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Dondé C, Brunelin J, Micoulaud-Franchi JA, Maruani J, Lejoyeux M, Polosan M, Geoffroy PA. The Effects of Transcranial Electrical Stimulation of the Brain on Sleep: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:646569. [PMID: 34163380 PMCID: PMC8215269 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.646569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) is a promising non-invasive brain modulation tool. Over the past years, there have been several attempts to modulate sleep with tES-based approaches in both the healthy and pathological brains. However, data about the impact on measurable aspects of sleep remain scattered between studies, which prevent us from drawing firm conclusions. We conducted a systematic review of studies that explored the impact of tES on neurophysiological sleep oscillations, sleep patterns measured objectively with polysomnography, and subjective psychometric assessments of sleep in both healthy and clinical samples. We searched four main electronic databases to identify studies until February 2020. Forty studies were selected including 511 healthy participants and 452 patients. tES can modify endogenous brain oscillations during sleep. Results concerning changes in sleep patterns are conflicting, whereas subjective assessments show clear improvements after tES. Possible stimulation-induced mechanisms within specific cortico-subcortical sleep structures and networks are discussed. Although these findings cannot be directly transferred to the clinical practice and sleep-enhancing devices development for healthy populations, they might help to pave the way for future researches in these areas. PROSPERO registration number 178910.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Dondé
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,U1216 INSERM, Grenoble Institut of Neuroscience, La Tronche, France.,Psychiatry Department, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Jerome Brunelin
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, PSY-R2 Team, Lyon, France.,Lyon University, Lyon, France.,Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Batiment 416, Bron, France
| | - Jean-Arthur Micoulaud-Franchi
- University Sleep Clinic, Services of Functional Exploration of the Nervous System, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,USR CNRS 3413 SANPSY, University Hospital Pellegrin, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julia Maruani
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM U1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Paris, France
| | - Michel Lejoyeux
- Paris Diderot University-Paris VII, 5 Rue Thomas Mann, Paris, France.,University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, 46 rue Henri Huchard, Paris, France
| | - Mircea Polosan
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,U1216 INSERM, Grenoble Institut of Neuroscience, La Tronche, France.,Psychiatry Department, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre A Geoffroy
- Paris Diderot University-Paris VII, 5 Rue Thomas Mann, Paris, France.,University Hospital Bichat-Claude Bernard, 46 rue Henri Huchard, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, Paris, France
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102
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Eckert MJ, Iyer K, Euston DR, Tatsuno M. Reliable induction of sleep spindles with intracranial electrical pulse stimulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 28:7-11. [PMID: 33323496 PMCID: PMC7747649 DOI: 10.1101/lm.052464.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neocortical sleep spindles have been shown to occur more frequently following a memory task, suggesting that a method to increase spindle activity could improve memory processing. Stimulation of the neocortex can elicit a slow oscillation (SO) and a spindle, but the feasibility of this method to boost SO and spindles over time has not been tested. In rats with implanted neocortical electrodes, stimulation during slow wave sleep significantly increased SO and spindle rates compared to control rest periods before and after the stimulation session. Coordination between hippocampal sharp-wave ripples and spindles also increased. These effects were reproducible across five consecutive days of testing, demonstrating the viability of this method to increase SO and spindles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Eckert
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Kartik Iyer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - David R Euston
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Masami Tatsuno
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
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103
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Oyanedel CN, Durán E, Niethard N, Inostroza M, Born J. Temporal associations between sleep slow oscillations, spindles and ripples. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:4762-4778. [PMID: 32654249 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The systems consolidation of memory during slow-wave sleep (SWS) is thought to rely on a dialogue between hippocampus and neocortex that is regulated by an interaction between neocortical slow oscillations (SOs), thalamic spindles and hippocampal ripples. Here, we examined the occurrence rates of and the temporal relationships between these oscillatory events in rats, to identify the possible direction of interaction between these events under natural conditions. To facilitate comparisons with findings in humans, we combined frontal and parietal surface EEG with local field potential (LFP) recordings in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and dorsal hippocampus (dHC). Consistent with a top-down driving influence, EEG SO upstates were associated with an increase in spindles and hippocampal ripples. This increase was missing in SO upstates identified in mPFC recordings. Ripples in dHC recordings always followed the onset of spindles consistent with spindles timing ripple occurrence. Comparing ripple activity during co-occurring SO-spindle events with that during isolated SOs or spindles, suggested that ripple dynamics during SO-spindle events are mainly determined by the spindle, with only the SO downstate providing a global inhibitory signal to both thalamus and hippocampus. As to bottom-up influences, we found an increase in hippocampal ripples ~200 ms before the SO downstate, but no similar increase of spindles preceding SO downstates. Overall, the temporal pattern is consistent with a loop-like scenario where, top-down, SOs can trigger thalamic spindles which, in turn, regulate the occurrence of hippocampal ripples. Ripples, bottom-up, and independent from thalamic spindles, can contribute to the emergence of neocortical SOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos N Oyanedel
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate School of Neural & Behavioural Science, International Max Planck Research School, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ernesto Durán
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate School of Neural & Behavioural Science, International Max Planck Research School, Tübingen, Germany
- Laboratorio de Circuitos Neuronales, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Niels Niethard
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marion Inostroza
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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104
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The effects of eszopiclone on sleep spindles and memory consolidation in schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:2189-2197. [PMID: 32919407 PMCID: PMC7785021 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sleep spindles, defining oscillations of stage 2 non-rapid eye movement sleep (N2), mediate memory consolidation. Schizophrenia is characterized by reduced spindle activity that correlates with impaired sleep-dependent memory consolidation. In a small, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of schizophrenia, eszopiclone (Lunesta®), a nonbenzodiazepine sedative hypnotic, increased N2 spindle density (number/minute) but did not significantly improve memory. This larger double-blind crossover study that included healthy controls investigated whether eszopiclone could both increase N2 spindle density and improve memory. Twenty-six medicated schizophrenia outpatients and 29 healthy controls were randomly assigned to have a placebo or eszopiclone (3 mg) sleep visit first. Each visit involved two consecutive nights of high density polysomnography with training on the Motor Sequence Task (MST) on the second night and testing the following morning. Patients showed a widespread reduction of spindle density and, in both groups, eszopiclone increased spindle density but failed to enhance sleep-dependent procedural memory consolidation. Follow-up analyses revealed that eszopiclone also affected cortical slow oscillations: it decreased their amplitude, increased their duration, and rendered their phase locking with spindles more variable. Regardless of group or visit, the density of coupled spindle-slow oscillation events predicted memory consolidation significantly better than spindle density alone, suggesting that they are a better biomarker of memory consolidation. In conclusion, sleep oscillations are promising targets for improving memory consolidation in schizophrenia, but enhancing spindles is not enough. Effective therapies also need to preserve or enhance cortical slow oscillations and their coordination with thalamic spindles, an interregional dialog that is necessary for sleep-dependent memory consolidation.
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105
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Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
This short review article aims at emphasizing interesting and important new insights about investigating sleep and memory in children aged between 6 and 13 years (middle childhood).
Recent Findings
That sleep in comparison to wakefulness benefits the consolidation of memories is well established—especially for the adult population. However, the underlying theoretical frameworks trying to explain the benefits of sleep for memory still strive for more substantiate findings including biological and physiological correlates.
Summary
Based on the most recent literature about sleep-related memory consolidation and its physiological markers during middle childhood, this article provides a review and highlights recent updates in this field.
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106
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Chini M, Hanganu-Opatz IL. Prefrontal Cortex Development in Health and Disease: Lessons from Rodents and Humans. Trends Neurosci 2020; 44:227-240. [PMID: 33246578 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) takes center stage among unanswered questions in modern neuroscience. The PFC has a Janus-faced nature: it enables sophisticated cognitive and social abilities that reach their maximum expression in humans, yet it underlies some of the devastating symptoms of psychiatric disorders. Accordingly, appropriate prefrontal development is crucial for many high-order cognitive abilities and dysregulation of this process has been linked to various neuropsychiatric diseases. Reviewing recent advances in the field, with a primary focus on rodents and humans, we highlight why, despite differences across species, a cross-species approach is a fruitful strategy for understanding prefrontal development. We briefly review the developmental contribution of molecules and extensively discuss how electrical activity controls the early maturation and wiring of prefrontal areas, as well as the emergence and refinement of input-output circuitry involved in cognitive processing. Finally, we highlight the mechanisms of developmental dysfunction and their relevance for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Chini
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ileana L Hanganu-Opatz
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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107
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Ingiosi AM, Hayworth CR, Harvey DO, Singletary KG, Rempe MJ, Wisor JP, Frank MG. A Role for Astroglial Calcium in Mammalian Sleep and Sleep Regulation. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4373-4383.e7. [PMID: 32976809 PMCID: PMC7919541 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian sleep expression and regulation have historically been thought to reflect the activity of neurons. Changes in other brain cells (glia) across the sleep-wake cycle and their role in sleep regulation are comparatively unexplored. We show that sleep and wakefulness are accompanied by state-dependent changes in astroglial activity. Using a miniature microscope in freely behaving mice and a two-photon microscope in head-fixed, unanesthetized mice, we show that astroglial calcium signals are highest in wake and lowest in sleep and are most pronounced in astroglial processes. We also find that astroglial calcium signals during non-rapid eye movement sleep change in proportion to sleep need. In contrast to neurons, astrocytes become less synchronized during non-rapid eye movement sleep after sleep deprivation at the network and single-cell level. Finally, we show that conditionally reducing intracellular calcium in astrocytes impairs the homeostatic response to sleep deprivation. Thus, astroglial calcium activity changes dynamically across vigilance states, is proportional to sleep need, and is a component of the sleep homeostat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Ingiosi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, East Spokane Falls Boulevard, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Christopher R Hayworth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, East Spokane Falls Boulevard, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Daniel O Harvey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, East Spokane Falls Boulevard, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Kristan G Singletary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, East Spokane Falls Boulevard, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Michael J Rempe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, East Spokane Falls Boulevard, Spokane, WA 99202, USA; Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Whitworth University, West Hawthorne Road, Spokane, WA 99251, USA
| | - Jonathan P Wisor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, East Spokane Falls Boulevard, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Marcos G Frank
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, East Spokane Falls Boulevard, Spokane, WA 99202, USA.
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108
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Weber FD, Supp GG, Klinzing JG, Mölle M, Engel AK, Born J. Coupling of gamma band activity to sleep spindle oscillations - a combined EEG/MEG study. Neuroimage 2020; 224:117452. [PMID: 33059050 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep spindles are crucial to memory consolidation. Cortical gamma oscillations (30-100 Hz) are considered to reflect processing of memory in local cortical networks. The temporal and regulatory relationship between spindles and gamma activity might therefore provide clues into how sleep strengthens cortical memory representations. Here, combining EEG with MEG recordings during sleep in healthy humans (n = 12), we investigated the temporal relationships of cortical gamma band activity, always measured by MEG, during fast (12-16 Hz) and slow (8-12 Hz) sleep spindles detected in the EEG or MEG. Time-frequency distributions did not show a consistent coupling of gamma to the spindle oscillation, although activity in the low gamma (30-40 Hz) and neighboring beta range (<30 Hz) was generally increased during spindles. However, more fine-grained analyses of cross-frequency interactions revealed that both low and high gamma power (30-100 Hz) was coupled to the phase of slow and fast EEG spindles, importantly, with this coupling at a fixed phase only for the oscillations within an individual spindle, but with variable phase across spindles. We did not observe any coupling of gamma activity for spindles detected solely in the MEG and not in parallel EEG recordings, raising the possibility that these are more local spindles of different quality. Similar to fast spindle activity, low gamma band power followed a ~0.025 Hz infraslow rhythm during sleep whose frequency, however, was significantly faster than that of spindle activity. Our findings suggest a general function of fast and slow spindles that by spanning larger cortical networks might serve to synchronize gamma band activity occurring in more local but distributed networks. Thereby, spindles might help linking local memory processing between distributed networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik D Weber
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, Germany.
| | - Gernot G Supp
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, Building N43, Germany
| | - Jens G Klinzing
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, Germany
| | - Matthias Mölle
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Germany
| | - Andreas K Engel
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, Building N43, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, Germany; Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, Germany.
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109
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Aru J, Siclari F, Phillips WA, Storm JF. Apical drive-A cellular mechanism of dreaming? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:440-455. [PMID: 33002561 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dreams are internally generated experiences that occur independently of current sensory input. Here we argue, based on cortical anatomy and function, that dream experiences are tightly related to the workings of a specific part of cortical pyramidal neurons, the apical integration zone (AIZ). The AIZ receives and processes contextual information from diverse sources and could constitute a major switch point for transitioning from externally to internally generated experiences such as dreams. We propose that during dreams the output of certain pyramidal neurons is mainly driven by input into the AIZ. We call this mode of functioning "apical drive". Our hypothesis is based on the evidence that the cholinergic and adrenergic arousal systems, which show different dynamics between waking, slow wave sleep, and rapid eye movement sleep, have specific effects on the AIZ. We suggest that apical drive may also contribute to waking experiences, such as mental imagery. Future studies, investigating the different modes of apical function and their regulation during sleep and wakefulness are likely to be richly rewarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaan Aru
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany.
| | - Francesca Siclari
- Center for Investigation and Research on Sleep, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Natural Sciences, Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom.
| | - William A Phillips
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom.
| | - Johan F Storm
- Brain Signalling Group, Section for Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Domus Medica, University of Oslo, PB 1104 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
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110
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Post-exposure environment modulates long-term developmental ethanol effects on behavior, neuroanatomy, and cortical oscillations. Brain Res 2020; 1748:147128. [PMID: 32950485 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Developmental exposure to ethanol has a wide range of anatomical, cellular, physiological and behavioral impacts that can last throughout life. In humans, this cluster of effects is termed fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and is highly prevalent in western cultures. The ultimate expression of the effects of developmental ethanol exposure however can be influenced by post-exposure experience. Here we examined the effects of developmental binge exposure to ethanol (postnatal day 7) in C57BL/6By mice on a specific cohort of inter-related long-term outcomes including contextual memory, hippocampal parvalbumin-expressing neuron density, frontal cortex oscillations related to sleep-wake cycling including delta oscillation amplitude and sleep spindle density, and home-cage behavioral activity. When assessed in adults that were raised in standard housing, all of these factors were altered by early ethanol exposure compared to saline controls except home-cage activity. However, exposure to an enriched environment and exercise from weaning to postnatal day 90 reversed most of these ethanol-induced impairments including memory, CA1 but not dentate gyrus PV+ cell density, delta oscillations and sleep spindles, and enhanced home-cage behavioral activity in Saline- but not EtOH-treated mice. The results are discussed in terms of the inter-dependence of diverse developmental ethanol outcomes and potential mechanisms of post-exposure experiences to regulate those outcomes.
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111
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Timofeev
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada. .,CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.
| | - Sylvain Chauvette
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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112
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Sawangjit A, Oyanedel CN, Niethard N, Born J, Inostroza M. Deepened sleep makes hippocampal spatial memory more persistent. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 173:107245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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113
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Abstract
While in the past much of our knowledge about memory representations in the brain has relied on loss-of-function studies in which whole brain regions were temporarily inactivated or permanently lesioned, the recent development of new methods has ushered in a new era of downright "engram excitement." Animal research is now able to specifically label, track, and manipulate engram cells in the brain. While early studies have mostly focused on single brain regions like the hippocampus, recently more and more evidence for brain-wide distributed engram networks is emerging. Memory research in humans has also picked up pace, fueled by promising magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based methods like diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) and brain decoding. In this review, we will outline recent advancements in engram research, with a focus on human data and neocortical representations. We will illustrate the available noninvasive methods for the detection of engrams in different neocortical regions like the medial prefrontal cortex and the posterior parietal cortex and discuss evidence for systems consolidation and parallel memory encoding. Finally, we will explore how reactivation and prior knowledge can lead to and enhance engram formation in the neocortex.
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114
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Ngo HV, Fell J, Staresina B. Sleep spindles mediate hippocampal-neocortical coupling during long-duration ripples. eLife 2020; 9:57011. [PMID: 32657268 PMCID: PMC7363445 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is pivotal for memory consolidation. According to two-stage accounts, memory traces are gradually translocated from hippocampus to neocortex during non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep. Mechanistically, this information transfer is thought to rely on interactions between thalamocortical spindles and hippocampal ripples. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed intracranial and scalp Electroencephalography sleep recordings from pre-surgical epilepsy patients. We first observed a concurrent spindle power increase in hippocampus (HIPP) and neocortex (NC) time-locked to individual hippocampal ripple events. Coherence analysis confirmed elevated levels of hippocampal-neocortical spindle coupling around ripples, with directionality analyses indicating an influence from NC to HIPP. Importantly, these hippocampal-neocortical dynamics were particularly pronounced during long-duration compared to short-duration ripples. Together, our findings reveal a potential mechanism underlying active consolidation, comprising a neocortical-hippocampal-neocortical reactivation loop initiated by the neocortex. This hippocampal-cortical dialogue is mediated by sleep spindles and is enhanced during long-duration hippocampal ripples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Viet Ngo
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Juergen Fell
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernhard Staresina
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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115
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Fröhlich F, Lustenberger C. Neuromodulation of sleep rhythms in schizophrenia: Towards the rational design of non-invasive brain stimulation. Schizophr Res 2020; 221:71-80. [PMID: 32354662 PMCID: PMC7316586 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Brain function critically depends on oscillatory synchronization of neuronal populations both during wake and sleep. Originally, neural oscillations have been discounted as an epiphenomenon. More recently, specific deficits in the structure of brain oscillations have been linked to psychiatric diseases. For example, schizophrenia is hallmarked by abnormalities in different brain oscillations. Key sleep rhythms during NEM sleep such as sleep spindles, which are implicated in memory consolidation and are related to cognitive functions, are strongly diminished in these patients compared to healthy controls. To date, it remains unclear whether these reductions in sleep oscillations are causal for the functional impairments observed in schizophrenia. The application of non-invasive brain stimulation permits the causal examination of brain network dynamics and will help to establish the causal association of sleep oscillations and symptoms of schizophrenia. To accomplish this, stimulation paradigms that selectively engage specific network targets such as sleep spindles or slow waves are needed. We propose that the successful development and application of these non-invasive brain stimulation approaches will require rational design that takes network dynamics and neuroanatomical information into account. The purpose of this article is to prepare the grounds for the next steps towards such rational design of non-invasive stimulation, with a special focus on electrical and auditory stimulation. First, we briefly summarize the deficits in network dynamics during sleep in schizophrenia. Then, we discuss today's and tomorrow's non-invasive brain stimulation modalities to engage these network targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Fröhlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Caroline Lustenberger
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, Institute of Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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116
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Lee YF, Gerashchenko D, Timofeev I, Bacskai BJ, Kastanenka KV. Slow Wave Sleep Is a Promising Intervention Target for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:705. [PMID: 32714142 PMCID: PMC7340158 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the major cause of dementia, characterized by the presence of amyloid-beta plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles. Plaques and tangles are associated with sleep-wake cycle disruptions, including the disruptions in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) slow wave sleep (SWS). Alzheimer's patients spend less time in NREM sleep and exhibit decreased slow wave activity (SWA). Consistent with the critical role of SWS in memory consolidation, reduced SWA is associated with impaired memory consolidation in AD patients. The aberrant SWA can be modeled in transgenic mouse models of amyloidosis and tauopathy. Animal models exhibited slow wave impairments early in the disease progression, prior to the deposition of amyloid-beta plaques, however, in the presence of abundant oligomeric amyloid-beta. Optogenetic rescue of SWA successfully halted the amyloid accumulation and restored intraneuronal calcium levels in mice. On the other hand, optogenetic acceleration of slow wave frequency exacerbated amyloid deposition and disrupted neuronal calcium homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the evidence and the mechanisms underlying the existence of a positive feedback loop between amyloid/tau pathology and SWA disruptions that lead to further accumulations of amyloid and tau in AD. Moreover, since SWA disruptions occur prior to the plaque deposition, SWA disruptions may provide an early biomarker for AD. Finally, we propose that therapeutic targeting of SWA in AD might lead to an effective treatment for Alzheimer's patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Fun Lee
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dmitry Gerashchenko
- Harvard Medical School/VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, United States
| | - Igor Timofeev
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Brian J. Bacskai
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Ksenia V. Kastanenka
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
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117
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Hahn MA, Heib D, Schabus M, Hoedlmoser K, Helfrich RF. Slow oscillation-spindle coupling predicts enhanced memory formation from childhood to adolescence. eLife 2020; 9:e53730. [PMID: 32579108 PMCID: PMC7314542 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise temporal coordination of slow oscillations (SO) and sleep spindles is a fundamental mechanism of sleep-dependent memory consolidation. SO and spindle morphology changes considerably throughout development. Critically, it remains unknown how the precise temporal coordination of these two sleep oscillations develops during brain maturation and whether their synchronization indexes the development of memory networks. Here, we use a longitudinal study design spanning from childhood to adolescence, where participants underwent polysomnography and performed a declarative word-pair learning task. Performance on the memory task was better during adolescence. After disentangling oscillatory components from 1/f activity, we found frequency shifts within SO and spindle frequency bands. Consequently, we devised an individualized cross-frequency coupling approach, which demonstrates that SO-spindle coupling strength increases during maturation. Critically, this increase indicated enhanced memory formation from childhood to adolescence. Our results provide evidence that improved coordination between SOs and spindles indexes the development of sleep-dependent memory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Hahn
- Department of Psychology, Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Dominik Heib
- Department of Psychology, Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Manuel Schabus
- Department of Psychology, Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Kerstin Hoedlmoser
- Department of Psychology, Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Randolph F Helfrich
- Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of TübingenTübingenGermany
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118
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Competing Roles of Slow Oscillations and Delta Waves in Memory Consolidation versus Forgetting. Cell 2020; 179:514-526.e13. [PMID: 31585085 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sleep has been implicated in both memory consolidation and forgetting of experiences. However, it is unclear what governs the balance between consolidation and forgetting. Here, we tested how activity-dependent processing during sleep might differentially regulate these two processes. We specifically examined how neural reactivations during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep were causally linked to consolidation versus weakening of the neural correlates of neuroprosthetic skill. Strikingly, we found that slow oscillations (SOs) and delta (δ) waves have dissociable and competing roles in consolidation versus forgetting. By modulating cortical spiking linked to SOs or δ waves using closed-loop optogenetic methods, we could, respectively, weaken or strengthen consolidation and thereby bidirectionally modulate sleep-dependent performance gains. We further found that changes in the temporal coupling of spindles to SOs relative to δ waves could account for such effects. Thus, our results indicate that neural activity driven by SOs and δ waves have competing roles in sleep-dependent memory consolidation.
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119
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Bandarabadi M, Vassalli A, Tafti M. Sleep as a default state of cortical and subcortical networks. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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120
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Pereira SIR, Lewis PA. The differing roles of NREM and REM sleep in the slow enhancement of skills and schemas. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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121
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122
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Miyazaki T, Kanda T, Tsujino N, Ishii R, Nakatsuka D, Kizuka M, Kasagi Y, Hino H, Yanagisawa M. Dynamics of Cortical Local Connectivity during Sleep-Wake States and the Homeostatic Process. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:3977-3990. [PMID: 32037455 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep exerts modulatory effects on the cerebral cortex. Whether sleep modulates local connectivity in the cortex or only individual neural activity, however, is poorly understood. Here we investigated functional connectivity, that is, covarying activity between neurons, during spontaneous sleep-wake states and during and after sleep deprivation using calcium imaging of identified excitatory/inhibitory neurons in the motor cortex. Functional connectivity was estimated with a statistical learning approach glasso and quantified by "the probability of establishing connectivity (sparse/dense)" and "the strength of the established connectivity (weak/strong)." Local cortical connectivity was sparse in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and dense in REM sleep, which was similar in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. The overall mean strength of the connectivity did not differ largely across spontaneous sleep-wake states. Sleep deprivation induced strong excitatory/inhibitory and dense inhibitory, but not excitatory, connectivity. Subsequent NREM sleep after sleep deprivation exhibited weak excitatory/inhibitory, sparse excitatory, and dense inhibitory connectivity. These findings indicate that sleep-wake states modulate local cortical connectivity, and the modulation is large and compensatory for stability of local circuits during the homeostatic control of sleep, which contributes to plastic changes in neural information flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Miyazaki
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kanda
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Natsuko Tsujino
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Ryo Ishii
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Daiki Nakatsuka
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Mariko Kizuka
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kasagi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hideitsu Hino
- Department of Statistical Modeling, The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA.,Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,R&D Center for Frontiers of Mirai in Policy and Technology (F-MIRAI), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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123
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Peyrache A, Seibt J. A mechanism for learning with sleep spindles. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190230. [PMID: 32248788 PMCID: PMC7209910 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spindles are ubiquitous oscillations during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. A growing body of evidence points to a possible link with learning and memory, and the underlying mechanisms are now starting to be unveiled. Specifically, spindles are associated with increased dendritic activity and high intracellular calcium levels, a situation favourable to plasticity, as well as with control of spiking output by feed-forward inhibition. During spindles, thalamocortical networks become unresponsive to inputs, thus potentially preventing interference between memory-related internal information processing and extrinsic signals. At the system level, spindles are co-modulated with other major NREM oscillations, including hippocampal sharp wave-ripples (SWRs) and neocortical slow waves, both previously shown to be associated with learning and memory. The sequential occurrence of reactivation at the time of SWRs followed by neuronal plasticity-promoting spindles is a possible mechanism to explain NREM sleep-dependent consolidation of memories. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Memory reactivation: replaying events past, present and future'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Peyrache
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1A1
| | - Julie Seibt
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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124
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The claustrum coordinates cortical slow-wave activity. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:741-753. [DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0625-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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125
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The Degree of Nesting between Spindles and Slow Oscillations Modulates Neural Synchrony. J Neurosci 2020; 40:4673-4684. [PMID: 32371605 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2682-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spindles and slow oscillations (SOs) both appear to play an important role in memory consolidation. Spindle and SO "nesting," or the temporal overlap between the two events, is believed to modulate consolidation. However, the neurophysiological processes modified by nesting remain poorly understood. We thus recorded activity from the primary motor cortex of 4 male sleeping rats to investigate how SO and spindles interact to modulate the correlation structure of neural firing. During spindles, primary motor cortex neurons fired at a preferred phase, with neural pairs demonstrating greater neural synchrony, or correlated firing, during spindle peaks. We found a direct relationship between the temporal proximity between SO and spindles, and changes to the distribution of neural correlations; nesting was associated with narrowing of the distribution, with a reduction in low- and high-correlation pairs. Such narrowing may be consistent with greater exploration of neural states. Interestingly, after animals practiced a novel motor task, pairwise correlations increased during nested spindles, consistent with targeted strengthening of functional interactions. These findings may be key mechanisms through which spindle nesting supports memory consolidation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our analysis revealed changes in cortical spiking structure that followed the waxing and waning of spindles; firing rates increased, spikes were more phase-locked to spindle-band local field potential, and synchrony across units peaked during spindles. Moreover, we showed that the degree of nesting between spindles and slow oscillations modified the correlation structure across units by narrowing the distribution of pairwise correlations. Finally, we demonstrated that engaging in a novel motor task increased pairwise correlations during nested spindles. These phenomena suggest key mechanisms through which the interaction of spindles and slow oscillations may support sensorimotor learning. More broadly, this work helps link large-scale measures of population activity to changes in spiking structure, a critical step in understanding neuroplasticity across multiple scales.
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126
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Schreiner T, Staudigl T. Electrophysiological signatures of memory reactivation in humans. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190293. [PMID: 32248789 PMCID: PMC7209925 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactivation of neural activity that was present during the encoding of an event is assumed to be essential for human episodic memory retrieval and the consolidation of memories during sleep. Pioneering animal work has already established a crucial role of memory reactivation to prepare and guide behaviour. Research in humans is now delineating the neural processes involved in memory reactivation during both wakefulness and sleep as well as their functional significance. Focusing on the electrophysiological signatures of memory reactivation in humans during both memory retrieval and sleep-related consolidation, this review provides an overview of the state of the art in the field. We outline recent advances, methodological developments and open questions and specifically highlight commonalities and differences in the neuronal signatures of memory reactivation during the states of wakefulness and sleep. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Memory reactivation: replaying events past, present and future’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schreiner
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Staudigl
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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127
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Sun L, Zhou H, Cichon J, Yang G. Experience and sleep-dependent synaptic plasticity: from structure to activity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190234. [PMID: 32248786 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is important for learning and memory. With increasing evidence linking sleep states to changes in synaptic strength, an emerging view is that sleep promotes learning and memory by facilitating experience-induced synaptic plasticity. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on the function of sleep in regulating cortical synaptic plasticity. Specifically, we outline the electroencephalogram signatures of sleep states (e.g. slow-wave sleep, rapid eye movement sleep, spindles), sleep state-dependent changes in gene and synaptic protein expression, synaptic morphology, and neuronal and network activity. We highlight studies showing that post-experience sleep potentiates experience-induced synaptic changes and discuss the potential mechanisms that may link sleep-related brain activity to synaptic structural remodelling. We conclude that both synapse formation or strengthening and elimination or weakening occur across sleep. This sleep-dependent synaptic plasticity plays an important role in neuronal circuit refinement during development and after learning, while sleep disorders may contribute to or exacerbate the development of common neurological diseases. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Memory reactivation: replaying events past, present and future'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph Cichon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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128
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Boutin A, Doyon J. A sleep spindle framework for motor memory consolidation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190232. [PMID: 32248783 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep spindle activity has repeatedly been found to contribute to brain plasticity and consolidation of both declarative and procedural memories. Here we propose a framework for motor memory consolidation that outlines the essential contribution of the hierarchical and multi-scale periodicity of spindle activity, as well as of the synchronization and interaction of brain oscillations during this sleep-dependent process. We posit that the clustering of sleep spindles in 'trains', together with the temporally organized alternation between spindles and associated refractory periods, is critical for efficient reprocessing and consolidation of motor memories. We further argue that the long-term retention of procedural memories relies on the synchronized (functional connectivity) local reprocessing of new information across segregated, but inter-connected brain regions that are involved in the initial learning process. Finally, we propose that oscillatory synchrony in the spindle frequency band may reflect the cross-structural reactivation, reorganization and consolidation of motor, and potentially declarative, memory traces within broader subcortical-cortical networks during sleep. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Memory reactivation: replaying events past, present and future'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Boutin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CIAMS, 91405, Orsay, France.,Université d'Orléans, CIAMS, 45067, Orléans, France
| | - Julien Doyon
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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129
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Liu TY, Watson BO. Patterned activation of action potential patterns during offline states in the neocortex: replay and non-replay. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190233. [PMID: 32248782 PMCID: PMC7209911 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Action potential generation (spiking) in the neocortex is organized into repeating non-random patterns during both awake experiential states and non-engaged states ranging from inattention to sleep to anaesthesia—and even occur in slice preparations. Repeating patterns in a given population of neurons between states may imply a common means by which cortical networks can be engaged despite brain state changes, but super-imposed on this common firing is a variability that is both specific to ongoing inputs and can be re-shaped by experience. This similarity with specifically induced variance may allow for a range of processes including perception, memory consolidation and network homeostasis. Here, we review how patterned activity in neocortical populations has been studied and what it may imply for a cortex that must be both static and plastic. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Memory reactivation: replaying events past, present and future’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang-Yu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Brendon O Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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130
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Navarrete M, Valderrama M, Lewis PA. The role of slow-wave sleep rhythms in the cortical-hippocampal loop for memory consolidation. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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131
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Karimi Abadchi J, Nazari-Ahangarkolaee M, Gattas S, Bermudez-Contreras E, Luczak A, McNaughton BL, Mohajerani MH. Spatiotemporal patterns of neocortical activity around hippocampal sharp-wave ripples. eLife 2020; 9:51972. [PMID: 32167467 PMCID: PMC7096182 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A prevalent model is that sharp-wave ripples (SWR) arise ‘spontaneously’ in CA3 and propagate recent memory traces outward to the neocortex to facilitate memory consolidation there. Using voltage and extracellular glutamate transient recording over widespread regions of mice dorsal neocortex in relation to CA1 multiunit activity (MUA) and SWR, we find that the largest SWR-related modulation occurs in retrosplenial cortex; however, contrary to the unidirectional hypothesis, neocortical activation exhibited a continuum of activation timings relative to SWRs, varying from leading to lagging. Thus, contrary to the model in which SWRs arise ‘spontaneously’ in the hippocampus, neocortical activation often precedes SWRs and may thus constitute a trigger event in which neocortical information seeds associative reactivation of hippocampal ‘indices’. This timing continuum is consistent with a dynamics in which older, more consolidated memories may in fact initiate the hippocampal-neocortical dialog, whereas reactivation of newer memories may be initiated predominantly in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Karimi Abadchi
- Canadian Centre for Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada
| | | | - Sandra Gattas
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | | | - Artur Luczak
- Canadian Centre for Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Bruce L McNaughton
- Canadian Centre for Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Majid H Mohajerani
- Canadian Centre for Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada
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132
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Timofeev I, Schoch SF, LeBourgeois MK, Huber R, Riedner BA, Kurth S. Spatio-temporal properties of sleep slow waves and implications for development. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 15:172-182. [PMID: 32455180 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective sleep quality can be measured by electroencephalography (EEG), a non-invasive technique to quantify electrical activity generated by the brain. With EEG, sleep depth is measured by appearance and an increase in slow wave activity (scalp-SWA). EEG slow waves (scalp-SW) are the manifestation of underlying synchronous membrane potential transitions between silent (DOWN) and active (UP) states. This bistable periodic rhythm is defined as slow oscillation (SO). During its "silent state" cortical neurons are hyperpolarized and appear inactive, while during its "active state" cortical neurons are depolarized, fire spikes and exhibit continuous synaptic activity, excitatory and inhibitory. In adults, data from high-density EEG revealed that scalp-SW propagate across the cortical mantle in complex patterns. However, scalp-SW propagation undergoes modifications across development. We present novel data from children, indicating that scalp-SW originate centro-parietally, and emerge more frontally by adolescence. Based on the concept that SO and SW could actively modify neuronal connectivity, we discuss whether they fulfill a key purpose in brain development by actively conveying modifications of the maturing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Timofeev
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Sarah F Schoch
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, CH
| | - Monique K LeBourgeois
- Sleep and Development Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Reto Huber
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, CH.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital Zurich, Zurich, CH
| | - Brady A Riedner
- Wisconsin Institute for Sleep and Consciousness, Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Salome Kurth
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, CH.,Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, CH
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133
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Feld GB, Born J. Neurochemical mechanisms for memory processing during sleep: basic findings in humans and neuropsychiatric implications. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:31-44. [PMID: 31443105 PMCID: PMC6879745 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0490-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is essential for memory formation. Active systems consolidation maintains that memory traces that are initially stored in a transient store such as the hippocampus are gradually redistributed towards more permanent storage sites such as the cortex during sleep replay. The complementary synaptic homeostasis theory posits that weak memory traces are erased during sleep through a competitive down-selection mechanism, ensuring the brain's capability to learn new information. We discuss evidence from neuropharmacological experiments in humans to show how major neurotransmitters and neuromodulators are implicated in these memory processes. As to the major excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate that plays a prominent role in inducing synaptic consolidation, we show that these processes, while strengthening cortical memory traces during sleep, are insufficient to explain the consolidation of hippocampus-dependent declarative memories. In the inhibitory GABAergic system, we will offer insights how drugs may alter the intricate interplay of sleep oscillations that have been identified to be crucial for strengthening memories during sleep. Regarding the dopaminergic reward system, we will show how it is engaged during sleep replay, but that dopaminergic neuromodulation likely plays a side role for enhancing relevant memories during sleep. Also, we briefly go into basic evidence on acetylcholine and cortisol whose low tone during slow wave sleep (SWS) is crucial in supporting hippocampal-to-neocortical memory transmission. Finally, we will outline how these insights can be used to improve treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders focusing mainly on anxiety disorders, depression, and addiction that are strongly related to memory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon B Feld
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
- Department of Addiction Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Marshall L, Cross N, Binder S, Dang-Vu TT. Brain Rhythms During Sleep and Memory Consolidation: Neurobiological Insights. Physiology (Bethesda) 2020; 35:4-15. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00004.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep can benefit memory consolidation. The characterization of brain regions underlying memory consolidation during sleep, as well as their temporal interplay, reflected by specific patterns of brain electric activity, is surfacing. Here, we provide an overview of recent concepts and results on the mechanisms of sleep-related memory consolidation. The latest studies strongly impacting future directions of research in this field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marshall
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Nathan Cross
- Perform Center, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, and Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, CIUSSS Centre-Sud-de-l’Ile-de-Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sonja Binder
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Thien Thanh Dang-Vu
- Perform Center, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, and Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, CIUSSS Centre-Sud-de-l’Ile-de-Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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135
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Abstract
Sleep spindles are burstlike signals in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of the sleeping mammalian brain and electrical surface correlates of neuronal oscillations in thalamus. As one of the most inheritable sleep EEG signatures, sleep spindles probably reflect the strength and malleability of thalamocortical circuits that underlie individual cognitive profiles. We review the characteristics, organization, regulation, and origins of sleep spindles and their implication in non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS) and its functions, focusing on human and rodent. Spatially, sleep spindle-related neuronal activity appears on scales ranging from small thalamic circuits to functional cortical areas, and generates a cortical state favoring intracortical plasticity while limiting cortical output. Temporally, sleep spindles are discrete events, part of a continuous power band, and elements grouped on an infraslow time scale over which NREMS alternates between continuity and fragility. We synthesize diverse and seemingly unlinked functions of sleep spindles for sleep architecture, sensory processing, synaptic plasticity, memory formation, and cognitive abilities into a unifying sleep spindle concept, according to which sleep spindles 1) generate neural conditions of large-scale functional connectivity and plasticity that outlast their appearance as discrete EEG events, 2) appear preferentially in thalamic circuits engaged in learning and attention-based experience during wakefulness, and 3) enable a selective reactivation and routing of wake-instated neuronal traces between brain areas such as hippocampus and cortex. Their fine spatiotemporal organization reflects NREMS as a physiological state coordinated over brain and body and may indicate, if not anticipate and ultimately differentiate, pathologies in sleep and neurodevelopmental, -degenerative, and -psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M J Fernandez
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anita Lüthi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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136
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Arnes M, Alaniz ME, Karam CS, Cho JD, Lopez G, Javitch JA, Santa-Maria I. Role of Tau Protein in Remodeling of Circadian Neuronal Circuits and Sleep. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:320. [PMID: 31824299 PMCID: PMC6881280 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple neurological, physiological, and behavioral functions are synchronized by circadian clocks into daily rhythms. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies are associated with a decay of circadian rhythms, disruption of sleep patterns, and impaired cognitive function but the mechanisms underlying these alterations are still unclear. Traditional approaches in neurodegeneration research have focused on understanding how pathology impinges on circadian function. Since in Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies tau proteostasis is compromised, here we sought to understand the role of tau protein in neuronal circadian biology and related behavior. Considering molecular mechanisms underlying circadian rhythms are conserved from Drosophila to humans, here we took advantage of a recently developed tau-deficient Drosophila line to show that loss of tau promotes dysregulation of daily circadian rhythms and sleep patterns. Strikingly, tau deficiency dysregulates the structural plasticity of the small ventral lateral circadian pacemaker neurons by disrupting the temporal cytoskeletal remodeling of its dorsal axonal projections and by inducing a slight increase in the cytoplasmic accumulation of core clock proteins. Taken together, these results suggest that loss of tau function participates in the regulation of circadian rhythms by modulating the correct operation and connectivity of core circadian networks and related behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Arnes
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria E. Alaniz
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Caline S. Karam
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joshua D. Cho
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gonzalo Lopez
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Javitch
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ismael Santa-Maria
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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137
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Hauer BE, Pagliardini S, Dickson CT. The Reuniens Nucleus of the Thalamus Has an Essential Role in Coordinating Slow-Wave Activity between Neocortex and Hippocampus. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0365-19.2019. [PMID: 31548369 PMCID: PMC6800294 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0365-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a period of profound neural synchrony throughout the brain, a phenomenon involved in various physiological functions. The coordination between neocortex and hippocampus, in particular, appears to be critical for episodic memory, and, indeed, enhanced synchrony in this circuit is a hallmark of slow-wave sleep. However, it is unclear how this coordination is mediated. To this end, we examined the role of the thalamic nucleus reuniens (RE), a midline body with reciprocal connections to both prefrontal and hippocampal cortices. Using a combination of electrophysiological, optogenetic, and chemogenetic techniques in the urethane-anesthetized rat (a model of forebrain sleep activity), we directly assessed the role of the RE in mediating slow oscillatory synchrony. Using unit recording techniques, we confirmed that RE neurons showed slow rhythmic activity patterns during deactivated forebrain states that were coupled to ongoing slow oscillations. Optogenetic activation of RE neurons or their projection fibers in the cingulum bundle caused an evoked potential in hippocampus that was maximal at the level of stratum lacunosum-moleculare of CA1. A similar but longer-latency response could be evoked by stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex that was then abolished by chemogenetic inhibition of the RE. Inactivation of the RE also severely reduced the coherence of the slow oscillation across cortical and hippocampal sites, suggesting that its activity is necessary to couple slow-wave activity across these regions. These results indicate an essential role of the RE in coordinating neocortico-hippocampal slow oscillatory activity, which may be fundamental for slow-wave sleep-related episodic memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon E Hauer
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Silvia Pagliardini
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Clayton T Dickson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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138
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Kam K, Pettibone WD, Shim K, Chen RK, Varga AW. Dynamics of sleep spindles and coupling to slow oscillations following motor learning in adult mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 166:107100. [PMID: 31622665 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sleep spindles have been implicated in motor learning in human subjects, but their occurrence, timing in relation to cortical slow oscillations, and relationship to offline gains in motor learning have not been examined in animal models. In this study, we recorded EEG over bilateral primary motor cortex in conjunction with EMG for 24 h following a period of either baseline handling or following rotarod motor learning to monitor sleep. We measured several biophysical properties of sleep spindles and their temporal coupling with cortical slow oscillations (SO, <1 Hz) and cortical delta waves (1-4 Hz). Following motor learning, we found an increase in spindles during an early period of NREM sleep (1-4 h) without changes to biophysical properties such as spindle power, peak frequency and coherence. In this same period of early NREM sleep, both SO and delta power increased after motor learning. Notably, a vast majority of spindles were associated with minimal SO power, but in the subset that were associated with significant SO power (>1 z-score above the population mean), spindle-associated SO power was greater in spindles following motor learning compared to baseline sleep. Also, we did not observe a group-level preferred phase in spindle-SO or spindle-delta coupling. While SO power alone was not predictive of motor performance in early NREM sleep, both spindle density and the difference in the magnitude of the mean resultant vector length of the phase angle for SO-associated spindles, a measure of its coupling precision, were positively correlated with offline change in motor performance. These findings support a role for sleep spindles and their coupling to slow oscillations in motor learning and establish a model in which spindle timing and the brain circuits that support offline plasticity can be mechanistically explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korey Kam
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ward D Pettibone
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Shim
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rebecca K Chen
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andrew W Varga
- Mount Sinai Integrative Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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139
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Zielinski MR, Atochin DN, McNally JM, McKenna JT, Huang PL, Strecker RE, Gerashchenko D. Somatostatin+/nNOS+ neurons are involved in delta electroencephalogram activity and cortical-dependent recognition memory. Sleep 2019; 42:zsz143. [PMID: 31328777 PMCID: PMC6783898 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow-wave activity (SWA) is an oscillatory neocortical activity occurring in the electroencephalogram delta (δ) frequency range (~0.5-4 Hz) during nonrapid eye movement sleep. SWA is a reliable indicator of sleep homeostasis after acute sleep loss and is involved in memory processes. Evidence suggests that cortical neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expressing neurons that coexpress somatostatin (SST) play a key role in regulating SWA. However, previous studies lacked selectivity in targeting specific types of neurons that coexpress nNOS-cells which are activated in the cortex after sleep loss. We produced a mouse model that knocks out nNOS expression in neurons that coexpress SST throughout the cortex. Mice lacking nNOS expression in SST positive neurons exhibited significant impairments in both homeostatic low-δ frequency range SWA production and a recognition memory task that relies on cortical input. These results highlight that SST+/nNOS+ neurons are involved in the SWA homeostatic response and cortex-dependent recognition memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Zielinski
- Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - Dmitriy N Atochin
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - James M McNally
- Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - James T McKenna
- Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - Paul L Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Robert E Strecker
- Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - Dmitry Gerashchenko
- Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
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140
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Sitnikova E, Grubov V, Hramov AE. Slow-wave activity preceding the onset of 10-15-Hz sleep spindles and 5-9-Hz oscillations in electroencephalograms in rats with and without absence seizures. J Sleep Res 2019; 29:e12927. [PMID: 31578791 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cortico-thalamocortical networks generate sleep spindles and slow waves during non-rapid eye movement sleep, as well as paroxysmal spike-wave discharges (i.e. electroencephalogram manifestation of absence epilepsy) and 5-9-Hz oscillations in genetic rat models (i.e. pro-epileptic activity). Absence epilepsy is a disorder of the thalamocortical network. We tested a hypothesis that absence epilepsy associates with changes in the slow-wave activity before the onset of sleep spindles and pro-epileptic 5-9-Hz oscillations. The study was performed in the WAG/Rij genetic rat model of absence epilepsy and Wistar rats at the age of 9-12 months. Electroencephalograms were recorded with epidural electrodes from the anterior cortex. Sleep spindles (10-15 Hz), 5-9-Hz oscillations and their slow-wave (2-7 Hz) precursors were automatically detected and analysed using continuous wavelet transform. Subjects with electroencephalogram seizures (the "epileptic" phenotype) and without seizure activity (the "non-epileptic" phenotype) were identified in both strains. It was found that time-amplitude features of sleep spindles and 5-9-Hz oscillations were similar in both rat strains and in both phenotypes. Sleep spindles in "epileptic" rats were more often preceded by the slow-wave (~4 Hz) activity than in "non-epileptic" rats. The intrinsic frequency of slow-wave precursors of sleep spindles and 5-9-Hz oscillations in "epileptic" rats was 1-1.5 Hz higher than in "non-epileptic" rats. In general, our results indicated that absence epilepsy associated with: (a) the reinforcement of slow waves immediately prior to normal sleep spindles; and (b) weakening of amplitude growth in transition "slow wave → spindle/5-9-Hz oscillation".
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Sitnikova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alexander E Hramov
- Innopolis University, Innopolis, Russia.,Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
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141
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Coordination of Human Hippocampal Sharpwave Ripples during NREM Sleep with Cortical Theta Bursts, Spindles, Downstates, and Upstates. J Neurosci 2019; 39:8744-8761. [PMID: 31533977 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2857-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In rodents, waking firing patterns replay in NREM sleep during hippocampal sharpwave ripples (HC-SWRs), correlated with neocortical graphoelements (NC-GEs). NC-GEs include theta bursts, spindles, downstates, and upstates. In humans, consolidation during sleep is correlated with scalp-recorded spindles and downstates/upstates, but HC-SWRs cannot be recorded noninvasively. Here we show in humans of both sexes that HC-SWRs are highly correlated with NC-GEs during NREM, with significantly more related HC-SWRs/NC-GEs for downstates or upstates than theta bursts or spindles, in N2 than N3, in posterior than anterior HC, in frontal than occipital cortex, and ipsilaterally than contralaterally. The preferences interacted (e.g., frontal spindles co-occurred frequently with posterior HC-SWRs in N2). These preferred GEs, stages, and locations for HC-SWR/NC-GE interactions may index selective consolidation activity, although that was not tested in this study. SWR recorded in different HC regions seldom co-occurred, and were related to GE in different cortical areas, showing that HC-NC interact in multiple transient, widespread but discrete, networks. NC-GEs tend to occur with consistent temporal relationships to HC-SWRs, and to each other. Cortical theta bursts usually precede HC-SWRs, where they may help define cortical input triggering HC-SWR firing. HC-SWRs often follow cortical downstate onsets, surrounded by locally decreased broadband power, suggesting a mechanism synchronizing cortical, thalamic, and hippocampal activities. Widespread cortical upstates and spindles follow HC-SWRs, consistent with the hypothesized contribution by hippocampal firing during HC-SWRs to cortical firing-patterns during upstates and spindles. Overall, our results describe how hippocampal and cortical oscillations are coordinated in humans during events that are critical for memory consolidation in rodents.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Hippocampal sharpwave ripples, essential for memory consolidation, mark when hippocampal neurons replay waking firing patterns. In rodents, cortical sleep waves coordinate the transfer of temporary hippocampal to permanent cortical memories, but their relationship with human hippocampal sharpwave ripples remains unclear. We show that human hippocampal sharpwave ripples co-occur with all varieties of cortical sleep waves, in all cortical regions, and in all stages of NREM sleep, but with overall preferences for each of these. We found that sharpwave ripples in different parts of the hippocampus usually occurred independently of each other, and preferentially interacted with different cortical areas. We found that sharpwave ripples typically occur after certain types of cortical waves, and before others, suggesting how the cortico-hippocampo-cortical interaction may be organized in time and space.
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142
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Posterior Hippocampal Spindle Ripples Co-occur with Neocortical Theta Bursts and Downstates-Upstates, and Phase-Lock with Parietal Spindles during NREM Sleep in Humans. J Neurosci 2019; 39:8949-8968. [PMID: 31530646 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2858-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human anterior and posterior hippocampus (aHC, pHC) differ in connectivity and behavioral correlates. Here we report physiological differences in humans of both sexes. During NREM sleep, the human hippocampus generates sharpwave ripples (SWRs) similar to those which in rodents mark memory replay. We show that while pHC generates SWRs, it also generates approximately as many spindle ripples (SSR: ripples phase-locked to local spindles). In contrast, SSRs are rare in aHC. Like SWRs, SSRs often co-occur with neocortical theta bursts (TBs), downstates (DSs), sleep spindles (SSs), and upstates (USs), which coordinate cortico-hippocampal interactions and facilitate consolidation in rodents. SWRs co-occur with these waves in widespread cortical areas, especially frontocentral. These waves typically occur in the sequence TB-DS-SS-US, with SWRs usually occurring before SS-US. In contrast, SSRs occur ∼350 ms later, with a strong preference for co-occurrence with posterior-parietal SSs. pHC-SSs were strongly phase-locked with parietal-SSs, and pHC-SSRs were phase-coupled with pHC-SSs and parietal-SSs. Human SWRs (and associated replay events, if any) are separated by ∼5 s on average, whereas ripples on successive SSR peaks are separated by only ∼80 ms. These distinctive physiological properties of pHC-SSR enable an alternative mechanism for hippocampal engagement with neocortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Rodent hippocampal neurons replay waking events during sharpwave ripples (SWRs) in NREM sleep, facilitating memory transfer to a permanent cortical store. We show that human anterior hippocampus also produces SWRs, but spindle ripples predominate in posterior. Whereas SWRs typically occur as cortex emerges from inactivity, spindle ripples typically occur at peak cortical activity. Furthermore, posterior hippocampal spindle ripples are tightly coupled to posterior parietal locations activated by conscious recollection. Finally, multiple spindle ripples can recur within a second, whereas SWRs are separated by ∼5 s. The human posterior hippocampus is considered homologous to rodent dorsal hippocampus, which is thought to be specialized for consolidation of specific memory details. We speculate that these distinct physiological characteristics of posterior hippocampal spindle ripples may support a related function in humans.
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143
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Cox R, Rüber T, Staresina BP, Fell J. Heterogeneous profiles of coupled sleep oscillations in human hippocampus. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116178. [PMID: 31505272 PMCID: PMC6853182 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-frequency coupling of sleep oscillations is thought to mediate memory consolidation. While the hippocampus is deemed central to this process, detailed knowledge of which oscillatory rhythms interact in the sleeping human hippocampus is lacking. Combining intracranial hippocampal and non-invasive electroencephalography from twelve neurosurgical patients, we characterized spectral power and coupling during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Hippocampal coupling was extensive, with the majority of channels expressing spectral interactions. NREM consistently showed delta–ripple coupling, but ripples were also modulated by slow oscillations (SOs) and sleep spindles. SO–delta and SO–theta coupling, as well as interactions between delta/theta and spindle/beta frequencies also occurred. During REM, limited interactions between delta/theta and beta frequencies emerged. Moreover, oscillatory organization differed substantially between i) hippocampus and scalp, ii) sites along the anterior-posterior hippocampal axis, and iii) individuals. Overall, these results extend and refine our understanding of hippocampal sleep oscillations. Sleep oscillations in human hippocampus exhibit cross-frequency coupling during non-rapid eye movement sleep Coupling occurs between various frequency pairs, including slow oscillation, delta, theta, spindle, beta, and ripple bands Oscillatory organization varies between hippocampus and scalp, sites along the hippocampal axis, and individuals
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Cox
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Theodor Rüber
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Juergen Fell
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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144
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Klinzing JG, Niethard N, Born J. Mechanisms of systems memory consolidation during sleep. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:1598-1610. [PMID: 31451802 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Long-term memory formation is a major function of sleep. Based on evidence from neurophysiological and behavioral studies mainly in humans and rodents, we consider the formation of long-term memory during sleep as an active systems consolidation process that is embedded in a process of global synaptic downscaling. Repeated neuronal replay of representations originating from the hippocampus during slow-wave sleep leads to a gradual transformation and integration of representations in neocortical networks. We highlight three features of this process: (i) hippocampal replay that, by capturing episodic memory aspects, drives consolidation of both hippocampus-dependent and non-hippocampus-dependent memory; (ii) brain oscillations hallmarking slow-wave and rapid-eye movement sleep that provide mechanisms for regulating both information flow across distant brain networks and local synaptic plasticity; and (iii) qualitative transformations of memories during systems consolidation resulting in abstracted, gist-like representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens G Klinzing
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Niels Niethard
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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145
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Geva-Sagiv M, Nir Y. Local Sleep Oscillations: Implications for Memory Consolidation. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:813. [PMID: 31481865 PMCID: PMC6710395 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Geva-Sagiv
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yuval Nir
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Functional Neurophysiology and Sleep Research Lab, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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146
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Bidirectional prefrontal-hippocampal dynamics organize information transfer during sleep in humans. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3572. [PMID: 31395890 PMCID: PMC6687745 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
How are memories transferred from short-term to long-term storage? Systems-level memory consolidation is thought to be dependent on the coordinated interplay of cortical slow waves, thalamo-cortical sleep spindles and hippocampal ripple oscillations. However, it is currently unclear how the selective interaction of these cardinal sleep oscillations is organized to support information reactivation and transfer. Here, using human intracranial recordings, we demonstrate that the prefrontal cortex plays a key role in organizing the ripple-mediated information transfer during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. We reveal a temporally precise form of coupling between prefrontal slow-wave and spindle oscillations, which actively dictates the hippocampal-neocortical dialogue and information transfer. Our results suggest a model of the human sleeping brain in which rapid bidirectional interactions, triggered by the prefrontal cortex, mediate hippocampal activation to optimally time subsequent information transfer to the neocortex during NREM sleep. How are memories transferred from short-term to long-term storage? Here, the authors show that during deep (NREM) sleep, the prefrontal cortex initiates rapid, bidirectional interactions to trigger information transfer from the hippocampus to the neocortex.
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147
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Puentes-Mestril C, Roach J, Niethard N, Zochowski M, Aton SJ. How rhythms of the sleeping brain tune memory and synaptic plasticity. Sleep 2019; 42:zsz095. [PMID: 31100149 PMCID: PMC6612670 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of neurobehavioral research has linked sleep-associated rhythms in various brain areas to improvements in cognitive performance. However, it remains unclear what synaptic changes might underlie sleep-dependent declarative memory consolidation and procedural task improvement, and why these same changes appear not to occur across a similar interval of wake. Here we describe recent research on how one specific feature of sleep-network rhythms characteristic of rapid eye movement and non-rapid eye movement-could drive synaptic strengthening or weakening in specific brain circuits. We provide an overview of how these rhythms could affect synaptic plasticity individually and in concert. We also present an overarching hypothesis for how all network rhythms occurring across the sleeping brain could aid in encoding new information in neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Roach
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Niels Niethard
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michal Zochowski
- Department of Physics, Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sara J Aton
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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148
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Brier LM, Landsness EC, Snyder AZ, Wright PW, Baxter GA, Bauer AQ, Lee JM, Culver JP. Separability of calcium slow waves and functional connectivity during wake, sleep, and anesthesia. NEUROPHOTONICS 2019; 6:035002. [PMID: 31930154 PMCID: PMC6952529 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.6.3.035002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of brain state, e.g., by anesthesia, alters the correlation structure of spontaneous activity, especially in the delta band. This effect has largely been attributed to the ∼ 1 Hz slow oscillation that is characteristic of anesthesia and nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. However, the effect of the slow oscillation on correlation structures and the spectral content of spontaneous activity across brain states (including NREM) has not been comprehensively examined. Further, discrepancies between activity dynamics observed with hemoglobin versus calcium (GCaMP6) imaging have not been reconciled. Lastly, whether the slow oscillation replaces functional connectivity (FC) patterns typical of the alert state, or superimposes on them, remains unclear. Here, we use wide-field calcium imaging to study spontaneous cortical activity in awake, anesthetized, and naturally sleeping mice. We find modest brain state-dependent changes in infraslow correlations but larger changes in GCaMP6 delta correlations. Principal component analysis of GCaMP6 sleep/anesthesia data in the delta band revealed that the slow oscillation is largely confined to the first three components. Removal of these components revealed a correlation structure strikingly similar to that observed during wake. These results indicate that, during NREM sleep/anesthesia, the slow oscillation superimposes onto a canonical FC architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey M. Brier
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Address all correspondence to Lindsey M. Brier, E-mail:
| | - Eric C. Landsness
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Abraham Z. Snyder
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Patrick W. Wright
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Grant A. Baxter
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Adam Q. Bauer
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Jin-Moo Lee
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Joseph P. Culver
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Physics, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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149
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Dehnavi F, Moghimi S, Sadrabadi Haghighi S, Safaie M, Ghorbani M. Opposite effect of motivated forgetting on sleep spindles during stage 2 and slow wave sleep. Sleep 2019; 42:5427878. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Memories selectively benefit from sleep. In addition to the importance of the consolidation of relevant memories, the capacity to forget unwanted memories is also crucial. We investigated the effect of suppressing unwanted memories on electroencephalography activity of subsequent sleep using a motivated forgetting (MF) paradigm as compared with a control non-forgetting task. Subjects were randomly assigned to nap or no-nap groups. We used a modified version of the think/no-think paradigm with dominant number of no-think words cued to be forgotten and included only subjects capable of suppressing unwanted memories by performing an initial subject inclusion experiment. In both groups and conditions, the performance of the subjects in recalling the word pairs learned in the beginning of the day was evaluated in a final recall test. We found that both nap and no-nap groups recalled significantly less no-think words in the MF condition compared to the control condition. Moreover, for the nap group, in the MF compared to the control condition, spindle power and density increased during stage 2 (S2) whereas they decreased during slow wave sleep (SWS). Interestingly, recall performance of no-think words was negatively correlated with spindle power during S2 whereas it was positively correlated with spindle power during SWS. These results indicate that sleep spindles are sensitive to the previous MF experiences and suggest a differential role of sleep spindles during S2 and SWS in memory processing during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Dehnavi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sahar Moghimi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Rayan Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mostafa Safaie
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- INSERM UMR 1249, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED), Marseille, France
| | - Maryam Ghorbani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Rayan Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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150
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Comparison of electroencephalogram (EEG) response to MDPV versus the hallucinogenic drugs MK-801 and ketamine in rats. Exp Neurol 2019; 313:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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