during plant survival and response to environment, little is known about the activity and function of CNGC family in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a key stable food around the globe. In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification of CNGC family in wheat and identified a total 47 TaCNGCs in wheat, classifying these genes into four major groups (I-IV) with two sub-groups (IVa and IVb). Sequence analysis revealed the presence of several conserved motifs, including a phosphate binding cassette (PBC) and a "hinge" region, both of which have been hypothesized to be critical for the function of wheat CNGCs. During wheat infection with Pst, the transcript levels of TaCNGC14 and TaCNGC16, both members of group IVb, showed significant induction during a compatible interaction, while a reduction in gene expression was observed in incompatible interactions. In addition, TaCNGC14 and TaCNGC16 mRNA accumulation was significantly influenced by exogenously applied hormones, including abscisic acid (ABA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and salicylic acid (SA), suggesting a role in hormone signaling and/or perception. Silencing of TaCNGC14 and TaCNGC16 limited Pst growth and increased wheat resistance against Pst. The results presented herein contribute to our understanding of the wheat CNGC gene family and the mechanism of TaCNGCs signaling during wheat-Pst interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Md Ashraful Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Haocheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Changan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yinghui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qingdong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Zhang XR, Xu YP, Cai XZ. SlCNGC1 and SlCNGC14 Suppress Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola-Induced Hypersensitive Response and Non-host Resistance in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:285. [PMID: 29559989 PMCID: PMC5845538 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying plant non-host resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), the pathogen causing rice leaf streak disease, are largely unknown. Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (CNGCs) are calcium-permeable channels that are involved in various biological processes including plant resistance. In this study, functions of two tomato CNGC genes SlCNGC1 and SlCNGC14 in non-host resistance to Xoc were analyzed. Silencing of SlCNGC1 and SlCNGC14 in tomato significantly enhanced Xoc-induced hypersensitive response (HR) and non-host resistance, demonstrating that both SlCNGC1 and SlCNGC14 negatively regulate non-host resistance related HR and non-host resistance to Xoc in tomato. Silencing of SlCNGC1 and SlCNGC14 strikingly increased Xoc-induced callose deposition and strongly promoted both Xoc-induced and flg22-elicited H2O2, indicating that these two SlCNGCs repress callose deposition and ROS accumulation to attenuate non-host resistance and PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Importantly, silencing of SlCNGC1 and SlCNGC14 apparently compromised cytosolic Ca2+ accumulation, implying that SlCNGC1 and SlCNGC14 function as Ca2+ channels and negatively regulate non-host resistance and PTI-related responses through modulating cytosolic Ca2+ accumulation. SlCNGC14 seemed to play a stronger regulatory role in the non-host resistance and PTI compared to SlCNGC1. Our results reveal the contribution of CNGCs and probably also Ca2+ signaling pathway to non-host resistance and PTI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Rui Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - You-Ping Xu
- Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Zhong Cai
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Zhong Cai,
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Suzuki N, Katano K. Coordination Between ROS Regulatory Systems and Other Pathways Under Heat Stress and Pathogen Attack. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:490. [PMID: 29713332 PMCID: PMC5911482 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory systems of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be integrated with other pathways involving Ca2+ signaling, protein kinases, hormones and programmed cell death (PCD) pathways to regulate defense mechanisms in plants. Coordination between ROS regulatory systems and other pathways needs to be flexibly modulated to finely tune the mechanisms underlying responses of different types of tissues to heat stress, biotic stresses and their combinations during different growth stages. Especially, modulation of the delicate balance between ROS-scavenging and producing systems in reproductive tissues could be essential, because ROS-dependent PCD is required for the proper fertilization, despite the necessity of ROS scavenging to prevent the damage on cells under heat stress and biotic stresses. In this review, we will update the recent findings associated with coordination between multiple pathways under heat stress, pathogen attack and their combinations. In addition, possible integrations between different signals function in different tissues via ROS-dependent long-distance signals will be proposed.
Collapse
|
105
|
Sun K, van Tuinen A, van Kan JAL, Wolters AMA, Jacobsen E, Visser RGF, Bai Y. Silencing of DND1 in potato and tomato impedes conidial germination, attachment and hyphal growth of Botrytis cinerea. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:235. [PMID: 29212470 PMCID: PMC5719932 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic pathogenic fungus, attacks many crops including potato and tomato. Major genes for complete resistance to B. cinerea are not known in plants, but a few quantitative trait loci have been described in tomato. Loss of function of particular susceptibility (S) genes appears to provide a new source of resistance to B. cinerea in Arabidopsis. RESULTS In this study, orthologs of Arabidopsis S genes (DND1, DMR6, DMR1 and PMR4) were silenced by RNAi in potato and tomato (only for DND1). DND1 well-silenced potato and tomato plants showed significantly reduced diameters of B. cinerea lesions as compared to control plants, at all-time points analysed. Reduced lesion diameter was also observed on leaves of DMR6 silenced potato plants but only at 3 days post inoculation (dpi). The DMR1 and PMR4 silenced potato transformants were as susceptible as the control cv Desiree. Microscopic analysis was performed to observe B. cinerea infection progress in DND1 well-silenced potato and tomato leaves. A significantly lower number of B. cinerea conidia remained attached to the leaf surface of DND1 well-silenced potato and tomato plants and the hyphal growth of germlings was hampered. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of a cytological investigation of Botrytis development on DND1-silenced crop plants. Silencing of DND1 led to reduced susceptibility to Botrytis, which was associated with impediment of conidial germination and attachment as well as hyphal growth. Our results provide new insights regarding the use of S genes in resistance breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaile Sun
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ageeth van Tuinen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. L. van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie A. Wolters
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Evert Jacobsen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Moeder W, Yoshioka K. CNGCs break through-A rice cyclic nucleotide-gated channel paves the way for pollen tube growth. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007066. [PMID: 29190294 PMCID: PMC5708612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Moeder
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keiko Yoshioka
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Center for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (CAGEF), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Tang RJ, Luan S. Regulation of calcium and magnesium homeostasis in plants: from transporters to signaling network. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 39:97-105. [PMID: 28709026 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) are the most abundant divalent cations in plants. As a nutrient and a signaling ion, Ca2+ levels in the cell are tightly controlled by an array of channels and carriers that provide mechanistic basis for Ca2+ homeostasis and the generation of Ca2+ signals. Although a family of CorA-type Mg2+ transporters plays a key role in controlling Mg2+ homeostasis in plants, more components are yet to be identified. Ca2+ and Mg2+ appear to have antagonistic interactions in plant cells, and therefore plants depend on a homeostatic balance between Ca2+ and Mg2+ for optimal growth and development. Maintenance of such a balance in response to changing nutrient status in the soil emerges as a critical feature of plant mineral nutrition. Studies have uncovered signaling mechanisms that perceive nutrient status as a signal and regulate transport activities as adaptive responses. This 'nutrient sensing' network is exemplified by the Ca2+-dependent CBL (calcineurin B-like)-CIPK (CBL-interacting protein kinase) pathway that serves as a major link between environmental nutrient status and transport activities. In this review, we analyze the recent literature on Ca2+ and Mg2+ transport systems and their regulation and provide our perspectives on future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Jie Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Yang DL, Shi Z, Bao Y, Yan J, Yang Z, Yu H, Li Y, Gou M, Wang S, Zou B, Xu D, Ma Z, Kim J, Hua J. Calcium Pumps and Interacting BON1 Protein Modulate Calcium Signature, Stomatal Closure, and Plant Immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:424-437. [PMID: 28701352 PMCID: PMC5580750 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Calcium signaling is essential for environmental responses including immune responses. Here, we provide evidence that the evolutionarily conserved protein BONZAI1 (BON1) functions together with autoinhibited calcium ATPase10 (ACA10) and ACA8 to regulate calcium signals in Arabidopsis. BON1 is a plasma membrane localized protein that negatively regulates the expression of immune receptor genes and positively regulates stomatal closure. We found that BON1 interacts with the autoinhibitory domains of ACA10 and ACA8, and the aca10 loss-of-function (LOF) mutants have an autoimmune phenotype similar to that of the bon1 LOF mutants. Genetic evidences indicate that BON1 positively regulates the activities of ACA10 and ACA8. Consistent with this idea, the steady level of calcium concentration is increased in both aca10 and bon1 mutants. Most strikingly, cytosolic calcium oscillation imposed by external calcium treatment was altered in aca10, aca8, and bon1 mutants in guard cells. In addition, calcium- and pathogen-induced stomatal closure was compromised in the aca10 and bon1 mutants. Taken together, this study indicates that ACA10/8 and BON1 physically interact on plasma membrane and function in the generation of cytosol calcium signatures that are critical for stomatal movement and impact plant immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Zhenying Shi
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Yongmei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Jiapei Yan
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Ziyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huiyun Yu
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mingyue Gou
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Shu Wang
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Baohong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Dachao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhiqi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jitae Kim
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Jian Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Fischer C, DeFalco TA, Karia P, Snedden WA, Moeder W, Yoshioka K, Dietrich P. Calmodulin as a Ca2+-Sensing Subunit of Arabidopsis Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channel Complexes. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1208-1221. [PMID: 28419310 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ serves as a universal second messenger in eukaryotic signaling pathways, and the spatial and temporal patterns of Ca2+ concentration changes are determined by feedback and feed-forward regulation of the involved transport proteins. Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs) are Ca2+-permeable channels that interact with the ubiquitous Ca2+ sensor calmodulin (CaM). CNGCs interact with CaMs via diverse CaM-binding sites, including an IQ-motif, which has been identified in the C-termini of CNGC20 and CNGC12. Here we present a family-wide analysis of the IQ-motif from all 20 Arabidopsis CNGC isoforms. While most of their IQ-peptides interacted with conserved CaMs in yeast, some were unable to do so, despite high sequence conservation across the family. We showed that the CaM binding ability of the IQ-motif is highly dependent on its proximal and distal vicinity. We determined that two alanine residues positioned N-terminal to the core IQ-sequence play a significant role in CaM binding, and identified a polymorphism at this site that promoted or inhibited CaM binding in yeast. Through detailed biophysical analysis of the CNGC2 IQ-motif, we found that this polymorphism specifically affected the Ca2+-independent interactions with the C-lobe of CaM. This same polymorphism partially suppressed the induction of programmed cell death by CNGC11/12 in planta. Our work expands the model of CNGC regulation, and posits that the C-lobe of apo-CaM is permanently associated with the channel at the N-terminal part of the IQ-domain. This mode allows CaM to function as a Ca2+-sensing regulatory subunit of the channel complex, providing a mechanism by which Ca2+ signals may be fine-tuned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Fischer
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas A DeFalco
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3B2
| | - Purva Karia
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3B2
| | - Wayne A Snedden
- Department of Biology, Biosciences Complex, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - Wolfgang Moeder
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3B2
| | - Keiko Yoshioka
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3B2
- Center for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (CAGEF), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3B2
| | - Petra Dietrich
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
A bacterial acetyltransferase triggers immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana independent of hypersensitive response. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3557. [PMID: 28620210 PMCID: PMC5472582 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-III secreted effectors (T3Es) play critical roles during bacterial pathogenesis in plants. Plant recognition of certain T3Es can trigger defence, often accompanied by macroscopic cell death, termed the hypersensitive response (HR). Economically important species of kiwifruit are susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), the causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker. Although Psa is non-pathogenic in Arabidopsis thaliana, we observed that a T3E, HopZ5 that is unique to a global outbreak clade of Psa, triggers HR and defence in Arabidopsis accession Ct-1. Ws-2 and Col-0 accessions are unable to produce an HR in response to Pseudomonas-delivered HopZ5. While Ws-2 is susceptible to virulent bacterial strain Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 carrying HopZ5, Col-0 is resistant despite the lack of an HR. We show that HopZ5, like other members of the YopJ superfamily of acetyltransferases that it belongs to, autoacetylates lysine residues. Through comparisons to other family members, we identified an acetyltransferase catalytic activity and demonstrate its requirement for triggering defence in Arabidopsis and Nicotiana species. Collectively, data herein indicate that HopZ5 is a plasma membrane-localized acetyltransferase with autoacetylation activity required for avirulence.
Collapse
|
111
|
Vincent TR, Avramova M, Canham J, Higgins P, Bilkey N, Mugford ST, Pitino M, Toyota M, Gilroy S, Miller AJ, Hogenhout SA, Sanders D. Interplay of Plasma Membrane and Vacuolar Ion Channels, Together with BAK1, Elicits Rapid Cytosolic Calcium Elevations in Arabidopsis during Aphid Feeding. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:1460-1479. [PMID: 28559475 PMCID: PMC5502460 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A transient rise in cytosolic calcium ion concentration is one of the main signals used by plants in perception of their environment. The role of calcium in the detection of abiotic stress is well documented; however, its role during biotic interactions remains unclear. Here, we use a fluorescent calcium biosensor (GCaMP3) in combination with the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) as a tool to study Arabidopsis thaliana calcium dynamics in vivo and in real time during a live biotic interaction. We demonstrate rapid and highly localized plant calcium elevations around the feeding sites of M. persicae, and by monitoring aphid feeding behavior electrophysiologically, we demonstrate that these elevations correlate with aphid probing of epidermal and mesophyll cells. Furthermore, we dissect the molecular mechanisms involved, showing that interplay between the plant defense coreceptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (BAK1), the plasma membrane ion channels GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE 3.3 and 3.6 (GLR3.3 and GLR3.6), and the vacuolar ion channel TWO-PORE CHANNEL1 (TPC1) mediate these calcium elevations. Consequently, we identify a link between plant perception of biotic threats by BAK1, cellular calcium entry mediated by GLRs, and intracellular calcium release by TPC1 during a biologically relevant interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Vincent
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Marieta Avramova
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - James Canham
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Higgins
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Bilkey
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Sam T Mugford
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Pitino
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Masatsugu Toyota
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Simon Gilroy
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Anthony J Miller
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Dale Sanders
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Zhang R, Qi H, Sun Y, Xiao S, Lim BL. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana containing increased levels of ATP and sucrose is more susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171040. [PMID: 28152090 PMCID: PMC5289510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease resistance exerts a fitness cost on plants, presumably due to the extra consumption of energy and carbon. In this study, we examined whether transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana with increased levels of ATP and sucrose is more resistant or susceptible to pathogen infection. Lines of A. thaliana over-expressing purple acid phosphatase 2 (AtPAP2) (OE lines) contain increased levels of ATP and sucrose, with improved growth rate and seed production. Compared to wild type (WT) and pap2 lines, the OE lines were more susceptible to several Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) strains carrying AvrRpm1, AvrRpt2 AvrRps4, AvrPtoB, HrcC and WT strain DC3000. The increased susceptibility of the OE lines to Pst strains cannot solely be attributed to the suppressed expression of R-genes but must also be attributed to the suppression of downstream signaling components, such as MOS2, EDS1 and EDS5. Before infection, the levels of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) precursor OPDA were similar in the leaves of OE, pap2 and WT plants, whereas the levels of JA and its derivative JA-Ile were significantly lower in the leaves of OE lines and higher in the pap2 line. The expression of JA marker defense gene PDF1.2 was up-regulated in the OE lines compared to the WT prior to Pst DC3000 infection, but its expression was lower in the OE lines after infection. In summary, high fitness Arabidopsis thaliana exhibited altered JA metabolism and broad suppression of R-genes and downstream genes as well as a higher susceptibility to Pst infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renshan Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuzhe Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boon Leong Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Wang Y, Kang Y, Ma C, Miao R, Wu C, Long Y, Ge T, Wu Z, Hou X, Zhang J, Qi Z. CNGC2 Is a Ca2+ Influx Channel That Prevents Accumulation of Apoplastic Ca2+ in the Leaf. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:1342-1354. [PMID: 27999084 PMCID: PMC5291024 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ is absorbed by roots and transported upward through the xylem to the apoplastic space of the leaf, after which it is deposited into the leaf cell. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the tonoplast-localized Ca2+/H+ transporters CATION EXCHANGER1 (CAX1) and CAX3 sequester Ca2+ from the cytosol into the vacuole, but it is not known what transporter mediates the initial Ca2+ influx from the apoplast to the cytosol. Here, we report that Arabidopsis CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNEL2 (CNGC2) encodes a protein with Ca2+ influx channel activity and is expressed in the leaf areas surrounding the free endings of minor veins, which is the primary site for Ca2+ unloading from the vasculature and influx into leaf cells. Under hydroponic growth conditions, with 0.1 mm Ca2+, both Arabidopsis cngc2 and cax1cax3 loss-of-function mutants grew normally. Increasing the Ca2+ concentration to 10 mm induced H2O2 accumulation, cell death, and leaf senescence and partially suppressed the hypersensitive response to avirulent pathogens in the mutants but not in the wild type. In vivo apoplastic Ca2+ overaccumulation was found in the leaves of cngc2 and cax1cax3 but not the wild type under the 10 mm Ca2+ condition, as monitored by Oregon Green BAPTA 488 5N, a low-affinity and membrane-impermeable Ca2+ probe. Our results indicate that CNGC2 likely has no direct roles in leaf development or the hypersensitive response but, instead, that CNGC2 could mediate Ca2+ influx into leaf cells. Finally, the in vivo extracellular Ca2+ imaging method developed in this study provides a new tool for investigating Ca2+ dynamics in plant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Inner Mongolia University, School of Life Sciences, Hohhot 010021, People's Republic of China (Y.W., Y.K., C.M., R.M., C.W., Y.L., T.G., J.Z., Z.Q.); and
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, People's Republic of China (Z.W., X.H.)
| | - Yan Kang
- Inner Mongolia University, School of Life Sciences, Hohhot 010021, People's Republic of China (Y.W., Y.K., C.M., R.M., C.W., Y.L., T.G., J.Z., Z.Q.); and
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, People's Republic of China (Z.W., X.H.)
| | - Chunli Ma
- Inner Mongolia University, School of Life Sciences, Hohhot 010021, People's Republic of China (Y.W., Y.K., C.M., R.M., C.W., Y.L., T.G., J.Z., Z.Q.); and
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, People's Republic of China (Z.W., X.H.)
| | - Ruiying Miao
- Inner Mongolia University, School of Life Sciences, Hohhot 010021, People's Republic of China (Y.W., Y.K., C.M., R.M., C.W., Y.L., T.G., J.Z., Z.Q.); and
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, People's Republic of China (Z.W., X.H.)
| | - Caili Wu
- Inner Mongolia University, School of Life Sciences, Hohhot 010021, People's Republic of China (Y.W., Y.K., C.M., R.M., C.W., Y.L., T.G., J.Z., Z.Q.); and
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, People's Republic of China (Z.W., X.H.)
| | - Yu Long
- Inner Mongolia University, School of Life Sciences, Hohhot 010021, People's Republic of China (Y.W., Y.K., C.M., R.M., C.W., Y.L., T.G., J.Z., Z.Q.); and
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, People's Republic of China (Z.W., X.H.)
| | - Ting Ge
- Inner Mongolia University, School of Life Sciences, Hohhot 010021, People's Republic of China (Y.W., Y.K., C.M., R.M., C.W., Y.L., T.G., J.Z., Z.Q.); and
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, People's Republic of China (Z.W., X.H.)
| | - Zinian Wu
- Inner Mongolia University, School of Life Sciences, Hohhot 010021, People's Republic of China (Y.W., Y.K., C.M., R.M., C.W., Y.L., T.G., J.Z., Z.Q.); and
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, People's Republic of China (Z.W., X.H.)
| | - Xiangyang Hou
- Inner Mongolia University, School of Life Sciences, Hohhot 010021, People's Republic of China (Y.W., Y.K., C.M., R.M., C.W., Y.L., T.G., J.Z., Z.Q.); and
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, People's Republic of China (Z.W., X.H.)
| | - Junxia Zhang
- Inner Mongolia University, School of Life Sciences, Hohhot 010021, People's Republic of China (Y.W., Y.K., C.M., R.M., C.W., Y.L., T.G., J.Z., Z.Q.); and
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, People's Republic of China (Z.W., X.H.)
| | - Zhi Qi
- Inner Mongolia University, School of Life Sciences, Hohhot 010021, People's Republic of China (Y.W., Y.K., C.M., R.M., C.W., Y.L., T.G., J.Z., Z.Q.); and
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, People's Republic of China (Z.W., X.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Kaurilind E, Brosché M. Stress Marker Signatures in Lesion Mimic Single and Double Mutants Identify a Crucial Leaf Age-Dependent Salicylic Acid Related Defense Signal. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170532. [PMID: 28107453 PMCID: PMC5249244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are exposed to abiotic and biotic stress conditions throughout their lifespans that activates various defense programs. Programmed cell death (PCD) is an extreme defense strategy the plant uses to manage unfavorable environments as well as during developmentally induced senescence. Here we investigated the role of leaf age on the regulation of defense gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. Two lesion mimic mutants with misregulated cell death, catalase2 (cat2) and defense no death1 (dnd1) were used together with several double mutants to dissect signaling pathways regulating defense gene expression associated with cell death and leaf age. PCD marker genes showed leaf age dependent expression, with the highest expression in old leaves. The salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis mutant salicylic acid induction deficient2 (sid2) had reduced expression of PCD marker genes in the cat2 sid2 double mutant demonstrating the importance of SA biosynthesis in regulation of defense gene expression. While the auxin- and jasmonic acid (JA)- insensitive auxin resistant1 (axr1) double mutant cat2 axr1 also led to decreased expression of PCD markers; the expression of several marker genes for SA signaling (ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1, PR1 and PR2) were additionally decreased in cat2 axr1 compared to cat2. The reduced expression of these SA markers genes in cat2 axr1 implicates AXR1 as a regulator of SA signaling in addition to its known role in auxin and JA signaling. Overall, the current study reinforces the important role of SA signaling in regulation of leaf age-related transcript signatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eve Kaurilind
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Division of Plant Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Berkey R, Zhang Y, Ma X, King H, Zhang Q, Wang W, Xiao S. Homologues of the RPW8 Resistance Protein Are Localized to the Extrahaustorial Membrane that Is Likely Synthesized De Novo. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:600-613. [PMID: 27856916 PMCID: PMC5210751 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Upon penetration of the host cell wall, the powdery mildew fungus develops a feeding structure named the haustorium in the invaded host cell. Concomitant with haustorial biogenesis, the extrahaustorial membrane (EHM) is formed to separate the haustorium from the host cell cytoplasm. The Arabidopsis resistance protein RPW8.2 is specifically targeted to the EHM where it activates haustorium-targeted resistance against powdery mildew. RPW8.2 belongs to a small family with six members in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Whether Homologs of RPW8 (HR) 1 to HR4 are also localized to the EHM and contribute to resistance has not been determined. Here, we report that overexpression of HR1, HR2, or HR3 led to enhanced resistance to powdery mildew, while genetic depletion of HR2 or HR3 resulted in enhanced susceptibility, indicating that these RPW8 homologs contribute to basal resistance. Interestingly, we found that N-terminally YFP-tagged HR1 to HR3 are also EHM-localized. This suggests that EHM-targeting is an ancestral feature of the RPW8 family. Indeed, two RPW8 homologs from Brassica oleracea tested also exhibit EHM-localization. Domain swapping analysis between HR3 and RPW8.2 suggests that sequence diversification in the N-terminal 146 amino acids of RPW8.2 probably functionally distinguishes it from other family members. Moreover, we found that N-terminally YFP-tagged HR3 is also localized to the plasma membrane and the fungal penetration site (the papilla) in addition to the EHM. Using this unique feature of YFP-HR3, we obtained preliminary evidence to suggest that the EHM is unlikely derived from invagination of the plasma membrane, rather it may be mainly synthesized de novo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Berkey
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland (R.B., Y.Z., X.M., H.K., Q.Z., S.X.)
- The Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (W.W.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (S.X.)
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland (R.B., Y.Z., X.M., H.K., Q.Z., S.X.)
- The Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (W.W.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (S.X.)
| | - Xianfeng Ma
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland (R.B., Y.Z., X.M., H.K., Q.Z., S.X.)
- The Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (W.W.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (S.X.)
| | - Harlan King
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland (R.B., Y.Z., X.M., H.K., Q.Z., S.X.)
- The Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (W.W.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (S.X.)
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland (R.B., Y.Z., X.M., H.K., Q.Z., S.X.)
- The Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (W.W.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (S.X.)
| | - Wenming Wang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland (R.B., Y.Z., X.M., H.K., Q.Z., S.X.)
- The Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (W.W.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (S.X.)
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland (R.B., Y.Z., X.M., H.K., Q.Z., S.X.);
- The Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (W.W.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (S.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Lee IH, Lee IC, Kim J, Kim JH, Chung EH, Kim HJ, Park SJ, Kim YM, Kang SK, Nam HG, Woo HR, Lim PO. NORE1/SAUL1 integrates temperature-dependent defense programs involving SGT1b and PAD4 pathways and leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2016; 158:180-99. [PMID: 26910207 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is not only primarily governed by developmental age but also influenced by various internal and external factors. Although some genes that control leaf senescence have been identified, the detailed regulatory mechanisms underlying integration of diverse senescence-associated signals into the senescence programs remain to be elucidated. To dissect the regulatory pathways involved in leaf senescence, we isolated the not oresara1-1 (nore1-1) mutant showing accelerated leaf senescence phenotypes from an EMS-mutagenized Arabidopsis thaliana population. We found that altered transcriptional programs in defense response-related processes were associated with the accelerated leaf senescence phenotypes observed in nore1-1 through microarray analysis. The nore1-1 mutation activated defense program, leading to enhanced disease resistance. Intriguingly, high ambient temperature effectively suppresses the early senescence and death phenotypes of nore1-1. The gene responsible for the phenotypes of nore1-1 contains a missense mutation in SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED E3 UBIQUITIN LIGASE 1 (SAUL1), which was reported as a negative regulator of premature senescence in the light intensity- and PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 (PAD4)-dependent manner. Through extensive double mutant analyses, we recently identified suppressor of the G2 Allele of SKP1b (SGT1b), one of the positive regulators for disease resistance conferred by many resistance (R) proteins, as a downstream signaling component in NORE1-mediated senescence and cell death pathways. In conclusion, NORE1/SAUL1 is a key factor integrating signals from temperature-dependent defense programs and leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. These findings provide a new insight that plants might utilize defense response program in regulating leaf senescence process, possibly through recruiting the related genes during the evolution of the leaf senescence program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Il Hwan Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - In Chul Lee
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsik Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Hwan Chung
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Park
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Department of Bioscience, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin Kyu Kang
- Department of Bioscience, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Gil Nam
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye Ryun Woo
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Pyung Ok Lim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Jha SK, Sharma M, Pandey GK. Role of Cyclic Nucleotide Gated Channels in Stress Management in Plants. Curr Genomics 2016; 17:315-29. [PMID: 27499681 PMCID: PMC4955031 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666160331202125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolerance of plants to a number of biotic and abiotic stresses such as pathogen and herbivore attack, drought, salinity, cold and nutritional limitations is ensued by complex multimodule signaling pathways. The outcome of this complex signaling pathways results in adaptive responses by restoring the cellular homeostasis and thus promoting survival. Functions of many plant cation transporter and channel protein families such as glutamate receptor homologs (GLRs), cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel (CNGC) have been implicated in providing biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Ion homeostasis regulated by several transporters and channels is one of the crucial parameters for the optimal growth, development and survival of all living organisms. The CNGC family members are known to be involved in the uptake of cations such as Na(+), K(+) and Ca(2+) and regulate plant growth and development. Detail functional genomics approaches have given an emerging picture of CNGCs wherein these protein are believed to play crucial role in pathways related to cellular ion homeostasis, development and as a 'guard' in defense against biotic and abiotic challenges. Here, we discuss the current knowledge of role of CNGCs in mediating stress management and how they aid plants in survival under adverse conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saroj K. Jha
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi-110021, India
| | - Manisha Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi-110021, India
| | - Girdhar K. Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi-110021, India
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Effector-Triggered Immune Response in Arabidopsis thaliana Is a Quantitative Trait. Genetics 2016; 204:337-53. [PMID: 27412712 PMCID: PMC5012398 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.190678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified loci responsible for natural variation in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) responses to a bacterial pathogen virulence factor, HopAM1. HopAM1 is a type III effector protein secreted by the virulent Pseudomonas syringae strain Pto DC3000. Delivery of HopAM1 from disarmed Pseudomonas strains leads to local cell death, meristem chlorosis, or both, with varying intensities in different Arabidopsis accessions. These phenotypes are not associated with differences in bacterial growth restriction. We treated the two phenotypes as quantitative traits to identify host loci controlling responses to HopAM1. Genome-wide association (GWA) of 64 Arabidopsis accessions identified independent variants highly correlated with response to each phenotype. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in a recombinant inbred population between Bur-0 and Col-0 accessions revealed genetic linkage to regions distinct from the top GWA hits. Two major QTL associated with HopAM1-induced cell death were also associated with HopAM1-induced chlorosis. HopAM1-induced changes in Arabidopsis gene expression showed that rapid HopAM1-dependent cell death in Bur-0 is correlated with effector-triggered immune responses. Studies of the effect of mutations in known plant immune system genes showed, surprisingly, that both cell death and chlorosis phenotypes are enhanced by loss of EDS1, a regulatory hub in the plant immune-signaling network. Our results reveal complex genetic architecture for response to this particular type III virulence effector, in contrast to the typical monogenic control of cell death and disease resistance triggered by most type III effectors.
Collapse
|
119
|
Sun K, Wolters AMA, Vossen JH, Rouwet ME, Loonen AEHM, Jacobsen E, Visser RGF, Bai Y. Silencing of six susceptibility genes results in potato late blight resistance. Transgenic Res 2016; 25:731-42. [PMID: 27233778 PMCID: PMC5023794 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9964-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight, is a major threat to commercial potato production worldwide. Significant costs are required for crop protection to secure yield. Many dominant genes for resistance (R-genes) to potato late blight have been identified, and some of these R-genes have been applied in potato breeding. However, the P. infestans population rapidly accumulates new virulent strains that render R-genes ineffective. Here we introduce a new class of resistance which is based on the loss-of-function of a susceptibility gene (S-gene) encoding a product exploited by pathogens during infection and colonization. Impaired S-genes primarily result in recessive resistance traits in contrast to recognition-based resistance that is governed by dominant R-genes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, many S-genes have been detected in screens of mutant populations. In the present study, we selected 11 A. thalianaS-genes and silenced orthologous genes in the potato cultivar Desiree, which is highly susceptible to late blight. The silencing of five genes resulted in complete resistance to the P. infestans isolate Pic99189, and the silencing of a sixth S-gene resulted in reduced susceptibility. The application of S-genes to potato breeding for resistance to late blight is further discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaile Sun
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie A Wolters
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack H Vossen
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten E Rouwet
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies E H M Loonen
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Evert Jacobsen
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Donaldson L, Meier S, Gehring C. The arabidopsis cyclic nucleotide interactome. Cell Commun Signal 2016; 14:10. [PMID: 27170143 PMCID: PMC4865018 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-016-0133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclic nucleotides have been shown to play important signaling roles in many physiological processes in plants including photosynthesis and defence. Despite this, little is known about cyclic nucleotide-dependent signaling mechanisms in plants since the downstream target proteins remain unknown. This is largely due to the fact that bioinformatics searches fail to identify plant homologs of protein kinases and phosphodiesterases that are the main targets of cyclic nucleotides in animals. METHODS An affinity purification technique was used to identify cyclic nucleotide binding proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. The identified proteins were subjected to a computational analysis that included a sequence, transcriptional co-expression and functional annotation analysis in order to assess their potential role in plant cyclic nucleotide signaling. RESULTS A total of twelve cyclic nucleotide binding proteins were identified experimentally including key enzymes in the Calvin cycle and photorespiration pathway. Importantly, eight of the twelve proteins were shown to contain putative cyclic nucleotide binding domains. Moreover, the identified proteins are post-translationally modified by nitric oxide, transcriptionally co-expressed and annotated to function in hydrogen peroxide signaling and the defence response. The activity of one of these proteins, GLYGOLATE OXIDASE 1, a photorespiratory enzyme that produces hydrogen peroxide in response to Pseudomonas, was shown to be repressed by a combination of cGMP and nitric oxide treatment. CONCLUSIONS We propose that the identified proteins function together as points of cross-talk between cyclic nucleotide, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species signaling during the defence response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Donaldson
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag × 3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
| | - Stuart Meier
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christoph Gehring
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Chou H, Zhu Y, Ma Y, Berkowitz GA. The CLAVATA signaling pathway mediating stem cell fate in shoot meristems requires Ca(2+) as a secondary cytosolic messenger. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 85:494-506. [PMID: 26756833 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CLAVATA1 (CLV1) is a receptor protein expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) that translates perception of a non-cell-autonomous CLAVATA3 (CLV3) peptide signal into altered stem cell fate. CLV3 reduces expression of WUSCHEL (WUS) and FANTASTIC FOUR 2 (FAF2) in the SAM. Expression of WUS and FAF2 leads to maintenance of undifferentiated stem cells in the SAM. CLV3 binding to CLV1 inhibits expression of these genes and controls stem cell fate in the SAM through an unidentified signaling pathway. Cytosolic Ca(2+) elevations, cyclic nucleotide (cGMP)-activated Ca(2+) channels, and cGMP have been linked to signaling downstream of receptors similar to CLV1. Hence, we hypothesized that cytosolic Ca(2+) elevation mediates the CLV3 ligand/CLV1 receptor signaling that controls meristem stem cell fate. CLV3 application to Arabidopsis seedlings results in elevation of cytosolic Ca(2+) and cGMP. CLV3 control of WUS was prevented in a genotype lacking a functional cGMP-activated Ca(2+) channel. In wild-type plants, CLV3 inhibition of WUS and FAF2 expression was impaired by treatment with either a Ca(2+) channel blocker or a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor. When CLV3-dependent repression of WUS is blocked, altered control of stem cell fate leads to an increase in SAM size; we observed a larger SAM size in seedlings treated with the Ca(2+) channel blocker. These results suggest that the CLV3 ligand/CLV1 receptor system initiates a signaling cascade that elevates cytosolic Ca(2+), and that this cytosolic secondary messenger is involved in the signal transduction cascade linking CLV3/CLV1 to control of gene expression and stem cell fate in the SAM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan Chou
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-4163, USA
| | - Yingfang Zhu
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-4163, USA
| | - Yi Ma
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-4163, USA
| | - Gerald A Berkowitz
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-4163, USA
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Lu M, Zhang Y, Tang S, Pan J, Yu Y, Han J, Li Y, Du X, Nan Z, Sun Q. AtCNGC2 is involved in jasmonic acid-induced calcium mobilization. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:809-19. [PMID: 26608645 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca(2+)) mobilization is a central theme in various plant signal transduction pathways. We demonstrate that Arabidopsis thaliana cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 2 (AtCNGC2) is involved in jasmonic acid (JA)-induced apoplastic Ca(2+) influx in Arabidopsis epidermal cells. Ca(2+) imaging results showed that JA can induce an elevation in the cytosolic cAMP concentration ([cAMP]cyt), reaching a maximum within 3 min. Dibutyryl cAMP (db-cAMP), a cell membrane-permeable analogue of cAMP, induced an increase in the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]cyt), with a peak at 4 min. This [Ca(2+)]cyt increase was triggered by the JA-induced increase in [cAMP]cyt. W-7[N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide], an antagonist of calmodulin, positively modulated the JA-induced increase in [Ca(2+)]cyt, while W-5[N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide], an inactive antagonist of calmodulin, had no apparent effect. db-cAMP and JA positively induced the expression of primary (i.e. JAZ1 and MYC2) and secondary (i.e. VSP1) response genes in the JA signalling pathway in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana, whereas they had no significant effect in the AtCNGC2 mutant 'defense, no death (dnd1) plants. These data provide evidence that JA first induces the elevation of cAMP, and cAMP, as an activating ligand, activates the AtCNGC2 channel, resulting in apoplastic Ca(2+) influx through AtCNGC2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Lu
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shikun Tang
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jinbao Pan
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yongkun Yu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jun Han
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xihua Du
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Zhangjie Nan
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qingpeng Sun
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
van Wersch R, Li X, Zhang Y. Mighty Dwarfs: Arabidopsis Autoimmune Mutants and Their Usages in Genetic Dissection of Plant Immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1717. [PMID: 27909443 PMCID: PMC5112265 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants lack the adaptive immune system possessed by mammals. Instead they rely on innate immunity to defend against pathogen attacks. Genomes of higher plants encode a large number of plant immune receptors belonging to different protein families, which are involved in the detection of pathogens and activation of downstream defense pathways. Plant immunity is tightly controlled to avoid activation of defense responses in the absence of pathogens, as failure to do so can lead to autoimmunity that compromises plant growth and development. Many autoimmune mutants have been reported, most of which are associated with dwarfism and often spontaneous cell death. In this review, we summarize previously reported Arabidopsis autoimmune mutants, categorizing them based on their functional groups. We also discuss how their obvious morphological phenotypes make them ideal tools for epistatic analysis and suppressor screens, and summarize genetic screens that have been carried out in various autoimmune mutant backgrounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rowan van Wersch
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, VancouverBC, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, VancouverBC, Canada
- The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, VancouverBC, Canada
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, VancouverBC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Yuelin Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Saand MA, Xu YP, Munyampundu JP, Li W, Zhang XR, Cai XZ. Phylogeny and evolution of plant cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel (CNGC) gene family and functional analyses of tomato CNGCs. DNA Res 2015; 22:471-83. [PMID: 26546226 PMCID: PMC4675716 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsv029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (CNGCs) are calcium-permeable channels that are involved in various biological functions. Nevertheless, phylogeny and function of plant CNGCs are not well understood. In this study, 333 CNGC genes from 15 plant species were identified using comprehensive bioinformatics approaches. Extensive bioinformatics analyses demonstrated that CNGCs of Group IVa were distinct to those of other groups in gene structure and amino acid sequence of cyclic nucleotide-binding domain. A CNGC-specific motif that recognizes all identified plant CNGCs was generated. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that CNGC proteins of flowering plant species formed five groups. However, CNGCs of the non-vascular plant Physcomitrella patens clustered only in two groups (IVa and IVb), while those of the vascular non-flowering plant Selaginella moellendorffii gathered in four (IVa, IVb, I and II). These data suggest that Group IV CNGCs are most ancient and Group III CNGCs are most recently evolved in flowering plants. Furthermore, silencing analyses revealed that a set of CNGC genes might be involved in disease resistance and abiotic stress responses in tomato and function of SlCNGCs does not correlate with the group that they are belonging to. Our results indicate that Group IVa CNGCs are structurally but not functionally unique among plant CNGCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mumtaz Ali Saand
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - You-Ping Xu
- Centre of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jean-Pierre Munyampundu
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuan-Rui Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin-Zhong Cai
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Down-regulation of Arabidopsis DND1 orthologs in potato and tomato leads to broad-spectrum resistance to late blight and powdery mildew. Transgenic Res 2015; 25:123-38. [PMID: 26577903 PMCID: PMC4762934 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-015-9921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple susceptibility genes (S), identified in Arabidopsis, have been shown to be functionally conserved in crop plants. Mutations in these S genes result in resistance to different pathogens, opening a new way to achieve plant disease resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Defense No Death1 (DND1) in susceptibility of tomato and potato to late blight (Phytophthora infestans). In Arabidopsis, the dnd1 mutant has broad-spectrum resistance against several fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens. However this mutation is also associated with a dwarfed phenotype. Using an RNAi approach, we silenced AtDND1 orthologs in potato and tomato. Our results showed that silencing of the DND1 ortholog in both crops resulted in resistance to the pathogenic oomycete P. infestans and to two powdery mildew species, Oidium neolycopersici and Golovinomyces orontii. The resistance to P. infestans in potato was effective to four different isolates although the level of resistance (complete or partial) was dependent on the aggressiveness of the isolate. In tomato, DND1-silenced plants showed a severe dwarf phenotype and autonecrosis, whereas DND1-silenced potato plants were not dwarfed and showed a less pronounced autonecrosis. Our results indicate that S gene function of DND1 is conserved in tomato and potato. We discuss the possibilities of using RNAi silencing or loss-of-function mutations of DND1 orthologs, as well as additional S gene orthologs from Arabidopsis, to breed for resistance to pathogens in crop plants.
Collapse
|
126
|
Kaurilind E, Xu E, Brosché M. A genetic framework for H2O2 induced cell death in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:837. [PMID: 26493993 PMCID: PMC4619244 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1964-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To survive in a changing environment plants constantly monitor their surroundings. In response to several stresses and during photorespiration plants use reactive oxygen species as signaling molecules. The Arabidopsis thaliana catalase2 (cat2) mutant lacks a peroxisomal catalase and under photorespiratory conditions accumulates H2O2, which leads to activation of cell death. METHODS A cat2 double mutant collection was generated through crossing and scored for cell death in different assays. Selected double mutants were further analyzed for photosynthetic performance and H2O2 accumulation. RESULTS We used a targeted mutant analysis with more than 50 cat2 double mutants to investigate the role of stress hormones and other defense regulators in H2O2-mediated cell death. Several transcription factors (AS1, MYB30, MYC2, WRKY70), cell death regulators (RCD1, DND1) and hormone regulators (AXR1, ERA1, SID2, EDS1, SGT1b) were essential for execution of cell death in cat2. Genetic loci required for cell death in cat2 was compared with regulators of cell death in spontaneous lesion mimic mutants and led to the identification of a core set of plant cell death regulators. Analysis of gene expression data from cat2 and plants undergoing cell death revealed similar gene expression profiles, further supporting the existence of a common program for regulation of plant cell death. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a genetic framework for further study on the role of H2O2 in regulation of cell death. The hormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and auxin, as well as their interaction, are crucial determinants of cell death regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eve Kaurilind
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Enjun Xu
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia.
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Sarazin V, Duclercq J, Mendou B, Aubanelle L, Nicolas V, Aono M, Pilard S, Guerineau F, Sangwan-Norreel B, Sangwan RS. Arabidopsis BNT1, an atypical TIR-NBS-LRR gene, acting as a regulator of the hormonal response to stress. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 239:216-229. [PMID: 26398806 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
During their life cycle, plants have to cope with fluctuating environmental conditions. The perception of the stressful environmental conditions induces a specific stress hormone signature specifying a proper response with an efficient fitness. By reverse genetics, we isolated and characterized a novel mutation in Arabidopsis, associated with environmental stress responses, that affects the At5g11250/BURNOUT1 (BNT1) gene which encode a Toll/Interleukin1 receptor-nucleotide binding site leucine-rich repeat (TIR-NBS-LRR) protein. The knock-out bnt1 mutants displayed, in the absence of stress conditions, a multitude of growth and development defects, suchas severe dwarfism, early senescence and flower sterility, similar to those observed in vitro in wild type plants upon different biotic and/or abiotic stresses. The disruption of BNT1 causes also a drastic increase of the jasmonic, salicylic and abscisic acids as well as ethylene levels. Which was consistent with the expression pattern observed in bnt1 showing an over representation of genes involved in the hormonal response to stress? Therefore, a defect in BNT1 forced the plant to engage in an exhausting general stress response, which produced frail, weakened and poorly adapted plants expressing "burnout" syndromes. Furthermore, by in vitro phenocopying experiments, physiological, chemical and molecular analyses, we propose that BNT1 could represent a molecular link between stress perception and specific hormonal signature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Sarazin
- CNRS FRE 3498 EDYSAN (Unité Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), UPJV, Amiens, France; Laboulet Semences, Airaines, France
| | - Jérome Duclercq
- CNRS FRE 3498 EDYSAN (Unité Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), UPJV, Amiens, France
| | - Benjamin Mendou
- CNRS FRE 3498 EDYSAN (Unité Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), UPJV, Amiens, France
| | - Laurent Aubanelle
- CNRS FRE 3498 EDYSAN (Unité Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), UPJV, Amiens, France
| | - Veyres Nicolas
- CNRS FRE 3498 EDYSAN (Unité Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), UPJV, Amiens, France
| | - Mitsuko Aono
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Environmental Biology Division, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | | | - Brigitte Sangwan-Norreel
- CNRS FRE 3498 EDYSAN (Unité Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), UPJV, Amiens, France
| | - Rajbir S Sangwan
- CNRS FRE 3498 EDYSAN (Unité Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), UPJV, Amiens, France.
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Burkholderia cenocepacia Lipopolysaccharide Modification and Flagellin Glycosylation Affect Virulence but Not Innate Immune Recognition in Plants. mBio 2015; 6:e00679. [PMID: 26045541 PMCID: PMC4462625 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00679-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Burkholderia cenocepacia causes opportunistic infections in plants, insects, animals, and humans, suggesting that "virulence" depends on the host and its innate susceptibility to infection. We hypothesized that modifications in key bacterial molecules recognized by the innate immune system modulate host responses to B. cenocepacia. Indeed, modification of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose and flagellin glycosylation attenuates B. cenocepacia infection in Arabidopsis thaliana and Galleria mellonella insect larvae. However, B. cenocepacia LPS and flagellin triggered rapid bursts of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in A. thaliana leading to activation of the PR-1 defense gene. These responses were drastically reduced in plants with fls2 (flagellin FLS2 host receptor kinase), Atnoa1 (nitric oxide-associated protein 1), and dnd1-1 (reduced production of nitric oxide) null mutations. Together, our results indicate that LPS modification and flagellin glycosylation do not affect recognition by plant receptors but are required for bacteria to establish overt infection. IMPORTANCE Virulence and pathogenicity are properties ascribed to microbes, which actually require careful consideration of the host. Using the term "pathogen" to define a microbe without considering its host has recently been debated, since the microbe's capacity to establish a niche in a given host is a critical feature associated with infection. Opportunistic bacteria are a perfect example of microbes whose ability to cause disease is intimately related to the host's ability to recognize and respond to the infection. Here, we use the opportunistic bacterium Burkholderia cenocepacia and the host plant Arabidopsis thaliana to investigate the role of bacterial surface molecules, namely, lipopolysaccharide and flagellin, in contributing to infection and also in eliciting a host response. We reveal that both molecules can be modified by glycosylation, and although the modifications are critical for the bacteria to establish an infection, they do not impact the host's ability to recognize the pathogen.
Collapse
|
129
|
Fan J, Guo XY, Li L, Huang F, Sun WX, Li Y, Huang YY, Xu YJ, Shi J, Lei Y, Zheng AP, Wang WM. Infection of Ustilaginoidea virens intercepts rice seed formation but activates grain-filling-related genes. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:577-90. [PMID: 25319482 PMCID: PMC5024071 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut has become an increasingly serious disease in rice (Oryza sativa L.) production worldwide. The typical feature of this disease is that the fungal pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens (Uv) specifically infects rice flower and forms false smut ball, the ustiloxin-containing ball-like fungal colony, of which the size is usually several times larger than that of a mature rice seed. However, the underlying mechanisms of Uv-rice interaction are poorly understood. Here, we applied time-course microscopic and transcriptional approaches to investigate rice responses to Uv infection. The results demonstrated that the flower-opening process and expression of associated transcription factors, including ARF6 and ARF8, were inhibited in Uv-infected spikelets. The ovaries in infected spikelets were interrupted in fertilization and thus were unable to set seeds. However, a number of grain-filling-related genes, including seed storage protein genes, starch anabolism genes and endosperm-specific transcription factors (RISBZ1 and RPBF), were highly transcribed as if the ovaries were fertilized. In addition, critical defense-related genes like NPR1 and PR1 were downregulated by Uv infection. Our data imply that Uv may hijack host nutrient reservoir by activation of the grain-filling network because of growth and formation of false smut balls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fan
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Guo
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Liang Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Fu Huang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wen-Xian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yan-Yan Huang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yong-Ju Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jun Shi
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Lei
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ai-Ping Zheng
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Ladwig F, Dahlke RI, Stührwohldt N, Hartmann J, Harter K, Sauter M. Phytosulfokine Regulates Growth in Arabidopsis through a Response Module at the Plasma Membrane That Includes CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNEL17, H+-ATPase, and BAK1. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:1718-29. [PMID: 26071421 PMCID: PMC4498212 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytosulfokine (PSK) is perceived by the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase PSKR1 and promotes growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. PSKR1 is coexpressed with the CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNEL gene CNGC17. PSK promotes protoplast expansion in the wild type but not in cngc17. Protoplast expansion is likewise promoted by cGMP in a CNGC17-dependent manner. Furthermore, PSKR1-deficient protoplasts do not expand in response to PSK but are still responsive to cGMP, suggesting that cGMP acts downstream of PSKR1. Mutating the guanylate cyclase center of PSKR1 impairs seedling growth, supporting a role for PSKR1 signaling via cGMP in planta. While PSKR1 does not interact directly with CNGC17, it interacts with the plasma membrane-localized H(+)-ATPases AHA1 and AHA2 and with the BRI-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1). CNGC17 likewise interacts with AHA1, AHA2, and BAK1, suggesting that PSKR1, BAK1, CNGC17, and AHA assemble in a functional complex. Roots of deetiolated bak1-3 and bak1-4 seedlings were unresponsive to PSK, and bak1-3 and bak1-4 protoplasts expanded less in response to PSK but were fully responsive to cGMP, indicating that BAK1 acts in the PSK signal pathway upstream of cGMP. We hypothesize that CNGC17 and AHAs form a functional cation-translocating unit that is activated by PSKR1/BAK1 and possibly other BAK1/RLK complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Ladwig
- Universität Tübingen, ZMBP, Plant Physiology, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Renate I Dahlke
- Entwicklungsbiologie und Physiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nils Stührwohldt
- Entwicklungsbiologie und Physiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jens Hartmann
- Entwicklungsbiologie und Physiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Klaus Harter
- Universität Tübingen, ZMBP, Plant Physiology, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Margret Sauter
- Entwicklungsbiologie und Physiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Saand MA, Xu YP, Li W, Wang JP, Cai XZ. Cyclic nucleotide gated channel gene family in tomato: genome-wide identification and functional analyses in disease resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:303. [PMID: 25999969 PMCID: PMC4419669 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic nucleotide gated channel (CNGC) is suggested to be one of the important calcium conducting channels. Nevertheless, genome-wide identification and systemic functional analysis of CNGC gene family in crop plant species have not yet been conducted. In this study, we performed genome-wide identification of CNGC gene family in the economically important crop tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and analyzed function of the group IVb SlCNGC genes in disease resistance. Eighteen CNGC genes were identified in tomato genome, and four CNGC loci that were misannotated at database were corrected by cloning and sequencing. Detailed bioinformatics analyses on gene structure, domain composition and phylogenetic relationship of the SlCNGC gene family were conducted and the group-specific feature was revealed. Comprehensive expression analyses demonstrated that SlCNGC genes were highly, widely but differently responsive to diverse stimuli. Pharmacological assays showed that the putative CNGC activators cGMP and cAMP enhanced resistance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Silencing of group IVb SlCNGC genes significantly enhanced resistance to fungal pathogens Pythium aphanidermatum and S. sclerotiorum, strongly reduced resistance to viral pathogen Tobacco rattle virus, while attenuated PAMP- and DAMP-triggered immunity as shown by obvious decrease of the flg22- and AtPep1-elicited hydrogen peroxide accumulation in SlCNGC-silenced plants. Additionally, silencing of these SlCNGC genes significantly altered expression of a set of Ca(2+) signaling genes including SlCaMs, SlCDPKs, and SlCAMTA3. Collectively, our results reveal that group IV SlCNGC genes regulate a wide range of resistance in tomato probably by affecting Ca(2+) signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mumtaz A. Saand
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - You-Ping Xu
- Centre of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Wen Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Peng Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Zhong Cai
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Fortuna A, Lee J, Ung H, Chin K, Moeder W, Yoshioka K. Crossroads of stress responses, development and flowering regulation--the multiple roles of Cyclic Nucleotide Gated Ion Channel 2. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e989758. [PMID: 25719935 PMCID: PMC4622972 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.989758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis autoimmune mutant, defense-no death 1 (dnd1) is a null mutant of CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED ION CHANNEL2 (AtCNGC2). dnd1 exhibits constitutive pathogen resistance responses including higher levels of endogenous salicylic acid (SA), which is an important signaling molecule for pathogen defense responses. Recently we have reported that dnd1 exhibits a significantly delayed flowering phenotype, indicating the involvement of AtCNGC2 in flowering transition. However, since SA has been known to influence flowering timing as a positive regulator, the delayed flowering phenotype in dnd1 was unexpected. In this study, we have asked whether SA is involved in the dnd1-mediated delayed flowering phenotype. In addition, in order to gain insight into the involvement of SA and CNGCs in flowering transition, we analyzed the flowering transition of cpr22, another CNGC mutant with a similar autoimmune phenotype as dnd1 (including high SA accumulation), and null mutants of several other CNGCs. Our data suggest that dnd1 does not require SA or SA signaling for its delayed flowering phenotype, while SA was responsible for the early flowering phenotype of cpr22. None of the other CNGC mutants besides AtCNGC4 (1) displayed an alteration in flowering transition. This indicates that AtCNGC2 and AtCNGC4 have a unique role controlling flowering timing and this function is independent from its role in pathogen defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Fortuna
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto, Canada
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto, Canada
| | - Huoi Ung
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto, Canada
| | - Kimberley Chin
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Moeder
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto, Canada
| | - Keiko Yoshioka
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto, Canada
- Center for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (CAGEF); University of Toronto; Toronto, Canada
- Correspondence to: Keiko Yoshioka;
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Zeilmaker T, Ludwig NR, Elberse J, Seidl MF, Berke L, Van Doorn A, Schuurink RC, Snel B, Van den Ackerveken G. DOWNY MILDEW RESISTANT 6 and DMR6-LIKE OXYGENASE 1 are partially redundant but distinct suppressors of immunity in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 81:210-22. [PMID: 25376907 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis downy mildew resistant 6 (dmr6) mutants have lost their susceptibility to the downy mildew Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Here we show that dmr6 is also resistant to the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae and the oomycete Phytophthora capsici. Resistance is accompanied by enhanced defense gene expression and elevated salicylic acid levels. The suppressive effect of the DMR6 oxygenase was confirmed in transgenic Arabidopsis lines overexpressing DMR6 that show enhanced susceptibility to H. arabidopsidis, P. capsici, and P. syringae. Phylogenetic analysis of the superfamily of 2-oxoglutarate Fe(II)-dependent oxygenases revealed a subgroup of DMR6-LIKE OXYGENASEs (DLOs). Within Arabidopsis, DMR6 is most closely related to DLO1 and DLO2. Overexpression of DLO1 and DLO2 in the dmr6 mutant restored the susceptibility to downy mildew indicating that DLOs negatively affect defense, similar to DMR6. DLO1, but not DLO2, is co-expressed with DMR6, showing strong activation during pathogen attack and following salicylic acid treatment. DMR6 and DLO1 differ in their spatial expression pattern in downy mildew-infected Arabidopsis leaves; DMR6 is mostly expressed in cells that are in contact with hyphae and haustoria of H. arabidopsidis, while DLO1 is expressed mainly in the vascular tissues near infection sites. Strikingly, the dmr6-3_dlo1 double mutant, that is completely resistant to H. arabidopsidis, showed a strong growth reduction that was associated with high levels of salicylic acid. We conclude that DMR6 and DLO1 redundantly suppress plant immunity, but also have distinct activities based on their differential localization of expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tieme Zeilmaker
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
134
|
Bruggeman Q, Raynaud C, Benhamed M, Delarue M. To die or not to die? Lessons from lesion mimic mutants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:24. [PMID: 25688254 PMCID: PMC4311611 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a ubiquitous genetically regulated process consisting in an activation of finely controlled signaling pathways that lead to cellular suicide. Although some aspects of PCD control appear evolutionary conserved between plants, animals and fungi, the extent of conservation remains controversial. Over the last decades, identification and characterization of several lesion mimic mutants (LMM) has been a powerful tool in the quest to unravel PCD pathways in plants. Thanks to progress in molecular genetics, mutations causing the phenotype of a large number of LMM and their related suppressors were mapped, and the identification of the mutated genes shed light on major pathways in the onset of plant PCD such as (i) the involvements of chloroplasts and light energy, (ii) the roles of sphingolipids and fatty acids, (iii) a signal perception at the plasma membrane that requires efficient membrane trafficking, (iv) secondary messengers such as ion fluxes and ROS and (v) the control of gene expression as the last integrator of the signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Bruggeman
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant SciencesOrsay, France
| | - Cécile Raynaud
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant SciencesOrsay, France
| | - Moussa Benhamed
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant SciencesOrsay, France
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marianne Delarue
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant SciencesOrsay, France
- *Correspondence: Marianne Delarue, Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences, Bâtiment 630, Route de Noetzlin, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Nawaz Z, Kakar KU, Saand MA, Shu QY. Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel gene family in rice, identification, characterization and experimental analysis of expression response to plant hormones, biotic and abiotic stresses. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:853. [PMID: 25280591 PMCID: PMC4197254 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs) are Ca2+-permeable cation transport channels, which are present in both animal and plant systems. They have been implicated in the uptake of both essential and toxic cations, Ca2+ signaling, pathogen defense, and thermotolerance in plants. To date there has not been a genome-wide overview of the CNGC gene family in any economically important crop, including rice (Oryza sativa L.). There is an urgent need for a thorough genome-wide analysis and experimental verification of this gene family in rice. RESULTS In this study, a total of 16 full length rice CNGC genes distributed on chromosomes 1-6, 9 and 12, were identified by employing comprehensive bioinformatics analyses. Based on phylogeny, the family of OsCNGCs was classified into four major groups (I-IV) and two sub-groups (IV-A and IV- B). Likewise, the CNGCs from all plant lineages clustered into four groups (I-IV), where group II was conserved in all land plants. Gene duplication analysis revealed that both chromosomal segmentation (OsCNGC1 and 2, 10 and 11, 15 and 16) and tandem duplications (OsCNGC1 and 2) significantly contributed to the expansion of this gene family. Motif composition and protein sequence analysis revealed that the CNGC specific domain "cyclic nucleotide-binding domain (CNBD)" comprises a "phosphate binding cassette" (PBC) and a "hinge" region that is highly conserved among the OsCNGCs. In addition, OsCNGC proteins also contain various other functional motifs and post-translational modification sites. We successively built a stringent motif: (LI-X(2)-[GS]-X-[FV]-X-G-[1]-ELL-X-W-X(12,22)-SA-X(2)-T-X(7)-[EQ]-AF-X-L) that recognizes the rice CNGCs specifically. Prediction of cis-acting regulatory elements in 5' upstream sequences and expression analyses through quantitative qPCR demonstrated that OsCNGC genes were highly responsive to multiple stimuli including hormonal (abscisic acid, indoleacetic acid, kinetin and ethylene), biotic (Pseudomonas fuscovaginae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) and abiotic (cold) stress. CONCLUSIONS There are 16 CNGC genes in rice, which were probably expanded through chromosomal segmentation and tandem duplications and comprise a PBC and a "hinge" region in the CNBD domain, featured by a stringent motif. The various cis-acting regulatory elements in the upstream sequences may be responsible for responding to multiple stimuli, including hormonal, biotic and abiotic stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zarqa Nawaz
- />State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029 China
- />Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- />Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029 China
| | | | - Mumtaz A Saand
- />Department of Botany, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur mir’s, Sindh Pakistan
| | - Qing-Yao Shu
- />State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029 China
- />Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029 China
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) occurs rapidly in response to attempted pathogen invasion of potential host plants. Such reduction-oxidation (redox) changes are sensed and transmitted to engage immune function, including the hypersensitive response, a programmed execution of challenged plant cells. RECENT ADVANCES Pathogen elicitors trigger changes in calcium that are sensed by calmodulin, calmodulin-like proteins, and calcium-dependent protein kinases, which activate ROS and RNS production. The ROS and RNS production is compartmentalized within the cell and occurs through multiple routes. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are engaged upstream and downstream of ROS and nitric oxide (NO) production. NO is increasingly recognized as a key signaling molecule, regulating downstream protein function through S-nitrosylation, the addition of an NO moiety to a reactive cysteine thiol. CRITICAL ISSUES How multiple sources of ROS and RNS are coordinated is unclear. The putative protein sensors that detect and translate fluxes in ROS and RNS into differential gene expression are obscure. Protein tyrosine nitration following reaction of peroxynitrite with tyrosine residues has been proposed as another signaling mechanism or as a marker leading to protein degradation, but the reversibility remains to be established. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Research is needed to identify the full spectrum of NO-modified proteins with special emphasis on redox-activated transcription factors and their cognate target genes. A systems approach will be required to uncover the complexities integral to redox regulation of MAPK cascades, transcription factors, and defense genes through the combined effects of calcium, phosphorylation, S-nitrosylation, and protein tyrosine nitration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debra E Frederickson Matika
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
137
|
Maintz J, Cavdar M, Tamborski J, Kwaaitaal M, Huisman R, Meesters C, Kombrink E, Panstruga R. Comparative Analysis of MAMP-induced Calcium Influx in Arabidopsis Seedlings and Protoplasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 55:1813-25. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
138
|
Johansson ON, Fantozzi E, Fahlberg P, Nilsson AK, Buhot N, Tör M, Andersson MX. Role of the penetration-resistance genes PEN1, PEN2 and PEN3 in the hypersensitive response and race-specific resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:466-76. [PMID: 24889055 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants are highly capable of recognizing and defending themselves against invading microbes. Adapted plant pathogens secrete effector molecules to suppress the host's immune system. These molecules may be recognized by host-encoded resistance proteins, which then trigger defense in the form of the hypersensitive response (HR) leading to programmed cell death of the host tissue at the infection site. The three proteins PEN1, PEN2 and PEN3 have been found to act as central components in cell wall-based defense against the non-adapted powdery mildew Blumeria graminis fsp. hordei (Bgh). We found that loss of function mutations in any of the three PEN genes cause decreased hypersensitive cell death triggered by recognition of effectors from oomycete and bacterial pathogens in Arabidopsis. There were considerable additive effects of the mutations. The HR induced by recognition of AvrRpm1 was almost completely abolished in the pen2 pen3 and pen1 pen3 double mutants and the loss of cell death could be linked to indole glucosinolate breakdown products. However, the loss of the HR in pen double mutants did not affect the plants' ability to restrict bacterial growth, whereas resistance to avirulent isolates of the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis was strongly compromised. In contrast, the double and triple mutants demonstrated varying degrees of run-away cell death in response to Bgh. Taken together, our results indicate that the three genes PEN1, PEN2 and PEN3 extend in functionality beyond their previously recognized functions in cell wall-based defense against non-host pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oskar N Johansson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, Göteborg, SE-405 30, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
139
|
Busatto N, Farneti B, Tadiello A, Vrhovsek U, Cappellin L, Biasioli F, Velasco R, Costa G, Costa F. Target metabolite and gene transcription profiling during the development of superficial scald in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:193. [PMID: 25038781 PMCID: PMC4115171 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit quality features resulting from ripening processes need to be preserved throughout storage for economical reasons. However, during this period several physiological disorders can occur, of which superficial scald is one of the most important, due to the development of large brown areas on the fruit skin surface. RESULTS This study examined the variation in polyphenolic content with the progress of superficial scald in apple, also with respect to 1-MCP, an ethylene competitor interacting with the hormone receptors and known to interfere with this etiology. The change in the accumulation of these metabolites was further correlated with the gene set involved in this pathway, together with two specific VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds), α-farnesene and its oxidative form, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one. Metabolite profiling and qRT-PCR assay showed these volatiles are more heavily involved in the signalling system, while the browning coloration would seem to be due more to a specific accumulation of chlorogenic acid (as a consequence of the activation of MdPAL and MdC3H), and its further oxidation carried out by a polyphenol oxidase gene (MdPPO). In this physiological scenario, new evidence regarding the involvement of an anti-apoptotic regulatory mechanism for the compartmentation of this phenomenon in the skin alone was also hypothesized, as suggested by the expression profile of the MdDAD1, MdDND1 and MdLSD1 genes. CONCLUSIONS The results presented in this work represent a step forward in understanding the physiological mechanisms of superficial scald in apple, shedding light on the regulation of the specific physiological cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Busatto
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Bologna University, Via Fanin 46, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - Brian Farneti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Bologna University, Via Fanin 46, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - Alice Tadiello
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Luca Cappellin
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Franco Biasioli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Riccardo Velasco
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Costa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Bologna University, Via Fanin 46, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Costa
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Xu E, Brosché M. Salicylic acid signaling inhibits apoplastic reactive oxygen species signaling. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:155. [PMID: 24898702 PMCID: PMC4057906 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are used by plants as signaling molecules during stress and development. Given the amount of possible challenges a plant face from their environment, plants need to activate and prioritize between potentially conflicting defense signaling pathways. Until recently, most studies on signal interactions have focused on phytohormone interaction, such as the antagonistic relationship between salicylic acid (SA)-jasmonic acid and cytokinin-auxin. RESULTS In this study, we report an antagonistic interaction between SA signaling and apoplastic ROS signaling. Treatment with ozone (O3) leads to a ROS burst in the apoplast and induces extensive changes in gene expression and elevation of defense hormones. However, Arabidopsis thaliana dnd1 (defense no death1) exhibited an attenuated response to O3. In addition, the dnd1 mutant displayed constitutive expression of defense genes and spontaneous cell death. To determine the exact process which blocks the apoplastic ROS signaling, double and triple mutants involved in various signaling pathway were generated in dnd1 background. Simultaneous elimination of SA-dependent and SA-independent signaling components from dnd1 restored its responsiveness to O3. Conversely, pre-treatment of plants with SA or using mutants that constitutively activate SA signaling led to an attenuation of changes in gene expression elicited by O3. CONCLUSIONS Based upon these findings, we conclude that plants are able to prioritize the response between ROS and SA via an antagonistic action of SA and SA signaling on apoplastic ROS signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enjun Xu
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Kissoudis C, van de Wiel C, Visser RGF, van der Linden G. Enhancing crop resilience to combined abiotic and biotic stress through the dissection of physiological and molecular crosstalk. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:207. [PMID: 24904607 PMCID: PMC4032886 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants growing in their natural habitats are often challenged simultaneously by multiple stress factors, both abiotic and biotic. Research has so far been limited to responses to individual stresses, and understanding of adaptation to combinatorial stress is limited, but indicative of non-additive interactions. Omics data analysis and functional characterization of individual genes has revealed a convergence of signaling pathways for abiotic and biotic stress adaptation. Taking into account that most data originate from imposition of individual stress factors, this review summarizes these findings in a physiological context, following the pathogenesis timeline and highlighting potential differential interactions occurring between abiotic and biotic stress signaling across the different cellular compartments and at the whole plant level. Potential effects of abiotic stress on resistance components such as extracellular receptor proteins, R-genes and systemic acquired resistance will be elaborated, as well as crosstalk at the levels of hormone, reactive oxygen species, and redox signaling. Breeding targets and strategies are proposed focusing on either manipulation and deployment of individual common regulators such as transcription factors or pyramiding of non- (negatively) interacting components such as R-genes with abiotic stress resistance genes. We propose that dissection of broad spectrum stress tolerance conferred by priming chemicals may provide an insight on stress cross regulation and additional candidate genes for improving crop performance under combined stress. Validation of the proposed strategies in lab and field experiments is a first step toward the goal of achieving tolerance to combinatorial stress in crops.
Collapse
|
142
|
Gholizadeh A. Maltose-binding protein switches programmed cell death in Nicotiana glutinosa leaf cells. CYTOL GENET+ 2014. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452714020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
143
|
Matthews BF, Beard H, Brewer E, Kabir S, MacDonald MH, Youssef RM. Arabidopsis genes, AtNPR1, AtTGA2 and AtPR-5, confer partial resistance to soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) when overexpressed in transgenic soybean roots. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:96. [PMID: 24739302 PMCID: PMC4021311 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive studies using the model system Arabidopsis thaliana to elucidate plant defense signaling and pathway networks indicate that salicylic acid (SA) is the key hormone triggering the plant defense response against biotrophic and hemi-biotrophic pathogens, while jasmonic acid (JA) and derivatives are critical to the defense response against necrotrophic pathogens. Several reports demonstrate that SA limits nematode reproduction. RESULTS Here we translate knowledge gained from studies using Arabidopsis to soybean. The ability of thirty-one Arabidopsis genes encoding important components of SA and JA synthesis and signaling in conferring resistance to soybean cyst nematode (SCN: Heterodera glycines) are investigated. We demonstrate that overexpression of three of thirty-one Arabidoposis genes in transgenic soybean roots of composite plants decreased the number of cysts formed by SCN to less than 50% of those found on control roots, namely AtNPR1(33%), AtTGA2 (38%), and AtPR-5 (38%). Three additional Arabidopsis genes decreased the number of SCN cysts by 40% or more: AtACBP3 (53% of the control value), AtACD2 (55%), and AtCM-3 (57%). Other genes having less or no effect included AtEDS5 (77%), AtNDR1 (82%), AtEDS1 (107%), and AtPR-1 (80%), as compared to control. Overexpression of AtDND1 greatly increased susceptibility as indicated by a large increase in the number of SCN cysts (175% of control). CONCLUSIONS Knowledge of the pathogen defense system gained from studies of the model system, Arabidopsis, can be directly translated to soybean through direct overexpression of Arabidopsis genes. When the genes, AtNPR1, AtGA2, and AtPR-5, encoding specific components involved in SA regulation, synthesis, and signaling, are overexpressed in soybean roots, resistance to SCN is enhanced. This demonstrates functional compatibility of some Arabidopsis genes with soybean and identifies genes that may be used to engineer resistance to nematodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Matthews
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Hunter Beard
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Eric Brewer
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Sara Kabir
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Margaret H MacDonald
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Reham M Youssef
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
- Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Hackmann C, Korneli C, Kutyniok M, Köster T, Wiedenlübbert M, Müller C, Staiger D. Salicylic acid-dependent and -independent impact of an RNA-binding protein on plant immunity. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:696-706. [PMID: 23961939 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants overexpressing the RNA-binding protein AtGRP7 (AtGRP7-ox plants) constitutively express the PR-1 (PATHOGENESIS-RELATED-1), PR-2 and PR-5 transcripts associated with salicylic acid (SA)-mediated immunity and show enhanced resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000. Here, we investigated whether the function of AtGRP7 in plant immunity depends on SA. Endogenous SA was elevated fivefold in AtGRP7-ox plants. The elevated PR-1, PR-2 and PR-5 levels were eliminated upon expression of the salicylate hydroxylase nahG in AtGRP7-ox plants and elevated PR-1 levels were suppressed by sid (salicylic acid deficient) 2-1 that is impaired in SA biosynthesis. RNA immunoprecipitation showed that AtGRP7 does not bind the PR-1 transcript in vivo, whereas it binds PDF1.2. Constitutive or inducible AtGRP7 overexpression increases PR-1 promoter activity, indicating that AtGRP7 affects PR-1 transcription. In line with this, the effect of AtGRP7 on PR-1 is suppressed by npr (non-expressor of PR genes) 1. Whereas AtGRP7-ox plants restricted growth of Pto DC3000 compared with wild type (wt), sid2-1 AtGRP7-ox plants allowed more growth than AtGRP7-ox plants. Furthermore, we show an enhanced hypersensitive response triggered by avirulent Pto DC3000 (AvrRpt2) in AtGRP7-ox compared with wt. In sid2-1 AtGRP7-ox, an intermediate phenotype was observed. Thus, AtGRP7 has both SA-dependent and SA-independent effects on plant immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hackmann
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany; Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
145
|
Zhou L, Lan W, Jiang Y, Fang W, Luan S. A calcium-dependent protein kinase interacts with and activates a calcium channel to regulate pollen tube growth. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:369-76. [PMID: 24121288 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Calcium, as a ubiquitous second messenger, plays essential roles in tip-growing cells, such as animal neurons, plant pollen tubes, and root hairs. However, little is known concerning the regulatory mechanisms that code and decode Ca(2+) signals in plants. The evidence presented here indicates that a calcium-dependent protein kinase, CPK32, controls polar growth of pollen tubes. Overexpression of CPK32 disrupted the polar growth along with excessive Ca(2+) accumulation in the tip. A search of downstream effector molecules for CPK32 led to identification of a cyclic nucleotide-gated channel, CNGC18, as an interacting partner for CPK32. Co-expression of CPK32 and CNGC18 resulted in activation of CNGC18 in Xenopus oocytes where expression of CNGC18 alone did not exhibit significant calcium channel activity. Overexpression of CNGC18 produced a growth arrest phenotype coupled with accumulation of calcium in the tip, similar to that induced by CPK32 overexpression. Co-expression of CPK32 and CNGC18 had a synergistic effect leading to more severe depolarization of pollen tube growth. These results provide a potential feed-forward mechanism in which calcium-activated CPK32 activates CNGC18, further promoting calcium entry during the elevation phase of Ca(2+) oscillations in the polar growth of pollen tubes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liming Zhou
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
146
|
Abstract
To confer resistance against pathogens and pests in plants, typically dominant resistance genes are deployed. However, because resistance is based on recognition of a single pathogen-derived molecular pattern, these narrow-spectrum genes are usually readily overcome. Disease arises from a compatible interaction between plant and pathogen. Hence, altering a plant gene that critically facilitates compatibility could provide a more broad-spectrum and durable type of resistance. Here, such susceptibility (S) genes are reviewed with a focus on the mechanisms underlying loss of compatibility. We distinguish three groups of S genes acting during different stages of infection: early pathogen establishment, modulation of host defenses, and pathogen sustenance. The many examples reviewed here show that S genes have the potential to be used in resistance breeding. However, because S genes have a function other than being a compatibility factor for the pathogen, the side effects caused by their mutation demands a one-by-one assessment of their usefulness for application.
Collapse
|
147
|
Jeandroz S, Lamotte O, Astier J, Rasul S, Trapet P, Besson-Bard A, Bourque S, Nicolas-Francès V, Ma W, Berkowitz GA, Wendehenne D. There's more to the picture than meets the eye: nitric oxide cross talk with Ca2+ signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:459-70. [PMID: 23749853 PMCID: PMC3793028 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.220624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Calcium and nitric oxide (NO) are two important biological messengers. Increasing evidence indicates that Ca(2+) and NO work together in mediating responses to pathogenic microorganisms and microbe-associated molecular patterns. Ca(2+) fluxes were recognized to account for NO production, whereas evidence gathered from a number of studies highlights that NO is one of the key messengers mediating Ca(2+) signaling. Here, we present a concise description of the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the cross talk between Ca(2+) and NO in plant cells exposed to biotic stress. Particular attention will be given to the involvement of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels and Ca(2+) sensors. Notably, we provide new evidence that calmodulin might be regulated at the posttranslational level by NO through S-nitrosylation. Furthermore, we report original transcriptomic data showing that NO produced in response to oligogalacturonide regulates the expression of genes related to Ca(2+) signaling. Deeper insight into the molecules involved in the interplay between Ca(2+) and NO not only permits a better characterization of the Ca(2+) signaling system but also allows us to further understand how plants respond to pathogen attack.
Collapse
|
148
|
Wang YF, Munemasa S, Nishimura N, Ren HM, Robert N, Han M, Puzõrjova I, Kollist H, Lee S, Mori I, Schroeder JI. Identification of cyclic GMP-activated nonselective Ca2+-permeable cation channels and associated CNGC5 and CNGC6 genes in Arabidopsis guard cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:578-90. [PMID: 24019428 PMCID: PMC3793039 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.225045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic Ca(2+) in guard cells plays an important role in stomatal movement responses to environmental stimuli. These cytosolic Ca(2+) increases result from Ca(2+) influx through Ca(2+)-permeable channels in the plasma membrane and Ca(2+) release from intracellular organelles in guard cells. However, the genes encoding defined plasma membrane Ca(2+)-permeable channel activity remain unknown in guard cells and, with some exceptions, largely unknown in higher plant cells. Here, we report the identification of two Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cation channel genes, CNGC5 and CNGC6, that are highly expressed in guard cells. Cytosolic application of cyclic GMP (cGMP) and extracellularly applied membrane-permeable 8-Bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-cGMP both activated hyperpolarization-induced inward-conducting currents in wild-type guard cells using Mg(2+) as the main charge carrier. The cGMP-activated currents were strongly blocked by lanthanum and gadolinium and also conducted Ba(2+), Ca(2+), and Na(+) ions. cngc5 cngc6 double mutant guard cells exhibited dramatically impaired cGMP-activated currents. In contrast, mutations in CNGC1, CNGC2, and CNGC20 did not disrupt these cGMP-activated currents. The yellow fluorescent protein-CNGC5 and yellow fluorescent protein-CNGC6 proteins localize in the cell periphery. Cyclic AMP activated modest inward currents in both wild-type and cngc5cngc6 mutant guard cells. Moreover, cngc5 cngc6 double mutant guard cells exhibited functional abscisic acid (ABA)-activated hyperpolarization-dependent Ca(2+)-permeable cation channel currents, intact ABA-induced stomatal closing responses, and whole-plant stomatal conductance responses to darkness and changes in CO2 concentration. Furthermore, cGMP-activated currents remained intact in the growth controlled by abscisic acid2 and abscisic acid insensitive1 mutants. This research demonstrates that the CNGC5 and CNGC6 genes encode unique cGMP-activated nonselective Ca(2+)-permeable cation channels in the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis guard cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shintaro Munemasa
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China (Y.-F.W., H.-M.R.)
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093–0116 (Y.-F.W., S.M., N.N., N.R., M.H., S.L., I.M., J.I.S.)
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia (I.P., H.K.); and
- Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan (S.M.)
| | | | - Hui-Min Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China (Y.-F.W., H.-M.R.)
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093–0116 (Y.-F.W., S.M., N.N., N.R., M.H., S.L., I.M., J.I.S.)
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia (I.P., H.K.); and
- Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan (S.M.)
| | - Nadia Robert
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China (Y.-F.W., H.-M.R.)
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093–0116 (Y.-F.W., S.M., N.N., N.R., M.H., S.L., I.M., J.I.S.)
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia (I.P., H.K.); and
- Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan (S.M.)
| | - Michelle Han
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China (Y.-F.W., H.-M.R.)
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093–0116 (Y.-F.W., S.M., N.N., N.R., M.H., S.L., I.M., J.I.S.)
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia (I.P., H.K.); and
- Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan (S.M.)
| | - Irina Puzõrjova
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China (Y.-F.W., H.-M.R.)
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093–0116 (Y.-F.W., S.M., N.N., N.R., M.H., S.L., I.M., J.I.S.)
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia (I.P., H.K.); and
- Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan (S.M.)
| | - Hannes Kollist
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China (Y.-F.W., H.-M.R.)
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093–0116 (Y.-F.W., S.M., N.N., N.R., M.H., S.L., I.M., J.I.S.)
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia (I.P., H.K.); and
- Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan (S.M.)
| | - Stephen Lee
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China (Y.-F.W., H.-M.R.)
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093–0116 (Y.-F.W., S.M., N.N., N.R., M.H., S.L., I.M., J.I.S.)
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia (I.P., H.K.); and
- Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan (S.M.)
| | - Izumi Mori
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China (Y.-F.W., H.-M.R.)
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093–0116 (Y.-F.W., S.M., N.N., N.R., M.H., S.L., I.M., J.I.S.)
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia (I.P., H.K.); and
- Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan (S.M.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
149
|
Zhao Y, Qi Z, Berkowitz GA. Teaching an old hormone new tricks: cytosolic Ca2+ elevation involvement in plant brassinosteroid signal transduction cascades. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:555-65. [PMID: 23852441 PMCID: PMC3793037 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.213371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are hormones that control many aspects of plant growth and development, acting at the cell level to promote division and expansion. BR regulation of plant and plant cell function occurs through altered expression of many genes. Transcriptional reprogramming downstream from cell perception of this hormone is currently known to be mediated by a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation ("phosphorelay") cascade that alters the stability of two master transcription regulators. Here, we provide evidence that BR perception by their receptor also causes an elevation in cytosolic Ca(2+), initiating a Ca(2+) signaling cascade in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cell cytosol. BR-dependent increases in the expression of some genes (INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID-INDUCIBLE1 and PHYTOCHROME B ACTIVATION-TAGGED SUPPRESSOR1) were impaired in wild-type plants by a Ca(2+) channel blocker and also in the defense-no-death (dnd1) mutant, which lacks a functional cyclic GMP-activated cell membrane Ca(2+)-conducting channel. Alternatively, mutations that impair the BR phosphorelay cascade did not much affect the BR-dependent expression of these genes. Similar effects of the Ca(2+) channel blocker and dnd1 mutation were observed on a BR plant growth phenotype, deetiolation of the seedling hypocotyl. Further evidence presented in this report suggests that a BR-dependent elevation in cyclic GMP may be involved in the Ca(2+) signaling cascade initiated by this hormone. The work presented here leads to a new model of the molecular steps that mediate some of the cell responses to this plant hormone.
Collapse
|
150
|
Chin K, DeFalco TA, Moeder W, Yoshioka K. The Arabidopsis cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels AtCNGC2 and AtCNGC4 work in the same signaling pathway to regulate pathogen defense and floral transition. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:611-24. [PMID: 24027242 PMCID: PMC3793042 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.225680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (CNGCs) form a large family consisting of 20 members and have been implicated in Ca(2+) signaling related to various physiological processes, such as pathogen defense, development, and thermotolerance. The null mutant of AtCNGC2, defense, no death (dnd1), exhibits autoimmune phenotypes, while it is impaired in mounting the hypersensitive response, which is a hallmark of effector-triggered (i.e. RESISTANCE-gene mediated) resistance. It has been suggested that AtCNGC2 is involved in defense responses and likely other aspects of physiology through its role as a Ca(2+)-conducting channel. However, the downstream signaling components and its relation with AtCNGC4, which is the closest paralog of AtCNGC2, remain elusive. Despite the fact that cngc4 mutants display almost identical phenotypes to those seen in cngc2 mutants, not much is known about their relationship. Here, we report the identification and characterization of the Arabidopsis mutant repressor of defense no death1 (rdd1), obtained from a suppressor screen of a transfer DNA insertion knockout mutant of AtCNGC2 in order to identify downstream components of dnd1-mediated signal transduction. rdd1 suppressed the majority of dnd1-mediated phenotypes except Ca(2+) hypersensitivity. In addition, rdd1 also suppressed the dnd1-mediated late-flowering phenotype that was discovered in this study. Our genetic analysis conducted to elucidate the relationship between AtCNGC2 and AtCNGC4 indicates that RDD1 is also involved in AtCNGC4-mediated signal transduction. Lastly, bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis suggests that AtCNGC2 and AtCNGC4 are likely part of the same channel complex.
Collapse
|