101
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Abstract
The waggle dance of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) foragers communicates to nest mates the location of a profitable food source. We used solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to show that waggle-dancing bees produce and release two alkanes, tricosane and pentacosane, and two alkenes, Z-(9)-tricosene and Z-(9)-pentacosene, onto their abdomens and into the air. Nondancing foragers returning from the same food source produce these substances in only minute quantities. Injection of the scent significantly affects worker behavior by increasing the number of bees that exit the hive. The results of this study suggest that these compounds are semiochemicals involved in worker recruitment. By showing that honey bee waggle dancers produce and release behaviorally active chemicals, this study reveals a new dimension in the organization of honey bee foraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Thom
- Arizona Research Laboratories, Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - David C Gilley
- Carl-Hayden Bee Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Judith Hooper
- Arizona Research Laboratories, Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Harald E Esch
- Department of Biology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
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102
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Reproductive plasticity in bumblebee workers (Bombus terrestris)—reversion from fertility to sterility under queen influence. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-007-0455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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103
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Chemical ornaments of male lizards Psammodromus algirus may reveal their parasite load and health state to females. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-007-0451-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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104
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Leonhardt SD, Brandstaetter AS, Kleineidam CJ. Reformation process of the neuronal template for nestmate-recognition cues in the carpenter ant Camponotus floridanus. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2007; 193:993-1000. [PMID: 17639411 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-007-0252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ants use cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC-profiles) as multicomponent recognition cues to identify colony members (nestmates). Recognition cues (label) are thought to be perceived during ant-ant encounters and compared to a neuronal template that represents the colony label. Over time, the CHC-profile may change, and the template is adjusted accordingly. A phenotype mismatch between label and template, as happens with CHC-profiles of foreign workers (non-nestmates), frequently leads to aggressive behavior. We investigated the template reformation in workers of the carpenter ant Camponotus floridanus by masking their antennae with postpharyngeal gland (PPG) extracts from nestmates or non-nestmates. The behavioral response of manipulated workers encountering unmanipulated workers was measured independently after 2 and after 15 h. After 2 h of incubation, workers treated with either of the two PPG-extracts showed low aggression towards nestmates and high aggression towards non-nestmates. In contrast, after 15 h of incubation, workers treated with non-nestmate PPG-extract showed low aggression towards both nestmates and non-nestmates. The slow (>2 h) adjustment of the template indicates a reformation localized in the central nervous system rather than in chemosensory neurons. In addition, our data show that template adjustment to a new CHC-profile does not impair the assessment of the old CHC-profile as nestmate label.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Diana Leonhardt
- Department of Sociobiology and Behavioral Physiology, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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105
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Workers of the primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia marginata do not perceive their queen across a wire mesh partition. J ETHOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-007-0049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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106
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Strohm E, Herzner G, Goettler W. A 'social' gland in a solitary wasp? The postpharyngeal gland of female European beewolves (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2007; 36:113-122. [PMID: 18089092 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Exocrine glands play an important role in maintaining the integrity of colonies of social Hymenoptera. The postpharyngeal gland (PPG) of ants is crucial for the generation of a nest odour that enables nestmate recognition. The evolutionary history of this gland is unknown and it was thought to be restricted to ants. Here we describe an exocrine head gland in females of a solitary crabronid wasp, the European beewolf, Philanthus triangulum, that resembles the PPG of ants in many respects. The newly described gland has the same location and the same glove like shape as in ants, and it also has a monolayered epithelium with similar ultrastructure. Unlike in ants, the epithelium bears hairs that reach into the lumen of the gland. Although the PPG of beewolves serves a completely different function it is also associated to an allogrooming behaviour as in ants. Based on these morphological and behavioural similarities as well as similarities in the chemical composition of the content of the PPG of both taxa, we hypothesise that the PPGs of ants and beewolves have a common evolutionary origin. Thus, our results suggest that the PPG in ants might not have evolved in response to social requirements but might have already existed in solitary predecessors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhard Strohm
- Department of Zoology, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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107
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108
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Herzner G, Goettler W, Kroiss J, Purea A, Webb AG, Jakob PM, Rössler W, Strohm E. Males of a solitary wasp possess a postpharyngeal gland. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2007; 36:123-133. [PMID: 18089093 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The postpharyngeal gland has long been thought to occur only in ants. Here we characterize, by use of light and electron microscopy as well as 3D reconstruction based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging data, a large cephalic gland reservoir of males of a solitary digger wasp, the European beewolf, Philanthus triangulum. Several lines of evidence suggest that this reservoir is a postpharyngeal gland. The gland reservoir originates from the posterior part of the pharynx and consists of two pairs of unbranched tubular structures that occupy a large portion of the head capsule. Its wall is composed of a unicellular epithelium that is lined by a cuticle. The gland contains a blend of hydrocarbons and compounds with functional groups, and we show that the hydrocarbon fraction of the pheromone is congruent with the hydrocarbons on the cuticle. We discuss the implications of our findings for the evolution of the postpharyngeal gland in ants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Herzner
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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109
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Niculita H, Billen J, Keller L. Comparative morphology of cephalic exocrine glands among castes of the black ant Lasius niger. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2007; 36:135-141. [PMID: 18089094 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The glandular system is crucially involved in main aspects of ant social life. The function of glands has been primarily studied in the workers (the non-reproductive individuals in a colony). In contrast, little information is available on queens (the reproductive females in a colony) or males in spite of the obvious functional differences between these castes. Here we report a comparison of the general morphology of the mandibular, propharyngeal and postpharyngeal glands between the three castes of the black ant Lasius niger. The analysis clearly shows that all these cephalic glands differ in relative size between castes and suggests a link between gland structure and its behavioral role in queens, workers and males. In particular, males present a hypertrophied mandibular gland. This is consistent with the fact that these glands might be the source of the sex pheromone in this caste. By contrast, queens exhibited the most developed postpharyngeal glands. This is consistent with the production of particular cues by queens for workers to help them to distinguish between reproductive and non-reproductive females. Finally, the propharyngeal glands were most developed in the worker caste and of similar relative size in males and queens. Their function is still enigmatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Niculita
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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110
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Bhadra A, Iyer PL, Sumana A, Deshpande SA, Ghosh S, Gadagkar R. How do workers of the primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia marginata detect the presence of their queens? J Theor Biol 2007; 246:574-82. [PMID: 17307201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Queens in primitively eusocial insect societies are morphologically indistinguishable from their workers, and occupy the highest position in the dominance hierarchy. Such queens are believed to use aggression to maintain worker activity and reproductive monopoly in the colony. However, in the primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia marginata, the queen is a strikingly docile individual, who interacts rarely with her workers. If the queen is experimentally removed, one of the workers becomes extremely aggressive within minutes, and eventually becomes the new queen of the colony. We designate her as the potential queen. Experimental evidence suggests that the queen probably uses a non-volatile pheromone to signal her presence to her workers. Here we attempt to identify the mechanism by which the queen transmits information about her presence to the workers. We designate the time taken for the potential queen to realize the absence of the queen as the realization time and model the realization time as a function of the decay time of the queen's signal and the average signal age. We find that the realization time obtained from the model, considering only direct interactions (193.5 min) is too large compared to the experimentally observed value of 30 min. Hence we consider the possibility of signal transfer through relay. Using the Dijkstra's algorithm, we first establish the effectiveness of relay in such a system and then use experimental data to fit the model. We find that the realization time obtained from the model, considering relay (237.1 min) is also too large compared to the experimentally observed value of 30 min. We thus conclude that physical interactions, both direct and indirect (relay), are not sufficient to transfer the queen's signal in R. marginata. Finally, we discuss the possibility that the queen applies her pheromone on the nest material from where the workers can perceive it without having to physically interact with the queen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Bhadra
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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111
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Boulay R, Hefetz A, Cerdá X, Devers S, Francke W, Twele R, Lenoir A. Production of sexuals in a fission-performing ant: dual effects of queen pheromones and colony size. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-007-0385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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112
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van Wilgenburg E, Dang S, Forti AL, Koumoundouros TJ, Ly A, Elgar MA. An absence of aggression between non-nestmates in the bull ant Myrmecia nigriceps. Naturwissenschaften 2007; 94:787-90. [PMID: 17458525 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-007-0255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability of social insects to discriminate against non-nestmates is vital for maintaining colony integrity, and in most social insect species, individuals act aggressively towards non-nestmates that intrude into their nest. Our experimental field data revealed that intra-colony aggression in the primitive bulldog ant Myrmecia nigriceps is negligible; our series of bioassays revealed no significant difference in the occurrence of aggression in trials involving workers from the same, a close (less than 300 m) or a far (more than 1.5 km) nest. Further, non-nestmate intruders were able to enter the nest in 60% of our trials; a similar level was observed in trials involving nestmates. These results suggest that workers of M. nigriceps are either unable to recognize alien conspecifics or that the costs of ignoring workers from foreign colonies are sufficiently low to favor low levels of inter-colony aggression in this species.
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113
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Greene MJ, Gordon DM. Structural complexity of chemical recognition cues affects the perception of group membership in the ants Linephithema humile and Aphaenogaster cockerelli. J Exp Biol 2007; 210:897-905. [PMID: 17297148 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Hydrocarbon profiles on the cuticle of social insects act as multi-component recognition cues used to identify membership in a species, a colony or, within colonies, cues about its reproductive status or task group. To examine the role of structural complexity in ant hydrocarbon recognition cues, we studied the species recognition response of two ant species, Linepithema humile and Aphaenogaster cockerelli, and the recognition of conspecifics by L. humile. The cuticular hydrocarbons of ants are composed of molecules of varying chain lengths from three structural classes, n-alkanes, methyl-branched alkanes and n-alkenes. We employed species recognition bioassays that measured the aggressive response of both species of ants to mixtures of hydrocarbon classes, single structural classes of hydrocarbons (n-alkanes,methyl-branched alkanes and n-alkenes), and controls. The results showed that a combination of at least two hydrocarbon structural classes was necessary to elicit an aggressive species recognition response. Moreover, no single class of hydrocarbons was more important than the others in eliciting a response. Similarly, in the recognition of conspecifics, Linepithema humile did not respond to a mixture of n-alkane cuticular hydrocarbons presented alone, but supplementation of nestmate hydrocarbon profiles with the n-alkanes did elicit high levels of aggression. Thus both L. humile and A. cockerelli required mixtures of hydrocarbons of different structural classes to recognize species and colony membership. It appears that information on species and colony membership is not in isolated components of the profile, but instead in the mixture of structural classes found in cuticular hydrocarbon profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Greene
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Campus Box 171, PO Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217-3364 USA.
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114
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Effects of testosterone supplementation on chemical signals of male Iberian wall lizards: consequences for female mate choice. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-007-0358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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115
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Martín J, López P. Vitamin D supplementation increases the attractiveness of males' scent for female Iberian rock lizards. Proc Biol Sci 2006; 273:2619-24. [PMID: 17002947 PMCID: PMC1635462 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2006.3619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary theory proposes that signals used in sexual selection can only be stable if they are honest and condition dependent. However, despite the fact that chemical signals are used by many animals, empirical research has mainly focused on visual and acoustic signals. Vitamin D is an essential nutrient for lizards, but in some lizards its precursor (cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol=provitamin D) is found in femoral gland secretions, which males use for scent marking and intraspecific communication. By allocating provitamin D to secretions, males might need to divert vitamin D from metabolism. This might be costly and condition dependent. We tested whether diet quality affected chemical signals of male Iberian rock lizards (Lacerta monticola) and its consequences for sexual selection. After experimental supplementation of dietary vitamin D, males increased the proportion of provitamin D in femoral secretions. Further experiments showed that females detected these changes in males' signals by chemosensory cues, and discriminated provitamin D, and changes in its concentration, from similar steroids (i.e. cholesterol) found in secretions. Moreover, females preferred areas scent marked by males with more provitamin D in their secretions. This mechanism would confer honesty to chemical signals of male lizards, and, thus, females may rely on it to select high-quality males. We suggest that the allocation of vitamins and other essential nutrients to either visual (e.g. carotenoids) or chemical ornaments might be the common basis of honest sexual displays in many animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Martín
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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116
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Lengyel F, Westerlund SA, Kaib M. Juvenile Hormone III Influences Task-Specific Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Changes in the Ant Myrmicaria eumenoides. J Chem Ecol 2006; 33:167-81. [PMID: 17146723 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of juvenile hormones (JH) on the composition of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) and the division of labor in colonies of the African ant Myrmicaria eumenoides. CHCs have long been implicated in nestmate recognition in social insect colonies. In M. eumenoides, the CHC profiles also vary with the task performed from brood-tender-type to forager type. The endocrine factors regulating the task allocation as well as the intracolonial recognition cues are not well understood, but JHs are prime candidates. Only JH III was identified in the hemolymph of M. eumenoides workers. Foragers had significantly higher JH III titers than brood tenders. The application of exogenous JH III and a JH analogue (methoprene) to M. eumenoides workers did not result in an observable acceleration of task change in our study. However, longevity of the focus workers, and thus the observational period, was reduced by the applications. Changes from a brood-tender-type to a forager-type CHC profile were accelerated by the application of JH III and methoprene, resulting in brood-tending workers that displayed forager-type CHC profiles. We present the first data supporting that recognition cues of an eusocial Hymenopteran are influenced by JH III, which could thus play a major role in the regulation of the dynamic nature of social insect colonies. JH III is connected to at least two key processes: the acceleration of CHC changes and the more long-term modulation of task shifting. Moreover, this indicates that changes in CHC recognition cues do not trigger task allocation in social insect colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lengyel
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
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117
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MARTÍN J, LÓPEZ P. Links between male quality, male chemical signals, and female mate choice in Iberian Rock Lizards. Funct Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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118
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Age-related variation in lipophilic chemical compounds from femoral gland secretions of male lizards Psammodromus algirus. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2006.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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119
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Lommelen E, Johnson CA, Drijfhout FP, Billen J, Wenseleers T, Gobin B. Cuticular Hydrocarbons Provide Reliable Cues of Fertility in the Ant Gnamptogenys striatula. J Chem Ecol 2006; 32:2023-34. [PMID: 16902821 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In ca. 150 species of queenless ants, a specialized queen caste is rare or absent, and mated workers take over the role of the queen in some or all of the colonies. Previously, it has been shown that reproduction in queenless ants is regulated by a combination of dominance behavior and chemical fertility signaling. It is unknown, however, whether chemical signals alone can sufficiently regulate reproduction. To investigate this possibility, we studied reproductive regulation in the facultatively queenless ant Gnamptogenys striatula, a species where dominance behavior is rare or absent. Active egg layers and infertile workers showed qualitative and quantitative differences in their cuticular hydrocarbon profile. Five long-chain methyl alkanes, 3,13- and 3,15-dimethyl pentriacontane, 3,13- and 3,15-dimethyl heptentriacontane, and 3,11,15-trimethyl heptentriacontane occurred only on the cuticles of virgin and mated egg layers. Pronounced quantitative differences were found in a further 27 alkenes; alkanes; and mono-, di-, and trimethyl alkanes. Workers that had recently stopped laying eggs had profiles similar to infertile workers, and mating status did not affect this chemical pattern. We conclude that the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of G. striatula workers provide reliable information about their current fertility. In the interest of colony productivity, this allows reproduction to be regulated without the use of aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lommelen
- Zoological Institute, Catholic University of Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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120
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Dapporto L, Fondelli L, Turillazzi S. Nestmate recognition and identification of cuticular hydrocarbons composition in the swarm founding paper wasp Ropalidia opifex. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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121
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Denis D, Blatrix R, Fresneau D. How an ant manages to display individual and colonial signals by using the same channel. J Chem Ecol 2006; 32:1647-61. [PMID: 16871445 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cuticular hydrocarbons are used by some ants to discriminate nestmates from nonnestmates. Every member of the colony bears the same pattern because they are continuously exchanged among nestmates. The postpharyngeal gland (PPG) stores the blend of hydrocarbons and is involved in the distribution of this common mixture. However, some individuals might display individual information on the cuticle (such as a chemical signal of fertility) that must not be mixed within the common pool. We investigated how this paradox is solved in the ant Pachycondyla goeldii by analyzing the nature and localization of colonial and fertility signals. Workers in a queenless condition showed a dominance hierarchy that was correlated with ovarian development. Hydrocarbons from the cuticle and the PPG analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and identified by GC-mass spectrometry showed a clear discrimination among colonies, supporting the involvement of the PPG in the colonial identity signal. We identified and selected 11 cuticular hydrocarbons that permitted us to discriminate ovarian development classes and that might function as a fertility signal. They allowed clear colony discrimination as well, which suggests that the two signals (the individual signal of fertility and the common signal of colony identity) can be conveyed by the same compounds. However, the hydrocarbons in the PPG did not discriminate among ovarian developmental classes, suggesting that the portion of variation in the cuticular hydrocarbons constituting the fertility signal is superimposed on the signal of colony identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Denis
- Laboratoire d'Ethologie Expérimentale et Comparée (UMR CNRS 7153), Université Paris Nord, 99 avenue J.-B. Clément, 93430, Villetaneuse, France.
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122
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Beekman M. Is Her Majesty at home? Trends Ecol Evol 2006; 19:505-6. [PMID: 16701314 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2004.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Revised: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 07/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
When Queen Elizabeth is at home in Buckingham Palace, tradition has it that the Royal Standard is raised, so that all may know the fact. Although it is not crucial for most of us to know whether Her Majesty is home, it is in social insects. Endler et al. have recently shown how an ant queen signals her presence to her remote workers: she marks her eggs. This is significant because it provides insight into how queens maintain reproductive monopoly within their colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Beekman
- School of Biological Sciences, A12, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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123
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Roux O, Gers C, Legal L. When, during ontogeny, waxes in the blowfly (Calliphoridae) cuticle can act as phylogenetic markers. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2005.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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124
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López P, Amo L, Martín J. Reliable Signaling By Chemical Cues Of Male Traits And Health State In Male Lizards, Lacerta monticola. J Chem Ecol 2006; 32:473-88. [PMID: 16555130 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-005-9012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2005] [Revised: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the importance of chemoreception in social organization and sexual selection of lizards, there is a lack of general knowledge on how the characteristics of chemical signals mediate these behaviors. Moreover, it is unknown which are the mechanisms that might confer honesty to the information provided by chemical signals. We analyzed here whether characteristics of the lipophilic fraction of femoral gland secretions of Lacerta monticola male lizards can be related to the morphology, physical condition, and health state of the sender. Our results indicated that some male traits, such as body size, number of blue spots, and number of femoral pores and their level of fluctuating asymmetry, were related to variability in the relative proportions of some lipophilic chemical compounds found in secretions. Thus, conspecifics could obtain reliable information on the producer of a scent mark based on chemicals alone, and this might be the basis of female choice observed in this lizard. Moreover, only males with a greater T-cell immune response had higher proportions of two steroids (ergosterol and dehydrocholesterol) in their femoral secretions, which might suggest that the signal is honest and costly to produce. We suggest that only high-quality males could divert these compounds from metabolism to secretions in order to produce an exaggerated and honest "chemical ornament."
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar López
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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125
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Lucas C, Pho DB, Jallon JM, Fresneau D. Role of cuticular hydrocarbons in the chemical recognition between ant species in the Pachycondyla villosa species complex. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 51:1148-57. [PMID: 16055148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2005.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2005] [Revised: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular hydrocarbons (HCs) play important roles in insect communication but few studies clearly demonstrate the direct link between HCs and nestmate recognition. Therefore, cuticular lipids were extracted from ants, their HC and non-HC fractions as well as the three principal classes of HCs (n-alkanes, branched alkanes and alkenes) were purified and tested using an immobilizing "joust" device which allowed quantification of early pairwise behavioural responses, mandibular opening and antennal retraction, without occurrence of subsequent damages as in classic dyadic encounters. Chemical recognition of ants was studied at three levels of interactions (intra-colonial, intra-specific and inter-specific). Three closely related species already chemically characterized were used: Pachycondyla villosa (Pv), P. inversa (Pi) and P. subversa (Ps). Each species had its own behavioural responses. Moreover, responses of Pi and Ps towards Pv were significantly longer, than they were between themselves whereas Pv ants were equally aggressive towards Pi and Ps. These differences are in agreement with the results of the cluster analysis of the cuticular HCs profiles that place Pi closer to Ps. In support of the idea that components of cuticular lipids profiles are important for recognition, we found that only the HC fraction and its branched subfraction elicited a behavioural response of Ps workers. It is suggested that internally branched methyl- and dimethylalkanes are involved in recognition behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lucas
- Mécanismes de communication, Université Paris Sud, CNRS-UMR 8620, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
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126
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127
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Liebig J, Monnin T, Turillazzi S. Direct assessment of queen quality and lack of worker suppression in a paper wasp. Proc Biol Sci 2005; 272:1339-44. [PMID: 16006333 PMCID: PMC1560329 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing a conspecific's potential is often crucial to increase one's fitness, e.g. in female choice, contests with rivals or reproductive conflicts in animal societies. In the latter, helpers benefit from accurately assessing the fertility of the breeder as an indication of inclusive fitness. There is evidence that this can be achieved using chemical correlates of reproductive activity. Here, we show that queen quality can be assessed by directly monitoring her reproductive output. In the paper wasp Polistes dominulus, we mimicked a decrease in queen fertility by regularly removing brood. This triggered ovarian development and egg-laying by many workers, which strongly suggests that brood abundance is a reliable cue of queen quality. Brood abundance can be monitored when workers perform regular brood care in small size societies where each brood element is kept in a separate cell. Our results also show that although the queen was not manipulated, and thus remained healthy and fully fertile, she did not control worker egg-laying. Nevertheless, when workers laid eggs, the queen secured a near reproductive monopoly by selectively destroying these eggs, a mechanism known as 'queen policing'. By contrast, workers destroyed comparatively few queen-laid eggs, but did destroy each other's eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Liebig
- LS Verhaltensphysiologie und Soziobiologie, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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128
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Dapporto L, Matthew Sledge F, Turillazzi S. Dynamics of cuticular chemical profiles of Polistes dominulus workers in orphaned nests (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 51:969-73. [PMID: 15941571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2005.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2004] [Revised: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We analysed changes in cuticular hydrocarbon signatures of workers in orphaned colonies of the paper wasp Polistes dominulus. In natural conditions, workers and foundresses possess characteristic cuticular signatures, and foundresses are further distinguishable, both behaviourally and chemically, on the basis of their rank in a reproductive dominance hierarchy. In our study, several workers were found to develop their ovaries and produce cuticular signatures resembling those of dominant foundresses, while remaining workers possessed undeveloped ovaries and had cuticular blends characteristic of subordinate foundresses. Workers that did not develop their ovaries had changed epicuticular signatures, demonstrating that the mixture of hydrocarbons of worker individuals is strongly dependent on social role and environment. Our results suggest that the composition of epicuticular lipids is not determined at the pre-imaginal stage, and that physiological pathways leading to cuticular chemical changes are similar in foundresses and workers of P. dominulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Dapporto
- Centro Interdipartimentale Museo di Storia Naturale e del Territorio dell'Università di Pisa, Via Roma 79, 56011, Calci (PI), Italy.
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129
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Dietemann V, Liebig J, Hölldobler B, Peeters C. Changes in the cuticular hydrocarbons of incipient reproductives correlate with triggering of worker policing in the bulldog ant Myrmecia gulosa. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-005-0939-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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130
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Dani FR, Jones GR, Corsi S, Beard R, Pradella D, Turillazzi S. Nestmate recognition cues in the honey bee: differential importance of cuticular alkanes and alkenes. Chem Senses 2005; 30:477-89. [PMID: 15917370 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bji040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In social insects, recognition of nestmates from aliens is based on olfactory cues, and many studies have demonstrated that such cues are contained within the lipid layer covering the insect cuticle. These lipids are usually a complex mixture of tens of compounds in which aliphatic hydrocarbons are generally the major components. The experiments described here tested whether artificial changes in the cuticular profile through supplementation of naturally occurring alkanes and alkenes in honeybees affect the behaviour of nestmate guards. Compounds were applied to live foragers in microgram quantities and the bees returned to their hive entrance where the behaviour of the guard bees was observed. In this fashion we compared the effect of single alkenes with that of single alkanes; the effect of mixtures of alkenes versus that of mixtures of alkanes and the whole alkane fraction separated from the cuticular lipids versus the alkene fraction. With only one exception (the comparison between n-C(19) and (Z)9-C(19)), in all the experiments bees treated with alkenes were attacked more intensively than bees treated with alkanes. This leads us to conclude that modification of the natural chemical profile with the two different classes of compounds has a different effect on acceptance and suggests that this may correspond to a differential importance in the recognition signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca R Dani
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e Genetica dell'Università di Firenze via Romana 17, 50125- Firenze, Italy.
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131
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Dietemann V, Peeters C, Hölldobler B. Role of the queen in regulating reproduction in the bulldog ant Myrmecia gulosa: control or signalling? Anim Behav 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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132
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Hartmann A, D'Ettorre P, Jones GR, Heinze J. Fertility signaling--the proximate mechanism of worker policing in a clonal ant. Naturwissenschaften 2005; 92:282-6. [PMID: 15770464 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-005-0625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2004] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In eusocial insects, the ability to regulate reproduction relies on cues that signal the presence of fertile individuals. We investigated the variation of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) with reproductive status in Platythyrea punctata, an ant, in which all workers are capable of producing daughters from unfertilized eggs (thelytoky). Who reproduces is determined through dominance and worker policing. New reproductives, which developed their ovaries after separation from an old reproductive for a short period of time, were attacked by nonreproductives upon reintroduction into their colony. In contrast, aggression against new reproductives with fully developed ovaries, which had been separated over a longer period, was initiated by fights between old and new reproductives. CHC profiles varied with ovarian development. New reproductives were only attacked when they expressed a CHC profile similar to old reproductives, but not when it was similar to that of nonreproductives. CHCs appear to signal the fertility of individuals and induce policing behavior towards surplus reproductive workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hartmann
- Biologie I, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
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133
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Iwanishi S, Ohkawara K. The mechanism of the queen signal in regulation of worker reproduction in the myrmicine antAphaenogaster smythiesi japonica. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2005.9522613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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134
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Cuvillier-Hot V, Renault V, Peeters C. Rapid modification in the olfactory signal of ants following a change in reproductive status. Naturwissenschaften 2004; 92:73-7. [PMID: 15700164 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-004-0588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2004] [Accepted: 11/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In insect societies, the presence and condition of egg-layers can be assessed with pheromones. Exocrine secretions are expected to vary in time in order to give up-to-date information on an individual's reproductive physiology. In the queenless monogynous ant Streblognathus peetersi, we allowed a previously infertile high-ranking worker to accede to the alpha rank, thus triggering the onset of her oogenesis (15 replicates). We then studied her interactions with an established egg-layer from the same colony after different durations, ranging from 20 h to several days. Even though her eggs are only ready to be laid after 30 days, the new alpha was recognised within 1-2 days. Detection occurred at a distance of a few millimetres, suggesting the involvement of a pheromone with low volatility, such as cuticular hydrocarbons. When the new alpha had differentiated for >48 h, she was attacked by the established egg-layer. In all cases, low-ranking workers eventually immobilised one of the two alphas: the new alpha was the target if she had differentiated only recently, suggesting that police workers select the dominant worker with the "less fertile" odour. Using the behaviour of ants as our measure, we demonstrate that a dominant's olfactory signal changes rapidly with a modification in her social status, and it occurs well before the onset of egg-laying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Cuvillier-Hot
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, CNRS UMR 7625, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.
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135
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Beekman M, Martin CG, Oldroyd BP. Similar policing rates of eggs laid by virgin and mated honey-bee queens. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2004; 91:598-601. [PMID: 15502902 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-004-0576-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Accepted: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Worker-policing is a well-documented mechanism that maintains functional worker sterility in queen-right honey-bee colonies. Unknown, however, is the source of the egg-marking signal that is thought to be produced by the queen and used by policing workers to discriminate between queen- and worker-laid eggs. Here we investigate whether mating is necessary for the queen to produce the egg-marking signal. We compare the removal rate of eggs laid by virgin queens and compare this rate with that of eggs laid by mated queens. Our results show that mating does not affect the acceptability of eggs, suggesting that physiological changes linked to the act of mating do not play a role in the production of the queen's egg-marking signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Beekman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, A12, 2006, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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136
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Cuvillier-Hot V, Lenoir A, Crewe R, Malosse C, Peeters C. Fertility signalling and reproductive skew in queenless ants. Anim Behav 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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137
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Cuvillier-Hot V, Lenoir A, Peeters C. Reproductive monopoly enforced by sterile police workers in a queenless ant. Behav Ecol 2004. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arh072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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138
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de Biseau JC, Passera L, Daloze D, Aron S. Ovarian activity correlates with extreme changes in cuticular hydrocarbon profile in the highly polygynous ant, Linepithema humile. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 50:585-593. [PMID: 15234619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2004.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2004] [Revised: 04/06/2004] [Accepted: 04/07/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In social insects, cuticular hydrocarbons of adults may vary with ovarian activity. Such variations are suggested to function in the regulation of reproduction within colonies. The modification of the CH profile with ovarian activity is usually interpreted as a signal of fertility causing workers to refrain from reproducing in the presence of the queen. We examined the effect of ovarian activity on the CH profiles in the Argentine ant Linepithema humile, a species where workers lack ovaries and are completely sterile. Our data show considerable differences in the CH profiles between fertile and infertile individuals. These differences are mainly qualitative. The CH profile strongly changes at the start of egg laying, both in mated and unmated queens. These results show that variation in cuticular hydrocarbons with ovarian activity in ants is not restricted to species with worker reproduction. We propose that in the Argentine ant, the cuticular hydrocarbons of laying queens correspond to a signal of fertility involved in the regulation of various aspects of reproduction, such as the rearing of new sexuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe de Biseau
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Service d'Eco-Ethologie Evolutive, CP160/12, 50 av. F.D. Roosevelt, Brussels 1050, Belgium.
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139
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D'Ettorre P, Heinze J, Schulz C, Francke W, Ayasse M. Does she smell like a queen? Chemoreception of a cuticular hydrocarbon signal in the ant Pachycondyla inversa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 207:1085-91. [PMID: 14978051 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Primitive ant societies, with their relatively simple social structure, provide an opportunity to explore the evolution of chemical communication, in particular of mechanisms underlying within-colony discrimination. In the same colony, slight differences in individual odours can be the basis for discrimination between different castes, classes of age and social status. There is some evidence from correlative studies that such inter-individual variation is associated with differences in reproductive status, but direct proof that certain chemical compounds are detected and recognized by ants is still lacking. In the ponerine ant Pachycondyla inversa, fertile queens and, in orphaned colonies, dominant egg-laying workers are characterized by the predominance of a branched hydrocarbon, 3,11-dimethylheptacosane (3,11-diMeC(27)) on the cuticle. Using electroanntennography and gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection, we show that the antennae of P. inversa workers react to this key compound. 3,11-diMeC(27) is correlated with ovarian activity and, because it is detected, is likely to assume the role of a fertility signal reflecting the quality of the sender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia D'Ettorre
- Department of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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140
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Endler A, Liebig J, Schmitt T, Parker JE, Jones GR, Schreier P, Hölldobler B. Surface hydrocarbons of queen eggs regulate worker reproduction in a social insect. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:2945-50. [PMID: 14993614 PMCID: PMC365725 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0308447101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A hitherto largely unresolved problem in behavioral biology is how workers are prevented from reproducing in large insect societies with high relatedness. Signals of the queen are assumed to inform the nestmates about her presence in the colony, which leads to indirect fitness benefits for workers. In the ant Camponotus floridanus, we found such a signal located on queen-laid eggs. In groups of workers that were regularly provided with queen-laid eggs, larvae, and cocoons, with larvae and cocoons alone, or with no brood, only in the groups with queen-laid eggs did workers not lay eggs. Thus, the eggs seem to inform the nestmates about the queen's presence, which induces workers to refrain from reproducing. The signal on queen-laid eggs is presumably the same that enables workers to distinguish between queen- and worker-laid eggs. Despite their viability, the latter are destroyed by workers when given a choice between both types. Queen- and worker-laid eggs differ in their surface hydrocarbons in a way similar to the way fertile queens differ from workers in the composition of their cuticular hydrocarbons. When we transferred hydrocarbons from the queen cuticle to worker-laid eggs, the destruction of those eggs was significantly mitigated. We conclude that queen-derived hydrocarbon labels inform workers about the presence of a fertile queen and thereby regulate worker reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Endler
- Lehrstuhl Verhaltensphysiologie und Soziobiologie, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
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141
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