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Muszyński P, Kulczyńska-Przybik A, Borawska R, Litman-Zawadzka A, Słowik A, Klimkowicz-Mrowiec A, Pera J, Dziedzic T, Mroczko B. The Relationship between Markers of Inflammation and Degeneration in the Central Nervous System and the Blood-Brain Barrier Impairment in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 59:903-912. [PMID: 28697565 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is known that YKL-40- a marker of glial inflammation, and VILIP-1- a marker of neuronal injury, reflect functional and structural changes in AD brains, although there is limited data concerning their potential influence on blood-brain barrier (BBB) homeostasis. OBJECTIVE Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between markers of inflammation and degeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) of patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) as well as immunological response in CNS and BBB function. METHODS Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of proteins tested were determined in 45 AD patients, 18 MCI subjects, and 23 non-demented controls using ELISA method. RESULTS CSF concentrations of YKL-40 were significantly higher in MCI and AD patients, whereas CSF levels of VILIP-1 were statistically higher in the AD group as compared to the subjects without cognitive deficits. Elevated concentrations of YKL-40 correlated significantly with increased albumin quotient and decreased Aβ42/40 ratio in AD patients and with IgG quotient in the total study group. We did not find a relationship between VILIP-1 and immunological parameters reflecting BBB dysfunction and humoral immune response. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that YKL-40 may contribute to decreased stability and increased permeability of BBB in AD patients. It is assumed that YKL-40 is implicated in the development of brain barriers, although its precise mechanism of action in the BBB disruption remains unrevealed. Further studies on larger groups of patients are required to confirm our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Muszyński
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Renata Borawska
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ala Litman-Zawadzka
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Słowik
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Pera
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Dziedzic
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
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102
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Banevicius M, Vilkeviciute A, Kriauciuniene L, Liutkeviciene R, Deltuva VP. The Association Between Variants of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) Gene Polymorphisms and Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:190-199. [PMID: 29317590 PMCID: PMC5771184 DOI: 10.12659/msm.905311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in people aged 65 years and older in developed countries. The pathogenesis of AMD has been linked to mechanisms involving inflammation, oxidative stress, and basal laminar deposit formation between retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and the basal membrane, caused by advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs are implicated in the pathogenesis of AMD through the AGE-and receptor for AGE (RAGE) interaction, which can be altered by polymorphisms of the RAGE gene. We examined RAGE rs1800624 and rs1800625 gene polymorphisms contributing to AMD development. Material/Methods The study enrolled 300 patients with early AMD, 300 patients with exudative AMD, and 800 healthy controls. The genotyping was carried out using the RT-PCR method. Results The analysis of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the RAGE gene showed that rs1800624 was associated with a 1.6-fold decreased risk for exudative AMD under the dominant model after adjustment for age (OR=0.616; 95% CI: 0.394–0.963; p=0.034) and each copy of allele T at rs1800624 was associated with a 1.4-fold decreased risk for exudative AMD development under the additive model after adjustment for age (OR=0.701; 95% CI: 0.510–0.962; p=0.028). Analysis revealed that the rs1800625 allele G at rs1800625 was associated with a 1.5-fold increased risk for exudative AMD after adjustment for age (OR=1.545; 95% CI: 1.003–2.379; p=0.048). These results suggested that the allele G at rs1800625 was a risk-allele for exudative AMD development. In haplotype analysis, A-G haplotype was significantly more frequently observed in exudative AMD patients compared to healthy controls (3.3% versus 1.4%, p=0.035). Conclusions We revealed a significant association between RAGE gene rs1800624 and rs1800625 polymorphisms and AMD risk. We considered T allele at rs1800624 to be protective against AMD development, while allele G at rs1800625 was considered to be a marker of poor prognosis in AMD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantas Banevicius
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Alvita Vilkeviciute
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Loresa Kriauciuniene
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Liutkeviciene
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vytenis Pranas Deltuva
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Kaunas, Lithuania
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103
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Trebbastoni A, Marcelli M, Mallone F, D'Antonio F, Imbriano L, Campanelli A, de Lena C, Gharbiya M. Attenuation of Choroidal Thickness in Patients With Alzheimer Disease: Evidence From an Italian Prospective Study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2017; 31:128-134. [PMID: 27875364 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To compare the 12-month choroidal thickness (CT) change between Alzheimer disease (AD) patients and normal subjects. METHODS In this prospective, observational study, 39 patients with a diagnosis of mild to moderate AD and 39 age-matched control subjects were included. All the subjects underwent neuropsychological (Mini Mental State Examination, Alzheimer disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale, and the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale) and ophthalmological evaluation, including spectral domain optical coherence tomography, at baseline and after 12 months. CT was measured manually using the caliper tool of the optical coherence tomography device. RESULTS After 12 months, AD patients had a greater reduction of CT than controls (P≤0.05, adjusted for baseline CT, age, sex, axial length, and smoking). DISCUSSION CT in patients with AD showed a rate of thinning greater than what could be expected during the natural course of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Trebbastoni
- Departments of *Neurology and Psychiatry †Ophthalmology, Sapienza University, Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
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104
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Mahajan D, Votruba M. Can the retina be used to diagnose and plot the progression of Alzheimer's disease? Acta Ophthalmol 2017; 95:768-777. [PMID: 29220126 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of senile dementia. It impairs the quality of life of a person and their family, posing a serious economic and social threat in developed countries. The fact that the diagnosis can only be definitively made post-mortem, or when the disease is fairly advanced, presents a serious problem if novel therapeutic interventions are to be devised and used early in the course of the disease. There is therefore a pressing need for more sensitive and specific diagnostic tests with which we can detect AD in the preclinical stage. The tau proteins and beta-amyloid proteins start to accumulate 20 years before the symptoms begin to manifest. Detecting them in the preclinical stage would be a potential breakthrough in the management of AD. A high degree of clinical suspicion is needed to correlate problems in cognition with the changes in the eye, particularly the retina, pupil and ocular movements, so that the disease can be detected early and managed in the prodromal phase. In this systematic review, we ask the question whether the retina can be used to make a specific and early diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Mahajan
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences; Cardiff University; Cardiff UK
| | - Marcela Votruba
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences; Cardiff University; Cardiff UK
- University Hospital of Wales; Cardiff UK
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105
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Dada T. Is Glaucoma a Neurodegeneration caused by Central Insulin Resistance: Diabetes Type 4? J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2017; 11:77-79. [PMID: 29151680 PMCID: PMC5684236 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
How to cite this article: Dada T. Is Glaucoma a Neurodegeneration caused by Central Insulin Resistance: Diabetes Type 4? J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2017;11(3):77-79.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuj Dada
- Professor, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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106
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Sun J, Huang P, Liang J, Li J, Shen M, She X, Feng Y, Luo X, Liu T, Sun X. Cooperation of Rel family members in regulating Aβ 1-40-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by retinal pigment epithelial cells. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3115. [PMID: 29022897 PMCID: PMC5682668 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) is a hallmark component of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which induces secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines from retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Previous studies have shown that p50/RelA (p65), a member of NF-κB family, is an essential pro-inflammatory transcription factor responding to Aβ1-40 stimulation, but few focused on the other two Rel transcription factor members – RelB and c-Rel – and their role in Aβ1-40-mediated inflammation. It was reported that RelA, RelB and c-Rel are also implicated in various NF-κB-mediated inflammatory diseases. Therefore, we infer that Aβ1-40-mediated inflammation targets not only the classical inflammation regulator, RelA, but also RelB and c-Rel. In this study, we demonstrate that intravitreally injected Aβ1-40 mice develop AMD-like pathologic changes, coupled with Rel protein (RelA, RelB and c-Rel) synthesis and nuclear translocation. To focus on the interaction mechanism of Rel proteins, we found that RelB and c-Rel formed a heterodimer with RelA in mice model. We also found that c-Rel silencing decreased the levels of Aβ1-40-dependent RelA expression, indicating that RelB and c-Rel may interact with RelA as coactivator and c-Rel is required to activate the expression of RelA. Moreover, Rel protein silencing decreased the expression of distinct pro-inflammatory cytokines. Together, we demonstrate that besides RelA, RelB and c-Rel can also be activated by Aβ1-40, all of which mediate pro-inflammatory cytokine transcription and RPE damage. Our findings imply that RPE-mediated inflammation under the stimulation of Aβ1-40 is multi-targeted and RelA, RelB and c-Rel proteins may be the new targets of anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junran Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Peirong Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Jian Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxi Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xiangjun She
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yiji Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xueting Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Te Liu
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
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107
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Campbell M, Cassidy PS, O'Callaghan J, Crosbie DE, Humphries P. Manipulating ocular endothelial tight junctions: Applications in treatment of retinal disease pathology and ocular hypertension. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 62:120-133. [PMID: 28951125 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein levels of endothelial tight-junctions of the inner retinal microvasculature, together with those of Schlemm's canal, can be readily manipulated by RNA interference (RNAi), resulting in the paracellular clefts between such cells to be reversibly modulated. This facilitates access to the retina of systemically-deliverable low molecular weight, potentially therapeutic compounds, while also allowing potentially toxic material, for example, soluble Amyloid-β1-40, to be removed from the retina into the peripheral circulation. The technique has also been shown to be highly effective in alleviation of pathological cerebral oedema and we speculate that it may therefore have similar utility in the oedematous retina. Additionally, by manipulating endothelial tight-junctions of Schlemm's canal, inflow of aqueous humour from the trabecular meshwork into the Canal can be radically enhanced, suggesting a novel avenue for control of intraocular pressure. Here, we review the technology underlying this approach together with specific examples of clinical targets that are, or could be, amenable to this novel form of genetic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Campbell
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Paul S Cassidy
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jeffrey O'Callaghan
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Darragh E Crosbie
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Pete Humphries
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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108
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Complement factor H in AMD: Bridging genetic associations and pathobiology. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 62:38-57. [PMID: 28928087 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a complex multifactorial disease characterized in its early stages by lipoprotein accumulations in Bruch's Membrane (BrM), seen on fundoscopic exam as drusen, and in its late forms by neovascularization ("wet") or geographic atrophy of the Retinal Pigmented Epithelial (RPE) cell layer ("dry"). Genetic studies have strongly supported a relationship between the alternative complement cascade, in particular the common H402 variant in Complement Factor H (CFH) and development of AMD. However, the functional significance of the CFH Y402H polymorphism remains elusive. In this article, we critically review the literature surrounding the functional significance of this polymorphism. Furthermore, based on our group's studies we propose a model in which CFH H402 affects CFH binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans leading to accelerated lipoprotein accumulation in BrM and drusen progression. We also review the literature on the role of other complement components in AMD pathobiologies, including C3a, C5a and the membrane attack complex (MAC), and on transgenic mouse models developed to interrogate in vivo the effects of the CFH Y402H polymorphism.
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109
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Koronyo Y, Biggs D, Barron E, Boyer DS, Pearlman JA, Au WJ, Kile SJ, Blanco A, Fuchs DT, Ashfaq A, Frautschy S, Cole GM, Miller CA, Hinton DR, Verdooner SR, Black KL, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Retinal amyloid pathology and proof-of-concept imaging trial in Alzheimer's disease. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93621. [PMID: 28814675 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with high specificity and sensitivity can greatly facilitate identification of at-risk populations for earlier, more effective intervention. AD patients exhibit a myriad of retinal pathologies, including hallmark amyloid β-protein (Aβ) deposits. METHODS Burden, distribution, cellular layer, and structure of retinal Aβ plaques were analyzed in flat mounts and cross sections of definite AD patients and controls (n = 37). In a proof-of-concept retinal imaging trial (n = 16), amyloid probe curcumin formulation was determined and protocol was established for retinal amyloid imaging in live patients. RESULTS Histological examination uncovered classical and neuritic-like Aβ deposits with increased retinal Aβ42 plaques (4.7-fold; P = 0.0063) and neuronal loss (P = 0.0023) in AD patients versus matched controls. Retinal Aβ plaque mirrored brain pathology, especially in the primary visual cortex (P = 0.0097 to P = 0.0018; Pearson's r = 0.84-0.91). Retinal deposits often associated with blood vessels and occurred in hot spot peripheral regions of the superior quadrant and innermost retinal layers. Transmission electron microscopy revealed retinal Aβ assembled into protofibrils and fibrils. Moreover, the ability to image retinal amyloid deposits with solid-lipid curcumin and a modified scanning laser ophthalmoscope was demonstrated in live patients. A fully automated calculation of the retinal amyloid index (RAI), a quantitative measure of increased curcumin fluorescence, was constructed. Analysis of RAI scores showed a 2.1-fold increase in AD patients versus controls (P = 0.0031). CONCLUSION The geometric distribution and increased burden of retinal amyloid pathology in AD, together with the feasibility to noninvasively detect discrete retinal amyloid deposits in living patients, may lead to a practical approach for large-scale AD diagnosis and monitoring. FUNDING National Institute on Aging award (AG044897) and The Saban and The Marciano Family Foundations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David Biggs
- NeuroVision Imaging LLC, Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | - David S Boyer
- Retina Vitreous Associates Medical Group, Beverly Hills, California, USA
| | - Joel A Pearlman
- Retinal Consultants Medical Group, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - William J Au
- Sutter Neuroscience Institute, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Shawn J Kile
- Sutter Neuroscience Institute, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Austin Blanco
- NeuroVision Imaging LLC, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Dieu-Trang Fuchs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Adeel Ashfaq
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sally Frautschy
- Departments of Neurology and Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; and Veterans Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gregory M Cole
- Departments of Neurology and Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; and Veterans Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carol A Miller
- Department of Pathology Program in Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, and
| | - David R Hinton
- Departments of Pathology and Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Vascular Dementia (VaD) are the most common causes of dementia in older people. Both diseases appear to have similar clinical symptoms, such as deficits in attention and executive function, but specific cognitive domains are affected. Current cohort studies have shown a close relationship between αβ deposits and age-related macular degeneration (Johnson et al., 2002; Ratnayaka et al., 2015). Additionally, a close link between the thinning of the retinal nerve fiber (RNFL) and AD patients has been described, while it has been proposed that AD patients suffer from a non-specific type of color blindness (Pache et al., 2003). METHODS Our study included 103 individuals divided into three groups: A healthy control group (n = 35), AD (n = 32) according to DSM-IV-TR, NINCDS-ADRDA criteria, and VaD (n = 36) based on ΝΙΝDS-AIREN, as well as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) results. The severity of patient's cognitive impairment, was measured with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and was classified according to the Reisberg global deterioration scale (GDS). Visual perception was examined using the Ishihara plates: "Ishihara Color Vision Test - 38 Plate." RESULTS The three groups were not statistically different for demographic data (age, gender, and education). The Ishihara color blindness test has a sensitivity of 80.6% and a specificity of 87.5% to discriminate AD and VaD patients when an optimal (32.5) cut-off value of performance is used. CONCLUSIONS Ishihara Color Vision Test - 38 Plate is a promising potential method as an easy and not time-consuming screening test for the differential diagnosis of dementia between AD and VaD.
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111
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Kheitan S, Minuchehr Z, Soheili ZS. Exploring the cross talk between ER stress and inflammation in age-related macular degeneration. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181667. [PMID: 28742151 PMCID: PMC5524348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrates that inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is implicated in the development and progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease. However the cross talk between these cellular mechanisms has not been clearly and fully understood. The present study investigates a possible intersection between ER stress and inflammation in AMD. In this study, we recruited two collections of involved protein markers to retrieve their interaction information from IMEx-curated databases, which are the most well- known protein-protein interaction collections, allowing us to design an intersection network for AMD that is unprecedented. In order to find expression activated subnetworks, we utilized AMD expression profiles in our network. In addition, we studied topological characteristics of the most expressed active subnetworks to identify the hubs. With regard to topological quantifications and expressional activity, we reported a list of the most pivotal hubs which are potentially applicable as probable therapeutic targets. Furthermore, we introduced MAPK signaling pathway as a significantly involved pathway in the association between ER stress and inflammation, leading to promising new directions in discovering AMD formation mechanisms and possible treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Kheitan
- Systems Biotechnology Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zarrin Minuchehr
- Systems Biotechnology Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
| | - Zahra-Soheila Soheili
- Molecular Medicine Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
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112
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Manczak M, Kandimalla R, Fry D, Sesaki H, Reddy PH. Protective effects of reduced dynamin-related protein 1 against amyloid beta-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and synaptic damage in Alzheimer's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 25:5148-5166. [PMID: 27677309 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to understand the protective effects of reduced expression of dynamin-related protein (Drp1) against amyloid beta (Aβ) induced mitochondrial and synaptic toxicities in Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression and pathogenesis. Our recent molecular and biochemical studies revealed that impaired mitochondrial dynamics-increased mitochondrial fragmentation and decreased fusion-in neurons from autopsy brains of AD patients and from transgenic AD mice and neurons expressing Aβ, suggesting that Aβ causes mitochondrial fragmentation in AD. Further, our recent co-immunoprecipitation and immunostaining analysis revealed that the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 interacted with Aβ, and this interaction increased as AD progressed. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that a partial deficiency of Drp1 inhibits Drp1-Aβ interactions and protects Aβ-induced mitochondrial and synaptic toxicities, and maintains mitochondrial dynamics and neuronal function in AD neurons. We crossed Drp1+/- mice with APP transgenic mice (Tg2576 line) and created double mutant (APPXDrp1+/-) mice. Using real-time RT-PCR and immunoblotting analyses, we measured mRNA expressions and protein levels of genes related to the mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial biogenesis and synapses from 6-month-old Drp1+/-, APP, APPXDrp1+/- and wild-type (WT) mice. Using biochemical methods, we also studied mitochondrial function and measured soluble Aβ in brain tissues from all lines of mice in our study. Decreased mRNA expressions and protein levels of Drp1 and Fis1 (fission) and CypD (matrix) genes, and increased levels of Mfn1, Mfn2 and Opa1 (fusion), Nrf1, Nrf2, PGC1α, TFAM (biogenesis) and synaptophysin, PSD95, synapsin 1, synaptobrevin 1, neurogranin, GAP43 and synaptopodin (synaptic) were found in 6-month-old APPXDrp1+/- mice relative to APP mice. Mitochondrial functional assays revealed that mitochondrial dysfunction is reduced in APPXDrp1+/- mice relative to APP mice, suggesting that reduced Drp1enhances mitochondrial function in AD neurons. Sandwich ELISA assay revealed that soluble Aβ levels were significantly reduced in APPXDrp1+/- mice relative to APP mice, indicating that reduced Drp1 decreases soluble Aβ production in AD progression. These findings suggest that a partial reduction of Drp1 reduces Aβ production, reduces mitochondrial dysfunction, and maintains mitochondrial dynamics, enhances mitochondrial biogenesis and synaptic activity in APP mice. These findings may have implications for the development of Drp1 based therapeutics for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Manczak
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, MS, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, MS, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - David Fry
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, MS, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Cell Biology Department, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, MS, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Cell Biology & Biochemistry Department.,Pharmacology & Neuroscience Department.,Neurology Department.,Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences Departments, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Klingeborn M, Dismuke WM, Skiba NP, Kelly U, Stamer WD, Bowes Rickman C. Directional Exosome Proteomes Reflect Polarity-Specific Functions in Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Monolayers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4901. [PMID: 28687758 PMCID: PMC5501811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) forms the outer blood-retinal barrier in the eye and its polarity is responsible for directional secretion and uptake of proteins, lipoprotein particles and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Such a secretional division dictates directed interactions between the systemic circulation (basolateral) and the retina (apical). Our goal is to define the polarized proteomes and physical characteristics of EVs released from the RPE. Primary cultures of porcine RPE cells were differentiated into polarized RPE monolayers on permeable supports. EVs were isolated from media bathing either apical or basolateral RPE surfaces, and two subpopulations of small EVs including exosomes, and dense EVs, were purified and processed for proteomic profiling. In parallel, EV size distribution and concentration were determined. Using protein correlation profiling mass spectrometry, a total of 631 proteins were identified in exosome preparations, 299 of which were uniquely released apically, and 94 uniquely released basolaterally. Selected proteins were validated by Western blot. The proteomes of these exosome and dense EVs preparations suggest that epithelial polarity impacts directional release. These data serve as a foundation for comparative studies aimed at elucidating the role of exosomes in the molecular pathophysiology of retinal diseases and help identify potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Klingeborn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - W Michael Dismuke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Nikolai P Skiba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Una Kelly
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Catherine Bowes Rickman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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114
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De Groef L, Cordeiro MF. Is the Eye an Extension of the Brain in Central Nervous System Disease? J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 34:129-133. [PMID: 28609158 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2016.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lies De Groef
- 1 Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London , London, United Kingdom .,2 Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Francesca Cordeiro
- 1 Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London , London, United Kingdom .,3 Western Eye Hospital , Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom .,4 ICORG, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London , London, United Kingdom
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115
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Prasad T, Zhu P, Verma A, Chakrabarty P, Rosario AM, Golde TE, Li Q. Amyloid β peptides overexpression in retinal pigment epithelial cells via AAV-mediated gene transfer mimics AMD-like pathology in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3222. [PMID: 28607377 PMCID: PMC5468329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive retinal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extracellular deposits known as drusen. A major constituent of drusen deposits are Alzheimer disease-associated amyloid β (Aβ) peptides. To understand the etiology of Aβ proteostasis in AMD, we delivered recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) encoding Aβ42 and Aβ40 peptides fused to BRI2 protein by intraocular injection in C57BL/6J mice. Endogenous protease cleavage of such constructs leads to production of secreted Aβ42 and Aβ40 respectively. We demonstrate that overexpression of secreted Aβ40 or Aβ42 resulted in dramatic induction of drusen-like deposits by 2 months' post-injection. These drusen-like deposits were immunopositive for Aβ and complement proteins but did not stain for conventional amyloid dyes, such as Thioflavin S. Both injected cohorts showed gliosis and degenerative changes, though ERG responses were minimally affected. Intriguingly, simultaneous overexpression of BRI-Aβ40 or BRI-Aβ42 together resulted in dose-dependent and cumulative changes reminiscent of AMD type pathology - drusen-like deposits, severe reduction in ERG responses, photoreceptor cell loss and gliosis. Here, we have established a physiological model of Aβ containing deposits in wild-type mice that recapitulates major retinal pathophysiological features of AMD and will be instrumental in mechanistic understanding and development of therapeutic strategies against AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhina Prasad
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Amrisha Verma
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Awilda M Rosario
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA.
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116
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Extracellular matrix nitration alters growth factor release and activates bioactive complement in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177763. [PMID: 28505174 PMCID: PMC5432172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We have shown previously that non-enzymatic nitration (NEN) of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which serves as a model of Bruch’s membrane (BM) aging, has a profound effect on the behavior of the overlying retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, including altered phagocytic ability, reduced cell adhesion, and inhibition of proliferation. We know that transplanted RPE monolayers will encounter a hostile sub-RPE environment, including age-related alterations in BM that may compromise cell function and survival. Here we use our previous NEN model of BM aging to determine the effects of NEN of the ECM on growth factor release and complement activation in RPE cells. Methods Human induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were differentiated into RPE cells, and confirmed by immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and polymerase chain reaction. IPSC-derived RPE cells were plated onto RPE-derived ECM under untreated or nitrite-modified conditions. Cells were cultured for 7 days and barrier function measured by transepithelial resistance (TER). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), and complement component C3a were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results On average nitrite-modified ECM increased VEGF release both apically and basally by 0.15 ± 0.014 ng/mL (p <0.0001) and 0.21 ± 0.022 ng/mL (p <0.0001), respectively, in iPSC-derived RPE cells. Nitrite-modified ECM increased PEDF release in iPSC-derived RPE cells apically by 0.16 ± 0.031 ng/mL (p <0.0001), but not basally (0.27 ± 0.015 vs. 0.32 ± 0.029 ng/mL, (p >0.05)). Nitrite-modified ECM increased production of C3a in iPSC-derived RPE cells by 0.52 ± 0.123 ng/mL (p <0.05). Conclusion Nitrite-modified ECM increased VEGF, PEDF release, and C3a production in human iPSC-derived RPE cells. This model demonstrates changes seen in the basement membrane can lead to alterations in the cell biology of the RPE cells that may be related to the development of age-related macular degeneration.
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117
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Kersten E, Paun CC, Schellevis RL, Hoyng CB, Delcourt C, Lengyel I, Peto T, Ueffing M, Klaver CCW, Dammeier S, den Hollander AI, de Jong EK. Systemic and ocular fluid compounds as potential biomarkers in age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol 2017; 63:9-39. [PMID: 28522341 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers can help unravel mechanisms of disease and identify new targets for therapy. They can also be useful in clinical practice for monitoring disease progression, evaluation of treatment efficacy, and risk assessment in multifactorial diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD is a highly prevalent progressive retinal disorder for which multiple genetic and environmental risk factors have been described, but the exact etiology is not yet fully understood. Many compounds have been evaluated for their association with AMD. We performed an extensive literature review of all compounds measured in serum, plasma, vitreous, aqueous humor, and urine of AMD patients. Over 3600 articles were screened, resulting in more than 100 different compounds analyzed in AMD studies, involved in neovascularization, immunity, lipid metabolism, extracellular matrix, oxidative stress, diet, hormones, and comorbidities (such as kidney disease). For each compound, we provide a short description of its function and discuss the results of the studies in relation to its usefulness as AMD biomarker. In addition, biomarkers identified by hypothesis-free techniques, including metabolomics, proteomics, and epigenomics, are covered. In summary, compounds belonging to the oxidative stress pathway, the complement system, and lipid metabolism are the most promising biomarker candidates for AMD. We hope that this comprehensive survey of the literature on systemic and ocular fluid compounds as potential biomarkers in AMD will provide a stepping stone for future research and possible implementation in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Kersten
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Constantin C Paun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rosa L Schellevis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Carel B Hoyng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Cécile Delcourt
- Université de Bordeaux, ISPED, Bordeaux, France; INSERM, U1219-Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Imre Lengyel
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Tunde Peto
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Department for Ophthalmology and Medical Bioanalytics Centre Tübingen, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sascha Dammeier
- Department for Ophthalmology and Medical Bioanalytics Centre Tübingen, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eiko K de Jong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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118
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Dai B, Lei C, Lin R, Tao L, Bin Y, Peng H, Lei B. Activation of liver X receptor α protects amyloid β 1-40 induced inflammatory and senescent responses in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Inflamm Res 2017; 66:523-534. [PMID: 28361293 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether activation of the liver X receptors (LXRs) inhibits amyloid β1-40 (Aβ1-40) induced inflammatory and senescent responses in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Confluent cultures of human primary RPE and ARPE-19 cells pretreated with 5 μΜ of TO901317 (TO90), a synthetic agonist of LXR, or vehicle were incubated with 1 μΜ of Aβ1-40 or Aβ40-1. The optimum concentrations of Aβ1-40 and TO90 were determined by cell viability assay. Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expression and localization of an aging protein p16INK4a (p16) were analyzed by western blotting and immunofluorescence. Expressions of LXRs and one of their target genes ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) were examined by real-time PCR and western blotting. Phosphorylated transcription inhibition factor-κB-α (p-IκB-α) was assessed by western blotting. RESULTS A negative linear relationship between the Aβ1-40 concentration and the cell viability was evident, indicating Aβ1-40 decreased ARPE-19 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Aβ1-40 enhanced the expression of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 as well as p16 in both RPE cell lines at both mRNA and protein levels, whereas TO90 counteracted the detrimental effects. TO90 upregulated the expression of LXRα and its target gene ABCA1, but it did not affect the expression of LXRβ. Meanwhile, TO90 inhibited the phosphorylation of IκB-α mediated by Aβ1-40 stimulation. CONCLUSION Activation of the LXRα-ABCA1 axis may alleviate Aβ1-40 induced inflammatory and senescent responses in RPE cells. The beneficial effect appears associated with the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingling Dai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Chunyan Lei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ru Lin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Lifei Tao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yue Bin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Bo Lei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.
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Baldacci F, Lista S, Cavedo E, Bonuccelli U, Hampel H. Diagnostic function of the neuroinflammatory biomarker YKL-40 in Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:285-299. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1304217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Baldacci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- AXA Research Fund UPMC Chair, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Simone Lista
- AXA Research Fund UPMC Chair, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Enrica Cavedo
- AXA Research Fund UPMC Chair, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, Paris, France
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Bonuccelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Harald Hampel
- AXA Research Fund UPMC Chair, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, Paris, France
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Beta-amyloid sequelae in the eye: a critical review on its diagnostic significance and clinical relevance in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:353-363. [PMID: 28093567 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder. There is no test for its definitive diagnosis in routine clinical practice. Although phase III clinical trials have failed, only symptomatic treatment is currently available; a possible reason for these failed trials is that intervention commenced at an advanced stage of the disease. The hallmarks of an AD brain include plaques comprising of extracellular beta-amyloid (Aβ) protein aggregates and intracellular hyperphosphorylated neurofibrillary tangles of tau. Research into the preclinical diagnosis of AD has provided considerable evidence regarding early neuropathological changes using brain Aβ imaging and the cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, Aβ and tau. Both these approaches have limitations that are expensive, invasive or time consuming and thus preclude them from screening at-risk population. Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of Aβ plaques in the eyes of AD subjects, which is positively associated with their brain Aβ burden. Thus ocular biomarkers point to a potential avenue for an earlier, relatively low-cost diagnosis in order for therapeutic interventions to be effective. Here we review the literature that spans the investigation for the presence of Aβ in aging eyes and the significance of its deposition in relation to AD pathology. We discuss clinical studies investigating in vivo imaging of Aβ in the eye and its association with brain Aβ burden and therapies that target ocular Aβ. Finally, we focus on the need to characterize AD-specific retinal Aβ to differentiate Aβ found in some eye diseases. Based on the current evidence, we conclude that integration of ocular biomarkers that can correctly predict brain Aβ burden would have an important role as a non-invasive, yet economical surrogate marker in the diagnostic process of AD.
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121
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Hiramoto K, Yamate Y, Sato EF. Long-Term Ultraviolet A Eye Irradiation Causes Retina Denaturation in Mice. Biomed Hub 2017; 2:1-10. [PMID: 31988904 PMCID: PMC6945962 DOI: 10.1159/000453542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long-term ultraviolet (UV) A eye irradiation in mice initiates the induction of photoaging. However, the changes in the eye due to long-term exposure to UVA radiation are still unclear. Methods Male C57BL/6j (control) and inducible nitric oxide synthase knockout (iNOS-/-) mice were used in this study. The eyes of the mice were locally exposed to UVA radiation for 12 months. Results The expression of iNOS, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, vascular endothelial growth factor, β-amyloid, and macrophages in the retina all increased after UVA irradiation. Furthermore, in the iNOS-/- mice, no retinal changes were induced by UVA eye irradiation. Conclusions These results indicated that long-term UVA eye irradiation led to iNOS-induced denaturation of the retina; however, further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Hiramoto
- *Keiichi Hiramoto, PhD, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagakicho, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670 (Japan), E-Mail
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Hussain AA, Lee Y, Zhang JJ, Francis PT, Marshall J. Disturbed Matrix Metalloproteinase Pathway in Both Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Alzheimer's Disease. JOURNAL OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES 2017; 2017:4810232. [PMID: 28197357 PMCID: PMC5286539 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4810232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Purpose. Abnormal protein deposits including β-amyloid, found in ageing Bruch's membrane and brain, are susceptible to degradation by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In ageing Bruch's membrane, these MMPs become less effective due to polymerisation and aggregation reactions (constituting the MMP Pathway), a situation much advanced in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The likely presence of this MMP Pathway in brain with the potential to compromise the degradation of β-amyloid associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been investigated. Methods. Presence of high molecular weight MMP species (HMW1 and HMW2) together with the much larger aggregate termed LMMC was determined by standard zymographic techniques. Centrigugation and gel filtration techniques were used to separate and quantify the distribution between bound and free MMP species. Results. The MMP Pathway, initially identified in Bruch's membrane, was also present in brain tissue. The various MMP species displayed bound-free equilibrium and in AD samples, the amount of bound HMW1 and pro-MMP9 species was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). The abnormal operation of the MMP Pathway in AD served to reduce the degradation potential of the MMP system. Conclusion. The presence and abnormalities of the MMP Pathway in both brain and ocular tissues may therefore contribute to the anomalous deposits associated with AD and AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yunhee Lee
- Nanobiotech Co., Ltd., Heungdeok IT Valley, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Jun Zhang
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Paul T. Francis
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John Marshall
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
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123
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Lynn SA, Keeling E, Munday R, Gabha G, Griffiths H, Lotery AJ, Ratnayaka JA. The complexities underlying age-related macular degeneration: could amyloid beta play an important role? Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:538-548. [PMID: 28553324 PMCID: PMC5436342 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.205083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) causes irreversible loss of central vision for which there is no effective treatment. Incipient pathology is thought to occur in the retina for many years before AMD manifests from midlife onwards to affect a large proportion of the elderly. Although genetic as well as non-genetic/environmental risks are recognized, its complex aetiology makes it difficult to identify susceptibility, or indeed what type of AMD develops or how quickly it progresses in different individuals. Here we summarize the literature describing how the Alzheimer's-linked amyloid beta (Aβ) group of misfolding proteins accumulate in the retina. The discovery of this key driver of Alzheimer's disease in the senescent retina was unexpected and surprising, enabling an altogether different perspective of AMD. We argue that Aβ fundamentally differs from other substances which accumulate in the ageing retina, and discuss our latest findings from a mouse model in which physiological amounts of Aβ were subretinally-injected to recapitulate salient features of early AMD within a short period. Our discoveries as well as those of others suggest the pattern of Aβ accumulation and pathology in donor aged/AMD tissues are closely reproduced in mice, including late-stage AMD phenotypes, which makes them highly attractive to study dynamic aspects of Aβ-mediated retinopathy. Furthermore, we discuss our findings revealing how Aβ behaves at single-cell resolution, and consider the long-term implications for neuroretinal function. We propose Aβ as a key element in switching to a diseased retinal phenotype, which is now being used as a biomarker for late-stage AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah A Lynn
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Eloise Keeling
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie Munday
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Gagandeep Gabha
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Griffiths
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Lotery
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Eye Unit, University Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - J Arjuna Ratnayaka
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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124
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van Wijngaarden P, Hadoux X, Alwan M, Keel S, Dirani M. Emerging ocular biomarkers of Alzheimer disease. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 45:54-61. [PMID: 28147442 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interest in reliable biomarkers of Alzheimer disease, the leading cause of dementia, has been fuelled by challenges in diagnosing the disease and monitoring disease progression as well as the response to therapy. A range of ocular manifestations of Alzheimer disease, including retinal and lens amyloid-beta accumulation, retinal nerve fiber layer loss, and retinal vascular changes, have been proposed as potential biomarkers of the disease. Herein, we examine the evidence regarding the potential value of these ocular biomarkers of Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter van Wijngaarden
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Australia.,Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, Australia
| | - Xavier Hadoux
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Australia.,Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, Australia
| | - Mostafa Alwan
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Australia.,Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, Australia
| | - Stuart Keel
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Australia.,Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, Australia
| | - Mohamed Dirani
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Australia.,Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, Australia
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Lim JKH, Li QX, He Z, Vingrys AJ, Wong VHY, Currier N, Mullen J, Bui BV, Nguyen CTO. The Eye As a Biomarker for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:536. [PMID: 27909396 PMCID: PMC5112261 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting in dementia and eventual death. It is the leading cause of dementia and the number of cases are projected to rise in the next few decades. Pathological hallmarks of AD include the presence of hyperphosphorylated tau and amyloid protein deposition. Currently, these pathological biomarkers are detected either through cerebrospinal fluid analysis, brain imaging or post-mortem. Though effective, these methods are not widely available due to issues such as the difficulty in acquiring samples, lack of infrastructure or high cost. Given that the eye possesses clear optics and shares many neural and vascular similarities to the brain, it offers a direct window to cerebral pathology. These unique characteristics lend itself to being a relatively inexpensive biomarker for AD which carries the potential for wide implementation. The development of ocular biomarkers can have far implications in the discovery of treatments which can improve the quality of lives of patients. In this review, we consider the current evidence for ocular biomarkers in AD and explore potential future avenues of research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah K H Lim
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Qiao-Xin Li
- Melbourne Brain Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Zheng He
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Algis J Vingrys
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vickie H Y Wong
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Bang V Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine T O Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Veerappan M, El-Hage-Sleiman AKM, Tai V, Chiu SJ, Winter KP, Stinnett SS, Hwang TS, Hubbard GB, Michelson M, Gunther R, Wong WT, Chew EY, Toth CA. Optical Coherence Tomography Reflective Drusen Substructures Predict Progression to Geographic Atrophy in Age-related Macular Degeneration. Ophthalmology 2016; 123:2554-2570. [PMID: 27793356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Structural and compositional heterogeneity within drusen comprising lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins have been previously described. We sought to detect and define phenotypic patterns of drusen heterogeneity in the form of optical coherence tomography-reflective drusen substructures (ODS) and examine their associations with age-related macular degeneration (AMD)-related features and AMD progression. DESIGN Retrospective analysis in a prospective study. PARTICIPANTS Patients with intermediate AMD (n = 349) enrolled in the multicenter Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) ancillary spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) study. METHODS Baseline SD OCT scans of 1 eye per patient were analyzed for the presence of ODS. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of ODS presence with AMD-related features visible on SD OCT and color photographs, including drusen volume, geographic atrophy (GA), and preatrophic features, were evaluated for the entire macular region. Similar associations were also made locally within a 0.5-mm-diameter region around individual ODS and corresponding control region without ODS in the same eye. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Preatrophy SD OCT changes and GA, central GA, and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) from color photographs. RESULTS Four phenotypic subtypes of ODS were defined: low reflective cores, high reflective cores, conical debris, and split drusen. Among the 349 participants, there were 307 eligible eyes and 74 (24%) had at least 1 ODS. The ODS at baseline were associated with (1) greater macular drusen volume at baseline (P < 0.001), (2) development of preatrophic changes at year 2 (P = 0.001-0.01), and (3) development of macular GA (P = 0.005) and preatrophic changes at year 3 (P = 0.002-0.008), but not development of CNV. The ODS at baseline in a local region were associated with (1) presence of preatrophy changes at baseline (P = 0.02-0.03) and (2) development of preatrophy changes at years 2 and 3 within the region (P = 0.008-0.05). CONCLUSIONS Optical coherence tomography-reflective drusen substructures are optical coherence tomography-based biomarkers of progression to GA, but not to CNV, in eyes with intermediate AMD. Optical coherence tomography-reflective drusen substructures may be a clinical entity helpful in monitoring AMD progression and informing mechanisms in GA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Veerappan
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
| | | | - Vincent Tai
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Stephanie J Chiu
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Katrina P Winter
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sandra S Stinnett
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas S Hwang
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | | | | | - Randall Gunther
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Wai T Wong
- National Eye Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Emily Y Chew
- National Eye Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cynthia A Toth
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Park SW, Kim JH, Park SM, Moon M, Lee KH, Park KH, Park WJ, Kim JH. RAGE mediated intracellular Aβ uptake contributes to the breakdown of tight junction in retinal pigment epithelium. Oncotarget 2016; 6:35263-73. [PMID: 26431165 PMCID: PMC4742103 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) has been implicated in neuronal cell death in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Intracellular Aβ also contributes to tight junction breakdown of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Although Aβ is predominantly secreted from neuronal cells, the mechanism of Aβ transport into RPE remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that intracellular Aβ was found concomitantly with the breakdown of tight junction in RPE after subretinal injection of Aβ into the mouse eye. We also presented evidence that receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) contributed to endocytosis of Aβ in RPE. siRNA-mediated knockdown of RAGE prevented intracellular Aβ accumulation as well as subsequent tight junction breakdown in RPE. In addition, we found that RAGE-mediated p38 MAPK signaling contributed to endocytosis of Aβ. Blockade of RAGE/p38 MAPK signaling inhibited Aβ endocytosis, thereby preventing tight junction breakdown in RPE. These results implicate that intracellular Aβ contributes to the breakdown of tight junction in RPE via the RAGE/p38 MAPK-mediated endocytosis. Thus, we suggest that RAGE could be a potential therapeutic target for intracellular Aβ induced outer BRB breakdown in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Wook Park
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Min Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Life Sciences Concentration GIST (Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology), Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Seo-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ki Hwang Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Kyu Hyung Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Woo Jin Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Life Sciences Concentration GIST (Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology), Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
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128
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Taylor-Walker G, Lynn SA, Keeling E, Munday R, Johnston DA, Page A, Scott JA, Goverdhan S, Lotery AJ, Ratnayaka JA. The Alzheimer's-related amyloid beta peptide is internalised by R28 neuroretinal cells and disrupts the microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP-2). Exp Eye Res 2016; 153:110-121. [PMID: 27751744 PMCID: PMC5131630 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a common, irreversible blinding condition that leads to the loss of central vision. AMD has a complex aetiology with both genetic as well as environmental risks factors, and share many similarities with Alzheimer's disease. Recent findings have contributed significantly to unravelling its genetic architecture that is yet to be matched by molecular insights. Studies are made more challenging by observations that aged and AMD retinas accumulate the highly pathogenic Alzheimer's-related Amyloid beta (Aβ) group of peptides, for which there appears to be no clear genetic basis. Analyses of human donor and animal eyes have identified retinal Aβ aggregates in retinal ganglion cells (RGC), the inner nuclear layer, photoreceptors as well as the retinal pigment epithelium. Aβ is also a major drusen constituent; found correlated with elevated drusen-load and age, with a propensity to aggregate in retinas of advanced AMD. Despite this evidence, how such a potent driver of neurodegeneration might impair the neuroretina remains incompletely understood, and studies into this important aspect of retinopathy remains limited. In order to address this we exploited R28 rat retinal cells which due to its heterogeneous nature, offers diverse neuroretinal cell-types in which to study the molecular pathology of Aβ. R28 cells are also unaffected by problems associated with the commonly used RGC-5 immortalised cell-line, thus providing a well-established model in which to study dynamic Aβ effects at single-cell resolution. Our findings show that R28 cells express key neuronal markers calbindin, protein kinase C and the microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP-2) by confocal immunofluorescence which has not been shown before, but also calretinin which has not been reported previously. For the first time, we reveal that retinal neurons rapidly internalised Aβ1-42, the most cytotoxic and aggregate-prone amongst the Aβ family. Furthermore, exposure to physiological amounts of Aβ1-42 for 24 h correlated with impairment to neuronal MAP-2, a cytoskeletal protein which regulates microtubule dynamics in axons and dendrites. Disruption to MAP-2 was transient, and had recovered by 48 h, although internalised Aβ persisted as discrete puncta for as long as 72 h. To assess whether Aβ could realistically localise to living retinas to mediate such effects, we subretinally injected nanomolar levels of oligomeric Aβ1-42 into wildtype mice. Confocal microscopy revealed the presence of focal Aβ deposits in RGC, the inner nuclear and the outer plexiform layers 8 days later, recapitulating naturally-occurring patterns of Aβ aggregation in aged retinas. Our novel findings describe how retinal neurons internalise Aβ to transiently impair MAP-2 in a hitherto unreported manner. MAP-2 dysfunction is reported in AMD retinas, and is thought to be involved in remodelling and plasticity of post-mitotic neurons. Our insights suggest a molecular pathway by which this could occur in the senescent eye leading to complex diseases such as AMD. Molecular basis of complex retinopathies such as AMD is incompletely understood. The Alzheimer's-related Aβ peptides are rapidly internalised by retinal neurons. Internalised Aβ is retained within neurons and transiently impairs MAP-2. Subretinally injected Aβ mimics its naturally-occurring distribution in aged retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Taylor-Walker
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SGH, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Savannah A Lynn
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SGH, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Eloise Keeling
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SGH, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie Munday
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SGH, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - David A Johnston
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University of Southampton, SGH, MP12, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Anton Page
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University of Southampton, SGH, MP12, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A Scott
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SGH, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Srini Goverdhan
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SGH, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Lotery
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SGH, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; Eye Unit, University Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - J Arjuna Ratnayaka
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SGH, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
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129
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Snyder PJ, Johnson LN, Lim YY, Santos CY, Alber J, Maruff P, Fernández B. Nonvascular retinal imaging markers of preclinical Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2016; 4:169-178. [PMID: 27830174 PMCID: PMC5078641 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Introduction In patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment, structural changes in the retina (i.e., reduced thicknesses of the ganglion cell and retinal nerve fiber layers and inclusion bodies that appear to contain beta-amyloid protein [Ab]) have been previously reported. We sought to explore whether anatomic retinal changes are detectable in the preclinical stage of AD. Methods A cross-sectional study (as part of an ongoing longitudinal cohort study) involving 63 cognitively normal adults, all of whom have a parent with AD and subjective memory complaints. We compared neocortical amyloid aggregation (florbetapir PET imaging) to retinal spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) markers of possible disease burden. Retinal biomarkers, including the number and surface area of retinal inclusion bodies and the thickness of retinal neuronal layers, were compared across groups with high vs. low neocortical beta-amyloid load. Results The surface area of inclusion bodies increased as a function of cortical amyloid burden. Additionally, there was a trend toward a selective volume increase in the inner plexiform layer (IPL; a layer rich in cholinergic activity) of the retina in Aβ+ relative to Aβ− participants, and IPL volume was correlated with the surface area of retinal inclusion bodies. Discussion These initial results suggest that retinal imaging may be a potential cost-effective and noninvasive technique that can be used to identify those at-risk for AD. Layer-specific changes in the IPL and their association with surface area of inclusion bodies are discussed as a possible reflection of early inflammatory processes associated with cholinergic disruption and concurrent Ab accumulation in the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Snyder
- Department of Neurology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Lifespan Clinical Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lenworth N Johnson
- Lifespan Clinical Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Yen Ying Lim
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cláudia Y Santos
- Lifespan Clinical Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Jessica Alber
- Lifespan Clinical Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Paul Maruff
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Cogstate Ltd., Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Hatef E, Mohammadi SF, Alinia C, Ashrafi E, Mohammadi SM, Lashay A, Sadeghi-Tari A. National Burden of Eye Diseases in Iran, 1990-2010; Findings from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2010. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2016; 23:89-95. [PMID: 26957846 PMCID: PMC4759911 DOI: 10.4103/0974-9233.171781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost due to eye diseases and trends in DALYs in Iran has not been previously reported. The object of this study is to report the burden of eye diseases in Iran and to compare changes from 1990 to 2010 based on age and gender. Methods: Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010) are used to report DALYs for cataract, refraction/accommodation (functional) disorders, macular degeneration, and glaucoma. Results: Cataract, refraction/accommodation (functional) disorders, macular degeneration, and glaucoma were the 84th, 87th, 138th, and 151st causes of DALY in 1990 and the 89th, 72nd, 99th, and 137th in 2010, respectively. Cataract accounted for 0.085% of national DALY in 1990 and 0.09% in 2010, refraction/accommodation (functional) disorders accounted for 0.42% in 1990 and 0.47% in 2010, macular degeneration accounted for 0.017% in 1990 and 0.071% in 2010 and glaucoma accounted for 0.0099% in 1990 and 0.025% in 2010. There was a steady increase in DALY with age for each eye disease for both genders and dichotomized for males and females from 1990 to 2010. Conclusions: Epidemiologic transition is reflected in major ophthalmic and blinding diseases in the GBD data for Iran. The burden of macular degeneration is rising, followed by glaucoma. The burden of presbyopia affected individuals past their middle age. The burden of cataract manifested as a slower increase that could be attributable to better access to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hatef
- General Preventive Medicine Residency Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seyed-Farzad Mohammadi
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Non-Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cyrus Alinia
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Ashrafi
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S-Mehrdad Mohammadi
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Lashay
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Sadeghi-Tari
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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131
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Tian B, Maidana DE, Dib B, Miller JB, Bouzika P, Miller JW, Vavvas DG, Lin H. miR-17-3p Exacerbates Oxidative Damage in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160887. [PMID: 27505139 PMCID: PMC4978424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been shown to contribute to the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small non-coding RNA molecules that function in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. We showed miR-17-3p to be elevated in macular RPE cells from AMD patients and in ARPE-19 cells under oxidative stress. Transfection of miR-17-3p mimic in ARPE-19 induced cell death and exacerbated oxidative lethality that was alleviated by miR-17-3p inhibitor. The expression of antioxidant enzymes manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and thioredoxin reductase-2 (TrxR2) were suppressed by miR-17-3p mimic and reversed by miR-17-3p inhibitor. These results suggest miR-17-3p aggravates oxidative damage-induced cell death in human RPE cells, while miR-17-3p inhibitor acts as a potential protector against oxidative stress by regulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tian
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Daniel E. Maidana
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Bernard Dib
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - John B. Miller
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Peggy Bouzika
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Joan W. Miller
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Demetrios G. Vavvas
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HL); (DGV)
| | - Haijiang Lin
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HL); (DGV)
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132
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Masuzzo A, Dinet V, Cavanagh C, Mascarelli F, Krantic S. Amyloidosis in Retinal Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurol 2016; 7:127. [PMID: 27551275 PMCID: PMC4976396 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As a part of the central nervous system, the retina may reflect both physiological processes and abnormalities related to pathologies that affect the brain. Amyloidosis due to the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) was initially regarded as a specific and exclusive characteristic of neurodegenerative alterations seen in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. More recently, it was discovered that amyloidosis-related alterations, similar to those seen in the brain of Alzheimer's patients, also occur in the retina. Remarkably, these alterations were identified not only in primary retinal pathologies, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma, but also in the retinas of Alzheimer's patients. In this review, we first briefly discuss the biogenesis of Aβ, a peptide involved in amyloidosis. We then discuss some pathological aspects (synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial failure, glial activation, and vascular abnormalities) related to the neurotoxic effects of Aβ. We finally highlight common features shared by AD, AMD, and glaucoma in the context of Aβ amyloidosis and further discuss why the retina, due to the transparency of the eye, can be considered as a "window" to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Masuzzo
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités , Paris , France
| | - Virginie Dinet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités , Paris , France
| | - Chelsea Cavanagh
- Department of Neuroscience, Douglas Hospital Research Center , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Frederic Mascarelli
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités , Paris , France
| | - Slavica Krantic
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités , Paris , France
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Yu SS, Tang X, Ho YS, Chang RCC, Chiu K. Links between the Brain and Retina: The Effects of Cigarette Smoking-Induced Age-Related Changes in Alzheimer's Disease and Macular Degeneration. Front Neurol 2016; 7:119. [PMID: 27512384 PMCID: PMC4961692 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Sha Yu
- Laboratory of Retina Brain Research, Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Tianjin Eye Hospital , Tianjin , China
| | - Yuen-Shan Ho
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , China
| | - Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin Chiu
- Laboratory of Retina Brain Research, Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Hoh Kam J, Morgan JE, Jeffery G. Aged complement factor H knockout mice kept in a clean barriered environment have reduced retinal pathology. Exp Eye Res 2016; 149:116-125. [PMID: 27397653 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the largest cause of visual loss in those over 60 years in the West and is a condition increasing in prevalence. Many diseases result from genetic/environmental interactions and 50% of AMD cases have an association with polymorphisms of the complement system including complement factor H. Here we explore interactions between genetic predisposition and environmental conditions in triggering retinal pathology in two groups of aged complement factor H knock out (Cfh(-/-)) mice. Mice were maintained over 9 months in either a conventional open environment or a barriered pathogen free environment. Open environment Cfh(-/-) mice had significant increases in subretinal macrophage numbers, inflammatory and stress responses and reduced photoreceptor numbers over mice kept in a pathogen free environment. Hence, environmental factors can drive retinal disease in these mice when linked to complement deficits impairing immune function. Both groups of mice had similar levels of retinal amyloid beta accumulation. Consequently there is no direct link between this and inflammation in Cfh(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimie Hoh Kam
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK
| | - James E Morgan
- School of Optometry and Visual Science, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Glen Jeffery
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK.
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135
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Aboelnour A, Kam JH, Elnasharty MA, Sayed-Ahmed A, Jeffery G. Amyloid beta deposition and phosphorylated tau accumulation are key features in aged choroidal vessels in the complement factor H knock out model of retinal degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2016; 147:138-143. [PMID: 27181225 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Extra-cellular deposition including amyloid beta (Aβ) is a feature of retinal ageing. It has been documented for Bruch's membrane (BM) where Aβ is elevated in complement factor H knockout mice (Cfh(-/-)) proposed as a model for age related macular degeneration. However, arterial deposition in choroidal vessels prior to perfusion across BM has not been examined. Aβ is associated with tau phosphorylation and these are linked in blood vessels in Alzheimers Disease where they can drive perivascular pathology. Here we ask if Aβ, tau and phosphorylated tau are features of ageing in choroidal vessels in 12 month C57 BL/6 and Cfh(-/-) mice, using immune staining and Western blot analysis. Greater levels of Aβ and phosphorylated tau are found in choroidal vessels in Cfh(-/-) mice. Western blot revealed a 40% increase in Aβ in Cfh(-/-) over C57 BL/6 mice. Aβ deposits coat around 55% of the luminal wall in Cfh(-/-) compared to only about 40% in C57 BL/6. Total tau was similar in both groups, but phosphorylated tau increased by >100% in Cfh(-/-) compared to C57 BL/6 and covered >75% of the luminal wall compared to 50% in C57 BL/6. Hence, phosphorylated tau is a marked choroidal feature in this mouse model. Aβ deposition was clumped in Cfh(-/-) mice and likely to influence blood flow dynamics. Disturbed flow is associated with atherogenesis and may be related to the accumulation of membrane attack complex recently identified between choroidal vessels in those at high risk of macular degeneration due to complement factor H polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Aboelnour
- Histology and Cytology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
| | - Jaimie Hoh Kam
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK
| | - M A Elnasharty
- Histology and Cytology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Sayed-Ahmed
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
| | - Glen Jeffery
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK.
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136
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Hammond BR, Renzi-Hammond LM. Perspective: A Critical Look at the Ancillary Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2: Nutrition and Cognitive Function Results in Older Individuals with Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:433-7. [PMID: 27184270 PMCID: PMC4863274 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.011866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of literature suggests that the dietary carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid are related to improved cognitive function across the life span. A recent report by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) group appears to contradict the general findings of others in the field. In this review, we look critically at the methods, study designs, and analysis techniques used in the larger body of literature and compare them with the recent AREDS reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy R Hammond
- Vision Sciences and Human Biofactors Laboratory, Behavioral and Brain Sciences Program, Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Lisa M Renzi-Hammond
- Vision Sciences and Human Biofactors Laboratory, Behavioral and Brain Sciences Program, Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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137
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Kauppinen A, Paterno JJ, Blasiak J, Salminen A, Kaarniranta K. Inflammation and its role in age-related macular degeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1765-86. [PMID: 26852158 PMCID: PMC4819943 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a cellular response to factors that challenge the homeostasis of cells and tissues. Cell-associated and soluble pattern-recognition receptors, e.g. Toll-like receptors, inflammasome receptors, and complement components initiate complex cellular cascades by recognizing or sensing different pathogen and damage-associated molecular patterns, respectively. Cytokines and chemokines represent alarm messages for leukocytes and once activated, these cells travel long distances to targeted inflamed tissues. Although it is a crucial survival mechanism, prolonged inflammation is detrimental and participates in numerous chronic age-related diseases. This article will review the onset of inflammation and link its functions to the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is the leading cause of severe vision loss in aged individuals in the developed countries. In this progressive disease, degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) results in the death of photoreceptors, leading to a loss of central vision. The RPE is prone to oxidative stress, a factor that together with deteriorating functionality, e.g. decreased intracellular recycling and degradation due to attenuated heterophagy/autophagy, induces inflammation. In the early phases, accumulation of intracellular lipofuscin in the RPE and extracellular drusen between RPE cells and Bruch's membrane can be clinically detected. Subsequently, in dry (atrophic) AMD there is geographic atrophy with discrete areas of RPE loss whereas in the wet (exudative) form there is neovascularization penetrating from the choroid to retinal layers. Elevations in levels of local and systemic biomarkers indicate that chronic inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of both disease forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Kauppinen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jussi J Paterno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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138
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Javaid FZ, Brenton J, Guo L, Cordeiro MF. Visual and Ocular Manifestations of Alzheimer's Disease and Their Use as Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Progression. Front Neurol 2016; 7:55. [PMID: 27148157 PMCID: PMC4836138 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia affecting the growing aging population today, with prevalence expected to rise over the next 35 years. Clinically, patients exhibit a progressive decline in cognition, memory, and social functioning due to deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) protein and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau protein. These pathological hallmarks of AD are measured either through neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, or diagnosed post-mortem. Importantly, neuropathological progression occurs in the eye as well as the brain, and multiple visual changes have been noted in both human and animal models of AD. The eye offers itself as a transparent medium to cerebral pathology and has thus potentiated the development of ocular biomarkers for AD. The use of non-invasive screening, such as retinal imaging and visual testing, may enable earlier diagnosis in the clinical setting, minimizing invasive and expensive investigations. It also potentially improves disease management and quality of life for AD patients, as an earlier diagnosis allows initiation of medication and treatment. In this review, we explore the evidence surrounding ocular changes in AD and consider the biomarkers currently in development for early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah Zara Javaid
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degeneration Research Group, Visual Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Brenton
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degeneration Research Group, Visual Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Li Guo
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degeneration Research Group, Visual Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Maria F. Cordeiro
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degeneration Research Group, Visual Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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139
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Sant'Anna R, Navarro S, Ventura S, Paraoan L, Foguel D. Amyloid properties of the leader peptide of variant B cystatin C: implications for Alzheimer and macular degeneration. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:644-54. [PMID: 26865059 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Variant B (VB) of cystatin C has a mutation in its signal peptide (A25T), which interferes with its processing leading to reduced secretion and partial retention in the vicinity of the mitochondria. There are genetic evidences of the association of VB with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Here, we investigated aggregation and amyloid propensities of unprocessed VB combining computational and in vitro studies. Aggregation predictors revealed the presence of four aggregation-prone regions, with a strong one at the level of the signal peptide, which indeed formed toxic aggregates and mature amyloid fibrils in solution. In light of these results, we propose for the first time the role of the signal peptide in pathogenesis of AD and AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Sant'Anna
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Susanna Navarro
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Salvador Ventura
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Luminita Paraoan
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Debora Foguel
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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140
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Zhou LX, Sun CL, Wei LJ, Gu ZM, Lv L, Dang Y. Lower cognitive function in patients with age-related macular degeneration: a meta-analysis. Clin Interv Aging 2016; 11:215-23. [PMID: 26966358 PMCID: PMC4771401 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s102213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the cognitive impairment in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods Relevant articles were identified through a search of the following electronic databases through October 2015, without language restriction: 1) PubMed; 2) the Cochrane Library; 3) EMBASE; 4) ScienceDirect. Meta-analysis was conducted using STATA 12.0 software. Standardized mean differences with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated. All of the included studies met the following four criteria: 1) the study design was a case–control or randomized controlled trial (RCT) study; 2) the study investigated cognitive function in the patient with AMD; 3) the diagnoses of AMD must be provided; 4) there were sufficient scores data to extract for evaluating cognitive function between cases and controls. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale criteria were used to assess the methodological quality of the studies. Results Of the initial 278 literatures, only six case–control and one RCT studies met all of the inclusion criteria. A total of 794 AMD patients and 1,227 controls were included in this study. Five studies were performed with mini-mental state examination (MMSE), two studies with animal fluency, two studies with trail making test (TMT)-A and -B, one study with Mini-Cog. Results of the meta-analysis revealed lower cognitive function test scores in patients with AMD, especially with MMSE and Mini-Cog test (P≤0.001 for all). The results also showed that differences in the TMT-A (except AMD [total] vs controls) and TMT-B test had no statistical significance (P>0.01). The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale score was ≥5 for all of the included studies. Based on the sensitivity analysis, no single study influenced the overall pooled estimates. Conclusion This meta-analysis suggests lower cognitive function test scores in patients with AMD, especially with MMSE and Mini-Cog test. The other cognitive impairment screening tests, such as animal fluency test and TMT, need more studies to assess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xiao Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Lin Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Juan Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Min Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yalong Dang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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141
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Lechner J, Chen M, Hogg RE, Toth L, Silvestri G, Chakravarthy U, Xu H. Higher plasma levels of complement C3a, C4a and C5a increase the risk of subretinal fibrosis in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: Complement activation in AMD. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2016; 13:4. [PMID: 26884800 PMCID: PMC4754842 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-016-0060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the plasma levels of complement C3a, C4a, and C5a in different types of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and whether the levels were related to patients’ responsiveness to anti-VEGF therapy. Results Ninety-six nAMD patients (including 61 with choroidal neovascularisation (CNV), 17 with retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP), 14 with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) and 4 unclassified patients) and 43 controls were recruited to this case–control study. Subretinal fibrosis was observed in 45 nAMD patients and was absent in 51 nAMD patients. In addition, the responsiveness to anti-VEGF (Lucentis) therapy was also evaluated in nAMD patients. Forty-four patients were complete responders, 48 were partially responders, and only 4 patients did not respond to the therapy. The plasma levels of C3a, C4a and C5a were significantly higher in nAMD patients compared to controls. Further analysis of nAMD subgroups showed that the levels of C3a, C4a and C5a were significantly increased in patients with CNV but not RAP and PCV. Significantly increased levels of C3a, C4a and C5a were also observed in nAMD patients with subretinal fibrosis but not in those without subretinal fibrosis. Higher levels of C3a were observed in nAMD patients who responded partially to anti-VEGF therapy. Conclusions Our results suggest increased systemic complement activation in nAMD patients with CNV but not RAP and PCV. Our results also suggest that higher levels of systemic complement activation may increase the risk of subretinal fibrosis in nAMD patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12979-016-0060-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Lechner
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
| | - Mei Chen
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
| | - Ruth E Hogg
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
| | - Levente Toth
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
| | - Giuliana Silvestri
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
| | - Usha Chakravarthy
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
| | - Heping Xu
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
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142
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Chen L, Bai Y, Zhao M, Jiang Y. TLR4 inhibitor attenuates amyloid-β-induced angiogenic and inflammatory factors in ARPE-19 cells: Implications for age-related macular degeneration. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:3249-56. [PMID: 26936827 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Subretinally-deposited amyloid-β (Aβ) is an important factor in age‑related macular degradation (AMD) often leading to irreversible blindness in the elderly population. The molecular mechanism underlying Aβ deposition during AMD remains unclear. The expression of inflammatory and angiogenic factors was examined by treatment of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells with the oligomeric form of Aβ (OAβ1-42). Changes in the mRNA expression levels of various cytokines was detected by the QuantiGenePlex 6.0 Reagent system, and the protein expression level was determined by western blotting. Culture supernatants were detected using a multiplex cytokine assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The in vitro tube formation was evaluated by a Matrigel assay. The present study highlights that OAβ1‑42 activates the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 and phosphorylation nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway in RPE cells. Additionally, it increased the mRNA and protein expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-33, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and angiopoietin 2. Furthermore, the TLR4 inhibitor (COBRA) attenuated the expression of inflammatory and angiogenesis factors, particularly IL-6, IL-8, IL-33, bFGF and VEGF. When human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were co-cultured with the COBRA-treated RPE cell culture supernatant the length of the endothelial cell network (measured by calculating tip cell lengths of endothelial cells) was impaired when compared with the HUVECs that were co‑cultured with the cell supernatant exposed to OAβ1‑42. These results suggest that the TLR4-associated pathway may be a potential target for the treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital, Peking University and Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Yujing Bai
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital, Peking University and Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital, Peking University and Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Yanrong Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital, Peking University and Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
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143
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Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common form of irreversible blindness in the industrially developed world, can present years before a patient begins to lose vision. For most of these patients, AMD never progresses past its early stages to the advanced forms that are principally responsible for the vast majority of vision loss. Advanced AMD can manifest as either an advanced avascular form known as geographic atrophy (GA) marked by regional retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell death or as an advanced form known as neovascular AMD marked by the intrusion of fragile new blood vessels into the normally avascular retina. Physicians have several therapeutic interventions available to combat neovascular AMD, but GA has no approved effective therapies as of yet. In this chapter, we will discuss the current strategies for limiting dry AMD in patients. We will also discuss previous attempts at pharmacological intervention that were tested in a clinical setting and consider reasons why these putative therapeutics did not perform successfully in large-scale trials. Despite the number of unsuccessful past trials, new pharmacological interventions may succeed. These future therapies may aid millions of AMD patients worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Wright
- Physiology and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Jayakrishna Ambati
- Physiology and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.
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144
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The NLRP3 Inflammasome and its Role in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 854:59-65. [PMID: 26427394 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17121-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness among people of 65 years and older in developed countries (Klein and Klein, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 54:7395-7401, 2013). Recent advances in dry AMD research points towards an important role of the inflammatory response in the development of the disease. The presence of inflammatory cells, antibodies, complement factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines in AMD retinas and drusen indicates that the immune system could be an important driving force in dry AMD. The NLRP3 inflammasome has been proposed as an integrator of process associated with AMD and the induction of inflammation. Herein we summarize the most recent studies that attempt to understand the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in AMD.
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145
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Iannaccone A, Giorgianni F, New DD, Hollingsworth TJ, Umfress A, Alhatem AH, Neeli I, Lenchik NI, Jennings BJ, Calzada JI, Satterfield S, Mathews D, Diaz RI, Harris T, Johnson KC, Charles S, Kritchevsky SB, Gerling IC, Beranova-Giorgianni S, Radic MZ. Circulating Autoantibodies in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Recognize Human Macular Tissue Antigens Implicated in Autophagy, Immunomodulation, and Protection from Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145323. [PMID: 26717306 PMCID: PMC4696815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated sera from elderly subjects with and without age-related macular degeneration (AMD) for presence of autoantibodies (AAbs) against human macular antigens and characterized their identity. METHODS Sera were collected from participants in the Age-Related Maculopathy Ancillary (ARMA) Study, a cross-sectional investigation ancillary to the Health ABC Study, enriched with participants from the general population. The resulting sample (mean age: 79.2±3.9 years old) included subjects with early to advanced AMD (n = 131) and controls (n = 231). Sera were tested by Western blots for immunoreactive bands against human donor macular tissue homogenates. Immunoreactive bands were identified and graded, and odds ratios (OR) calculated. Based on these findings, sera were immunoprecipitated, and subjected to 2D gel electrophoresis (GE). Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to identify the targets recognized by circulating AAbs seen on 2D-GE, followed by ELISAs with recombinant proteins to confirm LC-MS/MS results, and quantify autoreactivities. RESULTS In AMD, 11 immunoreactive bands were significantly more frequent and 13 were significantly stronger than in controls. Nine of the more frequent bands also showed stronger reactivity. OR estimates ranged between 4.06 and 1.93, and all clearly excluded the null value. Following immunoprecipitation, 2D-GE and LC-MS/MS, five of the possible autoreactivity targets were conclusively identified: two members of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family, HSPA8 and HSPA9; another member of the HSP family, HSPB4, also known as alpha-crystallin A chain (CRYAA); Annexin A5 (ANXA5); and Protein S100-A9, also known as calgranulin B that, when complexed with S100A8, forms calprotectin. ELISA testing with recombinant proteins confirmed, on average, significantly higher reactivities against all targets in AMD samples compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with other evidence supporting the role of inflammation and the immune system in AMD pathogenesis, AAbs were identified in AMD sera, including early-stage disease. Identified targets may be mechanistically linked to AMD pathogenesis because the identified proteins are implicated in autophagy, immunomodulation, and protection from oxidative stress and apoptosis. In particular, a role in autophagy activation is shared by all five autoantigens, raising the possibility that the detected AAbs may play a role in AMD via autophagy compromise and downstream activation of the inflammasome. Thus, we propose that the detected AAbs provide further insight into AMD pathogenesis and have the potential to contribute to disease biogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Iannaccone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Francesco Giorgianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - David D. New
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - T. J. Hollingsworth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Allison Umfress
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Albert H. Alhatem
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Indira Neeli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Nataliya I. Lenchik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Barbara J. Jennings
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Jorge I. Calzada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Charles Retina Institute, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Suzanne Satterfield
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Dennis Mathews
- Eye Specialty Group, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Southern College of Optometry, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Rocio I. Diaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Charles Retina Institute, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Tamara Harris
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Karen C. Johnson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Steve Charles
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Charles Retina Institute, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Kritchevsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Ivan C. Gerling
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Sarka Beranova-Giorgianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Marko Z. Radic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
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146
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Williams MA, McKay GJ, Carson R, Craig D, Silvestri G, Passmore P. Age-Related Macular Degeneration-Associated Genes in Alzheimer Disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2015; 23:1290-1296. [PMID: 26419733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Given the clinical and pathological similarities between age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and Alzheimer disease (AD), to assess whether AMD-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including those from complement-related genes, are associated with AD. DESIGN A case-control association study-type design. SETTING A UK tertiary care dementia clinic. PARTICIPANTS 322 cognitively normal participants and 258 cases with a clinical diagnosis of AD. MEASUREMENTS Polymorphisms in the following genes were studied: CFH, ARMS2, C2/CFB, C3, CFI/PLA2G12a, SERPING1, TLR3, TLR4, CRP, APOE, and TOMM40. Haplotypes were analysed for CFH, TOMM40, and APOE. Univariate analysis was performed for each genetic change and case-comparator status, and then correction for multiple testing performed. RESULTS The presence of an ε4 APOE allele was significantly associated with AD. No association was evident between CFH SNPs or haplotypes, or other AMD-associated SNPs tested, and AD. The exceptions were TOMM40 SNPs, which were associated with AD even after correction for multiple comparisons. The associations disappeared, however, when entered into a regression model including APOE genotypes. CONCLUSIONS The results for most SNPs tested, as well as CFH haplotypes, are novel. The functional effects of abnormal complement activity in AD's pathogenesis may be contradictory, but methodological reasons may underlie the lack of association-for example, genetic changes other than SNPs being involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gareth J McKay
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, UK
| | - Robyn Carson
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, UK
| | - David Craig
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, UK
| | - Giuliana Silvestri
- Centre for Experimental Medicine (GS), Queen's University of Belfast, UK
| | - Peter Passmore
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, UK
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147
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Danis RP, Lavine JA, Domalpally A. Geographic atrophy in patients with advanced dry age-related macular degeneration: current challenges and future prospects. Clin Ophthalmol 2015; 9:2159-74. [PMID: 26640366 PMCID: PMC4662367 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s92359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographic atrophy (GA) of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a devastating complication of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). GA may be classified as drusen-related (drusen-associated GA) or neovascularization-related (neovascular-associated GA). Drusen-related GA remains a large public health concern due to the burden of blindness it produces, but pathophysiology of the condition is obscure and there are no proven treatment options. Genotyping, cell biology, and clinical imaging point to upregulation of parainflammatory pathways, oxidative stress, and choroidal sclerosis as contributors, among other factors. Onset and monitoring of progression is accomplished through clinical imaging instrumentation such as optical coherence tomography, photography, and autofluorescence, which are the tools most helpful in determining end points for clinical trials at present. A number of treatment approaches with diverse targets are in development at this time, some of which are in human clinical trials. Neovascular-associated GA is a consequence of RPE loss after development of neovascular AMD. The neovascular process leads to a plethora of cellular stresses such as ischemia, inflammation, and dramatic changes in cell environment that further taxes RPE cells already dysfunctional from drusen-associated changes. GA may therefore develop secondary to the neovascular process de novo or preexisting drusen-associated GA may continue to worsen with the development of neovascular AMD. Neovascular-associated GA is a prominent cause of continued vision loss in patients with otherwise successfully treated neovascular AMD. Clearly, treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors early in the course of the neovascular disease is of great clinical benefit. However, there is a rationale and some suggestive evidence that anti-VEGF agents themselves could be toxic to RPE and enhance neovascular-associated GA. The increasing prevalence of legal blindness from this condition due to the aging of the general population lends urgency to the search for a therapy to ameliorate GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P Danis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeremy A Lavine
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amitha Domalpally
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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148
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Matsui A, Kaneko H, Kachi S, Ye F, Hwang SJ, Takayama K, Nagasaka Y, Sugita T, Terasaki H. Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor by Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Induced by Amyloid-β Is Depressed by an Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Inhibitor. Ophthalmic Res 2015; 55:37-44. [PMID: 26560903 DOI: 10.1159/000440885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Amyloid-β (Aβ) is a 36- to 43-amino-acid peptide that is a constituent of drusen, and it has been demonstrated to upregulate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. This study aimed to determine whether 4-phenylbutyl phosphonylacetate (PBA), a known endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor, can reduce Aβ-induced expression of VEGF in RPE cells. METHODS Aβ was added to the medium of regularly cultured or polarized ARPE-19 cells, a human RPE cell line, with or without PBA. The levels of VEGF and ER stress markers, namely GRP78/Bip, cleaved caspases 4 and 12 and GADD153/C-EBP homologous protein, were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay, immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. RESULTS Exposure of ARPE-19 cells to Aβ induced GRP78/Bip expression and activated caspases 4 and 12; however, their expression was decreased by simultaneous exposure to PBA. Aβ increased the expression of VEGF both in regularly cultured and polarized ARPE-19 cells, but it was suppressed by PBA. PBA did not cause RPE cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION Aβ has been suggested to be involved in the development of age-related macular degeneration; therefore, our findings suggest that drugs that target ER stress should be considered for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Matsui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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149
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Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Risk of Degenerative Dementia among the Elderly in Taiwan. Ophthalmology 2015; 122:2327-2335.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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150
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Chen M, Xu H. Parainflammation, chronic inflammation, and age-related macular degeneration. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:713-25. [PMID: 26292978 PMCID: PMC4733662 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ri0615-239r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an adaptive response of the immune system to noxious insults to maintain homeostasis and restore functionality. The retina is considered an immune-privileged tissue as a result of its unique anatomic and physiologic properties. During aging, the retina suffers from a low-grade chronic oxidative insult, which sustains for decades and increases in level with advancing age. As a result, the retinal innate-immune system, particularly microglia and the complement system, undergoes low levels of activation (parainflammation). In many cases, this parainflammatory response can maintain homeostasis in the healthy aging eye. However, in patients with age-related macular degeneration, this parainflammatory response becomes dysregulated and contributes to macular damage. Factors contributing to the dysregulation of age-related retinal parainflammation include genetic predisposition, environmental risk factors, and old age. Dysregulated parainflammation (chronic inflammation) in age-related macular degeneration damages the blood retina barrier, resulting in the breach of retinal-immune privilege, leading to the development of retinal lesions. This review discusses the basic principles of retinal innate-immune responses to endogenous chronic insults in normal aging and in age-related macular degeneration and explores the difference between beneficial parainflammation and the detrimental chronic inflammation in the context of age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chen
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Heping Xu
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
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