Therapeutic potential of naringin: an overview

Naringin suppressed airway inflammation and ameliorated pulmonary endothelial hyperpermeability by upregulating Aquaporin1 in lipopolysaccharide/cigarette smoke-induced mice

Naringin is one of the natural flavonoids extracted from many Chinese medicines. It ameliorates endothelial dysfunctions in atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases through free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of naringin against pulmonary endothelial permeability in addition to airway inflammation in lipopolysaccharide/cigarette smoke (LPS/CS)-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mice.The COPD mice were exposed to LPS twice through intranasal inhalation and then to cigarette smoke daily for 6 weeks. The mice were orally administrated with naringin at doses of 40 or 80 mg/kg one hour before cigarette smoke exposure since the first day of the experiment. Naringin significantly alleviated pulmonary histopathological injury, and suppressed inflammatory cell infiltration and cytokine release in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Naringin decreased fluorescence intensity of Evans Blue in the lung tissues, and elevated the expression levels of tight junctional proteins. Meanwhile, naringin decreased neutrophil/lymphocyte/platelet counts and MDA content in blood, and upregulated Aquaporin1 (AQP1) in the lung tissues. However, the effect of naringin on airway inflammation and pulmonary endothelial permeability was inhibited in LPS/CS-treatment AQP1 deficiency mice. These results indicated that naringin attenuated LPS/CS-induced airway inflammatory and pulmonary hyperpermeability via upregulating AQP1 expression.

Computational design of Lactobacillus Acidophilus α-L-rhamnosidase to increase its structural stability

α-L-rhamnosidase catalyzes hydrolysis of the terminal α-L-rhamnose from various natural rhamnoglycosides, including naringin and hesperidin, and has various applications such as debittering of citrus juices in the food industry and flavonoid derhamnosylation in the pharmaceutical industry. However, its activity is lost at high temperatures, limiting its usage. To improve Lactobacillus acidophilus α-L-rhamnosidase stability, we employed molecular dynamics (MD) to identify a highly flexible region, as evaluated by its root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) value, and computational protein design (Rosetta) to increase rigidity and favorable interactions of residues in highly flexible regions. MD results show that five regions have the highest flexibilities and were selected for design by Rosetta. Twenty-one designed mutants with the best ΔΔG at each position and ΔΔG < 0 REU were simulated at high temperature. Eight designed mutants with ΔRMSF of highly flexible regions lower than -10.0% were further simulated at the optimum temperature of the wild type. N88Q, N202V, G207D, Q209M, N211T and Y213K mutants were predicted to be more stable and could maintain their native structures better than the wild type due to increased hydrogen bond interactions of designed residues and their neighboring residues. These designed mutants are promising enzymes with high potential for stability improvement.

Understanding the Antinutritional Factors and Bioactive Compounds of Kodo Millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum) and Little Millet (Panicum sumatrense)

Kodo and little millet (Kutki) have a variety of phytochemical constituents including derivatives of hydroxybenzoic acid and hydroxycinnamic acids, myricetin, catechin, luteolin, apigenin, daidzein, naringenin, kaempferol, and quercetin with vast health benefits and thus can be utilized as functional food ingredients. Millet-based foods and their food products have physiological and health-promoting impacts, notably antidiabetic, anti-obesity, and cardiovascular disease, and based on the actions of phytochemicals, it plays a major role in the body’s immune system. However, antinutrients (tannins, oxalate, trypsin inhibitor, and phytates) present in these millets restrict their utilization since these factors bind the essential nutrients and make them unavailable. Therefore, this review suggested overcoming the effects of antinutrients in these millets, thereby opening up important applications in food industries that may promote the development of novel functional foods. Various methods were discussed to eliminate the antinutrient factors in these millets, and hence, the review holds immense significance to the food industry for effectively utilizing these millets to develop value-added RTE/RTC products/functional food/beverages.

Design and Development of Naringin Loaded Proposomal Gel for Wound Healing

BACKGROUND

The injuries or wounds caused by various means will impact human lives severely. An increase in the demand for wounds or burns was observed. For better wound healing and to combat the free radical effect on the healing process, wounds must be treated with multifunctional or multipurpose dressing or gel or any other type of biomaterial.

OBJECTIVES

The study aims to develop, optimize, and evaluate the naringin-loaded proposomal gel (PPG) for quick wound healing.

METHODS

The central composite design was employed for the optimization of proposomes. Naringin-loaded proposomes were evaluated for percentage entrapment efficiency (EE), the particle size of proposomes (PsP), and the zeta potential of proposomes (ZpP). The change in drug release profile was studied by dissolution. Furthermore, naringin and naringin-loaded proposomes, antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) reagent and ascorbic acid as a reference standard. Different gel bases were prepared, and based on various parameters, the G2 (0.6 % Carbopol 974) gel base was selected for naringin proposomes loading. The naringin-loaded PPG was evaluated for various in vitro and in vivo wound healing properties.

RESULTS

The optimized naringin-loaded proposomes showed extended drug release (90.78 ± 2.19%) for 72 h. The naringin-loaded PPG improved the permeability of naringin, which showed 28.91 ± 2.81% of drug release after 96 h, and the drug solution showed 9.05 ± 0.92%. IC50 values of antioxidant activity of naringin and naringin proposomes were found to be 337.31 μg/ mL and 201.86 μg/ mL, respectively. The naringin-loaded PPG showed better-wound closure on the 15^th day (3.32%) compared to proposomal solution (4.75%) or naringin topical gel (4.2%).

CONCLUSION

Based on the obtained results, we conclude naringin-loaded PPG can be an alternative strategic approach to deliver the naringin for quick wound healing.

Naringin Alleviates H2O2-Inhibited Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells via Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling

Osteoporosis is an age-related systemic bone disease that places a heavy burden on patients and society. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of naringin (NAR) on the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs). The results demonstrated that NAR pretreatment effectively abated H2O2-induced cell death and ROS accumulation in ADSCs undergoing osteogenic differentiation (ADSCs-OD). In addition, we also observed that the impaired extracellular matrix mineralization and ALP activity in H2O2-stimulated ADSCs-OD were notably rescued by NAR pretreatment. Moreover, the effects of H2O2 exposure on Wnt/β-catenin signaling in ADSCs-OD were largely reversed by NAR pretreatment. Collectively, our findings indicated that NAR could protect ADSCs-OD against H2O2-inhibited osteogenic differentiation.

Naringin Relieves Diabetic Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy Mediated by P2Y14 Receptor in Superior Cervical Ganglion

Diabetes mellitus (DM), an emerging chronic epidemic, contributes to mortality and morbidity around the world. Diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy (DCAN) is one of the most common complications associated with DM. Previous studies have shown that satellite glial cells (SGCs) in the superior cervical ganglia (SCG) play an indispensable role in DCAN progression. In addition, it has been shown that purinergic neurotransmitters, as well as metabotropic GPCRs, are involved in the pathophysiological process of DCAN. Furthermore, one traditional Chinese medicine, naringin may potently alleviate the effects of DCAN. Ferroptosis may be involved in DCAN progression. However, the role of naringin in DCAN as well as its detailed mechanism requires further investigation. In this research, we attempted to identify the effect and relevant mechanism of naringin in DCAN mitigation. We observed that compared with those of normal subjects, there were significantly elevated expression levels of P2Y₁₄ and IL-1β in diabetic rats, both of which were remarkably diminished by treatment with either P2Y₁₄ shRNA or naringin. In addition, abnormalities in blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), sympathetic nerve discharge (SND), and cardiac structure in the diabetic model can also be partially returned to normal through the use of those treatments. Furthermore, a reduced expression of NRF2 and GPX4, as well as an elevated level of ROS, were detected in diabetic cases, which can also be improved with those treatments. Our results showed that naringin can effectively relieve DCAN mediated by the P2Y₁₄ receptor of SGCs in the SCG. Moreover, the NRF2/GPX4 pathway involved in ferroptosis may become one of the principal mechanisms participating in DCAN progression, which can be modulated by P2Y₁₄-targeted naringin and thus relieve DCAN. Hopefully, our research can supply one novel therapeutic target and provide a brilliant perspective for the treatment of DCAN.

Naringin attenuates acute myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via miR- 126/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway

Introduction:

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is one of the mechanisms contributing to the high mortality rate of acute myocardial infarction.

Purpose:

This study intended to study the role of naringin in cardiac I/R injury.

Methods:

AC16 cells (human cardiomyocyte cell line) were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/recovery (OGD/R) treatment and/or naringin pretreatment. Then, the apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry and Western blotting. The concentration of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. How naringin influenced microRNA expression was examined by microarrays and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Dual luciferase reporter assay was employed to evaluate the interaction between miR-126 and GSK-3β. The GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway was examined by Western blotting. Finally, rat myocardial I/R model was created to examine the effects of naringin in vivo.

Results:

Naringin pretreatment significantly decreased the cytokine release and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes exposed to OGD/R. Bioinformatical analysis revealed that naringin upregulated miR-126 expression considerably. Also, it was found that miR-126 can bind GSK-3β and downregulate its expression, suggesting that naringin could decrease GSK-3β activity. Next, we discovered that naringin increased β-catenin activity in cardiomyocytes treated with OGD/R by inhibiting GSK-3β expression. Our animal experiments showed that naringin pre-treatment or miR-126 agomir alleviated myocardial I/R.

Conclusions:

Naringin preconditioning can reduce myocardial I/R injury via regulating miR-126/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway, and this chemical can be used to treat acute myocardial infarction.

Nature against Diabetic Retinopathy: A Review on Antiangiogenic, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Phytochemicals

Background and Purpose. Diabetes mellitus (DM), hyperglycemia, and hypertension can result in diabetic retinopathy (DR), which is a major cause of blindness on a global scale. Development of DR is associated with decreased endothelial cells, increased basal membrane thickness, permeation of the retinal blood barrier, and neovascularization in patients. The purpose of the present review is to provide an overview of the findings regarding applications of phytochemicals for DR treatment and could be a beneficial resource for further clinical studies and also a basis for pharmaceutical purposes for drug design. Materials and Methods. A narrative literature review was performed from electronic databases including Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus to analyze the effects of different phytochemicals to prevent or treat oxidation, angiogenesis, and inflammation in diabetic retinopathy. The inclusion criteria were original studies, which included the effects of different phytochemicals on diabetic retinopathy. The exclusion criteria included studies other than original articles, studies which assessed the effects of phytochemicals on nondiabetic retinopathy, and studies which used phytochemical-rich extracts. Results and Conclusions. Studies have shown that increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, angiogenic, and oxidative stress factors are involved in the progression and pathogenesis of DR. Therefore, phytochemicals with their anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and antioxidant properties can prevent DR progression and retinal damage through various cellular mechanisms. It is also shown that some phytochemicals can simultaneously affect the inflammation, oxidation, and angiogenesis in DR.

Citrus junos Tanaka Peel Extract and Its Bioactive Naringin Reduce Fine Dust-Induced Respiratory Injury Markers in BALB/c Male Mice

Particulate matter (PM) 10 refers to fine dust with a diameter of less than 10 µm and induces apoptosis and inflammatory responses through oxidative stress. Citrus junos Tanaka is a citrus fruit and contains bioactive flavonoids including naringin. In the present study, we aimed to identify the preventive effect of Citrus junos Tanaka peel extract (CPE) against PM10-induced lung injury. As a proof of concept, NCI-H460 cells were treated with CPE (800 μg/mL, 12 h) in conjunction with PM10 to examine intracellular antioxidative capacity in the pulmonary system. In an in vivo model, male BALB/c mice (n = 8/group) were randomly assigned into five groups: NEG (saline-treated), POS (PM10 only), NAR (PM10 + naringin, 100 mg/kg), CPL (PM10 + CPE low, 100 mg/kg), and CPH (PM10 + CPE high, 400 mg/kg). Intervention groups received dietary supplementations for 7 days followed by PM10 exposure (100 mg/kg, intranasal instillation). Compared to the NEG, the CPE decreased to 22% of the ROS generation and significantly increased cell viability in vitro. The histological assessments confirmed that pulmonary damages were alleviated in the PM10 + CPL group compared to the POS. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB/apoptosis signaling-related markers were decreased in the PM10 + CPL group compared to the POS. These results indicated that CPE showed promising efficacy in preventing pulmonary injuries in vivo. Such protection can be explained by the anti-oxidative capacity of CPE, likely due to its bioactives, including naringin (7.74 mg/g CPE). Follow-up human intervention, as well as population-level studies, will further shed light on the preventive efficacy of CPE against pulmonary damage in humans.

The Role of Epigenetic Modifications in Human Cancers and the Use of Natural Compounds as Epidrugs: Mechanistic Pathways and Pharmacodynamic Actions

Cancer is a complex disease resulting from the genetic and epigenetic disruption of normal cells. The mechanistic understanding of the pathways involved in tumor transformation has implicated a priori predominance of epigenetic perturbations and a posteriori genetic instability. In this work, we aimed to explain the mechanistic involvement of epigenetic pathways in the cancer process, as well as the abilities of natural bioactive compounds isolated from medicinal plants (flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, and ketones) to specifically target the epigenome of tumor cells. The molecular events leading to transformation, angiogenesis, and dissemination are often complex, stochastic, and take turns. On the other hand, the decisive advances in genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics have allowed, in recent years, for the mechanistic decryption of the molecular pathways of the cancerization process. This could explain the possibility of specifically targeting this or that mechanism leading to cancerization. With the plasticity and flexibility of epigenetic modifications, some studies have started the pharmacological screening of natural substances against different epigenetic pathways (DNA methylation, histone acetylation, histone methylation, and chromatin remodeling) to restore the cellular memory lost during tumor transformation. These substances can inhibit DNMTs, modify chromatin remodeling, and adjust histone modifications in favor of pre-established cell identity by the differentiation program. Epidrugs are molecules that target the epigenome program and can therefore restore cell memory in cancerous diseases. Natural products isolated from medicinal plants such as flavonoids and phenolic acids have shown their ability to exhibit several actions on epigenetic modifiers, such as the inhibition of DNMT, HMT, and HAT. The mechanisms of these substances are specific and pleiotropic and can sometimes be stochastic, and their use as anticancer epidrugs is currently a remarkable avenue in the fight against human cancers.

Naringin Inhibits Apoptosis Induced by Cyclic Stretch in Rat Annular Cells and Partially Attenuates Disc Degeneration by Inhibiting the ROS/NF-κB Pathway

Oxidative stress and apoptosis play important roles in the pathogenesis of various degenerative diseases. Previous studies have shown that naringin can exert therapeutic effects in multiple degenerative diseases by resisting oxidative stress and inhibiting apoptosis. Although naringin is effective in treating degenerative disc disease, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of naringin on oxidative stress, apoptosis, and intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) induced by cyclic stretch and the underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. Abnormal cyclic stretch was applied to rat annulus fibrosus cells, which were then treated with naringin, to observe the effects of naringin on apoptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and the nuclear factor- (NF-) κB signaling pathway. Subsequently, a rat model of IVDD induced by dynamic and static imbalance was established to evaluate the effects of naringin on the degree of degeneration (using imaging and histology), apoptosis, and oxidative stress in the serum and the intervertebral disc. Naringin inhibited the cyclic stretch-induced apoptosis of annulus fibrosus cells, reduced oxidative stress, improved mitochondrial function, enhanced the antioxidant capacity, and suppressed the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Additionally, it reduced the degree of IVDD (evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging) and the level of oxidative stress and inhibited apoptosis and p-P65 expression in the intervertebral discs of rats. Thus, naringin can inhibit cyclic stretch-induced apoptosis and delay IVDD, and the underlying mechanism may be related to the inhibition of oxidative stress and activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Naringin may be an effective drug for treating degenerative disc disease.

Beneficial Effects of Citrus Flavanones Naringin and Naringenin and Their Food Sources on Lipid Metabolism: An Update on Bioavailability, Pharmacokinetics, and Mechanisms

Naringin and naringin's aglycone naringenin belong to a subclass of flavonoids called flavanones. While many studies of pure naringenin and naringin and their food sources have shown beneficial health effects, including improved lipid metabolism, in animals and humans, the mechanisms underlying the lipid-lowering effects have not been completely understood. In recent years, multiple studies using various in vitro and rodent models have revealed new mechanisms underlying the hypolipidemic effects of naringin and naringenin, including regulation of lipid digestion, reverse cholesterol transport, and LDL receptor expression. In addition, naringin and naringenin show diverse effects in populations with different health conditions, such as obesity and diabetes. Furthermore, a novel naringin and naringenin enriched food source citrus bergamia (bergamot) and other citrus fruits have recently been studied for lipid-lowering effects in animal models and human clinical trials. In this review, we provide an update on recent advances on naringin and naringenin and their enriched food sources on lipid metabolism and underlying mechanisms. Because absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, particularly in the presence of food matrix, impact the bioavailability, which in turn affects the bioactivities of these flavonoids in vivo, we also summarize new findings from the pharmacokinetics studies and on interplays between naringin and naringenin and gut microbiota.

The Inhibitory Effects of Naringin in a Rat Model of Postoperative Intraperitoneal Adhesion Formation

Background

Many attempts have been made to inhibit the formation of postoperative intraperitoneal adhesions, but the results have been discouraging. Therefore, the identification of effective preventative measures or treatments is of great importance. In this study, the substantial potential of naringin (NG) to reduce peritoneal adhesions was validated in a rat model.

Materials and Methods

A rat peritoneal adhesion model was established by abrasion of the cecum and its opposite intraperitoneal region under aseptic surgical conditions. After the operation, three groups of NG-treated rats were given 2 mL of NG by gavage at different concentrations (40, 60, or 80 mg/kg/d). The sham, control, and hyaluronan (HA) groups were given equal volumes of normal saline daily. On the 8th day, all rats were sacrificed 30 min after the administration of an activated carbon solution (10 mL/kg) by oral gavage. Intraperitoneal adhesion formation was adequately evaluated by necropsy, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, Sirius red staining, immunofluorescence staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) probes. The gastrointestinal dynamics of the rats were assessed on the basis of a small intestinal charcoal powder propulsion test and the detection of motilin and gastrin levels in serum.

Results

Intraperitoneal adhesions were markedly reduced in the group of rats receiving high-dose NG. Compared with the control group, the high-dose NG group showed clear reductions in inflammatory reactions, oxidative stress, collagen deposition, and fibroblast formation in the adhesion tissue and enhanced gastrointestinal dynamics (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

NG alleviated the severity of intraperitoneal adhesions in a rat model by reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, collagen deposition, and fibroblast formation, highlighting the potential of NG as a drug candidate to prevent postoperative peritoneal adhesion formation.

A Rapid LC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of Ten Flavonoid Metabolites of Naringin in Rat Urine and Its Application to an Excretion Study

Naringin is a dietary flavonoid glycoside with multiple bioactivities. It has been involved in numerous metabolism and excretion studies, and its metabolic properties are clear. However, information concerning the excretion profile of its original metabolites are still scarce, and few methods for simultaneous determination of multiple original metabolites of naringin in biological samples have been reported so far. In this study, a rapid and sensitive method for simultaneous determination of ten flavonoid metabolites of naringin in rat urine was developed with an UHPLC-Q-Trap-MS/MS system. One-step protein precipitation method with acetonitrile was used to extract analytes. A rapid chromatographic separation within 11 min was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC^® BEH C₁₈ column (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 1.7 μm) using gradient elution with a mobile phase of water and methanol, both with 0.1% formic acid (v/v). MS/MS detection was conducted in negative ion mode and multiple reactions monitoring scanning mode. The analytical method was fully validated and successfully applied to monitor the excretion profiles of naringin in rat urine. Quantitative results revealed the visible individual difference and low urinary recovery of flavonoid metabolites in the excretion of naringin, which may be helpful for further study to understand the in vivo behavior and action mechanism of naringin.

Design, synthesis, and biological activities of 3-((4,6-diphenylpyrimidin-2-ylamino)methylene)-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-ones

Novel (Z)-3-((4,6-diphenylpyrimidin-2-ylamino)methylene)-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one derivatives were designed and synthesized to find chemotherapeutic agents. Derivative 9 was selected based on its clonogenicity against cancer cells and synthetic yield for further biological experiments. It showed decreases in aurora kinase A, B, and C phosphorylation from western blot analysis. Derivative 9 upregulated the expression of G1 cell cycle inhibitory proteins including p21 and p27, and G1 progressive cyclin D1, and downregulated G1-to-S progressive cyclins, resulting in cell cycle arrest at the G1/S boundary. It stimulated the cleavage of caspase-9, -3, -7, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, resulting in triggering apoptosis through a caspase-dependent pathway. In addition, derivative 9 inhibited in vivo tumor growth in a syngeneic tumor implantation mouse model. The findings of this study suggest that derivative 9 can be considered as a lead compound for chemotherapeutic agents.

Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities and Protein Interaction of the Oxidovanadium(IV) Naringin Complex

The complex of oxidovanadium(IV) with naringin (Narg) [VO(Narg)2] 8H2O (VONarg) was prepared according to the literature improving the synthetic procedure and physicochemical characterization. In addition, biological activities (cytotoxic, antioxidant, and BSA interaction) were determined. The metal coordinated through the 5-hydroxy and 4-carbonyl groups of rings A and C of naringin, respectively. The antioxidant activity of VONarg, determined in vitro, was higher than those of the flavonoid against superoxide and peroxyl reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DPPH radical. The cytotoxic properties were determined by a MTT assay on adenocarcinoma human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549). VONarg exerted a 20% decrease in cancer cells viability at 24 h incubation, while naringin and oxidovanadium(IV) cation did not show cytotoxicity. Measurements with the normal HEK293 cell line showed that the inhibitory action of the complex is selective. VONarg generated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), depletion of reduced glutathione and depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, typical for apoptotic pathway, producing cell death by oxidative stress mechanism. Moreover, naringin interacted with bovine serum albumin (BSA) through hydrophobic interactions in a spontaneous process, and VONarg showed greater affinity for the protein but can still be transported and delivered by it (Ka 104 L·mol−1 order).

Protective role of naringin loaded solid nanoparticles against aflatoxin B1 induced hepatocellular carcinoma

This study examines the hepatoprotective activity of naringin loaded solid nanoparticles (NRG-SLNs) and compared with free naringin (FNRG) against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) induced hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver's self-healing ability was studied using a self-recovery group that received no therapy. Following AFB1 therapy, rats were given NRG-SLNs produced using the ion-gelation technique. Histology, serum injury indicators, oxidative stress biomarkers, a pro-inflammatory response biomarker, and tumor indicators were used to evaluate the liver tumor and its responsiveness to therapy. At a dosage of 6.18 mg/kg BW, NRG-SLNs (128 ± 4 nm) provided substantially greater hepatoprotection than free NRG. The actions of NRG-SLNs were equivalent to those of silymarin (SILY), which was given at a dosage of 20 mg/kg BW. The lack of regeneration potential of liver tissue after the damage was verified by the self-recovery group. NRG's efficiency in treating hepatic cancer was increased by using SLN's approach. The increased impact is most likely due to: a) enhanced oral bioavailability, b) the regulated and sustained action of enclosed NRG, and c) a decrease in discomfort and toxicity if any after orally administered. NRG-SLNs may be considered as a therapeutic option for hepatic ailments as effectiveness post-induction of liver carcinoma, is demonstrated presently.

Study on Chinese patent medicine based on major component analysis and quality control evaluation: A case study of Jizhi Syrup

Jizhi Syrup (JZS) is a popular Chinese patent medicine (CPM) for the treatment of respiratory diseases in clinical practice, especially acute or chronic bronchitis. JZS is a complex formula composed of 8 kinds of herbs and lack of comprehensive researches on chemical components. To further define its components, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) were utilized to identify and classify the chemical components of JZS. A total of 178 chemical compounds encompassing the 8 herbs of JZS were identified and the chemical components were comprehensively explicit. It made up for the gap that volatile components were not studied in the previous study. Based on this, a new method for the quality control of JZS based on its characteristic components was established by fingerprints, multi-component quantitative analysis and quantity transfer of JZS. A dual-wavelength high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprints were established at 210 nm and 260 nm. Four volatile components (linalool, bornyl acetate, 2-undecanone and α-terpineol) and eight nonvolatile components (ephedrine hydrochloride, protocatechuic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, naringin, neohesperidin, glycyrrhizic acid and praeruptorin A) were quantitated by HS-SPME-GC-MS and HPLC-diode array detection (DAD). Meanwhile, six exclusive nonvolatile components were studied for the quantity transfer of Herbs-Intermediate-CPM and all the transfer rates were between 55.23% and 89.20%. This study is the first comprehensive study of the major components in JZS, and its results can be useful to standardize the quality control and provide a valuable reference for other CPMs.

Bioconversion of Ginsenosides in American Ginseng Extraction Residue by Fermentation with Ganoderma lucidum Improves Insulin-like Glucose Uptake in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

Ginseng is one of the most popular traditional Chinese medicines that have been widely used in China and other Asian countries for thousands of years. Ginsenosides are the unique bioactive saponins occurring in ginseng, and their biological activities have been extensively investigated. A large amount of ginseng residue is produced as waste product due to its applications in manufacturing functional food products, even though it may still contain bioactive components. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the hypoglycemic activities of American ginseng extraction residue (AmR) via fermentation with Ganoderma lucidum. Our results showed that the total phenolic contents and β-glucosidase activity of AmR profoundly increased after fermentation with G. lucidum. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, stimulation of glucose uptake by treatment with AmR was not significant, while fermented AmR (FAmR) exhibited insulin-like glucose-uptake-stimulatory effects. Importantly, the hypoglycemic effects of FAmR were positively associated with the amount of the deglycosylated minor ginsenosides Rg1, Rg3, and compound K. Taken together, our current findings suggest that bioconversion of AmR by fermentation with G. lucidum may be a feasible and eco-friendly approach to developing a functional ingredient for the management of diabetes, while also resolving the problem of ginseng waste.

Emerging Role of Flavonoids as the Treatment of Depression

Depression is one of the most frequently observed psychological disorders, affecting thoughts, feelings, behavior and a sense of well-being in person. As per the WHO, it is projected to be the primitive cause of various other diseases by 2030. Clinically, depression is treated by various types of synthetic medicines that have several limitations such as side-effects, slow-onset action, poor remission and response rates due to complicated pathophysiology involved with depression. Further, clinically, patients cannot be given the treatment unless it affects adversely the job or family. In addition, synthetic drugs are usually single targeted drugs. Unlike synthetic medicaments, there are many plants that have flavonoids and producing action on multiple molecular targets and exhibit anti-depressant action by affecting multiple neuronal transmissions or pathways such as noradrenergic, serotonergic, GABAnergic and dopaminergic; inhibition of monoamine oxidase and tropomyosin receptor kinase B; simultaneous increase in nerve growth and brain-derived neurotrophic factors. Such herbal drugs with flavonoids are likely to be useful in patients with sub-clinical depression. This review is an attempt to analyze pre-clinical studies, structural activity relationship and characteristics of reported isolated flavonoids, which may be considered for clinical trials for the development of therapeutically useful antidepressant.

Naringin as Sustained Delivery Nanoparticles Ameliorates the Anti-inflammatory Activity in a Freund's Complete Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis Model

Naringin (NAR), a naturally occurring essential flavonoid, present in grapefruit and Chinese herbal medicines, creates great interest in researchers due to its diverse biological and pharmacological activities. However, further development of NAR is hindered due to its poor water solubility and dissolution rates in GIT. To address these limitations, in this study, we report polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) of NAR (NAR-PLGA-NPs) for enhancing the oral NAR efficiency, with a biodegradable polymer (PLGA) to improve its absorption and bioavailability. NAR-PLGA-NPs were fabricated by a modified solvent emulsification-evaporation technique. Physicochemical properties were evaluated by SEM, particle size distribution, entrapment efficiency, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In vitro drug release and ex vivo permeation studies were carried out in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) for 24 h. Furthermore, in vivo anti-arthritic studies were performed on a mouse model, and the results were compared with free NAR. The modulation of inflammatory mediators was also evidently supported by docking studies. Optimized nanoformulation FN4 (NAR-PLGA-NPs) prepared with acetone-ethanol (2:1) as a solvent system in a combination of stabilizers, i.e., poloxamer-188 and sodium deoxylate (1:1), along with 2% PVA solution, was prepared. From size characterization studies, it was observed that nanoformulations possessed a low particle size (179.7 ± 2.05 nm), a low polydispersity index (0.206 ± 0.001), and a negative zeta potential (-9.18 ± 0.78 mV) with a maximum entrapment efficiency (74 ± 3.61%). The drug release followed a Korsmeyer-Peppas release kinetic model (anomalous non-Fickian diffusion), providing greater NAR release after lyophilization (82.11 ± 3.65%) drug release in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer for 24 h. Ex vivo permeation analysis through an isolated goat intestinal membrane revealed 80.02 ± 3.69% drug release in 24 h. Encapsulation of a drug into PLGA is well described by the results of FTIR, DSC, and XRD. Finally, the therapeutic efficacy of optimized FN4 (NAR-PLGA-NPs) and its possible application on RA were further confirmed in a Freund's complete adjuvant-induced rat arthritic model as against free NAR at a dose of 20 mg/kg body wt. Our findings demonstrate that sustained action of NAR from optimized FN4 NPs with a rate-controlling polymeric carrier system exhibited prolonged circulation time and reduced arthritic inflammation, hence indicating the possibility as a novel strategy to secure the unpropitious biological interactions of hydrophobic NAR in a gastric environment.

Phytochemical and Therapeutic Potential of Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck: A Review

Citrus grandis or Citrus maxima, widely recognized as Pomelo is widely cultivated in many countries because of their large amounts of functional, nutraceutical and biological activities. In traditional medicine, various parts of this plant including leaf, pulp and peel are used for generations as they are scientifically proven to have therapeutic potentials and safe for human use. The main objective of this study was to review the different therapeutic applications of Citrus grandis and the phytochemicals associated with its medicinal values. In this article different pharmacological properties like antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiepileptic, stomach tonic, cardiac stimulant, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and anti-diabetic activities of the plant are highlighted. The enrichment of the fruit with flavonoids, polyphenols, coumarins, limonoids, acridone alkaloids, essential oils and vitamins mainly helps in exhibiting the pharmacological activities within the body. The vitamins enriched fruit is rich in nutritional value and also has minerals like calcium, phosphorous, sodium and potassium, which helps in maintaining the proper health and growth of the bones as well as the electrolyte balance of the body. To conclude, various potential therapeutic effects of Citrus grandis have been demonstrated in recent literature. Further studies on various parts of fruit, including pulp, peel, leaf, seed and it essential oil could unveil additional pharmacological activities which can be beneficial to the mankind.

Naringin Promotes Skeletal Muscle Fiber Remodeling by the AdipoR1-APPL1-AMPK Signaling Pathway

Naringin, a natural flavonoid mainly found in citrus fruit, has been reported to exert a positive effect on improving skeletal muscle health. However, the effects and potential mechanisms of naringin on skeletal muscle fiber switching is still unclear. Here, we discovered that oral administration of naringin increased the low-speed running time, four-limb hanging time, body oxygen consumption in mice, enhanced aerobic enzyme activity, MyHC I expression, and slow-twitch fiber percentage in mice skeletal muscle. By contrast, naringin decreased α-GPDH enzyme activity, MyHC IIb expression, and fast-twitch fiber percentage. Moreover, naringin increased the concentration of serum adiponectin and activated the expression of AdipoR1, APPL1, AMPK, and PGC-1α. Furthermore, by the in vitro experiment and AdipoR1 knockdown, we found that inhibition of the AdipoR1 signaling pathway significantly reduced the effect of naringin on slow-twitch fiber-/fast-twitch fiber-related gene and protein expression. In conclusion, our results indicated that naringin could induce skeletal muscle fiber transition from fast twitch to slow twitch via the AdipoR1 signaling pathway. This study may provide new strategy for improving exercise endurance and slow muscle fiber deficiency-related diseases.

Tuning the Biointerface: Low-Temperature Surface Modification Strategies for Orthopedic Implants to Enhance Osteogenic and Antimicrobial Activity

As both the average life expectancy and incidence of bone tissue reconstruction increases, development of load-bearing implantable materials that simultaneously enhance osseointegration while preventing postoperative infection is crucial. To address this need, significant research efforts have been dedicated to developing surface modification strategies for metallic load-bearing implants and scaffolds. Despite the abundance of strategies reported, many address only one factor, for example, surface chemistry or topography. Furthermore, the incorporation of surface features to increase osteocompatibility can increase the probability of infection, by encouraging the formation of bacterial biofilms. To truly advance this field, research efforts must focus on developing multifunctional coatings that concurrently address these complex and competing requirements. In addition, particular emphasis should be placed on utilizing surface modification processes that are versatile, low cost, and scalable, for ease of translation to mass manufacturing and clinical use. The aim of this short Review is to highlight recent advances in scalable and multifunctional surface modification techniques that obtain a programmed response at the bone tissue/implant interface. Low-temperature approaches based on macromolecule immobilization, electrochemical techniques, and solution processes are discussed. Although the strategies discussed in this Review have not yet been approved for clinical use, they show great promise toward developing the next generation of ultra-long-lasting biomaterials for joint and bone tissue repair.

Naringin induces apoptosis of gastric carcinoma cells via blocking the PI3K/AKT pathway and activating pro‑death autophagy

Naringin (Nar) is one of the natural glycosides extracted from pomelo and other citrus fruits. It has various pharmacological activities, including anti‑inflammatory, antioxidant, anti‑proliferative and anti‑cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms by which Nar regulates apoptosis and autophagy in gastric cancer remain unclear. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the therapeutic effect of Nar and the underlying mechanisms. SNU‑1 cell proliferation was determined using Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay. Cell morphological changes were observed under a phase‑contrast microscope. The changes in the cell cycle were determined using flow cytometry analysis and the changes in cell apoptosis were determined using flow cytometry, Hoechst 33258 and TUNEL staining. The protein levels pertaining to the PI3K/AKT pathway and cell apoptosis and autophagy were monitored using western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that Nar significantly inhibited SNU‑1 cell growth and induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase and cell apoptosis. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that Nar blocked the PI3K/AKT pathway, activated cell autophagy and stimulated the expression of apoptosis‑associated protein cleaved caspase 3 and Bax, but decreased the expression of Bcl‑2. Preincubating SNU‑1 cells with 3‑methyladenine, a cell‑autophagy inhibitor, significantly alleviated the effects of Nar in promoting cell apoptosis and cleaved caspase 3 expression. It was concluded that Nar promoted SNU‑1 cell apoptosis via blocking the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and activating cell autophagy.

Naringin improves sepsis-induced intestinal injury by modulating macrophage polarization via PPARγ/miR-21 axis

Naringin exhibited various pharmacological activities. However, its biological function and underlying mechanism in regulating macrophage polarization remain elusive. This study aimed to investigate the regulatory network between naringin and macrophage polarization in sepsis-induced intestinal injury. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was used to establish the animal model of sepsis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and a luciferase reporter assay were used to determine the interplay between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and miR-21 promoter, as well as miR-21 and its target genes. Naringin enhanced the overall survival of septic mice and alleviated the CLP-induced inflammatory response and intestinal damage. This was accompanied by the increased expression of PPARγ in the intestines and the stimulation of ileal macrophages toward the M2 phenotype. Furthermore, in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages, naringin stimulated M2 polarization. Mechanistically, PPARγ inhibition attenuated the promotion of M2 polarization caused by naringin, and the naringin/PPARγ regulatory work was compromised by miR-21 inhibition. The present study suggested that naringin promoted M2 polarization via the PPARγ/miR-21 axis, thus relieving sepsis-induced intestinal injury. This study provides novel insights into the mechanism by which naringin alleviated sepsis-induced intestinal injury through regulation of macrophage polarization.

Comprehensive Utilization of Immature Honey Pomelo Fruit for the Production of Value-Added Compounds Using Novel Continuous Phase Transition Extraction Technology

Simple Summary

For the first time, this study investigated the extraction of bioactive substances with different polarities from immature honey pomelo fruit (IPF), a by-product of pomelo planting processing that causes resource waste and environmental pollution, using novel continuous phase transition extraction technology (CPTE). The results showed that CPTE was suitable for extracting essential oil, naringin, and pectin in sequence according to their polarities. The naringin extraction process was optimized by the response surface methodology, resulting in an extract ratio up to 99.47%. Moreover, the pectin extracted from IPF by CPTE showed better quality compared to commercial counterparts, as evidenced by lower protein and ash contents and higher white value. Together, these results suggested that CPTE could be a promising technology to improve the application value of IPF. For instance, the extracted bioactive components can be utilized as nutraceutical food ingredients. The scientific insights from this study will contribute to the development of functional food ingredients and comprehensive utilization of farming by-products.

Abstract

The immature honey pomelo fruit (IPF) is a huge agro-industrial by-product generated during pomelo planting. Although IPF is rich in nutrients, more than 95% of IPF is discarded annually, which causes resource waste and a serious environmental problem. Here, we report a novel continuous phase transition extraction technology (CPTE) to improve the comprehensive utilization of IPF by sequentially generating high value products and solve pollution problems related to their disposal. First, essential oil was successively extracted by CPTE at a yield of 1.12 ± 0.36%, in which 43 species were identified. Second, naringin extraction parameters were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM), resulting in a maximum extraction rate of 99.47 ± 0.15%. Finally, pectin was extracted at a yield of 20.23 ± 0.66%, which is similar to the contents of commercial pectin. In conclusion, this study suggested that IPF was an excellent potential substrate for the production of value-added components by CPTE.

Pharmaceutical Drugs and Natural Therapeutic Products for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most widespread form of diabetes, characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, and inefficient insulin secretion and action. Primary care in T2DM is pharmacological, using drugs of several groups that include insulin sensitisers (e.g., biguanides, thiazolidinediones), insulin secretagogues (e.g., sulphonylureas, meglinides), alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and the newest incretin-based therapies and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors. However, their long-term application can cause many harmful side effects, emphasising the importance of the using natural therapeutic products. Natural health substances including non-flavonoid polyphenols (e.g., resveratrol, curcumin, tannins, and lignans), flavonoids (e.g., anthocyanins, epigallocatechin gallate, quercetin, naringin, rutin, and kaempferol), plant fruits, vegetables and other products (e.g., garlic, green tea, blackcurrant, rowanberry, bilberry, strawberry, cornelian cherry, olive oil, sesame oil, and carrot) may be a safer alternative to primary pharmacological therapy. They are recommended as food supplements to prevent and/or ameliorate T2DM-related complications. In the advanced stage of T2DM, the combination therapy of synthetic agents and natural compounds with synergistic interactions makes the treatment more efficient. In this review, both pharmaceutical drugs and selected natural products, as well as combination therapies, are characterized. Mechanisms of their action and possible negative side effects are also provided.

Effects of Bergamot Polyphenols on Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disability in the Western world. In order to safeguard the structure and the functionality of the myocardium, it is extremely important to adequately support the cardiomyocytes. Two cellular organelles of cardiomyocytes are essential for cell survival and to ensure proper functioning of the myocardium: mitochondria and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria are responsible for the energy metabolism of the myocardium, and regulate the processes that can lead to cell death. The sarcoplasmic reticulum preserves the physiological concentration of the calcium ion, and triggers processes to protect the structural and functional integrity of the proteins. The alterations of these organelles can damage myocardial functioning. A proper nutritional balance regarding the intake of macronutrients and micronutrients leads to a significant improvement in the symptoms and consequences of heart disease. In particular, the Mediterranean diet, characterized by a high consumption of plant-based foods, small quantities of red meat, and high quantities of olive oil, reduces and improves the pathological condition of patients with heart failure. In addition, nutritional support and nutraceutical supplementation in patients who develop heart failure can contribute to the protection of the failing myocardium. Since polyphenols have numerous beneficial properties, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, this review gathers what is known about the beneficial effects of polyphenol-rich bergamot fruit on the cardiovascular system. In particular, the role of bergamot polyphenols in mitochondrial and sarcoplasmic dysfunctions in diabetic cardiomyopathy is reported.

Antioxidant mediated protective effect of Bridelia tomentosa leaf extract against carbofuran induced oxidative hepatic toxicity

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Bridelia tomentosa is a traditional medicinal plant that is used against colitis, traumatic injury, diarrhea, and diabetes.

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Gallic acid, Tannic acid, salicylic acid, and naringin were isolated from the leaf of B. tomentosa for the first time.

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B. tomentosa extract amended serum biochemical markers, MDA levels, and improved the levels of hepatic antioxidant enzymes.

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Phenolic and flavonoid compounds of the B. tomentosa can be used as nutraceuticals for treating oxidative hepatic ailments.

Bridelia tomentosa (B. tomentosa) is a traditional medicinal plant for treating diverse ailments. Hence, we designed our study to scrutinize the protective effect of the methanol extract of B. tomentosa leaf (BTL) against carbofuran-induced oxidative stress-mediated hepato-toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats for the first time, along with the identification and quantification of phenolic acids and flavonoids by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and evaluation of antioxidant and antiradical activities of this extract. HPLC analysis confirmed the existence of tannic acid, gallic acid, salicylic acid, and naringin in B. tomentosa leaf extract which showed in-vitro antioxidant potentialities with DPPH, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging properties. Co-administration of B. tomentosa leaf extract with carbofuran showed dose-dependent significant protective effects of hepatic toxicity on serum markers such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl-transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, globulin, lipid profile, urea, uric acid, and creatinine. Carbofuran intoxication also revealed an upsurge in malondialdehyde (MDA) and a decline in cellular endogenous antioxidant enzyme levels in rats compared with the control group. However, B. tomentosa leaf extract co-treatment increased the levels of hepatic antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, and amended the MDA level. Similarly, histopathological evaluation further assured that BTL could keep the hepatocyte from carbofuran-induced damage. Therefore, all of our findings may conclude that the phenolic acids and flavonoids of B. tomentosa leaf extract are responsible to neutralize the toxic free radical-mediated oxidative hepatic damages.

Natural-Derived Molecules as a Potential Adjuvant in Chemotherapy: Normal Cell Protectors and Cancer Cell Sensitizers

BACKGROUND

Cancer is a global threat to humans and a leading cause of death worldwide. Cancer treatment includes, among other things, the use of chemotherapeutic agents, compounds that are vital for treating and preventing cancer. However, chemotherapeutic agents produce oxidative stress along with other side effects that would affect the human body.

OBJECTIVE

To reduce the oxidative stress of chemotherapeutic agents in cancer and normal cells by naturally derived compounds with anti-cancer properties, and protect normal cells from the oxidation process. Therefore, the need to develop more potent chemotherapeutics with fewer side effects has become increasingly important.

METHOD

Recent literature dealing with the antioxidant and anticancer activities of the naturally naturally-derived compounds: morin, myricetin, malvidin, naringin, eriodictyol, isovitexin, daidzein, naringenin, chrysin, and fisetin has been surveyed and examined in this review. For this, data were gathered from different search engines, including Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Scopus, and Scifinder, among others. Additionally, several patient offices such as WIPO, CIPO, and USPTO were consulted to obtain published articles related to these compounds.

RESULT

Numerous plants contain flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds such as morin, myricetin, malvidin, naringin, eriodictyol, isovitexin, daidzein, naringenin, chrysin, and fisetin, which exhibit ‎antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic actions via several mechanisms. These compounds show sensitizers of cancer cells and protectors of healthy cells. Moreover, these compounds can reduce oxidative stress, which is accelerated by chemotherapeutics and exhibit a potent anticancer effect on cancer cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on these findings, more research is recommended to explore and evaluate such flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds.

Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of the Aerial Part Extracts from Matthiola incana subsp. rupestris and subsp. pulchella (Brassicaceae) Endemic to Sicily

As part of a project aimed at investigating the Matthiola taxa endemic to Sicily (Italy), this study focused on Matthiola incana, an edible species used in the traditional medicine of various countries. Herein, the characterization of phenolic and volatile compounds, the antioxidant capacity in vitro (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), reducing power and Fe²⁺ chelating activity assays) and the toxicity test (Artemia salina lethality bioassay) of the hydroalcoholic extracts from the aerial parts of M. incana subsp. rupestris from Mt. Pellegrino (Palermo) and Mt. Erice (Trapani), and of M. incana subsp. pulchella are reported. The results are compared with those previously shown for M. incana subsp. incana, to achieve a comprehensive overview of the three subspecies. The HPLC-PDA/ESI-MS and SPME-GC/MS analyses led to the identification of 13 phenolics and 54 volatile compounds. Differences in the qualitative-quantitative profile of these phytochemicals have been highlighted between the M. incana subspecies. The antioxidant tests showed different activity for the extracts, which were found to possess better chelating properties. At last, none of the tested extracts displayed toxicity against brine shrimp larvae. These findings enrich the knowledge on the Matthiola taxa growing wild in Sicily, both from the strictly systematic point of view and for the possible applications as sources bioactive compounds that can be used in the nutraceutical field.

Chemometric Analyses for the Characterization of Raw and Stir-Frying Processed Drynariae Rhizoma Based on HPLC Fingerprints

The processing of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a necessary practice and usually occurs before most herbs are prescribed. According to Chinese medicine theory, raw (RDR) and stir-frying processed (PDR) Drynariae Rhizoma have different clinical applications. The purpose of this study was to establish HPLC fingerprints coupled with chemometric methods to evaluate the differences between RDR and PDR. Multivariate chemometric methods were applied to analyze the obtained HPLC fingerprints, including hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principle components analysis (PCA), and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The results indicated that RDR and PDR samples showed a clear classification of the two groups, and seven chemical markers having great contributions to the differentiation were screened out. The findings suggested that 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (5-HMF) with a variable importance in the project (VIP > 1) can be used to differentiate between RDR and PDR. Moreover, 5-HMF, naringin, and neoeriocitrin were determined to evaluate their contents in RDR and PDR. The chemometrics combined with the quantitative analysis based on HPLC fingerprint results indicated that stir-frying processing may change the contents and types of components in Drynariae Rhizoma. These changes are probably responsible for the various pharmacological effects of RDR and PDR.

Naringin-generated ROS promotes mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in Candida albicans

Naringin is a flavonoid which has a therapeutic effect. However, the details of its antifungal mechanism have not yet been fully elucidated. This study focused on clarifying the relationship between naringin and Candida albicans, to understand its mode of antifungal action. In general, naringin is an antioxidant, but our results indicated that 1 mM naringin generates intracellular superoxide (O₂ ^- ) and hydroxyl radicals (OH^- ). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have a serious impact on Ca²⁺ signaling and the production of mitochondrial ROS. After exposure to enhanced O₂ ^- and OH^- , mitochondrial Ca²⁺ overload and mitochondrial O₂ ^- generation were confirmed in C. albicans. It was verified that mitochondrial O₂ ^- transforms mitochondrial glutathione (GSH) to oxidized GSH (GSSG), leading to extreme oxidative stress in mitochondria. The previously observed Ca²⁺ accumulation and oxidative stress resulted in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) alteration and increased mitochondrial mass. In succession, cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytosol was detected due to MMP loss. Cytochrome c promotes the initiation of apoptosis, and further experiments were performed to assess the apoptotic hallmarks. Metacaspases activation, chromosomal condensation, DNA fragmentation, and phosphatidylserine exposure were observed, indicating that naringin induces apoptosis in C. albicans. In conclusion, our findings manifested that naringin-generated O₂ ^- and OH^- damage the mitochondria and that mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated apoptosis is novel antifungal mechanism of naringin.

Therapeutic Effects of Naringin in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by persistent hyperplasia of the synovial membrane and progressive erosion of articular cartilage. Disequilibrium between the proliferation and death of RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLSs) is the critical factor in progression of RA. Naringin has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect in acute and chronic animal models of RA. However, the therapeutic effect and underlying mechanisms of naringin in human RA-FLS remain unclear. Based on network pharmacology, the corresponding targets of naringin were identified using SwissTargetPrediction database, STITCH database, and Comparative Toxicogenomics Database. Deferentially expressed genes (DEGs) in RA were obtained from the GEO database. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks of intersected targets were constructed using the STRING database and visualized using Cytoscape. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed, and the pathways directly related to pathogenesis of RA were integrated manually. Further, in vitro studies were carried out based on network pharmacology. 99 target genes were intersected between targets of naringin and DEGs. The PPI network and topological analysis indicated that IL-6, MAPK8, MMP-9, TNF, and MAPK1 shared the highest centrality among all. GO analysis and KEGG analysis indicated that target genes were mostly enriched in (hsa05200) pathways in cancer, (hsa05161) hepatitis B, (hsa04380) osteoclast differentiation, (hsa04151) PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and (hsa05142) Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis). In vitro studies revealed that naringin exposure was found to promote apoptosis of RA-FLS, increased the activation of caspase-3, and increased the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, treatment of naringin attenuated the production of inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in TNF-ɑ–induced RA-FLS. Moreover, treatment of naringin inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK in RA-FLS. Network pharmacology provides a predicative strategy to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of herbs and compounds. Naringin inhibits inflammation and MMPs production and promotes apoptosis in RA-FLS via PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways.

Evaluation of the gastroprotective effects of Chihuahua propolis on indomethacin- induced gastric ulcers in mouse

The aim of this work was to evaluate the gastroprotective activity of a Mexican propolis on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in a mouse model. The following contents of the ethanolic extract of propolis of Chihuahua (EEPCh) were determined: antioxidant activity (SA50), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and chemical composition by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS, as well as acute toxicity by OECD Guideline 423. Gastric lesions were induced by intragastric indomethacin treatment in male ICR mice. As the positive control, omeprazole was administered, and three doses of EEPCh were evaluated (50, 150 and 300 mg/kg). Gastric mucosal injury, histological changes and mucosal content were evaluated by means of H&E and PAS staining. For homogenized gastric tissues, the following were evaluated: TBARS, MPO, and PGE2 levels; SOD and GPx antioxidant enzymatic activity; and the concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. EEPCh had a significant SA50 of 41.55 µg/mL. The TPC of EEPCh was 860 mg GAE/g, and its TFC was 49.58 mg QE/g. Different phenolic compounds were identified in the extract and were not toxic. The EEPCh doses decreased mucosal damage and histological injuries, maintained the mucosal content and reduced the TBARS, MPO and concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines in gastric ulcer tissues. The 150 and 300 mg/kg doses increased the SOD activity and maintained the PGE2 content. Only the 300 mg/kg dose increased the GPx activity. The results of this study suggest that EEPCh displays gastroprotective effects by means of its antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effects and promotes ulcer protection through the maintenance of mucosal content and PGE2 levels.

Natural Phytochemicals in Bladder Cancer Prevention and Therapy

Phytochemicals are natural small-molecule compounds derived from plants that have attracted attention for their anticancer activities. Some phytochemicals have been developed as first-line anticancer drugs, such as paclitaxel and vincristine. In addition, several phytochemicals show good tumor suppression functions in various cancer types. Bladder cancer is a malignant tumor of the urinary system. To date, few specific phytochemicals have been used for bladder cancer therapy, although many have been studied in bladder cancer cells and mouse models. Therefore, it is important to collate and summarize the available information on the role of phytochemicals in the prevention and treatment of bladder cancer. In this review, we summarize the effects of several phytochemicals including flavonoids, steroids, nitrogen compounds, and aromatic substances with anticancer properties and classify the mechanism of action of phytochemicals in bladder cancer. This review will contribute to facilitating the development of new anticancer drugs and strategies for the treatment of bladder cancer using phytochemicals.

Naringin Supplementation during Pregnancy Induces Sex and Region-Specific Alterations in the Offspring's Brain Redox Status

Research has shown the beneficial effects of naringin supplementation to adult rodents, which can ameliorate oxidative stress in disease models. However, evidence has demonstrated that polyphenol supplementation induced detrimental effects when consumed during sensitive periods of development, such as pregnancy. Therefore, we investigated the effect of maternal naringin supplementation during pregnancy on the offspring’s cerebral redox status. Pregnant Wistar rats were divided into control and naringin groups and supplemented from gestational day 15 to gestational day 21. On postnatal days 1, 7, and 21, offspring were euthanized, and the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum dissected. On postnatal day 1, maternal naringin supplementation positively modulated the pups’ brain redox status. On postnatal day 7, a pro-oxidative milieu was observed in the offspring’s striatum and cerebellum in a sex-dependent manner, even though the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were not negatively affected. Besides, the alterations observed on postnatal day 7 did not persist up to weaning. Our findings demonstrated that the effect induced by naringin supplementation in the brain redox status differed according to the period of development in which naringin was consumed since the beneficial effects usually found in the adult rodents became detrimental when the supplementation was applied during pregnancy.

Fertility and early embryonic development toxicity assessment of naringin in Sprague-Dawley rats

Naringin is a dihydroflavonoid abundantly existed in grapefruit and related citrus species. The double directional adjusting function of estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities of naringin and its aglycone naringenin has raised concern about possible risks of unwanted interference with endocrine regulation. Herein we assessed the safety of naringin on fertility and early embryonic development toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Twenty-two male and 22 female rats per group were orally given naringin at 0, 50, 250, and 1250 mg/kg/day. Male rats were administered beginning 9 weeks prior to mating and continued until necropsy. Dosing to female began 2 weeks before mating and continued until gestation day 7. There were no obvious effects of naringin on physical signs, animal behavior, and survival rate, although female and male rats from 1250 mg/kg group had lower body weight and tended to have less food consumption. Importantly, no treatment-related effects of naringin were found in relation to fertility and early embryonic development. Under these experimental conditions, it was concluded that the no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAEL) of naringin were at least 1250 mg/kg/day for fertility and early embryonic development in rats.